Relevant bibliographies by topics / Seed potatoes

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Seed potatoes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Seed potatoes"

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Muthoni, Jane, Hussein Shimelis, and Jacob Mashilo. "Production and availability of good quality seed potatoes in the East African region: A review." Australian Journal of Crop Science, no. 16(07):2022 (July 1, 2022): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.07.p3566.

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Demand for potatoes has grown rapidly in eastern Africa due to rapid population growth, urbanisation and life style changes. This has made potato an important commodity crop in the region contributing to food security and enhanced livelihoods. However, potato productivity in the region is low; ranging from 6 to10 t/ha against potential yields of over 30 t/ha. One of the major causes of low yields is the chronic shortage of good quality seed potatoes for planting, which also limits adoption of new and improved varieties. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to highlight the opportunities and progresses in the production and availability of good quality seed potatoes in the East African region to bolster the productivity and commercial value of the crop. The first section of the paper discusses the status of good quality seed potatoes production and availability in the East African region. The second section looks at the farmer-based seed potato production technologies while the third section focuses on the efforts of both the private and public sector in production of good quality seed potatoes. Availability of good quality seed potatoes constitutes < 1% of the requirement in eastern Africa. These seeds are mainly produced by public research institutions as well as some private players. Consequently, most farmers opt to plant seed potatoes from informal sources. However, seeds from informal sources are mostly of poor quality and often accelerate the spread of tuber-borne diseases, especially viruses and bacterial wilt. To improve seeds from informal system, some technologies have been identified and promoted to enhance farmer-based seed production and distribution. These include seed plot technology (SPT), positive selection techniques (PST) and Quality Declared Seed (QDS) systems. In addition, there has been adoption and promotion of rapid multiplication techniques (RMT) such as stem/shoot cuttings, aeroponics, sandponics, and hydroponics among others. Other measures that have been taken include importing seeds of new potato varieties. The imports increase the quantity of seeds and the number of potato varieties available to farmers. Despite these efforts, the quantity of good quality seeds available is still far below the requirements. There is need for the governments, private sector players as well as farmers to enhance their efforts and save the situation. Governments need to invest seriously in local breeding activities and multiplication of early generation seeds. These and other measures may increase availability of good quality and affordable seed potatoes in East African region.
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Huda, MS, SMM Hossain, MR Islam, ATMS Islam, and A. Hannan. "Quality Assessment of the Farmer’s Produced Seed Potatoes." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v46i3.64134.

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The experiment was conducted at the research field and post graduate laboratory of Plant Pathology Department, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, during 2015 - 2016 to find out the performance of different source’s seed potatoes and select suitable methods for improvement of farm saved seed potatoes. In the experiment, farm saved seed was compared with the certified seed, positive selection’s seed, seed plot technique’s (STP) seed Potato and Truthfully level seed potato as of BARI Alu-8(Cardinal). The maximum yield (27.72 t ha-1) was recorded from positive selection’s seed, which was similar to Certified and SPT seeds. The maximum plants of farmer’s seed potatoes (≥ 8 %, 7.33 % and 4.17 %) were infected by PVY, PLRV and PMV, respectively. The seed potatoes of positive selection and seed plot technique were the best alternatives to supplement the certified seed. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 46(3): 343-352, September 2021
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Mukhametov, A. T., D. R. Dautkanova, N. B. Dautkanov, A. Sh Dauletbekova, and A. T. Kazhymurat. "DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM OF INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION OF SEED POTATOES." Техника ғылымдары және технология 4 (2023): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/tst.2023.v04.i4.026.

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The potato seed production system in Kazakhstan needs to be modernized to meet modern conditions and market requirements. There are cases when seed material of poor quality, both domestically produced and smuggled from abroad, is detected, which ultimately leads to low yields and the spread of diseases. In this regard, an objective and reliable assessment of the conformity of seed potatoes for the purposes of certification will act as a driver in increasing competitiveness and ensuring high quality, and taking into account the appointment of potatoes as an industrial crop and food crop, it will contribute to the issue of increasing the food security of the country as a whole. When developing a certification system, it is important to conduct a conformity assessment procedure by an arbiter independent of the producer and consumer of seed potatoes, that is, a third party. The introduction of a certification and inspection system will ensure transparency and objectivity in the cultivation of potato seeds, which will create prerequisites for a significant increase in investment in seed production and the development of seed exports. Work on the development of a certification and inspection system for seed potatoes meets the needs of the seed potato market, is in demand, timely and relevant. As a result of research on the development and implementation of the seed potato inspection service, an algorithm was developed for the work of the inspection service of the designated authority for the inspection and certification of seed potatoes and the interaction of the designated authority with other organizations on the issue of inspection and certification of seed potatoes.
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Mburu, J. M., M. A. Oyugi, and P. M. Makenzi. "Determining if Access to Certified Seed Multipliers Influence Smallholder Farmers’ Use of Certified Seed Potatoes (CSPs) in Kipipiri Sub-County, Kenya." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 41, no. 10 (October 3, 2023): 567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i102201.

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Empirical evidence suggests that certified seed potatoes (CSPs) are critical in boosting potato yield, increasing income, and improving nutrition and food security at the household level. Availability and access to certified seed multipliers increase the chances of smallholder potato farmers’ (SHF) uptake and use of certified seed technologies and practices. Most farmers cannot access certified seeds from these multipliers, forcing them to use and reuse the seeds saved from their local storage facilities. The paper sought to determine whether access to certified seed multipliers influenced potato smallholder farmers’ use of CSPs in Kipipiri Sub-County, Kenya. A closed-ended, researcher-administered survey was used in collecting data from 106 SHFs selected from the area. Descriptives and binary logistic statistics were used to answer the study objectives. The findings indicated a significant relationship between access to certified seed multipliers and the use of CSPs. From the study, only 40 % of smallholder farmers had access to certified seed multipliers, while the majority (60%) did not. This trend would be why the respondents opted to use other sources of seeds from farmer stores. Additionally, the high cost of certified seeds and lack of awareness of existing certified seed sources/multipliers were recorded as the significant barriers hindering farmers from accessing certified seed potatoes in the study area.
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Shamsul Huda, Muhammad, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, Abdul Hannan, Shafiqul Islam, and Sheikh Md Mobarak Hossain. "SEED QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF FARMER’S PRODUCED SEED POTATO." Plant Physiology and Soil Chemistry 1, no. 2 (September 13, 2021): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ppsc.02.2021.41.44.

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The experiment was conducted at the research field and post graduate laboratory of Plant Pathology Department, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, during 2015 – 2016 to find out suitable method of farm saved seed potato production by the farmers. Farm saved seed was compared with certified seed, positive selection seed, seed plot technique’s seed and TLS seeds potato in the experiment. The maximum yield (27.72 ton/ha) was recorded from Positive Selection’s Seeds which was similar with Certified and Seeds of SPT. But the maximum plants (≥ 8 %, 7.33 % and 4.17 %) were infected by PVY, PLRV and PMV respectively in Farmer’s seed. The seed potatoes of positive selection and seed plot technique are the best alternate to supplement the certified seed.
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Wasilewska-Nascimento, Beata, Dominika Boguszewska-Mańkowska, and Krystyna Zarzyńska. "Challenges in the Production of High-Quality Seed Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the Tropics and Subtropics." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020260.

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The potato has been a widely used vegetable crop in temperate countries for a long time. Its consumption and the area of its cultivation has increased significantly over the past decades in the tropics and subtropics as well. The main problems of potato producers in the tropics and subtropics are the unsatisfactory quality of seed potatoes, mainly derived from the informal seed supply system, and the insufficient availability and high cost of certified seed potatoes. The hope for improving this situation can be the application of soil-less technologies for minituber production under controlled conditions. This publication focuses on important advantages of the aeroponic system in the production of pre-basic seed potatoes in the tropics and subtropics. It also highlights some deficiencies that can be overcome with the involvement of several actors in the potato industry, including local universities and the private sector. It emphasizes that innovative aeroponic installations are an opportunity to increase the production of high-quality seed potatoes in the countries of the tropics and subtropics, which, in many cases, will result in less dependence on expensive imported seed potatoes, often from a different climate zone. The introduction of aeroponic installations conserves the shrinking natural soil and water resources and contributes to their protection.
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Vushnevska, Olga, Volodymyr Dmytrenko, Nataliia Zakharchuk, and Tetiana Oliinyk. "Productivity and viral diseases of seed potatoes depending on the period of potato desiccation." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2021.002067.

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The aim of the research was to determine the crop productivity, yield of tubers of seed fraction and infection of basic potato seeds with viral infection depending on the period of potato desiccation, application of mineral oil Sunspray, the number and species of winged aphids in the Polissia region of Ukraine. The study was conducted in the prebasic seed production nursery garden of the Institute for Potato Research, NAAS under the conditions of spatial isolation from the main sources and vectors of viral infections of potatoes, located in Nemishaieve, Borodiаnka distr., Kyiv region in the southern part of the Polissia region of Ukraine. The subject of the research is pre-basic and basic seed material of potatoes of mid ripening varieties Myroslava, Predslava, Alians. On average for 2018-2020 years of studies, the highest seed yield was obtained by potato desiccation 10 days after flowering of potatoes - 82.4-85.3 %. However, the level of total and seed yields was low. The efficiency of seed potato production increased with the haulm removal after 20 days - with the total yield depending on the variety 20.6-30.0 t/ha, the yield of seed tubers was in the range of 20.6-22.9 t/ha with the seed content in the crop structure - 71.0-76.3 %. Late haulm removal – on 30th and 40th days after potatoes flowering caused an increase in the yield of tubers of non-standard fraction, with desiccation on 30th day, the seed content in the crop decreased by 61.1-66.0 %, and with desiccation on 40th – by 54-59.8 %. Thus, during the early haulm removal, part of the crop was lost, which during haulm removal in the late stages consisted of large tubers. It has been found out, that potato plants, where the haulm removal during 2018, 2019 was carried out within 10 days after flowering, which was 4.0 % (9.0 % for the check) for the Myroslav potato variety, 3.0 % (10.0 % for the check) for the Predslava potato variety and 4.0 % (9.0 % for the check) for the Alians potato variety were the least infected with PVM. The level of PVM infection when removing the haulm on the 10th day after flowering with the application of Sunspray mineral oil at a rate of 6.0 l/ha decreased on average for the three varieties by 1.5–2.5 %. The best option to preserve the quality characteristics of seed potatoes was to desiccate the potato haulm on 20th day after flowering of potato varieties Myroslava, Predslava and Alians and the application of mineral oil Sunspray - 6.0 l / ha. The yield was 28.8-30.0 t/ha, seed fraction 20.6-22.9, seed yield - 71.0-76.3 %, viral PVM infection was 2.0 3.0 %
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Pallais, Noel. "SEXUALLY PROPAGATING POTATOES." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 492g—492. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.492g.

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The importance of sowing vigorous seed is particularly well recognized by commercial growers of small-seeded sexually propagated crops. The possibility of producing clean potato seed tubers with true potato seed (TPS) has existed in many developing countries since the seventies. In China, about 15,000 ha of potatoes are grown with seed tubers originally derived from TPS. The possibility to establish a fast field-stand and to produce a commercial crop of potatoes within 90 days after transplanting TPS seedlings has only been recently realized. This paper outlines the methodology used and the results obtained during 10 years of study focusing on the most critical factors involved in the production and preservation of high-quality TPS. Seed dormancy accounts for the most important difference between the undomesticated TPS and other related crops such as the tomato.
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Bilinska, O., V. Kulka, N. Samets, and R. Golod. "The influence of application of the preparation Albit on formation of seed productivity of supplemental potatoe material." UKRAINIAN BLACK SEA REGION AGRARIAN SCIENCE 110, no. 2 (2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/2313-092x/2021-2(110)-9.

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O. Bilinska, V. Kulka, N. Samets, R. Golod. The influence of application of the preparation Albit on formation of seed productivity of supplemental potatoe material The article presents the results of research on the influence of methods of application of the complex drug Albit on the formation of potato productivity in the process of reproduction of pre-seed seeds in the south-western part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. In the course of research, it was established that in order to achieve a high level of realization of biological potential of culture and product quality in cultivation of additional seed material of potatoes, it is advisible to conduct the procedure of processing of tubers at planting Albite 100 ml / t and spraying twice in the phase of germination and budding of vegetative plants with the preparation at a dose of 50 ml / ha. Keywords: potato, crop, seed productivity, plant growth regulators, tuber fraction.
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Kůdela, V. "History of bacterial ring rot of potato in the Czech Lands and a proposal for relaxation of strict quarantine measures." Plant Protection Science 43, No. 2 (January 7, 2008): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2254-pps.

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In the supposed or proven incidence of bacterial ring rot caused by <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>sepedonicus</i> (<i>Cms</i>) in certified seed and commercial potatoes, five periods can be identified in the Czech Lands from 1910 to 2006: (<i>i</i>) high incidence of <i>Cms</i> in potato crops is claimed (about 1910–1929); (<i>ii</i>) very low incidence in certified potatoes and sporadic occurrence in commercial potatoes (about 1930–1985); (<i>iii</i>) increasing incidence of <i>Cms</i> in certified seed potatoes and its sporadic occurrence in commercial potatoes is assumed (about 1986–1997); (<i>iv</i>) a relatively high percentage of potato tuber samples proved to be infected by <i>Cms</i>, namely 1.14% in seed potatoes in 1998 and 4.13% in commercial potatoes in 1999 (1998–2004 period); (<i>v</i>) progressive decrease of <i>Cms</i> incidence to zero in seed potato samples and 0.19% in commercial samples in 2005, followed by a slight increase to 0.15% in seed potatoes and 0.23% in commercial potatoes in 2006 (2005–2006 period). Thus, up to 2006, <i>Cms</i> was and is not widely distributed in the CR and is actively and effectively controlled, mainly through the zero tolerance for ring rot bacterium in the seed potato certification program. In the CR, <i>Cms</i> has a relatively low capacity for damage and can hardly be considered as a pest of national economic importance. Strictly speaking, <i>Cms</i> does not fulfill the criteria for a quarantine organism. If, however, the quarantine status of <i>Cms</i> will be maintained, the severe post-entry measures against it should be relaxed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seed potatoes"

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Gouws, Reinette. "Etiology and integrated control of common scab on seed potatoes in South Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08212007-102435.

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Arpiwi, Ni Luh. "The application of novel methods for increasing the yield of small round seed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties Atlantic and Granola." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0020.

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties Atlantic and Granola are widely grown in Indonesia. The optimal method of cultivation in the tropics, due to the susceptibility of cut seed for disease, is by small (20 to 55 g) whole seed potatoes. However, the variety Atlantic produces mostly large tubers, which are not suitable for planting as whole seeds. Although Granola produces a reasonable proportion of small tubers it still produces a few in the larger size grades and there is no fresh market in Western Australia for the larger tubers for this variety. The aim of this study was to develop methods to be used in Western Australia that improve the yield of small seed potatoes for export to Indonesia. The influence of seed-potato storage duration (at 4°C) on subsequent stem growth was assessed after 30 days growth in a glasshouse (22°C/18°C, day⁄night). Seed potato storage for 22-28 (Atlantic) and 24-30 (Granola) weeks resulted in development of higher numbers of stems. A series of field experiment were designed to increase yield of small tubers. Apical sprout removal in Granola, but not Atlantic, increased the number of stems (by 27%), yield of 20-55 g potato (by 32%) and total yield (by 17%). Application of herbicide (paraquat + diquat) at low concentration during early tuber initiation decreased total yield in Atlantic (by 14%) and Granola (by 16%). Treating whole seed potatoes with carvone vapor two weeks before planting had no influence on stem or tuber number in both Atlantic and Granola but in Atlantic only, the total yield was reduced by 12%. Spraying plants with paclobutrazol during early tuber initiation inconsistently influenced tuber number and yield between the two varieties and two experiments. The influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) on stem number, total tuber number, yield of 20-55 g tubers and total yield was investigated by dipping seed pieces in a GA3 solution (20 mg⁄L) two days prior to planting. In Atlantic, GA3 treatment increased stem number (by 147%), total tuber number (by 75%) and yield of 20-55 g tubers (by 330%) without influencing total yield. In Granola, GA3 treatment increased stem number (by 50%), total tuber number (by 15%), yield of 20-55 g tubers (by 21%) and total yield (by 10%) The influence of gibberellic acid application (20 mg⁄L) to seed pieces before planting increased the number of small tubers through increased stem number. The shift toward a greater proportion of small tubers, without reducing total yield, had a greater influence in Atlantic than that in Granola. Treatment of GA3 and paclobutrazol together decreased total yield compared to that of GA3 alone
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Van, Hest Petrus A. A. M. "Production of potatoes through true botanic seed." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295248.

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Davey, Triona. "The importance of potato mop-top virus (PMTV) in Scottish seed potatoes." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2300.

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The key aim of this research was to determine the extent of PMTV infection in Scottish seed potatoes and the critical factors which influence infection. The research incorporated a survey of PMTV infection in susceptible cultivars in Scotland, a glasshouse trial to determine the role of temperature in the transmission of PMTV from the soil to the host plant, and field trials which studied the transmission rate from seed to daughter tubers and the relative contribution of seed and soil inoculum to disease development. The survey of Scottish seed crops showed that PMTV occurs in all regions of Scotland but is not particularly prevalent even on known susceptible cultivars. The incidence of crops infected by PMTV differed greatly amongst the regions, with more crops grown in Central Scotland being infected than elsewhere. Although the occurrence of PMTV is linked to the powdery scab organism, there is no correlation between the occurrence of powdery scab and PMTV infection. Temperature was found to be an important factor in the occurrence of symptoms of PMTV infection. The incidence of PMTV infection in tubers was similar at 12°C and 19°C but spraing was absent at 19°C. Transmission from seed to daughter tubers was found to be inefficient, with less than half the daughter tubers derived from PMTV-infected seed being infected by PMTV. However, high incidences of tuber infection were often present in crops after one growing season indicating that soil inoculum is the main source of PMTV infection. Seed-borne inoculum is also of great importance as planting infected seed tubers in clean land brings a risk of introducing PMTV into the soil.
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Lowe, Robert 1961. "In vitro hardening, improved greenhouse minituber production and field performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Norland." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21598.

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Micropropagated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets are routinely used for producing specific pathogen tested minitubers in the Canadian seed tuber certification industry. In vitro hardening methods for micropropagated 'Norland' were investigated, involving full and half strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) based propagation medium supplemented with NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, polyethyleneglycol, or paclobutrazol. Ten different media treatments were compared for their effect on stomatal function and early transplant performance using porometry, microscopy, and direct ex vitro transplanting. PEG, NaCl and 1/2 MS + 3 mM Ca treatments did lead to decreased leaf water losses. However, these treatments did not improve ex vitro transplant performance compared to controls. Minituber production was investigated using ex vitro plantlets in a rockwool-based hydroponic system. Productivity was evaluated for treatments involving photoperiod pretreatment, planting orientation, planting density, and hilling. No difference in total yield was detected when plantlets were exposed to 12 compared with 16 hour photoperiod pretreatments. However, short photoperiod pretreatment increased the number of minitubers in the most desirable size range. Increased planting density reduced yield per plant. However, small increases in yield per m2 occurred with increased planting density. Hilling, pinching, and planting orientation had no effect upon minituber size, number, or overall fresh weight yield. Significant differences in minituber yield occurred in field experiments. Larger minitubers (10--40 g) had larger yields compared with smaller minitubers (1--5 g). These results will contribute to improved minituber production technology for the Canadian certified potato seed tuber industry.
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Leclerc, Yves. "The production and utilization of potato microtubers." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41512.

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A protocol is presented for the rapid (28 days) induction of microtubers on micropropagated layered potato plantlets of 'Kennebec', 'Russet Burbank' and 'Superior' in medium devoid of growth regulators. With this method the addition of coumarin, 6-(2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride and 6-benzylamino-purine to the microtuberization medium either had no effect or significantly reduced microtuber weight per plantlet. Increasing the incubation period from 28 to 56 days significantly increased the weight of microtubers per plantlet and the proportion of microtubers heavier than 1 gram. Increasing the volume of microtuberization medium from 50 to 100 ml significantly increased the number of microtubers per plantlet. Microtuber dormancy periods were cultivar-specific and microtubers $ le$250 mg had longer dormancy periods as compared to microtubers $>$250 mg. A positive correlation was established between endogenous abscisic acid levels and microtuber dormancy periods. Microtubers $ le$250 mg had lower specific gravity, fewer eyes and produce fewer sprouts than microtubers $>$250 mg. Microtuber-derived plants were generally single-stemmed. Severe physiological ageing treatment ($>$2500 degree-days) had no effect on microtuber sprout development, stem number, tuber number and only minimally influenced tuber weight of microtuber-derived plants. Decreasing field in-row planting density from 30 to 10 cm reduced tuber weights and numbers per plant but increased them on a per hectare basis. Economic analysis indicated that optimum planting density varied depending on plantlet cost. The optimum planting density was 10 cm if the cost of the plantlet was $0.10 or less, 20 if plantlet cost were from $0.10 and $0.20 and 30 cm for plantlet cost greater than $0.20. A potato seed tuber certification program adapted to the needs and constraints of Egypt is presented.
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Shakya, J. D. "The production of potatoes from true potato seed by transplanting or field sowing." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354099.

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Sarries, Juan Miguel. "Effects of physiological age of potato seed on plant development and yield in dual cropping systems in Uruguay." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=185659.

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In N. Uruguay two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops are grown per year, one in the fall and the other in spring. In each season physiologically young seed tubers are planted, resulting in relatively slow crop emergence and low yields. The aim of the current research was to determine the effects of physiological ageing of seed tubers on the dynamics of canopy growth, radiation interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of crops in the short seasons of Uruguay and to identify opportunities for increasing yield. Experiments were conducted on cv Chieftain over three years from 2000 to 2002. Prior to planting seed was stored at different controlled temperatures to generate physiological ages (measured in thermal time) ranging from 0 (the youngest) to 1200 oC days (the oldest). Ageing led to earlier crop emergence (3-9 days depending on the year), but its potential benefits on radiation interception, dry matter production and yield were negated by an earlier canopy senescence and often smaller canopy size. There was no consistent effect of ageing on RUE although the harvest index was increased. Leaf tagging showed that leaf appearance and senescence was advanced by ageing and the lifespan of individual leaves was reduced. Leaf lifespan did not appear to be related to the sink demand by tubers for assimilate, because removal of tubers at the start of bulking had no effect on lifespan. Maintaining canopy structure during senescence led to a small increase in yield. Although physiological ageing did not result in a consistent increase in yield in either season, use of older seed may provide an insurance against the risk of adverse weather conditions late in the season terminating tuber bulking prematurely.
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Tshisola, Steve Ndondji. "Improved potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed production through aeroponics system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86240.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The potato can be considered as one of the most important food crops in many African countries. The potential of this crop is reflected in the large increase in area of production where Africa showed the highest rate of growth within the developing world over the past twenty years. The multiplication rate of potatoes is very low compared to other crops. Therefore it is essential to investigate methods of increasing the number of minitubers produced from disease free in-vitro plantlets. There is a number of potato propagation procedures that are currently being used worldwide to multiply seed potatoes. As aeroponics is still a relatively new technique that has not been researched extensively for the production of minitubers, a study relating to the production practises including the nutritional requirements of potato minitubers produced in a aeroponic system were undertaken. Potato plantlets, cv BP1, were grown aeroponically at two different densities (20 and 30 plants/m2) and four harvest intervals (7, 10, 14 and 18 days). The interaction between harvesting intervals and plant densities did not influence plant growth, minituber quality or yield. Best results were realised when harvesting every 7 days with a higher total tuber number over the growing period. Harvest interval also influenced the phosphorus and copper concentration in minitubers. To study the effect of Calcium (Ca) application rate, potato plantlets of cultivars Up-to-date, Mnandi, Buffelspoort and BP1 were grown at four different Ca levels (8.40, 6.75, 5.10 and 3.45 meq/L). The interaction between Ca application levels and cultivars significantly influenced the percentage stolon branching. BP1 had more stolons at the lowest Ca application level and Buffelspoort had more stolons at the full Ca application levels. However, low Ca treatments produced the highest yield. The minituber number and weight harvested were three times more for Mnandi. An aeroponic study on the irrigation frequency (20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes interval) was conducted on four potato cultivars (Up-to-date, Mnandi, Buffelsoort and BP1). Significant differences were noted in the interaction between irrigation frequencies and cultivars for the percentage tuberised plants and stolon and tuber dry mass. When irrigated every 40 minutes, 48% of the Buffelspoort plants produced tubers. Plant height was also significantly affected by the interaction between irrigation frequencies and potato cultivars, with Mnandi producing taller plants when irrigated every 30 minutes. Total tuber number and tuber fresh and dry weight was higher at the irrigation frequency of 20 minutes. The interaction between irrigation frequencies and cultivars on the response to macro and trace elements was not significant for sodium and iron but was for phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc and aluminium. A field study was conducted in a greenhouse where potato seed of BP1 obtained from the first trial were graded into different sizes (Small: >20, medium: 20–40 and large: > 40 mm of diameter) and stored at 3 different temperatures (3, 16 and 25oC) for 2 supplementary months before being planted. Sprouting capacity was mostly influenced by temperature regardless of other factors applied to potato seed minitubers such as harvest intervals and sizes. The higher storage temperature of 25oC resulted in tubers with a higher number of sprouts, longer sprouts and with a higher sprouting capacity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aartappels is een van die belangrikste voedselgewasse in baie lande in Afrika. Die potensiaal van die gewas word gereflekteer in die groot toename in produksie areas, met Afrika wat die vinnigste van al die ontwikkelende lande gegroei het die laaste 20. In vergelyking met ander gewasse is die tempo van planvermeerdering by aartappels baie stadig. Dit is dus essensieel om metodes te ondersoek wat sal help om die aantal miniknolle wat per in vitro plantjie verkry kan word te verhoog. Daar is heelparty plant vermeerderings prosedures wat tans wêreldwyd gebruik word om saad aartappels te vermeerder. Aangesien aeroponika nog steeds ʼn relatiewe nuwe tegniek is wat nog nie ekstensief ondersoek is vir die verbouing van miniknolle nie, is ‘n studie geloods om te kyk na die produksie praktyke, wat insluit die voedingsbehoeftes van aartappel miniknolle in ʼn aeroponika sisteem. Aartappel plantjies, kultivar, BP1, is aeroponies verbou by twee plant digthede (20 en 30 plante/m2) en vier oesintervalle (7, 10, 14 en 18 dae). Die interaksie tussen oesintervalle en plantdigtheid het geen effek gehad op plant groei, miniknol kwaliteit of opbrengs nie. Die beste resultate is verkry waar die knolle elke 7 dae geoes is met ‘n hoër totale aantal knolle oor die groeiseisoen. Die oesinterval het ook ‘n effek gehad op die fosfaat en koper konsentrasie van die miniknolle. Om die effek van die Kalsium (Ca) toedieningspeil te ondersoek is aartappel plantjies; kultivars Up-to-date, Mnandi, Buffelspoort en BP1 gekweek by vier verskillende Ca peile (8.40, 6.75, 5.10 en 3.45 meq/L). Die interaksie tussen Ca toedienings peile en kultivars het ‘n beduidende effek gehad op die persentasie stolon vertakking. BP1 het meer stolons gehad by die laagste Ca toedieningspeil en Buffelspoort het meer stolons gehad by die volle Ca toedieningspeil. Die hoogste opbrengste is egter waargeneem by die laagste Ca toedieningspeil. Die aantal miniknolle en oes massa was drie keer meer vir Mnandi. ‘n Aeroponiese studie op die besproeiingsfrekwensie (20, 30, 40 en 50 minuut intervalle) is gedoen met vier aartappel kultivars (Up-to-date, Mnandi, Buffelsoort en BP1). Beduidende verskille is opgemerk in die interaksie tussen besproeiings frekwensie en kultivars vir die persentasie plante met knolle en stolon en knol droë massa. Met besproeiings elke 40 minute het 48% van die Buffelspoort plante knolle produseer. Plant hoogte is ook beduidend beïnvloed deur die interaksie tussen besproeiingsfrekwensie en aartappel kultivar met Mnandi plante wat hoër was wanneer dit elke 30 minute besproei is. Die totale aantal knolle en knol vars- en droë massa was hoër wanneer daar elke 20 minute besproei is. Die interaksie tussen besproeiings frekwensie en kultivars op die makro- en mikro element inhoud van die knolle was nie beduidend vir natrium en yster nie, maar wel vir fosfaat, kalium, kalsium, sink en aluminium. ‘n Potproef is gedoen in ‘n kweekhuis waar aartappel saad van BP1 verkry vanaf die eerste proef nadat knolle verdeel is in verskillende grootte klasse (klein: < 20mm, medium: 20-40mm en groot: >40mm) en gestoor is by drie verskillende temperature (3, 16 en 25oC) vir 2 addisionele maande voor plant. Spruit ontwikkelings kapasiteit was meestal beïnvloed deur temperatuur ten spyte van ander behandelings soos oes intervalle en knol grootte. Die hoër bergings temperatuur 25oC het aanleiding gegee tot knolle met ‘n hoër aantal spruite, langer spruite en ‘n hoër spruit ontwikkelings kapasiteit.
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Osborne, Josephine Frances. "Transmission of powdery scab disease of potatoes by seed tubers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311017.

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Books on the topic "Seed potatoes"

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Uskov, Aleksandr, Elena Oves, Lyudmila Uskova, Al'mira Buharova, Evgeniy Mozhaev, and Elena Zakabunina. Potato seed production. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1876534.

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The textbook describes the main elements of the potato seed production system in the Russian Federation, including classification, reproduction and reproduction of the original and original seed material, elite and reproductive potato seed production, features of seed growing technology and quality control of seed potatoes. Meets the requirements of the federal state standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the field of training 35.03.04 "Agronomy", as well as for agricultural specialists growing potatoes.
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Great Britain. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland. Marketing of seed potatoes. Edinburgh: [The Department], 1988.

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Iritani, W. M. Potatoes: Storage and quality maintenance in the Pacific Northwest. [Corvallis, Or.?]: Cooperative Extension of Washington State University, Oregon State University, University of Idaho, and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1985.

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Maine. Dept. of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Resources. Rules relating to certification of seed potatoes. [Augusta]: Maine Dept. of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Resources, 1985.

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Crissman, Charles C. Seed potato systems in Kenya: A case study. [Lima]: International Potato Center, 1993.

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Cowan, Cathal. The Irish seed potato industry. Dublin: Teagasc, 1989.

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Crissman, Charles C. Seed potato systems in the Philippines: A case study. Los Ban os, Philippines: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, 1989.

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Horton, Douglas E. Korea's seed potato program: Organization, impact, and issues. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center (CIP), in collaboration with Republic of Korea, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Rural Development Administration, 1987.

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Assembly, Northern Ireland, ed. Promotion and marketing of seed potatoes. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1985.

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Denison, Tim. The G.B. market for seed potatoes. Silsoe: Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Seed potatoes"

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Gutbrod, O. A., and A. R. Mosley. "Common Seed Potato Certification Schemes." In Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes, 421–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0842-6_31.

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Pickup, Jon. "Will the Globodera pallida epidemic signal the end of the seed potato industry in Scotland?" In Integrated nematode management: state-of-the-art and visions for the future, 333–39. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0046.

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Abstract Among pests and diseases of potatoes, British potato growers consider potato cyst nematodes (PCN: Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis) to cause the most damage. By feeding on the roots, PCN stunt plant growth, adversely affecting yields, tuber size and skin finish. Yield losses depend on the population level of the PCN in the soil, the soil type and the tolerance of the potato cultivar to the nematode damage. The increase in G. pallida has been most marked in the county of Angus, traditionally the part of Scotland most intensively cultivated with potatoes. The incidence of G. pallida in Angus is estimated as 9% of the area used for potato production, accounting for 68% of the total area of G. pallida infested land in Scotland. This chapter discusses the economic importance, host range, distribution, symptoms of damage, biology and life cycle, recommended integrated nematode management, and management optimization of PCN in Scotland. Future research requirements are also mentioned.
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Foxe, M. J. "Production of virus-tested seed potatoes." In Horticulture — New Technologies and Applications, 337–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3176-6_53.

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Franc, Gary D. "Seed Certification as a Virus Management Tool." In Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes, 407–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0842-6_30.

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Alon, Y., and I. Ben Zeev. "Operation of a Commercial Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Seed Testing Laboratory." In Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes, 311–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0842-6_25.

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Watad, A. A., C. Sluis, A. Nachmias, and R. Levin. "Rapid Propagation of Virus-tested Potatoes." In Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes, 391–406. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0842-6_29.

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Askew, Melvyn F. "The Economic Importance of the Potato." In Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes, 1–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0842-6_1.

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Brunt, Alan A. "Potato Virus M (PVM; Genus Carlavirus)." In Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes, 101–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0842-6_10.

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Brunt, Alan A. "Potato Vvirus S (PVS; Genus Carlavirus)." In Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes, 109–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0842-6_11.

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Brunt, Alan A. "Potato Latent Virus (PLV; Genus Carlavirus)." In Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed-Potatoes, 113–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0842-6_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Seed potatoes"

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Mikhalin S.E., S. E. "Ground control and state of elite potato seed breeding in the Central region of Russia and adjacent regions according to its data." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-46.

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The article sets out information on the conduct of soil control of the potato elite, provides information on the state of elite seed production of potatoes in the Central region of Russia according to the data of soil control - which regions participated in its implementation, how many samples and varieties of potatoes were provided for soil control in different years, what were the main varieties, which potato diseases were taken into account.
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Dobrokhotov, S. A., and A. I. Anisimov. "Some ways for obtaining healthy potato seed material." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-170.

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Some methods of obtaining a healthy seed material of potatoes (meristem culture, from seedlings of leaf tubers, etc.) are considered. The possibility of obtaining in one season, in conditions of heifers, tubers from seedlings and from them leafy minitubers is shown. The data on the yield of potatoes after different methods of improving the seed material are given.
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Huss Ferdosi, Malik Fiaz, and Sultan Ali. "Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizations on carrot seed quality." In VII South-Eastern Europe Syposium on Vegetables & Potatoes. University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-045-5.79.

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Sinkovič, Lovro, Janko Verbič, and Aleš Kolmanič. "Agronomical traits of different cultivars of oil seed pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L. group Pepo) and some nutritional characteristics of seeds, oil cakes and pumpkin oils." In VII South-Eastern Europe Syposium on Vegetables & Potatoes. University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-045-5.57.

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Girek, Zdenka, Slaven Prodanović, Suzana Pavlović, Slađan Adžić, Mladen Đorđević, Jelena Damnjanović, and Bogoljub Zečević. "General combining ability analysis of sex expression, fruit and seed characteristics in melon (Cucumis melo L.)." In VII South-Eastern Europe Syposium on Vegetables & Potatoes. University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-045-5.52.

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Perevertin, K. A., T. A. Vasiliev, J. K. Perevertina, and М. R. Burnashev. "RISKS OF SOIL BIOCONTAMINATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF A DANGEROUS PARASITE, THE PALE POTATO CYST NEMATODE GLOBODERA PALLIDA." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.310-315.

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According to the classification of agroecological soil assessment, agrobiocenosis contamination with the pale potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is irreversible (other than, for example, the potato tuber nematode Ditylenchus destructor biocontamination that is reversible), which once again underlines the importance of quarantine control. A very disturbing fact is the presence of this dangerous parasite in the countries of Europe and North America, although their agricultural technologies including plant protection are at a very high level. The spread of this cyst-forming nematode depends entirely on anthropogenic factors since the possibility of active spread of second instars is almost negligible (several tens of centimeters for the growing season). The worldwide nematode spreading from the historical South American gene center of origin of cultivated plants (where the origin is of the potato with which the nematode is co-evolutionarily associated) had a complex nature primarily determined by such a factor as centuries-old practice of selective improvement of potato varieties in Europe. The Institute of Plant Quarantine has developed a computer risk assessment system for the inspection of quarantined cargoes including potatoes, which makes it possible to organize the inspection of seed and commercial potatoes more effectively from the countries where the pale potato cyst nematode is recorded.
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Nadhira, Vebi, Deddy Kurniadi, E. Juliastuti, and R. Richo Eka. "Image reconstruction of time domain diffuse optical tomography for quality control on seed potatoes." In 2013 3rd International Conference on Instrumentation Control and Automation (ICA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ica.2013.6734084.

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Nadhira, Vebi, Deddy Kurniadi, and E. Juliastuti. "Feasibility study on image reconstruction of continuous wave domain diffuse optical tomography for quality control on seed potatoes." In 2013 3rd International Conference on Instrumentation, Communications, Information Technology, and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icici-bme.2013.6698539.

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Glaz, N. V., and A. K. Gorbunov. "Influence of glauconite on potato productivity under conditions of insufficient moisturization of the Southern Urals." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-11.

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Research 2019-2020 in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Chelyabinsk region showed that the effect of glauconite on the yield and seed productivity of potatoes largely depends on the variety. The effect of glauconite (in doses from 10 to 40 t / ha) on the yield of tubers was proportional to the duration of the growing season of the varieties. The highest yield gains from glauconite were observed in the mid-ripening variety Tarasov – 4.05–4.62 t/ha, then in the medium-early variety Nevsky – 3.26–3.63 t/ha, and the smallest – were in the early variety Rosara – 1.95–2.26 t/ha. Whereas the effect of glauconite on the seed productivity of varieties had the opposite pattern: the greatest increase was observed in early-maturing varieties (Rozara – 1.30–1.56 times, Nevsky – 1.30–1.61 times), and the smallest – in the mid-season variety Tarasov (1.17–1.25 times).
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Tereshchenko, Natalya, Tatiana Zyubanova, Elena Akimova, and Oksana Minaeva. "The assessment of soil suitability for reproduction of healthy seed potatoes based on metagenomic analysis of the soil microbial community and the level of soil suppressive activity." In MODERN SYNTHETIC METHODOLOGIES FOR CREATING DRUGS AND FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (MOSM2020): PROCEEDINGS OF THE IV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0069257.

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Reports on the topic "Seed potatoes"

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Kamp, Jan, Pieter Blok, Gerrit Polder, Jan van der Wolf, and Henk Jalink. Smart disease detection seed potatoes 2015-2018 : Detection of virus and bacterial diseases using vision and sensor technology. Wageningen: Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Field Corps, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/494707.

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Merk, Emily. A Growers Guide to Quality Potato Seed. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-40.

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Getnet, Mezgebu, Akalu Teshome, Herman Snel, Dawit Alemu, Atsede Solomon, Manamino Workayehu, Bekele Kebede, et al. Potato seed system in Ethiopia: challenges, opportunities, and leverage points. Addis Ababa: Stichting Wageningen Research Ethiopia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/649748.

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Eshel, Dani, and Jiming Jiang. Postharvest sweetening of potato seed tubers and effects on their yield performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600036.bard.

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Eshel, Dani, and Jiming Jiang. Postharvest sweetening of potato seed tubers and effects on their yield performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604291.bard.

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Rowe, Randall C., Jaacov Katan, Talma Katan, and Leah Tsror. Sub-Specific Populations of Verticillium dahliae and their Roles in Vascular Wilt Pathogsystems. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7574343.bard.

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Verticillium dahliae is an economically important pathogen causing vascular wilt on over 160 plant species. In North America, potato early dying is a significant disease of potato, especially in the midwest and Pacific northwest states. This disease is caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae and in some cases involves a synergistic interaction with root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans. In Israel, Verticillium wilt occurs in many regions and inflicts serious losses in potato, cotton, and other crops. Objectives of this project were to establish a large collection of isolates of Verticillium dahliae from potato (USA) and several host plants (Israel) and to characterize and compare the isolates with regard to morphology, vegetative compatibility group (VCG), and pathogenic capabilities on several hosts. Isolations were made from 224 commercial lots of certified potato seed tubers from across N. America and 87 potato fields located in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington. A large collection of isolates from central U.S. states already existed. In Israel, 47 field sites were sampled and isolates of Verticillium dahliae were recovered from 13 host plant species and from soil. Potato isolates from N. America were tested for vegetative compatibility and all found to be in VCG 4 with about 2/3 in VCG 4A and the rest in VCG 4B. VCG 4A isolates were significantly more aggressive on potato than VCG 4B isolates and were more likely to interact synergistically with P. penetrans. The Israeli isolates fell into three vegetative compatibility groups. Nearly all (> 90%) VCG2B and VCG 4B isolates were recovered from the northern and southern parts of Israel, respectively, with some overlap in central areas. Several pathotypes were defined in cotton, using cotton and eggplant together as differentials. All VCG 2B isolates from cotton caused severe disease in cotton, while VCG 2A and VCG 4B isolates from several crops were much less aggressive to cotton. When Israeli isolates of VCGs 2A, 2B and 4B were inoculated to potato and tomato, VCG 4B isolates caused much more severe disease on potato and VCG 2A isolates caused much more severe disease in tomato. Differential patterns of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of these VCGs on potato and tomato were consistent regardless of the host plant of origin. Isolates of the same VCG resembled one another more than isolates from different VCGs based on colony and microsclerotial morphology, temperature responses and, partially, in pathogenicity. Vegetative compatibility grouping of V. dahliae in Israel appears closely associated with specific pathogenicity and other phenotypic traits. The absence of VCG 4A in Israel is significant. VCG patterns among Verficillium populations are useful to predict relatedness and pathogenic potential in both countries.
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Beumer, Koen, Conny J. M. Almekinders, and M. Misiko. Farmers’ demand for seed: maize, potato and cowpea in Kenya : multi stakeholder workshop held at 18, 19 and 20 July 2018, Qaribu Inn, Nairobi : workshop report. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/469308.

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Delmer, Deborah P., and Prem S. Chourey. The Importance of the Enzyme Sucrose Synthase for Cell Wall Synthesis in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568771.bard.

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The goal of this work was to understand the role of the enzyme sucrose synthase (SuSy) in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants. The work resulting from the this grant leads to a number of conclusions. SuSy clearly plays diverse roles in carbon metabolism. It can associate with the plasma membrane of cells undergoing rapid cellulose deposition, such as cotton fibers, developing maize endosperm, gravistimulated pulvini, and transfer cells of the cotton seed. It is also concentrated at sites of high callose deposition (tapetal cells; cell plates). When SuSy levels are lowered by mutation or by anti-sense technology, cell walls undergo degeneration (maize endosperm) and show reduced levels of cellulose (potato tubers). In sum, our evidence has very much strengthened the concept that SuSy does function in the plasma membrane to channel carbon from sucrose via UDP-glucose to glucan synthase complexes. Soluble SuSy also clearly plays a role in providing carbon for starch synthesis and respiration. Surprisingly, we found that the cotton seed is one unique case where SuSy apparently does not play a role in starch synthesis. Current evidence in sum suggests that no specific SuSy gene encodes the membrane-associated form, although in maize the SS 1 form of SuSy may be most important for cell wall synthesis in the early stages of endosperm development. Work is still in progress to determine what does control membrane localization - and the current evidence we have favors a role for Ca2+, and possibly also protein phosphorylation by differentially regulated protein kinases. Finally, we have discovered for the first time, a major new family of genes that encode the catalytic subunit of the cellulose synthase of plants - a result that has been widely cited and opens many new approaches for the study of this important plant function.
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Hunter, Martha S., and Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.

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The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invasion can cause such a large change in pest life history, the following objectives were set: 1) Determine the frequency of Rickettsia in B. tabaci in cotton across the United States and Israel. 2) Characterize Rickettsia and B. tabaci genotypes in order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in either partner is responsible for differences in phenotypes seen in the two countries. 3) Determine the comparative fitness effects of Rickettsia phenotypes in B. tabaci in Israel and the United States. For Obj. 1, a survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of 13 sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally at frequencies higher than 75% and close to fixation in some areas, whereas in Israel the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previouslyreported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and the pest. Obj. 2, Sequences of several Rickettsia genes in both locations, including a hypervariableintergenic spacer gene, suggested that the Rickettsia genotype is identical in both countries. Experiments in the US showed that differences in whitefly nuclear genotype had a strong influence on Rickettsia phenotype. Obj. 3. Experiments designed to test for possible horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, showed that these bacteria are transferred from B. tabaci to a plant, moved inside the phloem, and could be acquired by other whiteflies. Plants can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, a mechanism that may explain the occurrence of phylogenetically-similarsymbionts among unrelated phytophagous insect species. This plant-mediated transmission route may also exist in other insect-symbiont systems, and since symbionts may play a critical role in the ecology and evolution of their hosts, serve as an immediate and powerful tool for accelerated evolution. However, no such horizontal transmission of Rickettsia could be detected in the USA, underlining the difference between the interaction in both countries, or between B. tabaci and the banded wing whitefly on cotton in the USA (Trialeurodes sp. nr. abutiloneus) and the omnivorous bug Nesidiocoristenuis. Additionally, a series of experiments excluded the possibility that Rickettsia is frequently transmitted between B. tabaci and its parasitoid wasps Eretmocerusmundus and Encarsiapergandiella. Lastly, ecological studies on Rickettsia effects on free flight of whiteflies showed no significant influence of symbiont infection on flight. In contrast, a field study of the effects of Rickettsia on whitefly performance on caged cotton in the USA showed strong fitness benefits of infection, and rapid increases in Rickettsia frequency in competition population cages. This result confirmed the benefits to whiteflies of Rickettsia infection in a field setting.
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10

Gender mainstreaming in local potato seed system in Georgia. International Potato Center, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4160/9789290605645.

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This report presents the study findings associated with the project “Enhancing Rural Livelihoods in Georgia: Introducing Integrated Seed Health Approaches to Local Potato Seed Systems” in Georgia. It also incorporates information from the results of gender training conducted within the framework of the USAID Potato Program in Georgia. The study had three major aims: 1) to understand the gender-related opportunities and constraints impacting the participation of men and women in potato seed systems in Georgia; 2) to test the multistakeholder framework for intervening in root, tuber, and banana (RTB) seed systems as a means to understand the systems themselves and the possibilities of improving gender-related interventions in the potato seed system; and 3) to develop farmers’ leadership skills to facilitate women’s active involvement in project activities. Results of the project assessment identified certain constraints on gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system: a low level of female participation in decision-making processes, women’s limited access to finances that would enable their greater involvement in larger scale potato farming, and a low awareness of potato seed systems and of possible female involvement in associated activities. Significantly, the perception of gender roles and stereotypes differs from region to region in Georgia; this difference is quite pronounced in the target municipalities of Kazbegi, Marneuli, and Akhalkalaki, with the last two having populations of ethnic minorities (Azeri and Armenian, respectively). For example, in Marneuli, although women are actively involved in potato production, they are not considered farmers but mainly as assistants to farmers, who are men. This type of diversity (or lack thereof) results in a different understanding of gender mainstreaming in the potato seed system as well. Based on the training results obtained in three target regions—Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, and Marneuli—it is evident that women are keen on learning new technologies and on acquiring updated agricultural information, including on potato production. It is also clear that women spend as much time as men do on farming activities such as potato production, particularly in weeding and harvesting. However, women are heavily burdened with domestic work, and they are not major decision-makers with regard to potato variety selection, agricultural investments, and product sales, nor with the inclusion of participants in any training provided. Involving women in project activities will lead to greater efficiency in the potato production environment, as women’s increased knowledge will certainly contribute to an improved production process, and their new ideas will help to improve existing production systems, through which women could also gain confidence and power. As a general recommendation, it is extremely important to develop equitable seed systems that take into consideration, among other factors, social context and the cultural aspects of local communities. Thus, understanding male and female farmers’ knowledge may promote the development of seed systems that are sustainable and responsive to farmers’ needs and capacities.
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