Academic literature on the topic 'Seed addition'
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Journal articles on the topic "Seed addition"
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Bochenková, M., P. Karlík, M. Hejcman, and P. Jiras. "Does seed modification and nitrogen addition affect seed germination of Pulsatilla grandis?" Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 48, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2017-0029.
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Abstract Pulsatilla grandis is an endangered species in the Czech Republic and is protected in whole Europe because the number of its populations is declining. One of the possible causes is the deposition of atmospheric nitrogen. In our research, we investigated how nitrogen concentrations and seed appendage removal directly affect the species’ seed germination.Seeds were allowed to germinate under laboratory conditions in water solutions of NH4NO3 ranging in concentration from 0 to 4239 mg N l-1. They were able to germinate up to the concentration of 848 mg N l-1 even when covered with mycelium, which supports the idea that they can tolerate being strongly infected by fungi. We also found a significant positive effect of seed appendage removal on seed germination. Seeds without appendages germinated, on the average, with 11% greater probability, compared to seeds with appendages. We conclude that the germination of P. grandis is not directly affected by high N concentrations in rain water, which can range from 10 to 13 mg N l-1 near large cities. Surprisingly, low concentrations of N (up to 34 mg N l-1) might even slightly support the seed germination of P. grandis. The negative effect of N deposition on seeds is indirect and acts in conjunction with the absence of management at localities.
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Pascual, B., A. San Bautista, N. Pascual Seva, R. García Molina, S. López-Galarza, and J. V. Maroto. "Effects of soaking period and gibberellic acid addition on caper seed germination." Seed Science and Technology 37, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.1.05.
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Whelan, E. D. P. "Transmission of an alien telocentric addition chromosome in common wheat that confers blue seed color." Genome 32, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-406.
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Phenotypic markers of chromosomes are useful for determining chromosome behavior in cytogenetic studies. Transmission of an alien, telocentric addition from Agropyron tricophorum (Link) Richt. that confers purple aleurone pigment and blue seed color was evaluated in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Twenty-five of 2570 seeds from bagged heads of eight ditelocentric-addition sister plants were almost white rather than blue. Seven of these 25 seeds and 4 of 336 blue seeds segregated 41.4%:58.6% blue:white. Meiotic analyses showed that all plants grown from these 11 seeds were spontaneously produced monotelocentric additions. Transmission of the alien telocentric chromosome through the egg and the pollen was estimated to be 19.5 and 14.3%, respectively, based on BC1F1 seed color. About 28% of F2 and F3 seeds were blue; of these 7.4% were ditelocentric additions. The frequency of blue seed in F2 progeny from spontaneous monotelocentric additions (41.4%) was significantly greater than that of monotelocentric additions from controlled crosses (28%). Penetrance of the blue seed color gene(s) associated with the alien telocentric chromosome was good. Misclassification of seed color for 1595 BC1F1 seeds was less than 3% based on BC1F2 progeny.Key words: Agropyron tricophorum.
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Jang, Sungho, Junsoo Lee, and Won-Seok Choi. "Oxidative Stability of Grape Seed Oil by Addition of Grape Seed Extract." Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 44, no. 12 (December 31, 2015): 1813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2015.44.12.1813.
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Demari, Gustavo H., Vinícius J. Szareski, Ivan R. Carvalho, Tuane A. da Silva, Vânia M. Gehling, Danielli Olsen, Tamires S. Martins, et al. "Storage of Soybean Seeds and Addition of Insecticide and Micronutrients." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2018): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n1p553.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on the physiological attributes of soybean seeds submitted to the seed treatment with addition of insecticide, polymers and micronutrients throughout the storage. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme, with four seed treatments per two seasons of storage of the seeds. The analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction among seed treatments and storage times for both cultivars at 5% of probability, referring to the characteristics of shoot length (SL), primary root length (RL), shoot dry mass (SDM) and dry mass of the primary root (RDM) for the cultivar Fundacep 37 RR. Addition of seed treatments influences the physiological performance of seedlings originated from soybean seeds stored for 240 days. The shoot and primary root lenghts, and shoot dry mass express the isoenzyme esterase through the aerial part and primary root of the seedling, the malate dehydrogenase is expressed in the primary root while in the peroxidase it is evident in the shoot of the seedlings.
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Alp, Hayriye. "Flax Seed." Gastroenterology Pancreatology and Hepatobilary Disorders 5, no. 5 (September 10, 2021): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-5194/045.
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Flax sed also known as flax oil and linseed oil, is derived from the seeds of the plant Linium usitatissimum. Flax seed oil is a very rich source of alpha-linolenic acid. Alpha-linolenic acid concentration in flaxseed oil ranges from approximately 40 to 60%.lower amounts of linoleic acid and oleic acid (each about 15%) are also present in flaxseed oil.ın addition, flaxseed contains varying amounts of the lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG).
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Barboza da Silva, Clíssia, Julio Marcos-Filho, Pablo Jourdan, and Mark A. Bennett. "Performance of Bell Pepper Seeds in Response to Drum Priming with Addition of 24-Epibrassinolide." HortScience 50, no. 6 (June 2015): 873–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.6.873.
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Drum priming systems are among the most common methods of seed priming for commercial treatment. The supply of water to the seeds is controlled by physical means, and seeds are able to reach a desired moisture content without the use of osmotic solutions for hydration control. The brassinosteroid (BR), 24-epibrassinolide (24-EpiBL), has been shown previously to have a significant effect on seed performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the feasibility of drum priming associated with added 24-EpiBL on enhancement of bell pepper seed performance. Two bell pepper cultivars (AF-6 and AF-7) were tested, and each cultivar represented, respectively, by three and four seed lots with different initial physiological potentials. Seed performance was determined by evaluating standard germination, initial seedling growth, and changes on the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX). Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS®) was used to assess the initial seedling growth. The nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique was used to evaluate possible changes in the enzymatic antioxidant system. Several advantages were verified in the drum priming technique with added 24-EpiBL compared with the traditional procedure (water alone). Germination time was reduced followed by a seedling growth increase. Concomitantly, seed enzymatic activity was improved. However, results showed different response for each enzyme. Drum priming with 24-EpiBL demonstrates viability for commercial treatment and enhancement of bell pepper seeds.
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Clark, Poulsen, Levey, and Osenberg. "Are Plant Populations Seed Limited? A Critique and Meta-Analysis of Seed Addition Experiments." American Naturalist 170, no. 1 (2007): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4541065.
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Clark, C. J., J. R. Poulsen, D. J. Levey, and C. W. Osenberg. "Are Plant Populations Seed Limited? A Critique and Meta‐Analysis of Seed Addition Experiments." American Naturalist 170, no. 1 (July 2007): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/518565.
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Sims, Lee, John Pastor, Tali Lee, and Brad Dewey. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, and light effects on reproduction and fitness of wild rice." Botany 90, no. 9 (September 2012): 876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-057.
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Plant fitness is typically correlated with total seed biomass or the number of seeds produced per plant, but the connection from seed production to seedlings the following year is seldom made. Seedling production in grasses, including wild rice ( Zizania palustris L.) is determined by the number of inflorescences produced, the number of seeds per inflorescence, the mean mass per seed, proportion of seeds that are filled, predation on seeds, and germination rates. Previous studies have shown that wild rice biomass production is limited primarily by nitrogen and secondarily by phosphorus and light. To test how nitrogen, phosphorus, and light modulate plant fitness, we evaluated the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and light on the above parameters. Nitrogen addition increased number of inflorescences, seeds per inflorescence, and mean seed mass, resulting in more seedlings produced, hence greater fitness, despite increased rice worm predation and lower germination rates of seeds compared to seeds from plants grown without nitrogen addition. Phosphorus additions and full sunlight also increased the number of seedlings per plant, mainly after nitrogen was added. Therefore, the maternal environment not only affects seed production but the number of seedlings that emerge the following year, especially with respect to nitrogen.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seed addition"
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Jingbang, Liang. "Value-addition of cold pressed hemp seed oil and oil by-products through ultrasonic bleaching and heat treatment: evaluation of chlorophyll, oxidative stability and antioxidant activity." Lipid Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/32207.
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Cold pressed Hemp (Cannabis sativa L) seed oil, which contains a favorable ratio of omega-6/omega-3 and a considerable amount of vitamin E, is a high nutrition value product with various health benefits. However, the presence of a large amount of chlorophyll makes the oil highly susceptible to photo-oxidation and limits its applications. Chlorophyll and other pigments in edible oils are commonly reduced through oil bleaching process. The objective of this study was to reduce the chlorophyll content in cold pressed hemp seed oil using ultrasonic bleaching and evaluate the impacts on carotene content, peroxide value, conjugated diene, total phenolic content and oxidative stability. The bleaching efficiency increased significantly as the ultrasound power (0 to 60% pressure amplitude) and concentration of bleaching clay (20 to 40 g/kg) increased. At 20% ultrasound power, the chlorophyll reduction (%) of different clays was found to be 99.4% (industrial clay) > 97.8% (activated bentonite) > 82.7% (sepiolite) > 47.1% (non-activated bentonite). Ultrasonic bleaching significantly reduced (p<0.05) the total chlorophyll content, total carotene content and primary oxidation products of hemp seed oil. During accelerated oxidation tests (40 and 60 ℃), the developments of peroxide value and conjugated diene were significantly (p<0.05) slower for hemp seed oil treated with ultrasonic bleaching compared to the control oil. Enhanced oxidative stability was observed in hemp seed oil after ultrasonic bleaching. In addition, another objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of solvent and heat treatment on phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of cold pressed canola and hemp meals. For canola meal, a solvent-mixture of aqueous methanol (70%) and aqueous acetone (70%) in a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) extracted (p<0.05) slightly higher total phenolic content (11.3 mg SAE/g), while aqueous methanol (70%) extracts exhibited higher DPPH scavenging effect (40.4%). For hemp meal, aqueous acetone (80%) extracts exhibited higher total phenolic content (6.0 mg GAE/g) and DPPH scavenging effect (12.5%). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in canola meal extracts were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in hemp meal extracts. After heat treatments at temperature from 140 to 180 ℃, canola and hemp meal extracts showed equal or lower total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging effect.May 2017
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Berry, Christopher J. J. "Post-dispersal seed predation in a conifer-broadleaf forest remnant : the importance of exotic mammals." Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/666.
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Despite extensive international acceptance of the critical role of mammalian post-dispersal seed predation in many plant communities, in New Zealand we have limited knowledge of these predators’ influence on plant recruitment in our forests. The principle objective of my thesis was to determine the importance of exotic mammals as post-dispersal seed predators in a New Zealand conifer-broadleaf forest remnant. To address this goal, I used a series of field-based experiments where the actions of different post-dispersal seed predators were separated by wire-mesh exclosures. My study was conducted at Mount Peel Forest Park Scenic Reserve, South Canterbury, New Zealand. Being a human modified conifer forest currently dominated by broadleaf species, it is typical of forest remnants in New Zealand. This presented an opportunity to study a wide range of both potential post-dispersal seed predators and broadleaf tree species. My findings indicate that exotic mammals are not only post-dispersal seed predators at Peel Forest, but are responsible for the majority of post-dispersal predation events observed. Ship rats (Rattus rattus) were the dominant post-dispersal seed predators, while brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), house mice (Mus musculus) and native invertebrates were also important post-dispersal seed predators for several tree species. Through use of time-lapse video and cafeteria experiments I found that exotic mammalian seed predators, when compared to native invertebrate seed predators, preyed upon larger-seeded plant species and were responsible for considerable seed losses of several tree species. However, exotic mammalian seed predators do share several foraging characteristics with native invertebrate seed predators, as predators foraged in similar habitats and responded in a similar way to changes in seed density. In investigating if post-dispersal seed predation by mammals had a flow-on effect to plant recruitment, I observed natural seedling densities at Peel Forest were significantly higher in the absence of mammalian seed predators, but I found no evidence that the presence of mammals significantly altered the overall species richness. At the community level, I did not find an interaction between habitat and exotic mammals, however I present evidence that for individual plant species a significant mammal : habitat interaction occurred. Consequently, even though my cafeteria experiment implied there was no significant difference in the overall amount of seed preyed upon within different habitats, the less favourable microsite conditions for germination under an intact continuous canopy allows mammals to exacerbate habitat-related patterns of seed mortality and have a noticeable effect on seedling establishment. In an effort to validate the use of manipulative experiments to predict the long-term effect of post-dispersal seed predation on plant dynamics, I attempted to link results of my cafeteria experiment with observed seedling abundance at Peel Forest. Seven tree species were used in this comparison and a strong correlation was observed. This result shows that the level of post-dispersal seed predation determined in the cafeteria experiment provided a good predictor of the effect of mammalian post-dispersal seed predation on seedling establishment. To fully gauge the impact of mammalian post-dispersal seed predators on seedling establishment, the relationship between these seed predators and the type of recruitment limitation experienced by a plant species was also investigated. By using a combination of seed addition, plot manipulations and seed predator exclusion I was able to investigate this relationship. I found evidence that seed limitation at Peel Forest is positively correlated with seed size, and that while mammalian post-dispersal seed predators can further reduce plant recruitment of plant species experiencing seed limitation, the influence of mammals in determining plant recruitment was limited for plant species experiencing microsite limitation. My study has proven that exotic mammals are now the dominant post-dispersal seed predators at Peel Forest, the amount of seed preyed upon varies among plant species, and post-dispersal seed predation by mammalian species can lead to differences in seedling richness and abundance. I proved that the influence of exotic mammals on seedling establishment is also linked to habitat structure and recruitment limitations. When combined these observations suggest that exotic mammalian post-dispersal seed predators may play an important role in determining landscape abundance and distribution of plants at Peel Forest.
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Stanton, Nicole Lynn. "How does your prairie (re)grow?: Interactions of seed additions with resource availability, heterogeneity, and disturbance on recruitment and diversity in a restored tallgrass prairie." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18205.
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Master of ScienceDivision of Biology
John M. Blair
Temperate grasslands are among the most threatened biomes in the world, with the largest historical losses due to conversion to agricultural land. While much of this biome has already been converted, there is concern the last remaining remnants in North America will be converted in response to increasing demand for crops used for ethanol production. Thus, restoring grasslands post-anthropogenic disturbance is increasingly important for conserving grassland biodiversity. Two major challenges for prairie restorations are establishing the many subdominant and rarer species found in native prairie, and offsetting the typical decline in richness and diversity over time as restorations age. Repeated seed addition of targeted species is commonly used to override low and declining plant richness and diversity. While this is generally effective early in restoration (i.e., as communities are establishing), its effectiveness in later stages (i.e., when established communities are often losing diversity) remains unknown. I investigated plant community responses to combinations of resource manipulations and disturbances coupled with a seed addition in a 15-yr old restored grassland to test the hypothesis that spatial resource heterogeneity increases the rate of colonization into established prairie restoration communities. Seeds were added to a long-term restoration experiment involving soil depth manipulations (deep, shallow) crossed with nutrient manipulations (reduced N, ambient N, enriched N). Seedling emergence was generally low and only 8 of the 14 forb species added were detected in the first growing season. I found no effect of increased resource heterogeneity on the abundance or richness of seedlings. There was a significant nutrient effect (p<0.1, α=0.1) on seedling abundance, with higher emergence in the enriched N than the ambient N treatment. I also found unexpected nutrient effects on richness, diversity and Mean C (Mean C = Σ CoCi*Ai, where CoC=Coefficient of Conservatism and A=relative abundance of the ith species). All values, except Mean C, were higher in the enriched N treatment than in either the reduced or ambient N treatments. Mean C was lowest in the enriched N treatment, and highest in the whole-plot control, suggesting that the majority of species contributing to higher richness and diversity in the enriched N treatment were “weedier” species. In a separate experiment, I found no effect of small-scale disturbances (aboveground biomass removal or soil disturbance) on seedling abundance or seedling richness. I did find a marginal effect of disturbance type on seedling richness (p=0.11, α=0.1), with higher seedling richness in the soil disturbance than the aboveground biomass removal treatment. I did not find any disturbance effects on community response variables. These results indicate that recruitment from seed additions into well-established restored communities is relatively low in the first year following a seed addition, regardless of resource availability and heterogeneity. Follow-up studies to determine recruitment rates in subsequent years are needed to elucidate whether recruitment responses are driven more by individual species differences or by environmental mechanisms.
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Kirshnamachari, Sridharan Srikanth. "A color blending model and a color correction algorithm for additive optical see-through displays." ACM, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23296.
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Optical see-through display (OSTD) is a transparent digital display
which simultaneously gives access to the digital contents and the
real world objects behind it. Additive optical see-though display
is a hardware subtype of OSTD which has its own light source to
create the digital contents. In Additive OSTD, light coming from
background objects mixes with the light originating from the display
causing what is known as the color blending problem.
The work in this thesis provides a solution to the color blending
problem. In order to understand the problem, this thesis first presents
a new color blending model for additive OSTD based on two display
induced distortions: the Render distortion and the Material distortion.
A new method called Binned Profile (BP) method which accounts
for the render distortion is developed to predict the blended color,
when applied on the color blending model. BP method is validated
with other known methods and is shown to be the most accurate
in predicting the color blends with 9 just noticeable differences
(JND) in worst case. Based on the BP method, a new color correction
algorithm called BP color correction is created to solve the color
blending problem. BP-color correction finds the alternative digital
color to counter balance the blending. The correction capacity of
various digital colors were analysed using the BP color correction
approach. BP color correction is also compared and proven to be
better than the existing solution. A quicker version of the correction
called quick correction is also explored. The thesis concludes with
an exploration of the material distortion, explains the limitations of
BP-correction, provides design recommendations .
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Cruz, Sebastião Francelino da. "Síntese e caracterização da metilcelulose produzida a partir do caroço de manga para aplicação como aditivo em argamassas." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2011. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/17505.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe mango is one of the most popular fruits in Brazil, and the best know type is Mangifera indica L. The production of this fruit is seasonal and its industrialization has grown in the last years as a means of diminishing loss in the harvest time. The mango processing generates a great amount of residues, around 40 to 60% of the entire amount of raw material. From the residues generated, 12 to 15% is made up of peel and 15 to 20% is seeds. The residues cannot be accumulated indefinitely where they were produced, and are normally discarded with no previous treatment, far from the processing unit. In this sense, the use of the mango seed as a source of cellulose is an alternative in order to diminish the loss and impact on the environment. In this study, the mango seed of the Ubá variety of mangifera indica L. was used as a source of cellulose. The mango seed, originating from a juice factory in the municipality of Araguari-MG, showed a content of cellulose of 55.00% ± 1.0, while the content of Klason lignin was 23.85% ± 0.3. The fibres of the mango seed were used in the production of methylcellulose and the samples were produced by means of heterogeneous methylation using dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and iodomethane as alkylating agents. The methylcelluloses produced were characterized as to their thermal properties by means of scanning exploratory calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The crystalline fraction of the polymers was determined by diffraction of X-rays (DRX), and the substitution degrees (GS) were determined by chemical means. The GS values, determined by chemical means were of 1.35 for MCD and 0.45 for MCI, showing a higher substitution in the synthesis using DMS as methylation agent. Aqueous solutions of methylcellulose, in the concentration of 0.2% m/m and 0.6% m/m (polymer mass/cement mass) were used as an additive in mortar and its effect was assessed, when newly prepared, by means of Consistency Index (CI) tests, density and water retention. After hardened, tests by means of the assessment of potential resistance in adherence and traction (Ra) were carried out. The methylcellulose samples obtained with DMS (MCD) and iodomethane (MCI) as methylate agents, used in the proportion of 0.6% w/w, showed better result; the increase was of 27.75% and 71.54% in the IC and an increase of 23.33% and 26.67% respectively in the Ra, showing that polymers can be used in the production of adhesive mortars.
A manga é uma das frutas mais populares no Brasil, sendo a espécie mais difundida a Mangifera indica L. A produção dessa fruta é sazonal e sua industrialização tem crescido nos últimos anos como forma de diminuir as perdas no período de safra. O processamento da manga gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos, em torno de 40 a 60% de toda a matéria prima. Dos resíduos gerados 12 a 15 % são constituídos de cascas e de 15 a 20% de sementes. Os resíduos não podem ser acumulados indefinidamente no local onde foram produzidos e geralmente são descartados sem um tratamento prévio, longe da unidade processadora. Nesse sentido a utilização do caroço de manga como fonte de celulose se torna uma alternativa para diminuir as perdas e o impacto ambiental. No presente trabalho, o caroço de manga, Mangifera indica L. variedade Ubá, foi utilizado como fonte de celulose. O caroço de manga, proveniente de uma fábrica de suco do município de Araguari-MG, apresentou um teor de celulose de 55,00 % ± 1,0, enquanto o teor de lignina Klason foi de 23,85 % ± 0,3. As fibras do caroço de manga foram utilizadas para produção de metilcelulose e as amostras foram produzidas através da metilação heterogênea, utilizando-se o dimetilsulfato (DMS) e o iodometano como agentes alquilantes. As metilceluloses produzidas foram caracterizadas quanto às propriedades térmicas por calorimetria exploratória de varredura (DSC) e análise termogravimétrica (TGA). A fração cristalina dos polímeros foi determinada por difração de raios-X (DRX), e os graus de substituição (GS) foram determinados por via química. Os valores de GS, determinados por via química, foram de 1,35 para a MCD e 0,45 para a MCI, demonstrando uma maior substituição na síntese utilizando DMS como agente metilante. Soluções aquosas de metilcelulose, na concentração de 0,2 % m/m e 0,6% m/m (massa de polímero/massa de cimento), foram empregadas como aditivo em argamassas e o seu efeito foi avaliado, no estado fresco, através de ensaios de Índice de Consistência (IC), densidade e retenção de água. No estado endurecido, através da resistência potencial de aderência à tração (Ra). As amostras de metilcelulose obtidas com DMS (MCD) e iodometano (MCI) como agentes metilantes, utilizadas na proporção de 0,6% m/m, apresentaram um melhor resultado, sendo que o aumento foi de 27,75 % e 71,54 % no (IC) e um aumento na Ra de 23,33 % e 26,67%, respectivamente, mostrando que os polímeros podem ser empregados na produção de argamassas adesivas.
Doutor em Química
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Cuzzocrea, Julien. "Mise au point de procédés électrolytiques de dépôt de cuivre pour la métallisation de vias traversants (TSVs)." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825390.
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La miniaturisation nécessaire à l'accroissement des performances des composants microélectroniques est en passe d'atteindre ses limites. Ainsi, une nouvelle approche dite " intégration 3D " semble prometteuse pour outrepasser les limitations observées. Cette nouvelle intégration consiste à empiler les différentes puces qui sont reliées entre elles par des vias appelées Through Silicon Vias (TSV). L'une des clés pour la réalisation de circuits en 3 dimensions est la métallisation des TSVs. Cette dernière nécessite les dépôts d'une barrière et d'une couche d'accroche qui sert à initier le remplissage par électrolyse. Ces travaux s'intéressent plus spécifiquement à la réalisation de la couche d'accroche et au remplissage des TSVs.La couche d'accroche est généralement déposée par pulvérisation, ce qui ne permet pas d'obtenir une couverture de marche satisfaisante pour la réalisation du remplissage. Cette étude propose une solution électrolytique appelée SLE (Seed Layer Enhancement) qui permet de restaurer la continuité de la couche d'accroche déposée par PVD. L'application de ce procédé associé à un traitement de désoxydation de la surface permet l'optimisation de la nucléation du cuivre et donc la réalisation d'une couche de cuivre continue et conforme. Le procédé SLE a été intégré à la séquence de métallisation et a démontré sa capacité à initier un remplissage superconforme. De plus, des tests électriques ont confirmé l'efficacité du procédé SLE une fois intégré. Ces expériences ont ouvert la voie à l'étude du dépôt électrolytique de cuivre direct sur la barrière à la diffusion du cuivre, c'est le procédé Direct On Barrier. Les premiers résultats ont permis de démontrer la possibilité de déposer une couche de cuivre conforme sur des barrières résistives. Le second volet de ces travaux s'intéresse au remplissage par électrolyse des TSVs. Dans ce but, deux électrolytes (d'ancienne et de nouvelle génération) ont été considérés. L'effet des additifs sur le dépôt et leurs actions sur le remplissage superconforme ont été étudiés par voltampérométrie et chronopotentiométrie pour chacune des solutions. Ces analyses ont permis de monter deux mécanismes de remplissage différents principalement dû à l'action de l'additif inhibiteur durant l'électrolyse. Contrairement au cas de l'électrolyte d'ancienne génération inspiré des procédés pour le damascène, l'inhibiteur de l'électrolyte de nouvelle génération s'adsorbe fortement et irréversiblement à la surface du cuivre. Il bloque efficacement la croissance sur les flancs et le haut des TSVs, sans toutefois pouvoir contrarier l'action de l'accélérateur en fond de motif.
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Roschewitz, Indra. "Farming systems and landscape context effects on biodiversity and biocontrol /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976217961.
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Gabriel, Doreen. "Plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture comparing local, landscape and regional effects /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2006/gabriel.
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Tavares, Lucas Alves. "O envolvimento da proteína adaptadora 1 (AP-1) no mecanismo de regulação negativa do receptor CD4 por Nef de HIV-1." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17136/tde-06012017-113215/.
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O Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) é o agente etiológico da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS). A AIDS é uma doença de distribuição mundial, e estima-se que existam atualmente pelo menos 36,9 milhões de pessoas infectadas com o vírus. Durante o seu ciclo replicativo, o HIV promove diversas alterações na fisiologia da célula hospedeira a fim de promover sua sobrevivência e potencializar a replicação. A rápida progressão da infecção pelo HIV-1 em humanos e em modelos animais está intimamente ligada à função da proteína acessória Nef. Dentre as diversas ações de Nef está a regulação negativa de proteínas importantes na resposta imunológica, como o receptor CD4. Sabe-se que esta ação resulta da indução da degradação de CD4 em lisossomos, mas os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos ainda são totalmente elucidados. Nef forma um complexo tripartite com a cauda citosólica de CD4 e a proteína adaptadora 2 (AP-2), em vesículas revestidas por clatrina nascentes, induzindo a internalização e degradação lisossomal de CD4. Pesquisas anteriores demonstraram que o direcionamento de CD4 aos lisossomos por Nef envolve a entrada do receptor na via dos corpos multivesiculares (MVBs), por um mecanismo atípico, pois, embora não necessite da ubiquitinação de carga, depende da ação de proteínas que compõem os ESCRTs (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) e da ação de Alix, uma proteína acessória da maquinaria ESCRT. Já foi reportado que Nef interage com subunidades dos complexos AP-1, AP-2, AP-3 e Nef não parece interagir com subunidades de AP-4 e AP-5. Entretanto, o papel da interação de Nef com AP-1 e AP-3 na regulação negativa de CD4 ainda não está totalmente elucidado. Ademais, AP-1, AP-2 e AP-3 são potencialmente heterogêneos devido à existência de isoformas múltiplas das subunidades codificadas por diferentes genes. Todavia, existem poucos estudos para demonstrar se as diferentes combinações de isoformas dos APs são formadas e se possuem propriedades funcionais distintas. O presente trabalho procurou identificar e caracterizar fatores celulares envolvidos na regulação do tráfego intracelular de proteínas no processo de regulação negativa de CD4 induzido por Nef. Mais especificamente, este estudo buscou caracterizar a participação do complexo AP-1 na modulação negativa de CD4 por Nef de HIV-1, através do estudo funcional das duas isoformas de ?-adaptina, subunidades de AP-1. Utilizando a técnica de Pull-down demonstramos que Nef é capaz de interagir com ?2. Além disso, nossos dados de Imunoblot indicaram que a proteína ?2-adaptina, e não ?1-adaptina, é necessária no processo de degradação lisossomal de CD4 por Nef e que esta participação é conservada para degradação de CD4 por Nef de diferentes cepas virais. Ademais, por citometria de fluxo, o silenciamento de ?2, e não de ?1, compromete a diminuição dos níveis de CD4 por Nef da membrana plasmática. A análise por imunofluorêsncia indireta também revelou que a diminuição dos níveis de ?2 impede a redistribuição de CD4 por Nef para regiões perinucleares, acarretando no acúmulo de CD4, retirados por Nef da membrana plasmática, em endossomos primários. A depleção de ?1A, outra subunidade de AP-1, acarretou na diminuição dos níveis celulares de ?2 e ?1, bem como, no comprometimento da eficiente degradação de CD4 por Nef. Além disso, foi possível observar que, ao perturbar a maquinaria ESCRT via super-expressão de HRS (uma subunidade do complexo ESCRT-0), ocorreu um acumulo de ?2 em endossomos dilatados contendo HRS-GFP, nos quais também detectou-se CD4 que foi internalizado por Nef. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que ?2-adaptina é uma importante molécula para o direcionamento de CD4 por Nef para a via ESCRT/MVB, mostrando ser uma proteína relevante no sistema endo-lisossomal. Ademais, os resultados indicaram que as isoformas ?-adaptinas não só possuem funções distintas, mas também parecem compor complexos AP-1 com diferentes funções celulares, já que apenas a variante AP-1 contendo ?2, mas não ?1, participa da regulação negativa de CD4 por Nef. Estes estudos contribuem para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na atividade de Nef, que poderão também ajudar na melhor compreensão da patogênese do HIV e da síndrome relacionada. Em adição, este trabalho contribui para o entendimento de processos fundamentais da regulação do tráfego de proteínas transmembrana no sistema endo-lisossomal.The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a disease which has a global distribution, and it is estimated that there are currently at least 36.9 million people infected with the virus. During the replication cycle, HIV promotes several changes in the physiology of the host cell to promote their survival and enhance replication. The fast progression of HIV-1 in humans and animal models is closely linked to the function of an accessory protein Nef. Among several actions of Nef, one is the most important is the down-regulation of proteins from the immune response, such as the CD4 receptor. It is known that this action causes CD4 degradation in lysosome, but the molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Nef forms a tripartite complex with the cytosolic tail of the CD4 and adapter protein 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated vesicles, inducing CD4 internalization and lysosome degradation. Previous research has demonstrated that CD4 target to lysosomes by Nef involves targeting of this receptor to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) pathway by an atypical mechanism because, although not need charging ubiquitination, depends on the proteins from ESCRTs (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) machinery and the action of Alix, an accessory protein ESCRT machinery. It has been reported that Nef interacts with subunits of AP- 1, AP-2, AP-3 complexes and Nef does not appear to interact with AP-4 and AP-5 subunits. However, the role of Nef interaction with AP-1 or AP-3 in CD4 down-regulation is poorly understood. Furthermore, AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3 are potentially heterogeneous due to the existence of multiple subunits isoforms encoded by different genes. However, there are few studies to demonstrate if the different combinations of APs isoforms are form and if they have distinct functional properties. This study aim to identify and characterize cellular factors involved on CD4 down-modulation induced by Nef from HIV-1. More specifically, this study aimed to characterize the involvement of AP-1 complex in the down-regulation of CD4 by Nef HIV-1 through the functional study of the two isoforms of ?-adaptins, AP-1 subunits. By pull-down technique, we showed that Nef is able to interact with ?2. In addition, our data from immunoblots indicated that ?2- adaptin, not ?1-adaptin, is required in Nef-mediated targeting of CD4 to lysosomes and the ?2 participation in this process is conserved by Nef from different viral strains. Furthermore, by flow cytometry assay, ?2 depletion, but not ?1 depletion, compromises the reduction of surface CD4 levels induced by Nef. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis also revealed that ?2 depletion impairs the redistribution of CD4 by Nef to juxtanuclear region, resulting in CD4 accumulation in primary endosomes. Knockdown of ?1A, another subunit of AP-1, resulted in decreased cellular levels of ?1 and ?2 and, compromising the efficient CD4 degradation by Nef. Moreover, upon artificially stabilizing ESCRT-I in early endosomes, via overexpression of HRS, internalized CD4 accumulates in enlarged HRS-GFP positive endosomes, where co-localize with ?2. Together, the results indicate that ?2-adaptin is a molecule that is essential for CD4 targeting by Nef to ESCRT/MVB pathway, being an important protein in the endo-lysosomal system. Furthermore, the results indicate that ?-adaptins isoforms not only have different functions, but also seem to compose AP-1 complex with distinct cell functions, and only the AP-1 variant comprising ?2, but not ?1, acts in the CD4 down-regulation induced by Nef. These studies contribute to a better understanding on the molecular mechanisms involved in Nef activities, which may also help to improve the understanding of the HIV pathogenesis and the related syndrome. In addition, this work contributes with the understanding of primordial process regulation on intracellular trafficking of transmembrane proteins.
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Moreira, Ana Sofia Pereira. "Study of modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment in oligo and polysaccharides of coffee by mass spectrometry." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17074.
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Doutoramento em BioquímicaOs polissacarídeos são os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café verde e torrado e da bebida de café. Os mais abundantes são as galactomananas, seguindo-se as arabinogalactanas. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas sofrem modificações estruturais, as quais estão longe de estar completamente elucidadas devido à sua diversidade e à complexidade estrutural dos compostos formados. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas reagem com proteínas, ácidos clorogénicos e sacarose, originando compostos castanhos de alto peso molecular contendo nitrogénio, designados de melanoidinas. As melanoidinas do café apresentam diversas atividades biológicas e efeitos benéficos para a saúde. No entanto, a sua estrutura exata e os mecanismos envolvidos na sua formação permanecem desconhecidos, bem como a relação estrutura-atividade biológica. A utilização de sistemas modelo e a análise por espectrometria de massa permitem obter uma visão global e, simultaneamente, detalhada das modificações estruturais nos polissacarídeos do café promovidas pela torra, contribuindo para a elucidação das estruturas e mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas. Com base nesta tese, oligossacarídeos estruturalmente relacionados com a cadeia principal das galactomananas, (β1→4)-Dmanotriose (Man3), e as cadeias laterais das arabinogalactanas, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose (Ara3), isoladamente ou em misturas com ácido 5-Ocafeoilquínico (5-CQA), o ácido clorogénico mais abundante nos grãos de café verde, e péptidos compostos por tirosina e leucina, usados como modelos das proteínas, foram sujeitos a tratamento térmico a seco, mimetizando o processo de torra. A oxidação induzida por radicais hidroxilo (HO•) foi também estudada, uma vez que estes radicais parecem estar envolvidos na modificação dos polissacarídeos durante a torra. A identificação das modificações estruturais induzidas por tratamento térmico e oxidativo dos compostos modelo foi feita por estratégias analíticas baseadas principalmente em espectrometria de massa, mas também em cromatografia líquida. A cromatografia de gás foi usada na análise de açúcares neutros e ligações glicosídicas. Para validar as conclusões obtidas com os compostos modelo, foram também analisadas amostras de polissacarídeos do café obtidas a partir de resíduo de café e café instantâneo. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos oligossacarídeos modelo quando submetidos a tratamento térmico (seco), assim como à oxidação induzida por HO• (em solução), indicam a ocorrência de despolimerização, o que está de acordo com estudos anteriores que reportam a despolimerização das galactomananas e arabinogalactanas do café durante a torra. Foram ainda identificados outros compostos resultantes da quebra do anel de açúcares formados durante o tratamento térmico e oxidativo da Ara3. Por outro lado, o tratamento térmico a seco dos oligossacarídeos modelo (individualmente ou quando misturados) promoveu a formação de oligossacarídeos com um maior grau de polimerização, e também polissacarídeos com novos tipos de ligações glicosídicas, evidenciando a ocorrência de polimerização através reações de transglicosilação não enzimática induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco. As reações de transglicosilação induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco podem ocorrer entre resíduos de açúcares provenientes da mesma origem, mas também de origens diferentes com formação de estruturas híbridas, contendo arabinose e manose como observado nos casos dos compostos modelo usados. Os resultados obtidos a partir de amostras do resíduo de café e de café instantâneo sugerem a presença de polissacarídeos híbridos nestas amostras de café processado, corroborando a ocorrência de transglicosilação durante o processo de torra. Além disso, o estudo de misturas contendo diferentes proporções de cada oligossacarídeo modelo, mimetizando regiões do grão de café com composição distinta em polissacarídeos, sujeitos a diferentes períodos de tratamento térmico, permitiu inferir que diferentes estruturas híbridas e não híbridas podem ser formadas a partir das arabinogalactanas e galactomananas, dependendo da sua distribuição nas paredes celulares do grão e das condições de torra. Estes resultados podem explicar a heterogeneidade de estruturas de melanoidinas formadas durante a torra do café. Os resultados obtidos a partir de misturas modelo contendo um oligossacarídeo (Ara3 ou Man3) e 5-CQA sujeitas a tratamento térmico a seco, assim como de amostras provenientes do resíduo de café, mostraram a formação de compostos híbridos compostos por moléculas de CQA ligadas covalentemente a um número variável de resíduos de açúcar. Além disso, os resultados obtidos a partir da mistura contendo Man3 e 5-CQA mostraram que o CQA atua como catalisador das reações de transglicosilação. Por outro lado, nas misturas modelo contendo um péptido, mesmo contendo também 5-CQA e sujeitas ao mesmo tratamento, observou-se uma diminuição na extensão das reações transglicosilação. Este resultado pode explicar a baixa extensão das reações de transglicosilação não enzimáticas durante a torra nas regiões do grão de café mais ricas em proteínas, apesar dos polissacarídeos serem os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café. A diminuição das reações de transglicosilação na presença de péptidos/proteínas pode dever-se ao facto de os resíduos de açúcares redutores reagirem preferencialmente com os grupos amina de péptidos/proteínas por reação de Maillard, diminuindo o número de resíduos de açúcares redutores disponíveis para as reações de transglicosilação. Além dos compostos já descritos, uma diversidade de outros compostos foram formados a partir dos sistemas modelo, nomeadamente derivados de desidratação formados durante o tratamento térmico a seco. Em conclusão, a tipificação das modificações estruturais promovidas pela torra nos polissacarídeos do café abre o caminho para a compreensão dos mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas e da relação estrutura-atividade destes compostos.
Polysaccharides are the major components of green and roasted coffee beans, and coffee brew. The most abundant ones are galactomannans, followed by arabinogalactans. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans undergo structural modifications that are far to be completely elucidated due to their diversity and complexity of the compounds formed. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans react with proteins, chlorogenic acids, and sucrose, originating high molecular weight brown compounds containing nitrogen, known as melanoidins. Several biological activities and beneficial health effects have been attributed to coffee melanoidins. However, their exact structures and the mechanisms involved in their formation remain unknown, as well as the structure-biological activity relationship. The use of model systems and mass spectrometry analysis allow to obtain an overall view and, simultaneously, detailed, of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting, contributing to the elucidation of the structures and formation mechanisms of melanoidins. Based on this thesis, oligosaccharides structurally related to the backbone of galactomannans, (β1→4)-D-mannotriose, and the side chains of arabinogalactans, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose, alone or in mixtures with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, the most abundant chlorogenic acid in green coffee beans, and dipeptides composed by tyrosine and leucine, used as models of proteins, were submitted to dry thermal treatments, mimicking the coffee roasting process. The oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals (HO•) was also studied, since these radicals seem to be involved in the modification of the polysaccharides during roasting. The identification of the structural modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment of the model compounds was performed mostly by mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies, but also using liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography was used in the analysis of neutral sugars and glycosidic linkages. To validate the conclusions achieved with the model compounds, coffee polysaccharide samples obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee were also analysed. The results obtained from the model oligosaccharides when submitted to thermal treatment (dry) or oxidation induced by HO• (in solution) indicate the occurrence of depolymerization, which is in line with previous studies reporting the depolymerization of coffee galactomannans and arabinogalactans during roasting. Compounds resulting from sugar ring cleavage were also formed during thermal treatment and oxidative treatment of Ara3. On the other hand, the dry thermal treatment of the model oligosaccharides (alone or when mixed) promoted the formation of oligosaccharides with a higher degree of polymerization, and also polysaccharides with new type of glycosidic linkages, evidencing the occurrence of polymerization via non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment. The transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment can occur between sugar residues from the same origin, but also of different origins, with formation of hybrid structures, containing arabinose and mannose in the case of the model compounds used. The results obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee samples suggest the presence of hybrid polysaccharides in these processed coffee samples, corroborating the occurrence of transglycosylation during the roasting process. Furthermore, the study of mixtures containing different proportions of each model oligosaccharide, mimicking coffee bean regions with distinct polysaccharide composition, subjected to different periods of thermal treatment, allowed to infer that different hybrid and non-hybrid structures may be formed from arabinogalactans and galactomannans, depending on their distribution in the bean cell walls and on roasting conditions. These results may explain the heterogeneity of melanoidins structures formed during coffee roasting. The results obtained from model mixtures containing an oligosaccharide (Ara3 or Man3) and 5-CQA and subjected to dry thermal treatment, as well as samples derived from spent coffee grounds, showed the formation of hybrid compounds composed by CQA molecules covalently linked to a variable number of sugar residues. Moreover, the results obtained from the mixture containing Man3 and 5-CQA showed that CQA acts as catalyst of transglycosylation reactions. On the other hand, in the model mixtures containing a peptide, even if containing 5-CQA and subjected to the same treatment, it was observed a decrease in the extent of transglycosylation reactions. This outcome can explain the low extent of non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions during roasting in coffee bean regions enriched in proteins, although polysaccharides are the major components of the coffee beans. The decrease of transglycosylation reactions in the presence of peptides/proteins can be related with the preferential reactivity of reducing residues with the amino groups of peptides/proteins by Maillard reaction, decreasing the number of reducing residues available to be directly involved in the transglycosylation reactions. In addition to the compounds already described, a diversity of other compounds were formed from model systems, namely dehydrated derivatives formed during dry thermal treatment. In conclusion, the identification of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting pave the way to the understanding of the mechanisms of formation of melanoidins and structure-activity relationship of these compounds.
Books on the topic "Seed addition"
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Just, Hanne. North Atlantic nudibranchs (Mollusca) seen by Henning Lemche: With additional species from the Mediterranean and the north east Pacific. [Helsing©ır, Denmark]: Ophelia Publications, 1985.
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Julian Rudelt, Holger Klink, and Joseph-Alexander Verreet. Impact of adhesive adjuvants addition into seed treatments on the flowability of cereal crop seeds. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/jfk.2018.05.02.
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Sime, Stuart. 20. Additional Claims under Part 20. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823100.003.2299.
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This chapter discusses the rules for additional claims under Part 20 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). An additional claim typically will seek to pass any liability established against the defendant to a third party. This is achieved by seeking indemnities, contributions, or related remedies against the third party. A third party may in turn seek to pass on its liability to a fourth party, and so on. Permission to issue an additional claim is not required if the additional claim is issued before or at the same time as the defendant files its defence. An additional claim operates as a separate claim within the original claim.
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Sime, Stuart. 20. Additional Claims under Part 20. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787570.003.2299.
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This chapter discusses the rules for additional claims under Part 20 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). An additional claim typically will seek to pass any liability established against the defendant to a third party. This is achieved by seeking indemnities, contributions, or related remedies against the third party. A third party may in turn seek to pass on its liability to a fourth party, and so on. Permission to issue an additional claim is not required if the additional claim is issued before or at the same time as the defendant files its defence. An additional claim operates as a separate claim within the original claim.
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Sime, Stuart. 20. Additional Claims under Part 20. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198747673.003.2299.
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This chapter discusses the rules for additional claims under Part 20 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). An additional claim typically will seek to pass any liability established against the defendant to a third party. This is achieved by seeking indemnities, contributions, or related remedies against the third party. A third party may in turn seek to pass on its liability to a fourth party, and so on. Permission to issue an additional claim is not required if the additional claim is issued before or at the same time as the defendant files its defence. An additional claim operates as a separate claim within the original claim.
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David, Elizabeth, and John P. Casas. Substance Abuse in HIV Populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0030.
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Mental illness and substance abuse are separate and additive risk factors for HIV infection. A comprehensive approach in the treatment of those with the dual diagnosis of mental illness and substance abuse is very important because these patients are inherently at a higher risk of contracting or transmitting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. Problems with adherence to medical treatment seem to be additive in this group. In addition, substance abuse is associated with a host of medical sequelae (liver disease, infection, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurocognitive changes), complicating treatment of the virus in a population already at risk for these problems and leading to increased disease progression.
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Tzohar, Roy. The Seeds of the Pan-Figurative View. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664398.003.0005.
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Having presented the role of upacāra in Asaṅga’s critique of an essentialist theory of meaning, this chapter now turns to examine additional aspects of the concept of metaphor as it appears in other Yogācāra-related Buddhist sources. Concluding the book’s survey of the Buddhist context of the Yogācāra, the text explores the possible ways in which a wide variety of Buddhist sources—including Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakoṣabhāṣya (and Sthiramati’s commentary on these sections), the Yogācāra-related Laṅkāvatārasūtra (LAS), and Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya (PS)—contributed to Sthiramati’s full-fledged theory of metaphor. Here, the reconstruction of the context of the Yogācāra understanding of metaphor becomes more specific, tracing not only the broad common presuppositions underlying figurative usage, but also the possibility of a more concrete intertextual exchange that helped shape Sthiramati’s claims—some of them highly innovative—on this topic.
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Gelman, Andrew, and Deborah Nolan. Student activities in survey sampling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785699.003.0018.
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This chapter outlines some of our more effective demonstrations for teaching sampling. Part I of this book contains many activities related to sampling that we also use in our more advanced courses on the subject (e.g., see chapter 6 for an activity on estimating family size, and chapter 9 for a candy weighing activity). This chapter describes additional student activities that we have developed for the advanced undergraduate survey sampling class. These include provocative questionnaires to demonstrate question bias and statistical literacy packets for dissecting news stories about surveys. In addition, this chapter contains sample handouts used for teaching particular topics, techniques for encouraging student participation, and materials to organize student projects on complex surveys.
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artist, toaster. Crypto Seed Phrase Storage Book - Stealth Cover for Additional Protection - Backup and Keep Your Mnemonic Key Phrases for Cryptocurrency Secure - Volume 1. Independently Published, 2021.
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artist, toaster. Crypto Seed Phrase Storage Book - Stealth Cover for Additional Protection - Backup and Keep Your Mnemonic Key Phrases for Cryptocurrency Secure - Volume 7. Independently Published, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Seed addition"
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Zeng, Yu-Ping, Naoki Kondo, Guo-Jun Zhang, Hideki Kita, and Tatsuki Ohji. "High Temperature Bending Strength and Fracture Energies of the Tape-Cast Silicon Nitride with β-Si3 N4 Seed Addition." In Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites X, 147–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118408353.ch13.
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Ali, Jauhar, Madonna Dela Paz, and Christian John Robiso. "Advances in Two-Line Heterosis Breeding in Rice via the Temperature-Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility System." In Rice Improvement, 99–145. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_4.
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AbstractHybrid rice technology is a viable strategy to increase rice production and productivity, especially in countries with limited cultivable land for agriculture and irrigation water, along with costlier chemical inputs. The three-line hybrid rice technology adoption rate is slowing down because of restricted heterosis per se, the availability of better combining ability in cytoplasmic male sterile lines, lower hybrid seed reproducibility, and limited market acceptability of hybrids. Two-line heterosis breeding could overcome these shortcomings. However, the wide-scale adoption and use of two-line hybrid rice technology are possible through systematic research and breeding efforts to develop temperature-sensitive genetic male sterile (TGMS) lines with low (<24 °C) critical sterility temperature point, which is discussed in this chapter. Research on the genetics, breeding, grain quality, and resistance to insect pests and diseases for TGMS line development and physiological characterization is also discussed. In addition, the identification and validation of natural sites for TGMS self-seed multiplication and hybrid rice seed production through GIS mapping and climatic data analytical tools are also tackled. The development of high-yielding two-line rice hybrids and improvement in hybrid rice seed reproducibility could help in their wide-scale adoption.
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Kumar, Arun, Binay Kumar Agarwal, Rajesh Kumar, Sanjay J. Jambhulkar, Varsha Rani, and Zille Ali Haider. "Induction of variability for yield components in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss) under acidic soil regime of Jharkhand." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 258–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0026.
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Abstract Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is the most important oilseed crop of the state of Jharkhand in India, where 78% of the cultivable soil is acidic, causing a sizeable yield reduction. Potential seed yield from such soils cannot be realized within existing varieties and therefore a mutation breeding approach has been followed to isolate mutants tolerant to acidic soil. Three doses of gamma-rays (900 Gy, 1000 Gy and 1100 Gy) and a combined treatment of gamma irradiation and 0.3% EMS were used for induction of mutation in the varieties 'Shivani' and 'Pusa Bold'. A total of 139,720 M2 plants (75,760 of 'Shivani' and 63,960 of 'Pusa Bold') were screened under acidic soil conditions (pH 4.8). A wide spectrum of variability for tolerance to soil acidity, earliness, seed colour, seed yield and yield components, and morphological traits was observed in the M2 generation. True-breeding mutants for different traits were confirmed in the M3 generation. Mutations were recorded in 'Shivani' and 'Pusa Bold', respectively, for secondary branch number (38 and 24), siliquae per plant (1223 and 562) and single plant seed yield (45.49 g and 34.84 g). In addition, a large spectrum of variability for morphological characters was identified.
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Reames, Donald V. "Hydrogen Abundances and Shock Waves." In Solar Energetic Particles, 187–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_9.
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AbstractHow well do protons fit into the abundance patterns of the other elements? Protons have Q = 1 and A/Q = 1 at all temperatures of interest. When does their relative abundance fit on the power law in A/Q defined by the elements with A/Q > 2? For small “pure” impulsive events, protons fit well, but for larger CME-associated impulsive events, where shock waves boost the intensities, protons are enhanced a factor of order ten by addition of seed protons from the ambient plasma. During most large gradual SEP events with strong shock waves, protons again fit the power law, but with weaker or quasi-perpendicular shock waves, dominated by residual impulsive seed particle abundances at high Z, again protons are enhanced. Proton enhancements occur when moderately weak shock waves happen to sample a two-component seed population with dominant protons from the ambient coronal plasma and impulsive suprathermal ions at high Z; thus proton-enhanced events are a surprising new signature of shock acceleration in jets. A/Q measures the rigidity dependence of both acceleration and transport but does not help us distinguish the two. Energy-spectral indices and abundances are correlated for most gradual events but not when impulsive ions are present; thus we end with powerful new correlations that probe both acceleration and transport.
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Curry, Helen Anne. "Data, Duplication, and Decentralisation: Gene Bank Management in the 1980s and 1990s." In Towards Responsible Plant Data Linkage: Data Challenges for Agricultural Research and Development, 163–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13276-6_9.
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AbstractIn the 1970s, the number of accessions held in national and international seed and gene banks increased steadily. This growth, initially a source of pride, was recognised as a liability by the 1980s. Too many accessions lacked the basic information necessary for researchers to access and use samples knowledgably. Many gene banks came under scrutiny for poor management practices and several found themselves accused of mishandling a ‘global patrimony’ entrusted to their care. In this paper, I explore one response to these concerns that attracted attention from many in the germplasm conservation community: creating linked, standardised databases of collections. Calls for more and better data about accessions often emphasised that these data would make collections easier to use and therefore more valued. Here I take a close look at the early history of data collation and standardisation as a means of ‘rationalising’ collections, a motivation that was not advertised as prominently. This historical example shows the infrastructures developed to facilitate data exchange in the context of seed and gene banking to have been tied up with both mundane imperatives to cut costs and lofty goals of building political bridges—in addition to the often-repeated ambition of making plant breeding more efficient.
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Srinivas, Krishna Ravi, and Rinie van Est. "Technology Assessment in Developing Countries: The Case of India—Examples of Governmental and Informal TA." In Technology Assessment in a Globalized World, 101–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10617-0_6.
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AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the TA landscape in India, as an example of TA in a developing country. We first reflect on the role and relevance of TA for developing countries in general. Next, we focus on India, where most TA-like activities and practices are organized by and for governmental agencies. Five examples of formally institutionalized governmental TA-like activities are given: governmental TA-like capabilities for technological foresight in general, for agricultural, medical and pollution abatement technologies in particular, and finally the only government-organized participatory TA regarding the introduction of a genetically modified eggplant. In addition, three informal TA-like grassroots activities are described: the Silent Valley movement, the System of Rice Intensification, and the Community Seed Banks. We conclude by reflecting on the TA landscape in India and drawing some lessons for the role and conditions for TA in developing countries.
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Zeng, Yu Ping, Naoki Kondo, Kiyoshi Hirao, Tatsuki Ohji, and Shuzo Kanzaki. "Fabrication and Properties of the Tape-Cast Si3N4 with Rod-Like Si3N4 Seed Addition." In High-Performance Ceramics III, 1219–22. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-959-8.1219.
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Müller, Mathias L., and Hugo Campos. "Open Innovation and Value Creation in Crop Genetics." In The Innovation Revolution in Agriculture, 71–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50991-0_3.
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Abstract The development of cultivars exhibiting improved climate resilience and containing effective input and agronomic traits and their adoption by growers and acceptance by supply chains, consumers, and society remain essential drivers of a successful agricultural strategy directed to feed the world and overcome the challenges brought by nature, an increasingly stringent regulatory environment, and an ever-growing population. In order to deliver on the daunting challenge of providing affordable, nutritious food to humankind, while reducing agriculture’s environmental footprint, new innovation models are needed. Open innovation is being adopted by seed companies in order to tap into the vast pool of human talent available beyond their boundaries and increase their ability to generate, adopt, develop, and bring to market novel technologies while building upon the increasing global community of innovators and harnessing the resources of venture capitalists. In addition, open innovation can help streamline product development processes, as well as lead to the exploration of novel markets which would otherwise go unexploited. At the same time, open innovation provides the means for other firms and entrepreneurs to gain access to technologies which would be beyond the scope of their development abilities but which can be leveraged to create significant value for their own customers and markets. This chapter provides an updated perspective on the most salient aspects of open innovation. Though its main focus is crop genetics and the development of improved cultivars, the general principles discussed also apply to other activities associated with the value chains linking agriculture and customers.
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Rhein, D. "Performance and Hardware Requirements of Parallel Addition Algorithms for Optical Implementation Using SEEDs." In Optical Information Technology, 162–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78140-7_19.
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Morales, Yonis, and Rolando Grajeda. "Virulence genes of new population of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) affecting coffee variety 'Lempira', in Honduras; resistant and susceptible varieties." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 338–43. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0035.
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Abstract The coffee variety 'Lempira', released in Honduras in 1998, was classified 100% resistant to races I and II of coffee rust identified by Portugal's Centre for Research into Coffee Rusts (Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro) (CIFC) in 1997. However, since 2007, the disease has been reported in seed foundation plots and producer farms, the most recent epidemic report being in April 2016 in Vegas de Jalan, Juticalpa Olancho, affecting 210 ha. Since this variety constitutes 45% of the cultivated area under coffee in the country, there is a need to identify the virulence genes of the new strain and to determine the resistance and susceptibility of other cultivated varieties. For these purposes, mass samples of rust were inoculated on leaf discs of the differential clones 1343/269, 110/5, 147/1, 152/3, 33/1, 419/20, 832/1 and 832/2, together with 87/1, 1006/10, 420/10 and 420/2 from the Federal University of Vicosa, as well as on the two main cultivated resistant varieties ('Parainema' and 'IHCAFE- 90'), and seven promising genotypes, under controlled temperature conditions and relative humidity. After 20-60 days of inoculation, seven virulence genes were identified (v1, v2, v4, v5, v6, v7, v9), of which v1, v4, v6, v7 and v9 had not been reported in Honduras previously. It is inferred that this rust population arose by recombination of race v5 with v6, v7 or v9. Races with 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 virulence determinants were identified as the most complex and aggressive strains described but they lacked the v3 and v8 determinants. In addition, it was found that 'Parainema', 'H27', 'T5296-170', 'Central American', 'Pacamara yellow' and 'Anacafe-14' are resistant because they possess the SH8 gene, absent from 'Lempira'. 'IHCAFE-90' and 'Obatá' showed 20% susceptibility, and 'Ruiru 11' was susceptible. The results reveal the diversity of rust virulence genes in Honduras and emphasize the importance of the SH3 and SH8 genes as sources of resistance.
Conference papers on the topic "Seed addition"
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Anisimova, Lyudmila V., and Osama I. A. Soltan. "Stability of Flour Mixture under Various Storage Conditions with Addition of Fenugreek Seed Powde." In International scientific and practical conference "AgroSMART - Smart solutions for agriculture" (AgroSMART 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/agrosmart-18.2018.6.
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Salgado, Josefa, Juan Parajó, Jorge Proupín, María Villanueva, José Rodríguez-Añón, Pedro Vázquez-Verdes, and Otilia Reyes. "Effect of the Addition of [C3C1im][NTf2] in Pine Seed Germination and in Soil Microbial Activity." In The 18th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-18-f004.
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Ng, Jun Hong Clarence, Tariq Almubarak, and Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din. "Seed Extracts as Natural, Green, Non-Toxic Corrosion Inhibitors." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200935-ms.
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Abstract Acid treatments are commonly used in the oilfield to remove inorganic scale or to stimulate formatio ns. These treatments typically consist of using hydrochloric acid (HCl), acetic acid, formic acid, or chelating agents. At elevated temperatures, these acids are highly corrosive and can cause severe damage to tubulars as well as downhole equipment. To reduce damage from these acids, corrosion inhibitors are added to the treatment solution. Corrosion inhibitors used in the oil and gas industry are typically quaternary amines or sulfur-containing compounds. These compounds adsorb to the surface of the metal, thereby reducing contact between the metal surface and the corrosive substance. However, these corrosion inhibitors are damaging to the environment and harmful to human health. Alternative new environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors are also either toxic to the human body or face performance limitations at higher temperature field applications. To develop new environmentally friendly and non-toxic corrosion inhibitors for high-temperature applications, 15 edible seeds were tested as alternative sources of corrosion inhibitors. In order to determine the inhibition effect of 15 different seeds, N-80 and S13Cr coupons were exposed to 15 wt.% HCl solutions at temperatures between 77-250°F with 2 wt.% of grounded seed added for 6 hours. In addition, a control solution containing no corrosion inhibitor was used to establish a corrosion rate for a base case. This paper will show the results of such seeds and attempt to provide an awareness of natural seeds extract for use as corrosion inhibitors in conjunction with well acid treatments. It was noted that out of the 15 seeds, seeds 1 and 2 were found to perform the best at these conditions, exhibiting more than 90% corrosion inhibition efficiency. Seed 4 was observed to perform the worst, exhibiting only 16.8% inhibition efficiency. At 150°F, 2 wt.% of seeds 1 and 2 were tested with seed 1 achieving a corrosion rate of 0.00253 lb/ft2 while seed 2 was unable to provide sufficient inhibition with a corrosion rate of 0.153 lb/ft2. The control solution was found to have a corrosion rate of 0.371 lb/ft2 over the 6 hours at 150°F. Seed 1 was further tested at 200°F with the addition of corrosion inhibitor intensifiers and resulted in a corrosion rate of 0.00087 lb/ft2, while at 250°F, a corrosion rate of 0.00811 lb/ft2 was observed. The tests using S13Cr also showed that seed 1 worked well as a corrosion inhibitor for CRAs. The thermal degradation of seed 1 was also examined using NMR. These results show a new naturally occurring, green, non-toxic, high-temperature applicable corrosion inhibitor that can be developed from edible seeds.
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Handoko, Eko, Agus Prasetya, and Indra Perdana. "Effect of electrode type and salt addition to ionized water to prepare alkaline water." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH AUN/SEED-NET REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS (RCM 2020) AND THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING (ICMEM 2020). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0067065.
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KirakosyanR.N., R. N., I. I. Kapristova I. I., and E. A. Kalashnikova E. A. "Influence of physical factors in the cultivation of Camelina sativa L. in the Moscow region." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-37.
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The results of studies on the effect of coherent radiation on the growth and productivity of Camelina sativa L. plants are presented. It was found that different time exposures of seed treatment with coherent light have both a stimulating and inhibitory effect on Camelina sativa L. plants. In addition, the seeds obtained in the treatment options contained more fatty acids and protein, but less fiber and ash.
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Suh, Donguk, Seung-chai Jung, and Woong-sup Yoon. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nano Cluster-Seed Effects on Heterogeneous Nucleation." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82240.
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A three-dimensional heterogeneous nucleation is simulated by classical molecular dynamics, where the Lennard-Jones gas and solid nano cluster-seed molecules have argon and aluminum properties, respectively. All dimensions of the wall are periodic and a soft core carrier gas within the system controls the temperature rise induced by latent heat of condensation. There are three shapes of cluster-seeds being cube, rod, and sphere, three classes of masses, and the simulation took place under nine supersaturation ratios, making a total of 81 calculations. An analysis of variance was performed under a three-way layout to analyze the cluster-seed and supersaturation ratio effects on the system. For supersaturation ratios above the critical value nucleation rates were evaluated, below growth rates, and overall liquefaction rates were each defined and calculated. Results show that the supersaturation ratio dominantly controls all rates, but seed characteristics are important for the growth of the largest cluster under the critical supersaturation ratio. Overall liquefaction increases subject to an escalation of supersaturation ratio and seed mass. However, the significance of the supersaturation ratio for overall liquefaction suggests that thermal diffusion is more dominant than mass interactions for this system. Homogeneous characteristics are also compared with the heterogeneous system to find that though nucleation may occur for an insufficient supersaturation ratio when a seed is within the system, the addition of a seed does not in fact facilitate the increase in rates of the phenomena at high supersaturation ratios. Finally a comparison with the classical nucleation theory asserts a 3 to 4 order of magnitude difference, which is within the lines of deviation when it comes to theory and molecular simulations.
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Susilo, Macuk, Wijang Wisnu Raharjo, and Kuncoro Diharjo. "Inflammability of GFRP composite with the addition of aluminum tri-hydroxide, boric acid, and sodium silicate." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH AUN/SEED-NET REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS (RCM 2020) AND THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING (ICMEM 2020). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0067006.
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Manurangsi, Pasin, and Warut Suksompong. "Fixing Knockout Tournaments With Seeds." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/59.
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Knockout tournaments constitute a popular format for organizing sports competitions. While prior results have shown that it is often possible to manipulate a knockout tournament by fixing the bracket, these results ignore the prevalent aspect of player seeds, which can significantly constrain the chosen bracket. We show that certain structural conditions that guarantee that a player can win a knockout tournament without seeds are no longer sufficient in light of seed constraints. On the other hand, we prove that when the pairwise match outcomes are generated randomly, all players are still likely to be knockout winners under the same probability threshold with seeds as without seeds. In addition, we investigate the complexity of deciding whether a manipulation is possible when seeds are present.
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Dikici, Birce, Parvesh R. B. Narasimha, and Shruti D. Kamdar. "Investigation of Thermal Conductivity Variation of Biomass Products With Moisture." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3195.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the thermal conductivity of various biomass products and investigate the thermal conductivity when moisture is added. In this study, the biomass used was seeds from Bermuda grass and a mix of wildflowers (e.g. Lupine, flax, Coreopsis and Shasta daisy). Thermal diffusivity is calculated with a transient, one-dimensional conduction experiment. The experiments on aluminum is performed to test the experimental test setup to ensure the accuracy of the technique. Before obtaining the biomass thermal conductivity tests, the actual thermal conductivity values are obtained with the C-Therm TCi Thermal Conductivity Analyzer and the tests are carried out and compared with these values. Next, moisture is infused into biomass samples by addition of water from 10% to 30% with increments of 5%. An increase in thermal conductivity with moisture is observed for both biomass samples and the results are presented. In our tests, the moisture increased the thermal conductivity about 78% for Bermuda grass seed and 122% for Wild Flower seed.
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Azuokwu, Augustine Azubike, Yakubu Yerima, Rowland Ugochukwu Azike, and Anselm Iuebego Igbafe. "Synthesis and Evaluation of the Suitability of Using Lagenaria Siceraria Biodiesel in Oil Based Muds." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211949-ms.
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Abstract The search for suitable biodiesel for formulating oil based muds for deep high-temperature wells, deviated offshore wells and sensitive shale formation have intensified over the years. The reasons behind the continuous search are in two folds. First, conventional diesel used in formulating oil-based muds are fossil based, costly, non-renewable and detrimental to environment. Secondly, previous attempts to use biodiesels proved to be more expensive than the conventional diesel. In this study, biodiesel was produced from oil extracted from Lagenaria siceraria seeds. The suitability of using the synthesized Lagenaria siceraria biodiesel in oil-based muds was evaluated. The evaluation involved comparing the properties of the synthesized Lagenaria siceraria biodiesel and its drilling muds against those of the conventional diesel and some commonly used plant seed oil based biodiesels. In addition, the economic viability of the use of the synthesized Lagenaria siceraria biodiesel in oil-based muds was evaluated and compared against those of the conventional diesel and the commonly used plant seed oil based biodiesels. The physiochemical properties of the synthesized Lagenaria siceraria biodiesel showed that it has a better potential to replace the conventional diesel. Result of mud properties and toxicity tests also showed that the synthesized Lagenaria siceraria biodiesel has a better potential to replace the conventional diesel. Although, conventional diesel is cheaper than the Lagenaria siceraria biodiesel and the commonly used plant seed oil based biodiesels, economic analysis showed that it is cost effective to use the Lagenaria siceraria biodiesel.
Reports on the topic "Seed addition"
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Lee, H. J., J. H. Yoon, and J. I. Lee. Addition of SEED Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS). RFC Editor, August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4162.
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Martin, Leanne M., and Brian J. Wilsey. Adding a Second Native Prairie Seed Addition to Improve Established Restorations. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2290.
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Misgana, Zerihun, Abdo Woyema, Abraha Reda, Amsalu Ayana, Anteneh Girma, Dandena Galmesa, Dawit Tsegaye, et al. Training manual on Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) module: post-harvest value addition for SPCs working with quality seed. Wageningen: Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/536876.
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Israel, Alvaro, and John Merrill. Production of Seed Stocks for Sustainable Tank Cultivation of the Red Edible Seaweed Porphyra. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696527.bard.
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Porphyra species (commonly known as ‘nori’ or ‘purple laver’) are edible red seaweeds rich in proteins, vitamins and other highly valued biogenic compounds. For years Porphyra has been cultured using seeded nets extended in the open sea, and its biomass consumed primarily in the Far East. While demands for international markets have increased steadily at an average of 20% per year, supplies are on the verge and not expected to meet future demands. Alternatively, land-based cultivation of seaweed has become attractive in the mariculture industry since (1) important growth parameters can be controlled, (2) is environmentally friendly and (3) perfectly matches with integrated aquaculture leading to sustainable, high quality products. During the last few years a tank cultivation technology for Porphyra has been developed at the Israeli institution. This technology is based on indoor production of asexual spores and their subsequent growth to 1-2 mm seedlings. The seedlings are then transferred to outdoor tanks and ponds when seawater temperatures drop to 20 °C, or below, and days become shorter during winter time. However, the current technology efficiently serves only about 100 m2 of ponds during one growth season. In order to produce seedlings in sufficient amounts, it is critical to address both technical and biological aspects of seedling production, securing optimal up-scale to commercial-size cultivation farms. We hypothesize that massive production of spores is related to thalli origin, thalli age and sporulation triggers, and that seedling survival and their subsequent growth potential is determined by the seawater quality and overall indoor growth conditions imposed. A series of bio-reactors were constructed and tested in which spore release and spore growth were separately studied. The main assessment criteria for optimal viability of the seedlings will be by determining their electron transport rate using PAM fluorometry and by subsequent growth and biomass yields in outdoor ponds. Altogether the project showed (1), controlled sporulation is possible in big outdoor/growth chamber settings provided initial stock material (small frozen seedlings) is at hand, (2), contamination problems can be almost completely avoided if stock material is properly handled (clean as possible and partially dehydrated prior to freezing), (3), spore release can significantly be enhance using high nutrient levels during thawing for P. yezoensis and P. haitanensis, but not for P. rosengurttii, (4), PAM fluorometry is an efficient tool to estimate growth capacity in both seedlings and juvenile thalli. The BARD funding also served to explore other aspects of Porphyra biology and cultivation. For example, the taxonomical status of Porphyra strains used in this study was defined (see appendix), and the potential use of this seaweed in bioremediation was well substantiated. In addition, BARD funding supported a number of opportunities and activities in the Israeli lab, direct or indirectly related to the initial objectives of the project such as: additional molecular work in other seaweeds, description of at least 2 new species for the Israeli Mediterranean, and continuous support for the writing of a book on Global Change and applied aspects of seaweeds. The technology for Porphyra cultivation in land-based ponds is readily available. This study corroborated previous know-how of Porphyra growth in tanks and ponds, and yet offers important improvements regarding seedling production and their handling for successful cultivation. This study supported various other activities opening additional important issues in the biology/cultivation/use of Porphyra and other seaweeds.
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Kapulnik, Yoram, Maria J. Harrison, Hinanit Koltai, and Joseph Hershenhorn. Targeting of Strigolacatones Associated Pathways for Conferring Orobanche Resistant Traits in Tomato and Medicago. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7593399.bard.
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This proposal is focused on examination of two plant interactions: parasitic with Orobanche, and symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), and the involvement of a newly define plant hormones, strigolactones (SLs), in these plant interactions. In addition to strigolactones role in regulation of above-ground plant architecture, they are also known to be secreted from roots, and to be a signal for seed germination of the parasitic plants Orobanche. Moreover, secreted strigolactones were recognized as inducers of AMFhyphae branching. The present work was aimed at Generation of RNAi mutants of both tomato and Medicago, targeting multiple genes that may be involved in strigolactone production, carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, Pi signaling or other metabolic pathways, and hence affect AMF colonization and/or Orobanche resistance. Following the newly formed and existing RNAi mutants were examined for AMF colonization and Orobanche resistance. At the first phase of this project Orobanche seed germination assays and AMF colonization were examined in intact plants. These assays were shown to be effective and resulted with enhancement of Orobanche seed germination and AMF colonization in WT tomato plants, whereas roots of strigolactones impaired lines did not result with Orobanche seed germination and mycorrhiza colonization. Unexpectedly, root organ cultures (ROC) that were produced from the same wild type (WT) and mutant lines did not induce the Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. This implies that under in vitro conditions ROC cultures are missing an important component for induction of Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. In another line of experiments we have tested transgenic lines of Medicagotruncatula for AMFhuyphal branching and Orobanche seed germination assays. These lines included lines silenced for a GRAS transcription factor (RNAi 1845), an NBS-LRR type resistance gene (RNAi 1847), a kinase (RNAi 2403) and a protein of unknown function (RNAi 2417). In all cases, five independent transgenic root lines showed altered AMFphenotypes with reduced or aberrant colonization patterns. Following, we transformed tomato plants with the M. truncatulaTC 127050 PhosphoinositidekinaseRNAi construct. Transgenic lines that contained GUS constructs were used as control. All transgenic lines showed reduced level of Orobanche seed germination, masking any strigoalctones-specific effect. The research demonstrated that SLs production may not be examined in ROC –based bioassays. It was shown by the 3 independent assays employed in this project that none of the recognized characters of SLs may be reflected in these bioassays. However, when the whole plant root exudates were examined, SLs activity in root exudates was demonstrated. Hence, it can be concluded that the presence of an intact shoot, and possibly, shoot factors, may be necessary for production of SLs in roots. Another point of interest that rises from these results is that the presence of SLs is not necessary for AMF completion of life cycle. Hence, it may be concluded that SLs are important for AMFhyphal branching, before symbiosis, but not essential for AMF colonization and life cycle completion under ROC system conditions.
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Ahlgren, Per, Tobias Jeppsson, Esa Stenberg, and Erik Berg. A bibliometric analysis of battery research with the BATTERY 2030+ roadmap as point of departure. Uppsala universitet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/diva-473454.
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In this bibliometric study, we analyze the six battery research subfields identified in the BATTERY 2030+ roadmap: Battery Interface Genome, Materials Acceleration Platform, Recyclability, Smart functionalities: Self-healing, Smart functionalities: Sensing, and Manufacturability. In addition, we analyze the entire research field related to BATTERY 2030+ as a whole, using two operationalizations. We (a) evaluate the European standing in the subfields/the BATTERY 2030+ field in comparison to the rest of the world, and (b) identify strongholds of the subfields/the BATTERY 2030+ field across Europe. For each subfield and the field as a whole, we used seed articles, i.e. articles listed in the BATTERY 2030+ roadmap or cited by such articles, in order to generate additional, similar articles located in an algorithmically obtained classification system. The output of the analysis is publication volumes, field normalized citation impact values with comparisons between country/country aggregates and between organizations, co-publishing networks between countries and organizations, and keyword co-occurrence networks. For the results related to (a), the performance of EU & associated (countries) is similar to China and the aggregate Japan-South Korea-Singapore and well below North America regarding citation impact and with respect to the field as a whole. Exceptions are, however, the subfields Battery Interface Genome and Recyclability. For the results related to (b), there is a large variability in the EU & associated organizations regarding volume in the different subfields. For citation impact, examples of high-performing EU & associated organizations are ETH Zurich and Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science.
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Anderson, Olin, and Gad Galili. Development of Assay Systems for Bioengineering Proteins that Affect Dough Quality and Wheat Utilization. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568781.bard.
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The quality and utilization of wheat is largely dependent upon the exact physical/chemical properties of the doughs made from flour/water mixtures. Among the wheat seed components most correlated with dough visoelastic parameters are the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits whose disulfide cross-linked macropolymer is critical for dough functionality. We have used the tools of molecular biology, wheat transformation, heterologous expression of HMW-glutenin subunits in bacteria, and dough micro-mixing experiments to examine some of the molecular basis of HMW-glutenin functionality. In addition, we have developed sets of modified and synthetic gene constructs and transgenic wheat lines that will allow further examination of the role of the HMW-glutenins. Among the results from this work is evidence that the HMW-glutenin repeat domain is directly related to dough properties, the demonstration that interaction between subunits is dependent upon domain presence but not order, a novel understanding of the restrictions on intra-vs inter-chain disulfide bonds, the demonstration that HMW-glutenin genes can be transformed into wheat for simultaneously high expression of the transgene and suppression of the endogenous genes, and the construction of a set of modified HMW-glutenins capable of being epitope tagged for studying polypeptide subcellular processing and the fate of HMW-glutenins in dough mixing experiments.
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Weiss, David, and Neil Olszewski. Manipulation of GA Levels and GA Signal Transduction in Anthers to Generate Male Sterility. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580678.bard.
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The original objectives of the research were: i. To study the role of GA in anther development, ii. To manipulate GA and/or GA signal transduction levels in the anthers in order to generate male sterility. iii. To characterize the GA signal transduction repressor, SPY. Previous studies have suggested that gibberellins (GAs) are required for normal anther development. In this work, we studied the role of GA in the regulation of anther development in petunia. When plants were treated with the GA-biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol, anther development was arrested. Microscopic analysis of these anthers revealed that paclobutrazol inhibits post-meiotic developmental processes. The treated anthers contained pollen grains but the connective tissue and tapetum cells were degenerated. The expression of the GA-induced gene, GIP, can be used in petunia as a molecular marker to: study GA responses. Analyses of GIP expression during anther development revealed that the gene is induced only after microsporogenesis. This observation further suggests a role for GA in the regulation of post-meiotic processes during petunia anther development. Spy acts as a negative regulator of gibberellin (GA) action in Arabidopsis. We cloned the petunia Spy homologue, PhSPY, and showed that it can complement the spy-3 mutation in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of Spy in transgenic petunia plants affected various GA-regulated processes, including seed germination, shoot elongation, flower initiation, flower development and the expression of a GA- induced gene, GIP. In addition, anther development was inhibited in the transgenic plants following microsporogenesis. The N-terminus of Spy contains tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR). TPR motifs participate in protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Spy is part of a multiprotein complex. To test this hypothesis, we over-expressed the SPY's TPR region without the catalytic domain in transgenic petunia and generated a dominant- negative Spy mutant. The transgenic seeds were able to germinate on paclobutrazol, suggesting an enhanced GA signal. Overexpression of PhSPY in wild type Arabidopsis did not affect plant stature, morphology or flowering time. Consistent with Spy being an O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), Spy expressed in insect cells was shown to O-GlcNAc modify itself. Consistent with O-GlcNAc modification playing a role in GA signaling, spy mutants had a reduction in the GlcNAc modification of several proteins. After treatment of the GA deficient, gal mutant, with GA3 the GlcNAc modification of proteins of the same size as those affected in spy mutants exhibited a reduction in GlcNAcylation. GA-induced GlcNAcase may be responsible for this de-GlcNAcylation because, treatment of gal with GA rapidly induced an increase in GlcNAcase activity. Several Arabidopsis proteins that interact with the TPR domain of Spy were identified using yeast two-hybrids screens. One of these proteins was GIGANTEA (GI). Consistent with GI and Spy functioning as a complex in the plant the spy-4 was epistatic to gi. These experiments also demonstrated that, in addition to its role in GA signaling, Spy functions in the light signaling pathways controlling hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic induction of flowering. A second Arabidopsis OGT, SECRET AGENT (SCA), was discovered. Like SPY, SCA O-GlcNAc modifies itself. Although sca mutants do not exhibit dramatic phenotypes, spy/sca double mutants exhibit male and female gamete and embryo lethality, indicating that Spy and SCA have overlapping functions. These results suggest that O-GlcNAc modification is an essential modification in plants that has a role in multiple signaling pathways.
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Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
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Ori, Naomi, and Mark Estelle. Specific mediators of auxin activity during tomato leaf and fruit development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597921.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The plant hormone auxin is involved in numerous developmental processes, including leaf and fruit development. The tomato (Solanumlycopersicum) gene ENTIRE (E) encodes an auxin-response inhibitor from the Aux/IAA family. While most loss-offunction mutations in Aux/IAA genes are similar to the wild type due to genetic redundancy, entire (e) mutants show specific effects on leaf and fruit development. e mutants have simple leaves, in contrast to the compound leaves of wild type tomatoes. In addition, e plants produce parthenocarpic fruits, in which fruit set occurs independently of fertilization. The aim of this research program was to utilize the e mutation to identify and characterize genes that mediate the specific effect of auxin in leaf and fruit development. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Characterize and map modifiers of the e leaf phenotype. 2. Characterize and map suppressors of the e fruit phenotype. 3. Dissect the developmental specificity of the E gene. 4. Examine the effect of fruit-overexpression of identified genes on fruit set and seed production. To identify mediators of auxin in leaf development, we mainly focused on one mutant, crawling elephant (crel, previously called t282), which showed substantial suppression of the e phenotype and other auxin-relatedphenotypes. We have identified the CREL gene as a homolog of the Arabidopsis VRN5 gene, involved in recruiting polycomb silencing complexes to specific targets. We showed that CREL affects auxin sensitivity in tomato. Suppressors of the e fruit phenotype have been further characterized and selected for more profound effects. Expression profiling by RNAseq was used to analyze the effect of e as well as crel on gene expression in leaves and fruits. This analysis has identified putative E and CREL targets. We have initiated studies to assess the role of some of these targets in flower and fruit development. The research has identified potential mediators of auxin response in leaf, flower and fruit development.