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1
Beveridge, Fernanda Caro, Alwyn Williams, and Steve Adkins. "Seed enhancement of Australian native species to improve seed-based restoration." Australasian Plant Conservation: journal of the Australian Network for Plant Conservation 27, no. 4 (May 2019): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.373776.
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Wambugu, Peterson W., Desterio O. Nyamongo, and Everlyne C. Kirwa. "Role of Seed Banks in Supporting Ecosystem and Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration." Diversity 15, no. 8 (July 29, 2023): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15080896.
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The world is witnessing massive land degradation caused by climate change and various anthropogenic activities. There has been a significant increase in habitat restoration efforts, with demand for seeds to restore these degraded ecosystems in some cases outstripping supply. Traditionally, seeds for restoration activities have mainly been sourced through collections from the wild, but with the growing seed demand, this is increasingly becoming unsustainable. In order to ensure responsible restoration practice, restoration practitioners need to explore other options of economical, ethical and sustainable sourcing of seeds. Ex situ seed banks can leverage their technical and infrastructural capacity to play a greater and more direct role in supporting biodiversity and ecosystem conservation and restoration, particularly through the supply of quality ecologically and genetically suitable seed. In this paper, we review whether ex situ seed banks possess the capacity and competence for supporting habitat restoration and the challenges they are likely to face in these efforts. The review focuses on seed collecting, field-based seed bulking, seed handling and storage, seed quality control as well as experience and capacity in facilitating germplasm exchange. The availability of high-quality germplasm collections of documented provenance and with broad genetic diversity is arguably the greatest resource and asset that seed banks have in supporting habitat restoration.
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Govers, Laura L., Jannes H. T. Heusinkveld, Max L. E. Gräfnings, Quirin Smeele, and Tjisse van der Heide. "Adaptive intertidal seed-based seagrass restoration in the Dutch Wadden Sea." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): e0262845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262845.
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Seagrasses form the foundation of many coastal ecosystems but are rapidly declining on a global scale. The Dutch Wadden Sea once supported extensive subtidal seagrass meadows that have all disappeared. Here, we report on the setbacks and successes of intertidal seed-based restoration experiments in the Dutch Wadden Sea between 2014–2017. Our main goals were to 1) optimize plant densities, and 2) reduce seed losses. To achieve our goals, we conducted research-based, adaptive seagrass (Zostera marina) restoration, adjusting methods yearly based on previous results. We applied various seeding methods in three subsequent years–from Buoy Deployed Seeding (BuDS), and ‘BuDS-in-frame’ in fall, to a newly developed ‘Dispenser Injection Seeding’ (DIS) method. Our adaptive experimental approach revealed high seed losses between seeding and seedling establishment of the BuDS methods (>99.9%), which we mitigated by controlled harvest and storage of seeds throughout fall and winter, followed by DIS-seeding in spring. These iterative innovations resulted in 83 times higher plant densities in the field (0.012 to 1.00 plants m-2) and a small reduction in seed loss (99.94 to 99.75%) between 2015–2017. Although these developments have not yet resulted in self-sustaining seagrass populations, we are one step closer towards upscaling seagrass restoration in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Our outcomes suggest that an iterative, research-based restoration approach that focuses on technological advancement of precision-seeding may result in advancing knowledge and improved seed-based seagrass restoration successes.
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Valkó, Orsolya, Péter Török, Béla Tóthmérész, and Gábor Matus. "Restoration Potential in Seed Banks of Acidic Fen and Dry-Mesophilous Meadows: Can Restoration Be Based on Local Seed Banks?" Restoration Ecology 19, no. 101 (June 7, 2010): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2010.00679.x.
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Urzedo, Danilo, Fatima Piña-Rodrigues, Rafael Feltran-Barbieri, Rodrigo Junqueira, and Robert Fisher. "Seed Networks for Upscaling Forest Landscape Restoration: Is It Possible to Expand Native Plant Sources in Brazil?" Forests 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030259.
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In this paper, we explore how diverse community networks in Brazil have locally advanced seed production and institutional systems to enhance a restoration economy. By focusing on the experiences of the six major native seed suppliers in Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, we estimate the capacity to scale-up community-based systems to meet a large-scale restoration target as a rural development strategy. Over one decade, 1016 collectors traded 416.91 tonnes of native seeds representing, on average, 31.41 kilos yearly and USD 256.5 as household income. Based on this well documented empirical evidence, we estimate that Brazil’s restoration goal would require from 3.6 to 15.6 thousand tonnes of native seeds depending on the share of each restoration method adopted with potential work opportunities for 13.2 to 57.1 thousand collectors yearly and total income from USD 34 to 146 million. We argue that community networks represent feasible arrangements for increasing the availability of plant material sources which provide high socio-economic benefits. For scaling up native seed sources, we suggest the following key strategies: (i) government incentives and subsidies; (ii) enforcement of ecosystem restoration; (iii) community participation; (iv) adaptation of the seed regulations; (v) technological development; and (vi) seed market diversification.
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Unsworth, R. K. F., C. M. Bertelli, L. Coals, L. C. Cullen-Unsworth, S. den Haan, B. L. H. Jones, S. R. Rees, E. Thomsen, A. Wookey, and B. Walter. "Bottlenecks to seed-based seagrass restoration reveal opportunities for improvement." Global Ecology and Conservation 48 (December 2023): e02736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02736.
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Reis, Ademir, Fernando Campanhã Bechara, and Deisy Regina Tres. "Nucleation in tropical ecological restoration." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 2 (April 2010): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000200018.
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Ecological theories of facilitation and nucleation are proposed as a basis for environmental restoration in tropical ecosystems. The main goal of this paper is to present restoration techniques based on the concept of nucleation, in which small nuclei of vegetation are established within a degraded land. The nucleation techniques (artificial shelters for animals, planting of herbaceous shrub life forms, soil and seed bank translocation, seed rain translocation, soil and seed rain translocation's seedling set, artificial perches, planting of native trees in groups, and ecological stepping-stones with functional groups) promote the landscape connectivity on two flows: inward: receiver connectivity and outward: donor connectivity. The nuclei development represents an alternative for restoration by prioritizing the natural processes of succession. This methodology appears to take long to generate vegetation corresponding to tropical climates, but is fundamental in the formation of communities capable of acting, in the future, as a new functional nuclei within the current fragmented landscape. This strategy also encourages greater integration between the theories and projects of ecological restoration for the development of human resources and to benefit the restoration practitioner.
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KASCHIEVA, Mariya, Ivaylo IVANOV, Nikolay DINKOV, and Nikolay NEDYALKOV. "REVIEW OF METHODS FROM AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE USED IN PROJECTS RELATED TO THE RESTORATION OF NATURAL HABITATS." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 52, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v52i2.1394.
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Review of methods from agricultural and horticultural practice used in projects related to the restoration of natural habitats. Ecological restoration supports the reconstruction of degraded, damaged or destroyed natural habitats. Restoration activities lead to an increased demand for seeds or seedlings of plant species characteristic of different habitats. This creates a demand that cannot be met by the supply of wild plant seeds. In order to ensure sufficient quantities of seeds for restoration activities, methods typical of agricultural production are increasingly applied. Often, seeds intended for ecological restoration are obtained under natural conditions from natural populations that reflect the genetic diversity of the given species. Obtaining seeds in this way is a labour-intensive and expensive process and does not meet the requirements for large-scale restoration activities required by practice. In this case, to improve seed production and to reduce costs, different wild seed production systems are integrated that are based on agricultural or horticultural production methods (Pedrini et al. 2020), providing a new intersection between habitat restoration and agriculture. Both the classic selection methods and the methods of modern selection science are applied in the restoration practice. Restoration ecology in its application combines selection, agricultural seed production and plant physiology. Some of the reviewed methods were applied in practice during the implementation of a project related to the restoration of natural habitat 62С0* Ponto-Sarmatian steppes in Bulgaria.
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Pedrini, Simone, Jason C. Stevens, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Seed encrusting with salicylic acid: A novel approach to improve establishment of grass species in ecological restoration." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): e0242035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242035.
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To achieve global ambitions in large scale ecological restoration, there is a need for approaches that improve the efficiency of seed-based interventions, particularly in overcoming the bottleneck in the transition from germination to seedling establishment. In this study, we tested a novel seed-based application of the plant stress modulator compound salicylic acid as a means to reduce seedling losses in the seed-to-seedling phase. Seed coating technology (encrusting) was developed as a precursor for optimising field sowing for three grass species commonly used in restoration programs, Austrostipa scabra, Microlaena stipoides, and Rytidosperma geniculatum. Salicylic acid (SA, 0.1mM) was delivered to seeds via imbibition and seed encrusting. The effects of SA on seed germination were examined under controlled water-limited conditions (drought resilience) in laboratory setting and on seed germination, seedling emergence, seedling growth and plant survival in field conditions. Salicylic acid did not impact germination under water stress in controlled laboratory conditions and did not affect seedling emergence in the field. However, seedling survival and growth were improved in plants grown from SA treated seeds (imbibed and encrusted) under field conditions. When SA delivery methods of imbibing and coating were compared, there was no significant difference in survival and growth, showing that seed coating has potential to deliver SA. Effect of intraspecific competition as a result of seedling density was also considered. Seedling survival over the dry summer season was more than double at low seedling density (40 plants/m2) compared to high seedling density (380 plants/m2). Overall, adjustment of seeding rate according to expected emergence combined with the use of salicylic acid via coating could improve seed use efficiency in seed-based restoration.
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Lin, Wei, and Yu Lin. "Soybean image segmentation based on multi-scale Retinex with color restoration." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2284, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2284/1/012010.
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Abstract Aiming at the matter of seed overlapping and adhesion within the actual quality detection of soybean, a soybean image segmentation based on multi-scale Retinex with color restoration (MSRCR) was proposed. Firstly, original images of soybean were obtained by the industrial camera. secondly, these images were enhanced by MSRCR. Thirdly, these images after MSRCR were segmented by Otsu. Finally, soybean seed images were extracted by mask and minimum bounding rectangle from soybean images after MSRCR. The image acquisition system was constructed and the algorithm was verified. The experiment showed that the segmentation accuracy of the proposed algorithm was 98.05%, which can meet the requirement of soybean image segmentation. Additionally, the proposed algorithm can also provide an image preprocessing method for agricultural seed classification in similar scenes.
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Broadhurst, Linda, David Bush, and Jim Begley. "Managing Genetic Diversity and Representation in Banksia marginata (Proteaceae) Seed Production Areas Used for Conservation and Restoration." Diversity 13, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13020039.
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Landscape degradation is a major threat to global biodiversity that is being further exacerbated by climate change. Halting or reversing biodiversity decline using seed-based restoration requires tons of seed, most of which is sourced from wild populations. However, in regions where restoration is most urgent, wild seed sources are often fragmented, declining and producing seed with low genetic diversity. Seed production areas (SPAs) can help to reduce the burden of collecting native seed from remnant vegetation, improve genetic diversity in managed seed crops and contribute to species conservation. Banksia marginata (Proteaceae) is a key restoration species in south-eastern Australia but is highly fragmented and declining across much of its range. We evaluated genetic diversity, population genetic structure and relatedness in two B. marginata SPAs and the wild populations from which the SPA germplasm was sourced. We found high levels of relatedness within most remnants and that the population genetic structure was best described by three groups of trees. We suggest that SPAs are likely to be important to meet future native seed demand but that best practice protocols are required to assist land managers design and manage these resources including genetic analyses to guide the selection of germplasm.
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Jin, Yea-Jung, Han-Jin Jeong, Soo-Young Kim, Seong-Hyun Cho, Jin-Hwan Lee, and Du-Hyun Kim. "Pelleting of Physical Dormancy Small-Seeded Species in Astragalus sikokianus Nakai." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010206.
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Astragalus sikokianus is a rare Japanese perennial of the seashore that was reported to be extinct in the wild. The small seed size and deep dormancy of A. sikokianus make it difficult for direct seeding restoration in aspects of seed handling, transport, planting, and seedling establishment. For the large-scale economic restoration of dormant small-seeded species, seed pelleting combined with the breaking of dormancy was studied. Physiological (prechilling and plant hormones) and physical (hot water, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid) seed dormancy break treatments were evaluated. The dormant broken seeds were used for pelleting. The effects of the substrate, pellet sizes, and their interactions on germination were measured. The scarification of five rubs of seeds placed between sandpapers completely broke the physical dormancy of A. sikokianus. Seed coat impermeability inhibited germination. Pelleted seeds ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 mm in diameter showed more than 90% germination on filter paper. The germination of the pelleted seeds was measured in commercial, field, and sand soil conditions. The highest germination was shown in sand (70–74% GP), regardless of the pellet size, whereas unpelleted scarified seeds germinated only 48%. These results suggest that small-seeded species with physical dormancy can be used for seed-based restoration after seed pelleting.
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Sershen, Charmaine C. Drury, Clinton Carbutt, and Syd Ramdhani. "Seed banks of subtropical grassland patches within an urban matrix in South Africa: reflecting the past and foretelling the future." Botany 97, no. 4 (April 2019): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0155.
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Urban grasslands often exist as fragmented patches with varying threat levels. These patches are generally inappropriately managed due to limited data on their responses to disturbance and seed bank regenerative potential. This study compared seed banks between non-naturally disturbed and undisturbed patches of South African subtropical grasslands in an urban environment. Standing vegetation was characterised via year-round quadrat and monthly transect sampling. The seed banks were sampled after the two main dispersal periods and assessed for species composition and density. The seed bank species (24) represented a subset (9%) of the standing vegetation, with forbs being the most speciose life form and grasses the most abundant. Disturbance had a moderate impact on seed bank density but significantly affected species composition and ordering. Clustering and ordination analyses separated seed banks based on disturbance history. However, seed banks in disturbed patches maintained the general character of the grassland type. Diagnostic, rare and threatened taxa were absent from seed banks, irrespective of disturbance history. Consequently, restoration will possibly require seed enrichment and species reintroduction rather than exploitation of natural seed banks. Identifying disturbance-sensitive species through seed bank surveys can inform grassland conservation and restoration strategies.
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Lim, Kah Kheng, João Neiva, M. Nazre, and Ester A. Serrão. "GENETIC DIVERSITY OF NATURAL AND RESTORED API-API PUTIH (AVICENNIA ALBA) POPULATIONS IN THE WEST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA." Environment & Ecosystem Science 6, no. 1 (2022): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2022.29.33.
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A large tract of mangrove forest in Malaysia has been lost due to increased anthropogenic activities. Restorative practices of mangrove forest have been adopted nationwide to re-establish ecosystem services in combating coastal erosion. However, genetic considerations in local mangrove restoration practices are still far lacking despite the vast literature on their genetic diversity. To understand whether the restored mangroves can impact the genetic diversity distribution among natural populations, we used eight microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity of the Api-api putih (Avicennia alba) between the natural and restored populations along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. We found no difference in terms of genetic diversity between these populations. Two genetic clusters were detected among A. alba along the west coast based on Bayesian clustering and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). The southwest monsoon current circulation that coincides the timing of seed dispersal of A. alba may explain such pattern of genetic differentiation. Despite the minimal genetic structure, our results suggest that seed sourcing from either population is viable for the local mangrove restoration programs in the future.
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Broadhurst, Linda, Cathy Waters, and David Coates. "Native seed for restoration: a discussion of key issues using examples from the flora of southern Australia." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 6 (2017): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17055.
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Land clearing across southern Australia since European settlement has fundamentally changed the amount and distribution of native vegetation; it has also substantially reduced genetic diversity in plant species throughout Australia, especially in agricultural regions. The most recent State of the Environment report indicates that Australian biodiversity continues to decline. Many approaches to restoration are used in Australia including re-establishing plant populations using tube stock or by direct seeding. Native seed for these projects is often assumed to be plentiful and available for the majority of species we wish to restore but these assumptions are rarely true. We also rely on a small number of species for the majority of restoration projects despite the vast number of species required to fully restore complex plant communities. The majority of seed for restoration is still primarily collected from native vegetation despite longstanding concerns regarding the sustainability of this practice and the globally recognised impacts of vegetation fragmentation on seed production and genetic diversity. Climate change is also expected to challenge seed production as temperatures rise and water availability becomes more limited; changes to current planting practices may also be required. Until now native seed collection has relied on market forces to build a strong and efficient industry sector, but in reality the Australian native seed market is primarily driven by Federal, State and Territory funding. In addition, unlike other seed-based agri-businesses native seed collection lacks national industry standards. A new approach is required to support development of the native seed collection and use sector into an innovative industry.
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Cobb, Meredith, Michaela J. Woods, and Ryan W. McEwan. "Assessing Seed Handling Processes to Facilitate a Community-Engaged Approach to Regional Forest Restoration." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040474.
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In the Midwestern United States, there is a strong management impetus toward reforestation to replace trees lost to due to tree mortality and to establish forests on previously cleared properties. Here, we describe a public outreach and volunteer effort that aimed to generate positive, community-engaged restoration outcomes and report on a practical experiment involving seed handling. We obtained tree seeds that were donated by members of the community to local land managers. We evaluated the size of the seeds collected and tested the influence of common stratification media (none, sand and vermiculite) and seed size on germination success of three tree genera involved in restoration efforts: Quercus, Carya and Juglans (oak, hickory and walnut). We found a species-specific effect of media on germination, such that Carya and Quercus showed little response to their stratification media, but Juglans had higher germination rates when stratified with vermiculite. Further, all genera of seeds germinated faster when stratified with either media than without. Thus, we suggest stratifying these seeds with media to promote germination success. We also tested for seed size as a predictor of mortality during stratification, following the logic that a size-based selection criterion might save time and space during stratification. We found species-specific impacts of seed size on germination, but relationships were highly variable, and we suggest avoiding screening seeds based on their size. In addition to these scientific results, we describe the broader forest restoration project, which may be a useful model for engaging the community in restoration efforts.
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Giacomini, Fiona L., John A. Prempeh, Riina Jalonen, Barbara Vinceti, Marius Ekue, Ennia Bosshard, David F. R. P. Burslem, and Chris J. Kettle. "Seeding African Forest and Landscape Restoration: Evaluating Native Tree Seed Systems in Four African Countries." Diversity 15, no. 9 (August 30, 2023): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15090981.
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Commitments to Forest and Landscape Restoration are rapidly growing and being implemented globally to tackle the climate and biodiversity crises. Restoration initiatives largely based on tree planting necessitate an increased supply of high-quality and suitably adapted tree planting material. We evaluated the native tree seed supply systems in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, and Kenya, four countries with large commitments to increase tree cover. We applied an established indicator framework to assess the adequacy of any current tree seed system to meet national needs. The study aimed to analyse (i) how well-established the native tree seed supply systems are, (ii) how public and non-public actors differ regarding the perception of existing seed systems, and (iii) the main barriers to strengthening current seed systems. Our findings identified significant gaps in the native tree seed supply systems of the four countries, arising particularly from shortfalls in the enabling environment. We found a lack of involvement of local community members in the seed systems, with a crucial need for strengthening policy, capacity building and investment in seed systems. We propose a multi-stakeholder approach and the application of online tools to improve seed systems to meet the demand for high-quality native tree seeds.
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Piotrowski, Ivonir, Harvey Marin Paladines, Lausanne Soraya de Almeida, Alex Mauri Tello López, Felipe Bueno Dutra, Bruno Santos Francisco, José Mauro Santana da Silva, and Fatima C. Márquez Piña-Rodrigues. "Seeds’ Early Traits as Predictors of Performance in Direct Seeding Restoration." Forests 14, no. 3 (March 10, 2023): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030547.
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Direct seeding is a promising and low-cost restoration technique. To avoid wasting seeds, the selection of species with high field performance in their establishment can increase efficiency. We aimed to identify groups of forest species with the ability for direct seeding in a seasonal forest, investigate taxonomic similarity effects on species behavior regarding seeds’ and seedlings’ early functional traits, and classify species based on their probability of success by direct seeding. A planting system of 38 seasonal forest species was implemented at a density of 250,000 seeds ha−1. The emergence was monitored over 720 days, and all individuals were identified, tagged, counted, and measured for height (H) and diameter at collar height (DCH). We evaluated early traits of seed vigor (field seed emergence), seedling performance, probability of success, and species autoecology. Species’ ability for direct seeding was more related to the level of species phylogeny than to their family. Pioneer and non-pioneer species demonstrated similar abilities for direct seeding associated with field emergence, seedling abundance, and persistence. Field seed emergence traits influenced species’ ability for direct seeding more than seedling survival or growth. Species’ ability for direct seeding was related to early seed vigor traits expressed by field seed emergence and was independent of their density.
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M. O., Vаsylenko, Buslаiev D. O., Kаlinin O. Ye., and Kononogov Yu. A. "Substantiated methods of restoration and modes of hardening of parts of seed drills." MECHANICS and AUTOMATICS of AGROINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, no. 1(116) (2023): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/2786-7775-2023-1-11.
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Purpose. Substantiated methods of restoration and modes of hardening of parts of seed drills by using wear-resistant repair elements and arc surfacing. Methods. Graphic, micrometer, accelerated testing of metal surfaces for abrasive wear. Results. Methods of restoration and modes of hardening of parts of seed drills by using wear-resistant repair elements and arc surfacing are substantiated. The developed process of restoration and hardening of parts of seed drills is implemented in the conditions of “UPI-AGRO” LLC and “Food company “Zorya Podillia” LLC, Vinnytsia region. Conclusions 1. The zones, sizes and nature of wear of parts of seed drills are determined. As a result of the analysis of the values of wear of parts of seed drills, it was established that: - the amount of linear wear of parts of the Kverneland Optima HD seed drill after their cultivation of 6 ha varies from 4 to 12 mm; - the amount of linear wear of parts of the Kuhn Planter seed drill after cultivating 43 ha varies from 4.2 to 40.7 mm. 2. The methods of restoring of parts of seed drills are substantiated: - parts of seed drills with wear of more than 6 mm should be restored by arc welding of wear-resistant materials using repair elements; - parts of seed drills with wear from 4 to 6 mm should be restored by arc welding of wear-resistant materials to the size of new parts without the use of repair elements. 3. Based on the results of experimental studies of the modes of application of wear-resistant materials, it was established that during arc welding with wear-resistant materials, the wear resistance of the coating decreases with an increase in the current intensity. The rational surfacing regime within the range of current values I from 160 to 280 A are current intensity I = 160 A at voltage U = 28 V. 4. The wear resistance of steels 30MnB5, Hardox 500, Hardox 600, which are used for production parts of seed drills, was studied. It was established that surfacing with wear-resistant materials, including ПП 180X9 wires, of the blade surfaces of the working bodies of parts of seed drills made of these steels increases their relative wear resistance by 7–13 times. Therefore, such additional hardening with wear-resistant electrodes and wires of parts of seed drills made of these steels is expedient. Keywords: restoring, defects, hardening, wear resistance, modes, parts of seed drills.
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Radhakrishnan, Saranya, and Darshana Devadiga. "Effect of Novel Biomodification Strategies on Bonding to Pulp Chamber Dentin – An In Vitro Study." Indian Journal of Dental Research 34, no. 3 (2023): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_1139_21.
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Abstract Context: Adhesion to dentin remains a tough challenge due to its heterogeneous composition, complex histologic structure and high tubular content, warranting the need to investigate methods to improve the bond strength of the commonly used access restorative materials to pulp chamber dentin. Aims: To evaluate the effect of dentin biomodification using 6.5% grape seed extract and a 980 nm diode LASER on the shear bond strength of resin-based bonded restoration to pulp chamber dentin. Methods and Materials: Access cavities were prepared in 42 extracted human maxillary premolars, which were then sectioned in a buccolingual direction. The samples were serially immersed in 5.25% NaOCl for 40 minutes and 17% EDTA for 3 minutes and allocated into three groups: the control group, the group pre-treated with 6.5% grape seed extract (GSE) and the group pre-treated with a 980 nm diode light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER). All the samples were restored with resin composites and subjected to shear bond strength testing using a universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23 software. Results: The mean shear bond strength was highest in the group pre-treated with GSE, followed by that pre-treated with diode LASER and finally in the control group. Conclusions: Dentin biomodification using both chemical and physical agents such as grape seed extract and diode LASER was shown to improve the shear bond strength of resin composite endodontic access restorations to the pulp chamber dentin.
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Иветич, Владан, Vladan Ivetich, Артур Новиков, and A. Novikov. "THE ROLE OF FOREST REPRODUCTIVE MATERIAL QUALITY IN FOREST RESTORATION." Forestry Engineering Journal 9, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2019.2/7.
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More than two billion hectares worldwide offer opportunities for restoration. The need to accelerate reforestation programmesis caused by global climate change and human impacts. There is no consensus in the scientific community as to what goals to pursue in the implementation of programs and what methods to use to achieve the goals. Confusing terminology in the field of world reforestation, conflicting research makes it necessary to establish the basic quality criteria. The impact of the quality of forest reproductive material on reforestation cannot be underestimated. Definition of forest reproduction material (FRM) quality should be project specific, because seed and seedling quality attributes targeted and desirable for one site, could be unsuitable for others. Seed size and germinability have the strongest effect on plant performance, both in nursery and on the field. Root collar diameter is the single most useful seedling morphological attribute. The most important quality attributes of seed and seedling can be improved by simple techniques and practices. In a long term, the genetic aspect of FRM quality have a decisive role and any restoration program should be based on proper seed source to site matching, with maintaining the wide genetic diversity. In any restoration program, imperative should be the use of FRM with targeted quality attributes: physical, morphological, physiological, and genetic. Meeting demands for huge quantities of FRM, should not be at the cost of quality.
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Millar, Melissa A., David J. Coates, Margaret Byrne, and J. Dale Roberts. "An integrated genetic approach to provenancing and establishment of founding individuals for restoration in the semiarid midwest region of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18096.
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An increasingly important practical application of the analysis of spatial genetic structure and life history traits of plant species is to aid the design of seed sourcing scenarios that provide for long-term successful restoration. Despite this, there are few practical recommendations on how to use empirical knowledge of genetic structure and life history traits to design appropriate seed sourcing regimes and planting designs. We identified potential divergent lineages within species as an important first step in determining appropriate areas in which to source seeds. We then used a modelling approach for restoration based on patterns of genetic structure and life history traits that affect demography, dispersal and gene flow to inform the impact of number and spatial positioning of founder individuals, as well as different seed sourcing scenarios, on population growth and the initial capture and long-term maintenance of genetic diversity for restored populations. The approach is illustrated using datasets for four perennial plant species associated with the Banded Iron Formations of the semiarid midwest region of Western Australia. The approach can be tailored to any restoration site and applied to a range of species with differing patterns of genetic structure and differing life history traits.
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Reiker, J., A. T. Rühl, V. Wissemann, and B. Gemeinhülzer. "Intraspecific phenotypic variability of the herbaceous species Daucus carota (Apiaceae) used for restoration purposes." Acta Botanica Hungarica 62, no. 1-2 (March 2020): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.8.
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For restoration purposes nature conservation preferably requests the use of local seed sources based on the “local-is-best” (LIB) approach. However, counter-arguments against this usage are potential benefits by increased variation, which could be beneficial especially in times of global change. We here investigate intraspecific morphological variability of one of the most common herbaceous, insect pollinated and zoochorous plants from seed mixtures used for landscape restoration processes in central Europe, the wild carrot, Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae). Our results show that D. carota features no vegetative but two generative characters that significantly differed among plants originating from seeds of natural (I) and restored (R) sites. We could show that effects of mowing always overlay origin-specific characteristics. The earlier genetic analysis did not support a regional provenance concept for restoration purposes, while slight differences in phenological parameters related to fitness pinpoint to ‘mix and match-admixture provenancing’ as a compromise strategy.
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Kildisheva, Olga A., Todd E. Erickson, Andrea T. Kramer, Jacob Zeldin, and David J. Merritt. "Optimizing physiological dormancy break of understudied cold desert perennials to improve seed-based restoration." Journal of Arid Environments 170 (November 2019): 104001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.104001.
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Kwakernaak, Clazina, Dieuwke J. J. Hoeijmakers, Maarten P. A. Zwarts, Allert I. Bijleveld, Sander Holthuijsen, Dick J. de Jong, and Laura L. Govers. "Ragworms (Hediste diversicolor) limit eelgrass (Zostera marina) seedling settlement: Implications for seed-based restoration." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 560 (March 2023): 151853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2022.151853.
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Dudley, Nicklos, Tyler Jones, Kaitlin Gerber, Amy L. Ross-Davis, Richard A. Sniezko, Phil Cannon, and John Dobbs. "Establishment of a Genetically Diverse, Disease-Resistant Acacia koa A. Gray Seed Orchard in Kokee, Kauai: Early Growth, Form, and Survival." Forests 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121276.
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Background and Objectives: Koa (Acacia koa A. Gray) is an economically, ecologically, and culturally valuable tree species endemic to Hawaii. A vascular wilt disease caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. koae Gardner (FOXY) induces high rates of mortality in plantings and threatens native koa forests as well. Landowners are reluctant to consider koa for reforestation purposes in many areas due to the risk of mortality caused by FOXY. Producing seeds with genetic resistance to FOXY is vital to successful koa reforestation and restoration. The Hawaii Agriculture Research Center (HARC), with both public and private partners, operates a tree improvement program to develop wilt-resistant koa populations in Hawaii. The population genetics of koa is poorly understood and seed zones are evolving. Thus, HARC uses provisional seed zones based on genetic and biogeographic variables and has selected wilt-resistant koa populations that are locally found in Kokee, Kauai (eco-regions) of Hawaii. Materials and Methods: To make these selections, virulent FOXY isolates were used in previous seedling inoculation trials to evaluate resistance levels among koa families in greenhouse experiments, and the most resistant families were used in the field trial reported here. Results: In this trial, survival rates two years after planting varied by family, and ranged from 45% to 95%, but all resistant families had greater survival rates than the susceptible control (25%). The trial has been converted to a seed orchard. Conclusions: The higher survival rates of the families are encouraging and seeds coming from the orchard will improve the success of future restoration and reforestation efforts. Within these resistant families it was also possible to make some selections based on height, growth, diameter, and stem form. Thus, the establishment of a wilt-resistant seed orchard results in locally adapted, eco-region specific, disease-resistant koa seed that will allow for the restoration of this iconic species and provide plant material for commercial reforestation opportunities at the landscape level.
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Turner, Shane R., Wolfgang Lewandrowski, Carole P. Elliott, Luis Merino-Martín, Ben P. Miller, Jason C. Stevens, Todd E. Erickson, and David J. Merritt. "Seed ecology informs restoration approaches for threatened species in water-limited environments: a case study on the short-range Banded Ironstone endemic Ricinocarpos brevis (Euphorbiaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 8 (2017): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17155.
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Translocation of threatened species is challenging in semiarid environments, especially when seeds are the principal means of in situ establishment. Worldwide, the overall success of translocations using seeds is highly variable and generally unpredictable. Most seed-based translocations are embarked upon with limited understanding of the species’ seed biology or the nuances of the local abiotic environment in which to guide restoration approaches. For instance, within Australia just 14% of threatened species translocations use directly sown seeds and consequently, to improve the chances of restoration success, both the seed biology and the influence of the abiotic environment need to be adequately understood. We investigated these aspects in Ricinocarpos brevis R.J.F.Hend. & Mollemans – a short-range Banded Ironstone endemic – by focusing on a series of laboratory and field experiments to understand the key drivers of dormancy alleviation and germination promotion, as well as in-situ conditions of natural and recipient translocation sites. Fresh seeds were found to have high viability, fully developed linear embryos and possess physiological dormancy, with enhanced germination when exposed to smoke water, karrikinolide (KAR1) and gibberellic acid (GA3). Under laboratory conditions, seeds germinated over a range of temperatures (15−30°C), but germination was suppressed by light and highly sensitive to water stress. Seeds had reduced germination when sown on the soil surface, but could emerge from up to 13 cm in depth. Under field conditions, in-situ emergence was <2%. Using in-situ emergence results, soil loggers and rainfall data, we developed a model of the recruitment bottlenecks faced by this species under in-situ conditions, an approach that provides useful insights to assist future translocations. Understanding seed biology and seed ecology enables better insights into the principal bottlenecks restricting in-situ emergence and consequently restoration success, leading to the development of more effective approaches for conserving other threatened flora in future.
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Baughman, Owen W., Magdalena Eshleman, Jessica Griffen, Roxanne Rios, Chad Boyd, Olga A. Kildisheva, Andrew Olsen, Matthew Cahill, Jay D. Kerby, and Corinna Riginos. "Assessment of multiple herbicide protection seed treatments for seed-based restoration of native perennial bunchgrasses and sagebrush across multiple sites and years." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 30, 2023): e0283678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283678.
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The invasion of exotic, annual plant species is a leading contributor to ecological degradation in drylands globally, and the use of pre-emergent herbicide to control these species is common. Pre-emergent herbicides pose challenges for seed-based restoration due to toxicity to the seeds of desired species. Herbicide protection (HP) technologies pose a potential solution by using activated carbon seed treatments to protect desirable seeds from herbicide exposure. In the sagebrush steppe ecosystem of North America, we used an adaptive small plot design over three planting years to test for effects on seeding outcomes (seedling density and size) of large and small multi-seed HP pellets, several single-seed HP coatings, and carbon banding treatments at geographically dispersed sites for several perennial bunchgrasses and the keystone perennial shrub, Wyoming big sagebrush. We also compared different methods of seed delivery and litter pre-seeding management. Seeding success was low overall, especially for sagebrush, and it was clear that other, often less predictable barriers to establishment than herbicide exposure, such as inadequate spring moisture, were strong drivers of seeding outcomes. Despite this, HP treatments were associated with higher seedling density than bare seed in multiple instances, most notably for grasses. The large HP pellet occasionally outperformed the small HP pellet, and several HP coatings performed similarly to the small pellet. Surprisingly, we did not see consistent negative effects of pre-emergent herbicide on unprotected bare seed. We conclude that HP seed treatments show some promise to improve seeding success in the presence of herbicide, but that consistent success will require further improvements to HP treatments as well as integration with other innovations and approaches.
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Brancalion, Pedro H. S., Ricardo A. G. Viani, James Aronson, Ricardo R. Rodrigues, and André G. Nave. "Improving Planting Stocks for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Restoration through Community-Based Seed Harvesting Strategies." Restoration Ecology 20, no. 6 (December 13, 2011): 704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2011.00839.x.
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Barlow, Kathryn M., David A. Mortensen, and Patrick J. Drohan. "Soil pH influences patterns of plant community composition after restoration with native‐based seed mixes." Restoration Ecology 28, no. 4 (July 2020): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.13141.
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Schmidt, I. B., D. I. Urzedo, F. C. M. Piña‐Rodrigues, D. L. M. Vieira, G. M. Rezende, A. B. Sampaio, and R. G. P. Junqueira. "Community‐based native seed production for restoration in Brazil – the role of science and policy." Plant Biology 21, no. 3 (June 6, 2018): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12842.
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Naruangsri, Khuanphirom, Wasu Pathom-aree, Stephen Elliott, and Pimonrat Tiansawat. "Selecting Suitable Tree Species for Direct Seeding to Restore Forest Ecosystems in Northern Thailand." Forests 15, no. 4 (April 9, 2024): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15040674.
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To upscale restoration of tropical forest ecosystems, direct seeding—sowing seeds directly into the ground—is potentially a more cost-effective technique than tree planting. However, its success is limited by seed predation, the harshness of environmental conditions on restoration sites and particularly by a lack of information about suitable tree species. Therefore, this study tested the suitability of 23 native forest tree species for direct seeding, to restore a biodiversity-rich, upland, evergreen forest in northern Thailand. Three replicate seed batches of each species were sown randomly in two degraded sites and in a tree nursery under controlled conditions. Seed removal and germination were monitored weekly until no further germination had occurred for more than a month. Subsequently, seedling yield, growth and species performance score were also monitored at appropriate intervals. Nine months after sowing, seed removal differed significantly among species but was generally low, with a cross-species average of 3.4% (±0.5 SE). Seed size was negatively correlated with seed removal. Eight species failed to germinate. Seed germination percentage varied widely among species. Cross-species average germination of the 15 species that germinated was 25% (±6.2 SE). Two species (Adenanthera microsperma and Alangium kurzii) were ranked as having high germination (>50%), five species (Choerospondias axillaris, Spondias pinnata, Diospyros glandulosa, Melia azedarach and Phyllanthus emblica) had medium germination (20–50%) and eight species had low germination (<20%). Following the first dry season, two of the fifteen germinated species failed to establish. Germination and establishment were influenced by seed size, seed storage behavior and successional status. A. microsperma, S. pinnata and C. axillaris are recommended for direct seeding based on their high species performance index values. This study further concluded that selecting desiccation-tolerant seeds, particularly those with medium-to-large sizes, could increase the chances of successful seedling establishment.
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Mena-Serrano, Alexandra, Eliana Aldás Fierro, Ximena Estrada, Alejandra Boada, Michel Wendlinger, Michael Willian Favoreto, Alessandro D. Loguercio, and Alessandra Reis. "Effect of Sodium Ascorbate, Grape Seed Extract, and Aloe Vera Application after In-Office Bleaching on the Bond Strength of Enamel: A 3-Year Evaluation." International Journal of Dentistry 2023 (November 4, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4625818.
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Introduction. Dental bleaching is the first choice to improve smile esthetics, but, in some cases, it needs to be associated with resin composite restoration to obtain a satisfactory result. Unfortunately, the bonding of resin-based materials can be impaired due to residual oxygen molecules, which can decrease the durability of the restoration. Objectives. To evaluate the effect of the antioxidant application on the bond strength of bleached enamel after 24 hr and 3 years of water storage. Methods. In total, 84 bovine teeth were used in this study. Of these, 77 were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide in a single session for three cycles of 15 min. Then, the specimens were divided into groups (n = 7 each): control (without bleaching), without antioxidant (WA) use; application of 10% sodium ascorbate (SA) gel, grape seed (GS) extract, and aloe vera (AV). The restorative procedure was performed immediately after bleaching, 7 and 14 days after bleaching. Specimens were sectioned and evaluated using microtensile bond strength (μTBS). Half of the resin-enamel sticks were tested after 24 hr, and the remaining half after 3 years of water storage. µTBS data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance, Tukey’s test, and Dunnett’s test. Results. The lowest µTBS values were observed when the restoration was performed immediately after bleaching in the AV, GS, and WA groups when compared with the SA group ( p < 0.005 ). However, no significant differences were observed among all groups after 3 years of water storage ( p < 0.001 ). Conclusions. SA at 10% was the most effective antioxidant agent for improving the immediate bond strength. However, independent of the antioxidant agent used, the bond strength values were maintained or recovered after 3 years of water storage. SA at 10% could be used to avoid delayed bonding procedures after in-office whitening without compromising bond strength over time. Clinical Significance. The use of antioxidants after dental bleaching can be effective in improving the bonding durability of the adhesive restorations.
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Poudel, Sunita, and Mukesh Kumar Chettri. "Identification of Suitable Plant Species for Vegetation Restoration at Manthali, Nepal." Amrit Research Journal 2, no. 01 (November 17, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/arj.v2i01.39881.
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The present study aims to find out the suitable native plant species for restoring degraded land in the mountain from 450 m asl to 819 m asl in Khurkot of Manthali. Altogether thirty quadrats were laid to observe frequency, density and coverage of plant species present there, and ultimately, IVI was calculated. Eight plant species – 3 trees like Acacia catechu, Aegle marmelos and Annona squamosa; 3 shrubs like Rhus parviflora, Cipadessa baccifera and Abrus precatorius (woody climber), and 2 herbs like Uraria lagopodiodes and Polypogon monospeliensis were considered for the detailed study based on their high IVI values. Altogether fourteen traits (growth form, life-span, phenology, Raunkiaer’s life-form, canopy height, stem density, mean ramet distance, leaf size, specific leaf area, leaf thickness, seed mass, propagules mass, seed shape and nitrogen fixation) were studied in those eight species. Based on these traits, through this protocol, the plants were again categorized into five syndromes, i.e., establishment syndrome, dispersal syndrome, biomass producing syndrome, persistence syndrome and effect on environment syndrome. From this study, Annona squamosa and Abrus precatorius can be suggested as candidate species for early succession. Similarly, Aegle marmelos, Acacia catechu, Annona squamosa, Rhus parviflora and Abrus precatorius can be recommended to plant for restoration of degraded bushy lands, which are in the phase of secondary succession.
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Guo, Yili, Yufei Li, Jianxing Li, Jiaqi Li, Shujun Wen, Fuzhao Huang, Wen He, et al. "Comparison of Aboveground Vegetation and Soil Seed Bank Composition among Three Typical Vegetation Types in the Karst Regions of Southwest China." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081871.
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Rural agricultural activity generates cropland, secondary vegetation and straggling primary forest and can modify the soil seed bank (SSB), potentially impacting the restoration of preferred species. The interaction between vegetation and seed banks during the recovery process is dependent on management practices and recovery pathways. This study was carried out in Guilin of southwest China to assess the variation in plant diversity and species composition of both aboveground and soil seed banks across three typical vegetation types with different human interventions: orchard, bamboo shrub and primary forest. The results show that there were significant differences in the species composition and diversity of aboveground vegetation and SSB, as well as in soil properties among three typical vegetation types. The primary forest had the highest aboveground species diversity, while the orchard had the highest species diversity and seed density of SSB. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analyses (CCAs) showed that the species composition and plant life forms of the three typical vegetation types were significantly influenced by soil properties. Based on these findings, the characteristics of aboveground vegetation and the soil seed bank and their correlations with soil properties are expected to drastically change with human intervention. These results imply that unsustainable land use has greatly impacted soil properties, and consequently, the aboveground vegetation and SSB. Nevertheless, vegetation will recover quickly after farming is abandoned. The successful restoration of fragmented ecosystems requires the addition of seeds and seedlings of target species, especially perennial woody plants from the relevant natural ecosystems, to accelerate succession from bamboo shrub to forest.
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Khurana, Ekta, and J. S. Singh. "Ecology of seed and seedling growth for conservation and restoration of tropical dry forest : a review." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 1 (March 2001): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000042.
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Dry forests are among the most threatened ecosystems and have been extensively converted into grasslands, secondary forest, savanna or agricultural land. Knowledge of seed germination and seedling establishment is required for the success of efforts on restoration of these forests. This review focuses on the ecological requirements at seed and seedling stages, and collates the current knowledge of seed viability, dormancy, germination pattern and seedling behaviour of dry tropical tree species. The spatio-temporal variations within the tropical dry forest biome in soil moisture, light, temperature, nutrients and intensity of predation, significantly affect the seed and seedling traits of component species. The majority of dry tropical species possess orthodox seeds which are characterized by dormancy, while a few have recalcitrant seeds which possess little or no dormancy. Seed coat dormancy, which can be overcome by mechanical or acid scarification or sometimes by transit through animal guts, is most prevalent in the dry tropical forest species. Persistent species dominating the undisturbed portions of the forest have bigger seeds compared to those that mostly occur in disturbed regions and require shade for the survival of their seedlings. Shade demand is associated with drought endurance, and may be absolute in species such as Guettarda parviflora and Coccoloba microstachya, or facultative as in Plumeria alba and Bursera simaruba. The fluctuation in temperature significantly affects seed germination in several species of dry Afromontane forest trees of Ethiopia. Seedling mortality is primarily a function of moisture stress during the dry period. Adaptive responses of seedlings to drought stress include increased chlorophyll content, for example in Acacia catechu, and root biomass, as in several dry forest species (for example Drypetes parvifolia, Teclia verdoornia) of Ghana. Mulching, application of fertilizers, interplanting of leguminous species and mycorrhizal inoculation are useful tools for promoting seedling establishment in nutrient-poor dry tropical soils. Periodic forest fires, and predation affect recruitment and seedling development according to their intensity. Many species experiencing frequent fires have evolved thick seed coats, produce fire-hardy seedlings, or escape the effect by temporal separation of seed dispersal and fire events. Predation may result in abortion of fruits or may enhance germination and recruitment by scarification and dispersal, as in most species of the Guanacaste dry forest. Exposure to elevated CO2 has increased relative growth rate, total leaf area and water use efficiency in most of the dry tropical seedlings tested, but the magnitude of the effect has varied markedly among species. Due to the availability of a large source of energy, large seeds show higher germination percentage, greater seedling survival and increased growth. Seeds originating from different provenances exhibit differences in germination and seedling growth (for example Prosopis cineraria, Albizia lebbeck, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium), efficiency of nodulation (for example Acacia nilotica, A. auriculiformis), and stress resistance (for example Populus deltoides, Dalbergia sissoo). The review points out the need for coordinated, long-term, field-based studies for identification of multiple cues and niches for germination, on seed and seedling dynamics in response to fire, and on within-species genetic variability for selection of suitable provenances. Field-based studies at species and community levels are also needed to permit manipulations of biotic components to augment the recruitment of desired species and to suppress that of undesirable species.
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Waller, P. A., P. M. Anderson, P. M. Holmes, and R. J. Newton. "Developing a species selection index for seed-based ecological restoration in Peninsula Shale Renosterveld, Cape Town." South African Journal of Botany 99 (July 2015): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.03.189.
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Waller, P. A., P. M. L. Anderson, P. M. Holmes, and N. Allsopp. "Seedling recruitment responses to interventions in seed-based ecological restoration of Peninsula Shale Renosterveld, Cape Town." South African Journal of Botany 103 (March 2016): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.09.009.
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Richardson, Bryce A., and Lindsay Chaney. "Climate‐based seed transfer of a widespread shrub: population shifts, restoration strategies, and the trailing edge." Ecological Applications 28, no. 8 (October 17, 2018): 2165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eap.1804.
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Johnson, R. C., Barbara C. Hellier, and Ken W. Vance-Borland. "Genecology and seed zones for tapertip onion in the US Great Basin." Botany 91, no. 10 (October 2013): 686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0046.
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The choice of germplasm is critical for sustainable restoration, yet seed transfer guidelines are lacking for all but a few herbaceous species. Seed transfer zones based on genetic variability and climate were developed using tapertip onion (Allium acuminatum Hook.) collected in the Great Basin and surrounding areas in the United States. Bulbs from 53 locations were established at two common garden sites and morphological (such as leaf and scape dimensions), phenological (such as bolting date and flowering), and production traits (such as emergence and seeds per plant) were measured. Differences among source locations for plant traits within both common gardens were strong (P < 0.001), indicating genetic variation. Principal component 1 (PC 1) for phenological traits, with R2 = 0.59, and PC 1 for production traits, with R2 = 0.65, were consistently correlated with annual, maximum, minimum, and average temperature, annual precipitation, and frost-free days at source locations (P < 0.05). Regression of PC 1 phenology and PC 1 production scores with source location climates resulted in models with R2 values of 0.73 and 0.52, respectively. Using a geographic information system, maps of these models were overlaid to develop proposed seed zones to guide the choice of germplasm for conservation and restoration of tapertip onion across the collection region.
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Brancalion, Pedro Henrique Santin, David Tay, Ana Dionisia da Luz Coelho Novembre, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, and Júlio Marcos Filho. "Priming of pioneer tree Guazuma ulmifolia (Malvaceae) seeds evaluated by an automated computer image analysis." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 3 (2010): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000300004.
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Direct seeding is one of the most promising methods in restoration ecology, but low field seedling emergence from pioneer tree seeds still reduces its large scale applicability. The aim of this research was to evaluate seed priming for the pioneer tree species Guazuma ulmifolia. Priming treatments were selected based on seed hydration curves in water and in PEG 8000 solution. Seeds were primed in water for 16 h and in Polyethylene glycol - PEG 8000 (-0.8 MPa for 56 and 88 h) at 20ºC to reach approximately 30% water content. Half of the seed sample of each treatment was dried back to the initial moisture content (7.2%); both dried and non-dried primed seeds as well as the unprimed seeds (control) were tested for germination (percentage and rate) and vigor (electrical conductivity of seed leachates). Seedling emergence percentage and rate were evaluated under greenhouse conditions, while seedling length and uniformity of seedling development were estimated using the automated image analysis software SVIS®. Primed seeds showed the highest physiological potential, which was mainly demonstrated by image analysis. Fresh or dried primed seeds in water for 16 h and in PEG (-0.8 MPa) for 56 h, and fresh primed seeds in PEG for 88 h, improved G. ulmifolia germination performance. It is suggested that these treatments were promising to enhance efficiency of stand establishment of this species by direct seeding in restoration ecology programs.
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R, THRIBHUVAN, S. P. SINGH, MUKESH SANKAR S, M. MALLIK, TRIPTI SINGHAL, PRACHI YADAV, NIRUPMA SINGH, and C. TARA SATYAVATHI. "Genetics of fertility restoration of the A5 cytoplasm in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 11 (December 16, 2020): 2119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i11.108571.
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For the efficient hybrid seed production, several cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility (CMS) systems were identified in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum ( L) R. Br). However, most of the hybrids developed in pearl millet are based on A1 cytoplasm due to availability of high frequency of restorers in the natural population. This dependence on a single cytoplasm makes any hybrid seed industry vulnerable to disease and insect pest epidemics. A5 can be a good alternative to A1 since it is the most stable cytoplasm available. But due to very low frequency (~2%) of restorers available in germplasm, utilization of A5 cytoplasm in hybrid development had been almost negligible. Restorer breeding efficiency of this CMS system can be significantly increased by understanding the inheritance of fertility restoration by Rf-gene for A5 cytoplasm, which is poorly studied so far and only one publication is available. Present investigation aims to understand the genetics associated with fertility restoration of the A5 system of CMS in pearl millet using pollen fertility and seed set percent as a criterion in determining the fertile and sterile plants. Three diverse cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile A-lines belonging to the A5 cytoplasm (ICMA502555, ICMA507999 and ICMA512222) were crossed with two restorer lines (A5RT-17/8 and A5 RT-17/26) to produce 6 F1s and their respective F2s and backcrosses. These were evaluated for male sterility (S) and fertility (F) at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi during kharif 2019 and segregation ratio was established in all the generations using χ2 test. The segregation pattern of malesterile (S) and male fertile (F) plants observed in F2 and BC1 indicated dominant single-gene control of male fertility restoration with ICMA502555 and ICMA507999. However, segregation pattern with male-sterile line ICMA512222 had a good fit to 15F:1S ratio indicating two gene control with duplicate interaction. The deviations from the expected ratio with ICMA512222 cross may be due to influence of modifiers. Association between pollen fertility and seed set percent was significant and positive.
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Gokce, Ali Fuat, and Michael J. Havey. "069 Molecular-facilitated Selection of Maintainer Lines in Edible Onion (Allium cepa L.)." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 453B—453. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.453b.
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Cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS) is used to produce hybrid onion seed. For the most widely used source of CMS in onion, male sterility is conditioned by the interaction of sterile (S) cytoplasm and the homozygous recessive genotype at a single nuclear male-fertility restoration locus (Ms). Maintainer lines used to seed-propagate male-sterile lines possess normal fertile (N) cytoplasm and the homozyous recessive genotype at the Ms locus. Presently, it takes 4 to 8 years to establish if maintainer lines can be extracted from an uncharacterized population or family. We previously developed a PCR marker useful to distinguish N and S cytoplasms of onion. To tag the nuclear male-fertility restoration locus (Ms), we evaluated segregation at Ms over at least three environments. Segregations of AFLPs, RAPDs, and RFLPs revealed molecular markers flanking the Ms locus. We are working to convert these linked molecular markers to nonradioactive PCR-based detection. The organellar and nuclear markers were used to select plants from open-pollinated onion populations and determine if the number of test-crosses required to identify maintaining genotypes.
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Simental-Rodriguez, Sergio Leonel, Alberto Pérez-Luna, José Ciro Hernández-Díaz, Juan Pablo Jaramillo-Correa, Carlos A. López-Sánchez, Lluvia Flores-Rentería, Artemio Carrillo-Parra, and Christian Wehenkel. "Modelling Shifts and Contraction of Seed Zones in Two Mexican Pine Species by Using Molecular Markers." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050570.
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A seed zone or provenance region is an area within which plants can be moved with little risk of maladaptation because of the low environmental variation. Delineation of seed zones is of great importance for commercial plantations and reforestation and restoration programs. In this study, we used AFLP markers associated with environmental variation for locating and delimiting seed zones for two widespread and economically important Mexican pine species (Pinus arizonica Engelm. and P. durangensis Martínez), both based on recent climate conditions and under a predicted climate scenario for 2030 (Representative Concentration Pathway of ~4.5 Wm−2). We expected to observe: (i) associations between seed zones and local climate, soil and geographical factors, and (ii) a meaning latitudinal shift of seed zones, along with a contraction of species distributions for the period 1990–2030 in a northward direction. Some AFLP outliers were significantly associated with spring and winter precipitation, and with phosphorus concentration in the soil. According to the scenario for 2030, the estimated species and seed zone distributions will change both in size and position. Our modeling of seed zones could contribute to reducing the probabilities of maladaptation of future reforestations and plantations with the pine species studied.
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Camhi, Ashley L., Charles Perrings, Brad Butterfield, and Troy Wood. "Market-based opportunities for expanding native seed resources for restoration: A case study on the Colorado Plateau." Journal of Environmental Management 252 (December 2019): 109644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109644.
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Rosenthal, Sadie K., Samantha S. Stevens, and David M. Lodge. "Whole-lake effects of invasive crayfish (Orconectes spp.) and the potential for restoration." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-037.
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Effects of invasive species are often extrapolated to whole systems based on small-scale, short-term, and (or) single-system studies. For example, previous laboratory studies and in-lake cage experiments suggest that invasive crayfish Orconectes rusticus and O. propinquus reduce macrophyte and snail abundance in north temperate lakes, and snapshot lake surveys provide supporting evidence. Still, these impacts have not been demonstrated in multiple whole lakes over time. Thus, in summer of 2003, we resurveyed benthic invertebrates and macrophytes in lakes originally surveyed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources in the late 1930s. Our multilake survey supports the macrophyte results from small-scale and comparative studies: macrophyte species richness and abundance declined significantly in invaded lakes relative to uninvaded lakes. We next conducted a laboratory seed-bank study to examine the potential for macrophyte restoration in a lake occupied by rusty crayfish for at least 15 years. Only two macrophyte species (Najas flexilis and Chara spp.) germinated from sediments from the invaded lake compared with eight species from reference sediments. This suggests that invaded lakes may have depauperate seed banks and that restoration of invaded macrophyte communities may require manual planting, even if crayfish could be removed.
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Arnold, Alex, Andrea Kodym, Nancy M. Endersby-Harshman, John Delpratt, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Genetic structure of Gahnia radula (Cyperaceae), a key sedge for revegetation." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 2 (2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16190.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic studies can help guide effective ecological restoration by identifying potential source populations that contain the genetic variation necessary for adaptive potential, based on past landscape processes. Here we investigate genetic patterns in Gahnia radula (R.Br.) Benth., a sedge from south-eastern Australia that has potential for revegetation of disturbed areas. We developed microsatellite markers for this species and used them to show that it propagates mostly in a clonal manner. Levels of genetic variability differed between populations and the spatial scale of this variability within these populations is identified. A population used in recent restoration efforts and which sets seed has a particularly high level of variability. Recommendations are developed for sourcing material when using this sedge for revegetation.
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Breman, Elinor, Daniel Ballesteros, Elena Castillo-Lorenzo, Christopher Cockel, John Dickie, Aisyah Faruk, Katherine O’Donnell, et al. "Plant Diversity Conservation Challenges and Prospects—The Perspective of Botanic Gardens and the Millennium Seed Bank." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112371.
Full textAbstract:
There is a pressing need to conserve plant diversity to prevent extinctions and to enable sustainable use of plant material by current and future generations. Here, we review the contribution that living collections and seed banks based in botanic gardens around the world make to wild plant conservation and to tackling global challenges. We focus in particular on the work of Botanic Gardens Conservation International and the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, with its associated global Partnership. The advantages and limitations of conservation of plant diversity as both living material and seed collections are reviewed, and the need for additional research and conservation measures, such as cryopreservation, to enable the long-term conservation of ‘exceptional species’ is discussed. We highlight the importance of networks and sharing access to data and plant material. The skill sets found within botanic gardens and seed banks complement each other and enable the development of integrated conservation (linking in situ and ex situ efforts). Using a number of case studies we demonstrate how botanic gardens and seed banks support integrated conservation and research for agriculture and food security, restoration and reforestation, as well as supporting local livelihoods.
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Belmont, Jafet, María E. Sánchez-Coronado, Helia R. Osuna-Fernández, Alma Orozco-Segovia, and Irene Pisanty. "Priming effects on seed germination of two perennial herb species in a disturbed lava field in central Mexico." Seed Science Research 28, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258518000016.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPriming has proved to enhance seed germination, but most of the research dealing with this topic has been carried out with cultivated species. The potential applications that this process has on wild species, which can be useful for restoration, are usually overlooked. This study analyses the germination response after natural priming and hydropriming of Penstemon roseus and Castilleja tenuiflora, two perennial herbs growing in a protected area known as ‘Parque Ecológico de la Ciudad de México’. Photoblastism was evaluated for both species. Seeds were exposed to a hydration/dehydration cycle and then placed in germination chambers to determine responses to hydropriming. To identify the effects of natural priming, seeds were buried in natural conditions and then recovered every two months and placed in germination chambers. Germination percentages and rates were then quantified. Both species proved to have permeable seed coats. Penstemon roseus seeds are positive photoblastic whereas C. tenuiflora seeds are indifferent to light. Priming methods increased C. tenuiflora germination rates, but they did not affect germination capacity. For P. roseus, priming methods did not improve germination rates, and germination capacity of recovered seeds decreased after the rainy season, suggesting that P. roseus forms a short-term, transient, seed bank. The germination strategies of these two species allow them to occupy suitable microsites for germination and establishment. These responses can be helpful in developing restoration programmes based on the accelerated establishment of native and characteristic successional species.
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Pansing, Elizabeth R., and Diana F. Tomback. "Survival of Whitebark Pine Seedlings Grown from Direct Seeding: Implications for Regeneration and Restoration under Climate Change." Forests 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080677.
Full textAbstract:
Whitebark pine populations are declining nearly range-wide, primarily from the exotic fungal pathogen that causes white pine blister rust (WPBR). Climate change is expected to exacerbate these declines by decreasing climatically suitable areas. Planting WPBR-resistant seedlings is a key restoration action, but it is costly, time consuming, and labor intensive. Direct seeding—sowing seeds rather than planting seedlings—may reduce costs and open remote areas to restoration; however, its efficacy remains largely unexplored. In this case study, we estimated the annual survival rates (ASR) of seedlings grown from directly sown seeds, and the effect of elevation zone and microsite type on survival. For five years we monitored 184 caches containing one or more seedlings within one study area in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Seed caches were originally stratified between subalpine forest and treeline and among three microsite types defined by a nurse object: Rocks, trees, and no object. To estimate ASR, we selected the most parsimonious model of a set using AICc. ASR was best described by elevation zone and year and ranged from 0.571 to 0.992. The odds of seedling survival were 2.62 times higher at treeline than in subalpine forest and were 4.6 to 36.2 times higher in 2016–2018 than 2014. We estimated the probability that a whitebark pine seed cache would contain one or more living seedlings six years after sowing to be 0.175 and 0.0584 for treeline and subalpine caches, respectively. We estimated that 1410 and 4229 caches ha−1 would need to be sown at treeline and in subalpine forest, respectively, to attain target restoration densities of 247 established trees ha−1. Our findings, although based on one study area, suggest that climate change may be increasing treeline regeneration, and that direct seeding may be a viable restoration option and climate change mitigation tool for whitebark pine.