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Journal articles on the topic 'See otter'

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Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Foster, Erin, Jane Watson, Matthew A. Lemay, M. Tim Tinker, James A. Estes, Rebecca Piercey, Lauren Henson, et al. "Physical disturbance by recovering sea otter populations increases eelgrass genetic diversity." Science 374, no. 6565 (October 15, 2021): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf2343.

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The importance of disturbance Work in sea otters over the last few decades has transformed our understanding of the importance of specific species, or keystones, as drivers of community structure and stability. Foster et al . took the next step and tested whether otter foraging might influence genetic diversity in an eelgrass ecosystem (see the Perspective by Roman). The authors found that eelgrass genetic diversity was significantly higher where otters were present and that the impact was related to time: Longer otter presence was associated with higher genetic diversity. These results illustrate how the actions of a predator can affect the diversity of a producer in a tropic system. —SNV

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2

Recharte, Maribel, Ian G. Bride, and Mark Bowler. "A recovering flagship: giant otters, communities and tourism in northern Peru." Wildlife Research 41, no. 6 (2014): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14032.

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Context Ecotourism, driven by viewing large charismatic fauna, is often assumed to contribute to the conservation of animals and their habitats. Giant otter populations continue to increase and repopulate areas near communities, leading to problems with fishermen because of perceived competition and damage to nets. Aims We investigate attitudes towards giant otters in rural northern Peru, to see whether negative perceptions towards the species are mitigated by involvement in tourism. Methods We interviewed 103 people from communities on the following three Amazonian rivers where giant otter populations have recovered: one where logging and hunting are main activities, and where there is no tourism and only a low level of fishing; one with a medium level of tourism and a high level of fishing; and, one with a higher level of both tourism and fishing. We asked interviewees about their main commercial activities and experiences and opinions of giant otters. Key results Whereas two-thirds of interviewees declared predominantly positive opinions about giant otters, just under half mentioned competition with giant otters for fish, and a fifth reported giant otters damaging fishing equipment. However, there was no difference between opinions about otters of people who identified fishing as their main source of income and those who did not. Although people working directly for tourism companies were no more likely to say that they received benefits from giant otters than were other people, and there was no significant difference in their opinions about otters when people receiving indirect benefits from tourism were also included in the sample, this group was significantly more likely to have positive opinions about otters. Conclusions Both positive and negative opinions occurred in our study areas, and we detected only limited changes in the perceptions of people living with giant otters with respect to their involvement with tourism. Implications To mitigate negative perceptions of giant otters and the threat of persecution, benefits from tourism must reach those who are likely to perceive or experience costs from coexistence. We highlight the need for research into the value of otters to tourism, and to disseminate the results in rural areas where otter tourism may benefit local people.

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3

BERG, SERGEY S., and LAURA L. PALMER. "A COMPARISON OF MULTINOMIAL LIKELIHOOD AND CHI-SQUARE APPROACHES TO STATISTICAL POPULATION RECONSTRUCTION." Journal of Biological Systems 29, no. 02 (May 31, 2021): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339021400106.

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Statistical population reconstruction using age-at-harvest and catch-effort data has recently emerged as a robust and versatile approach to estimating the demographic dynamics of harvested populations of wildlife. Although most reconstruction efforts employ the multinomial likelihood approach to identify which set of model parameters best describes the observed age-at-harvest and catch-effort data, using a [Formula: see text] objective function may provide a suitable alternative with a less steep learning curve. Using a harvested population of North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) in Kentucky as a case study, we investigated the performance of population reconstruction using multinomial likelihood and chi-square formulations. We simulated populations under a range of conditions and found that both the accuracy and precision of reconstruction estimates were similar under the two approaches. These results illustrate the potential benefits of using the [Formula: see text] approach, which may also allow agencies to incorporate auxiliary information from studies for which the corresponding likelihood contributions have yet to be developed.

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4

Hu, Dong-Liang, Katsuhiko Omoe, Yu Shimoda, Akio Nakane, and Kunihiro Shinagawa. "Induction of Emetic Response to Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in the House Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus)." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 1 (January 2003): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.567-570.2003.

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ABSTRACT The emetic responses induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC2, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) were investigated. SEA, SEE, and SEI showed higher emetic activity in the house musk shrew than the other SEs. SEB, SEC2, SED, SEG, and SEH also induced emetic responses in this animal model but relatively high doses were required. The house musk shrew appears to be a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of emetic reactions caused by SEs.

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5

CHIANG, YU-CHENG, LI-TUNG CHANG, CHIA-WEI LIN, CHI-YEA YANG, and HAU-YANG TSEN. "PCR Primers for the Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins K, L, and M and Survey of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Food Poisoning Cases in Taiwan." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1072.

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are important causative agents in gastroenteritidis and food poisoning cases. They are serologically grouped into five major classical types, i.e., SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. In addition, new SEs, such as SEG through SEM, have recently been identified and characterized. In an attempt to survey the distribution of classical and new SEs in organisms responsible for staphylococcal infections in Taiwan, we developed PCR primers for the genes that define the SEK, SEL, and SEM types. Bacterial strains other than sek, sel, and sem Staphylococcus aureus, including strains of other Staphylococcus species, did not generate any false-positive results when examined with these primers. The expression potential for the sek, sel, and sem types were also determined by reverse transcription–PCR. Together with the PCR primers specific for the classical SEs and other new SEs, including SEG, SEH, SEI, and SEJ, we surveyed the SE genes in S. aureus strains isolated from food poisoning cases. For 147 S. aureus isolates originating from food poisoning cases, 109 (74.1%) were positive for one or more SE genes. Of them, the major classical enterotoxin type was sea (28.6%), followed by seb (20.4%), sec (8.2%), and sed (2.0%). For the new SE types, sei (30.6%) was detected the most often, followed by sek (18.4%), sem (12.9%), and sel (8.2%). Also, 64 (43.5%) of the total bacterial strains had more than one enterotoxin gene.

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6

Hait, Jennifer M., Angela T. Nguyen, and Sandra M. Tallent. "Analysis of the VIDAS® Staph Enterotoxin III (SET3) for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins G, H, and I in Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 1482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0501.

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Abstract Background: Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) frequently causes illnesses worldwide. SFP occurs from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) preformed in foods by enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus species, primarily S. aureus. SEG, SEH, and SEI induce emesis and have been implicated in outbreaks. Immunological-based methods are deemed the most practical methods for the routine analysis of SEs in foods given their ease of use, sensitivity, specificity, and commercial availability. These kits are routinely used to test for SEA-SEE. However, only recently has a kit been developed to detect SEG, SEH, and SEI. Objective: Our research examined the performance of the novel VIDAS® Staph Enterotoxin III (SET3) for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins SEG, SEH, and SEI in foods. Methods: Here we assess the sensitivity and specificity of SET3 using duplicate test portions of six foods at varying concentrations of inclusivity and exclusivity inocula: pure SEG, SEH, SEI, S. aureus strain extracts positive for seg, seh, and sei, as well as SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. Results: The overall detection limit was less than 2.09 ng/mL for foods inoculated with SEG, SEH, and SEI, with no cross reactivity observed. Highlights: Integrating concurrent testing to detect the presence of SEA–SEE and SEG–SEI utilizing the SET3 along with the VIDAS SET2, Ridascreen® SET total, or other comparable kits will be instrumental for the future food assessments in our laboratory and may become the new standard for SE analysis of foods.

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7

Akineden, Ö, C. Annemüller, A. A. Hassan, C. Lämmler, W. Wolter, and M. Zschöck. "Toxin Genes and Other Characteristics ofStaphylococcus aureus Isolates from Milk of Cows with Mastitis." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.5.959-964.2001.

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ABSTRACT In the present study, 103 Staphylococcus aureusstrains isolated from milk samples from 60 cows with mastitis from eight different farms in seven different locations in one region of Germany were compared pheno- and genotypically and by identification of various toxins. On the basis of culture and hemolytic properties and by determination of the tube coagulase reaction, all of the isolates could be identified as S. aureus. This could be confirmed by PCR amplification of species-specific parts of the gene encoding the 23S rRNA. In addition, all of the S. aureus isolates harbored the genes encoding staphylococcal coagulase and clumping factor and the genes encoding the X region and the immunoglobulin G binding region of protein A. These four genes displayed size polymorphisms. By PCR amplification, the genes for the toxins staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEC, SED, SEG, SEI, SEJ, and TSST-1 but not those for SEB, SEE, SEH, and the exfoliative toxins ETA and ETB could be detected. To analyze the epidemiological relationships, the isolates were subjected to DNA fingerprinting by macrorestriction analysis of their chromosomal DNAs. According to the observed gene polymorphisms, the toxin patterns, and the information given by macrorestriction analysis of the isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, a limited number of clones seemed to be responsible for the cases of bovine mastitis on the various farms.

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Murawski, S. A., and J. T. Finn. "Optimal Effort Allocation Among Competing Mixed-Species Fisheries, Subject to Fishing Mortality Constraints." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-010.

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A linear programming (LP) approach to effort allocation among two or more fisheries (fleets) exploiting several common species/stocks is described and applied to otter trawl fisheries exploiting demersal fish stocks on Georges Bank (northeastern United States). Total instantaneous fishing mortality on a particular species (i) is computed as the linear summation of fishing mortalities generated by each fishery (j):[Formula: see text]where fj is the amount of standardized fishing effort exerted in fishery j and qij is the catchability coefficient for species i taken in fishery j. Mortality on species i due to both directed fishing and by-catch can thus be accounted for in the qij's. Optimal allocation of effort among the j fisheries may be considered a minimization problem (minimize Σfj), subject to the constraints that fishing mortality rates on particular species are maintained at, above, or below certain predefined levels. Fishing mortality goals for individual species can be based on various biological and/or economic criteria: fishing mortality rates that prevent growth or recruitment overfishing, or that optimize productivity from predator–prey systems. Other constraints in the LP model may be included to modify optimal solutions based on various economic and social considerations (e.g. protection of certain fisheries). Sensitivity analyses indicate the general infeasibility of maintaining relatively high or low fishing mortality rates on ubiquitously distributed species, while moderately fishing species with more discrete distributions, due to by-catch considerations.

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Suha M. Abed, Waad M. Raoof, Akeel H. A. Assie, Zeina S. M. Al-Hadeithi, and Farooq Ibrahim. "Detection of Some Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Genes in MRSA Strains Using PCR Techniques." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 21, no. 3 (February 5, 2023): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v21i3.992.

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In view of the increasing interest in the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The extracted DNA yield was observed using the phenol-chloroform method, it ranged from (1.6-1.8) and concentration ranged from 100 to 800 ng/µl. Five classical enterotoxin genes were investigated in 20 isolates using multiplex PCR method after it had been molecularly identified into methicillin resistant using mec A (which is the key genetic component of methicillin resistance) and fem A genes in a duplex PCR technique. A multiplex PCR test based on the simultaneous amplification of the five genes genes; sea 102bp, seb 164bp, sec 451bp, sed 278 bp and see 209bp was conducted to directly detect the toxin gene content. Our results had showed that most of MRSA samples harbored at least one enterotoxin gene. Multiple toxin gene combinations were also observed. Using this PCR assay we found that among the MRSA strains obtained (n=20). The most commonly found gene was the enterotoxin A sea (n: 18, 90%), which was found alone and together with other toxin genes.

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Dinges, Martin M., Paul M. Orwin, and Patrick M. Schlievert. "Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.1.16.

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SUMMARY This article reviews the literature regarding the structure and function of two types of exotoxins expressed by Staphylococcus aureus, pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) and hemolysins. The molecular basis of PTSAg toxicity is presented in the context of two diseases known to be caused by these exotoxins: toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. The family of staphylococcal PTSAgs presently includes toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and most of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, and SEH). As the name implies, the PTSAgs are multifunctional proteins that invariably exhibit lethal activity, pyrogenicity, superantigenicity, and the capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin. Other properties exhibited by one or more staphylococcal PTSAgs include emetic activity (SEs) and penetration across mucosal barriers (TSST-1). A detailed review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of the staphylococcal hemolysins is also presented.

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11

Coghetto, Roland. "Pappus’s Hexagon Theorem in Real Projective Plane." Formalized Mathematics 29, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forma-2021-0007.

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Summary. In this article we prove, using Mizar [2], [1], the Pappus’s hexagon theorem in the real projective plane: “Given one set of collinear points A, B, C, and another set of collinear points a, b, c, then the intersection points X, Y, Z of line pairs Ab and aB, Ac and aC, Bc and bC are collinear” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus’s_hexagon_theorem . More precisely, we prove that the structure ProjectiveSpace TOP-REAL3 [10] (where TOP-REAL3 is a metric space defined in [5]) satisfies the Pappus’s axiom defined in [11] by Wojciech Leończuk and Krzysztof Prażmowski. Eugeniusz Kusak and Wojciech Leończuk formalized the Hessenberg theorem early in the MML [9]. With this result, the real projective plane is Desarguesian. For proving the Pappus’s theorem, two different proofs are given. First, we use the techniques developed in the section “Projective Proofs of Pappus’s Theorem” in the chapter “Pappos’s Theorem: Nine proofs and three variations” [12]. Secondly, Pascal’s theorem [4] is used. In both cases, to prove some lemmas, we use Prover9 https://www.cs.unm.edu/~mccune/prover9/ , the successor of the Otter prover and ott2miz by Josef Urban See its homepage https://github.com/JUrban/ott2miz [13], [8], [7]. In Coq, the Pappus’s theorem is proved as the application of Grassmann-Cayley algebra [6] and more recently in Tarski’s geometry [3].

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12

Lapeyre, Christiane, Tiphaine Maire, Sabine Messio, and Sylviane Dragacci. "Enzyme Immunoassay of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Dairy Products with Cleanup and Concentration by Immunoaffinity Column." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 1587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.5.1587.

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Abstract Two different immunoaffinity columns (IACs) were prepared for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SETs) from dairy products. First, a specific IAC for staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), IAC-1, was prepared by coupling monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against SEA; second, a polyspecific IAC for SEA, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SECs), and staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED), IAC-2, was prepared by coupling a mixture of mAbs against SEA, SECs, and SED, and rabbit IgG against SEB. These columns were applied for detection of SETs in dairy products, after extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography, and enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA). Overall recoveries from dairy products spiked with 1 ng SEA/25 g averaged 81.2% (range, 76–85%) on IAC-1. The repeated use of IAC-1 was then determined with good efficiency of 91.5%, in more than 10 runs. On the other hand, a recovery yield of 77%of SETs (SEA, SEB, SEC, and SED) from dairy products spiked with 2.5 ng of each enterotoxin per 25 g, was obtained with IAC-2. IAC-2 was also successfully subjected to the chromatography of naturally contaminated foods implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks. This new extraction–concentration–immunoaffinity–chromatography method (ECIC) is very useful for improving staphylococcal enterotoxin detection and eliminating matrix effect in EIA of dairy products.

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OH, SU KYUNG, NARI LEE, YOUNG SUN CHO, DONG-BIN SHIN, SOON YOUNG CHOI, and MINSEON KOO. "Occurrence of Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Ready-to-Eat Food in Korea." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.5.1153.

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Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus contamination in ready-to-eat (RTE) food is a leading cause of foodborne illness in Korea. To monitor food contamination by S. aureus, a total of 3,332 RTE food samples were selected from nationwide wholesale marts between 2003 and 2004 and examined. A total of 285 (8.6%) of the overall samples were contaminated by S. aureus. According to the analysis, 31.6% of the tested cream-cakes, 19.8% of the raw fish, and 19.3% of the rice cakes with filling were contaminated with S. aureus. Forty-seven percent of the strains isolated from the contaminated food were enterotoxigenic S. aureus. The phenotypic result of the strain isolated from food showed that 48% of the strains produced one or more toxins, such as staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C (SEA, SEB, and SEC). At least one SEA was produced by over 90% of the toxigenic strains. Other toxins, such as SEB, SEC, SED, SEA+SEC, and SEC+SED, were each detected. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), a causative agent of toxic shock syndrome, was detected in 13 strains of the toxigenic isolates from the food. As the result of genotyping, 22 strains with a toxin gene that was not detected in the phenotypic analysis were also detected. Sixty-nine percent of the toxigenic strains had at least one sea gene, and the most prevalent genotype was sea+seh (34.4%), followed by sea (18.8%) and sea+seg+sei (15.6%). The tst gene encoding TSST-1 was found in 13 strains (13.5%). The genes (eta and etb) encoding exfoliative toxins A and B were not detected in any of the samples.

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ARCURI, EDNA FROEDER, FABIOLA FONSECA ÂNGELO, MARTA FONSECA MARTINS GUIMARÃES, RÉGINE TALON, MARIA de FATIMA BORGES, SABINE LEROY, GÉRARD LOISEAU, CARLA CHRISTINE LANGE, NÉLIO JOSÉ de ANDRADE, and DIDIER MONTET. "Toxigenic Status of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Raw Milk and Minas Frescal Cheese in Brazil." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2225.

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A group of 291 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from mastitic cow's milk (n = 125), bulk tank milk (n = 96), and Minas frescal cheese (n = 70) were screened for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, selj, and sell) and for the tst-1 gene encoding staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by PCR assay. A total of 109 (37.5%) of the isolates were positive for at least one of these 11 genes, and 23 distinct genotypes of toxin genes were observed. Of the S. aureus isolates bearing SE genes, 17 (13.6%) were from mastitic cow's milk, 41 (41.7%) were from bulk tank milk, and 51 (72.9%) were from Minas frescal cheese. The occurrence of exclusively more recently described SE genes (seg through sell) was considerably higher (87 of 109 PCR-positive strains) than that of classical SE genes (sea through see, 15 strains). The SE genes most commonly detected were seg and sei; they were found alone or in different combinations with other toxin genes, but in 60.8% of the cases they were codetected. No strain possessed see. The tst-1 gene was found in eight isolates but none from mastitic cow's milk. Macrorestriction analysis of chromosomal DNA from 89 S. aureus isolates positive for SE gene(s) was conducted with the enzyme SmaI. Fifty-five distinct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were found, demonstrating a lack of predominance of any specific clone. A second enzyme, ApaI, used for some isolates was less discriminating than SmaI. The high genotype diversity of potential toxigenic S. aureus strains found in this study, especially from Minas frescal cheese, suggests various sources of contamination. Efforts from the entire production chain are required to improve consumer safety.

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Balkhi, Mirwais. "A Reciprocal Relation: How Taliban and the World See Each Other." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 20, no. 3-4 (2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.20.3-4.06.

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Балхи, Мирваис. "Отношения на основе взаимности: Как Талибан и мир видят друг друга." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 20, no. 3 (2021): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.rus.20.3-4.06.

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Becker, Karsten, Birgit Keller, Christof von Eiff, Michaela Brück, Gabriele Lubritz, Jerome Etienne, and Georg Peters. "Enterotoxigenic Potential ofStaphylococcus intermedius." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 5551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.12.5551-5557.2001.

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ABSTRACT Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) caused by enterotoxigenic staphylococci is one of the main food-borne diseases. In contrast to Staphylococcus aureus, a systematic screening for the enterotoxins has not yet been performed on the genomic level for the coagulase-positive species S.intermedius. Therefore, the enterotoxigenic potential of 281 different veterinary (canine, n = 247; equine,n = 23; feline, n = 9; other,n = 2) and 11 human isolates of S.intermedius was tested by using a multiplex PCR DNA-enzyme immunoassay system targeting the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec,sed, and see. Molecular results were compared by in vitro testing of enterotoxin production by two immunoassays. A total of 33 (11.3%) S.intermedius isolates, including 31 (12.6%) canine isolates, 1 equine isolate, and 1 human isolate, tested positive for the sec gene. In vitro production of the respective enterotoxins was detected in 30 (90.9%) of these isolates by using immunological tests. In contrast, none of 65 veterinary specimen-derived isolates additionally tested and comprising 13 (sub)species of coagulase-negative staphylococci were found to be enterotoxigenic. This study shows on both molecular and immunological levels that a substantial number of S.intermedius isolates harbor the potential for enterotoxin production. Since evidence for noninvasive zoonotic transmission of S. intermedius from animal hosts to humans has been documented, an enterotoxigenic role of this microorganism in SFP via contamination of food products may be assumed.

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Munson, Sibyl H., Mary T. Tremaine, Marsha J. Betley, and Rodney A. Welch. "Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types G and I fromStaphylococcus aureus." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 3337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.7.3337-3348.1998.

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ABSTRACT Staphylococcal enterotoxins are exotoxins produced byStaphylococcus aureus that possess emetic and superantigenic properties. Prior to this research there were six characterized enterotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxin types A to E and H (referred to as SEA to SEE and SEH). Two new staphylococcal enterotoxin genes have been identified and designated segand sei (staphylococcal enterotoxin types G and I, respectively). seg and sei consist of 777 and 729 nucleotides, respectively, encoding precursor proteins of 258 (SEG) and 242 (SEI) deduced amino acids. SEG and SEI have typical bacterial signal sequences that are cleaved to form toxins with 233 (SEG) and 218 (SEI, predicted) amino acids, corresponding to mature proteins of 27,043 Da (SEG) and 24,928 Da (SEI). Biological activities for SEG and SEI were determined with recombinant S. aureus strains. SEG and SEI elicited emetic responses in rhesus monkeys upon nasogastric administration and stimulated murine T-cell proliferation with the concomitant production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), as measured by cytokine enzyme-linked immunoassays. SEG and SEI are related to other enterotoxins of S. aureus and to streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA) and streptococcal superantigen (SSA) of Streptococcus pyogenes. Phylogenetic analysis and comparisons of amino acid and nucleotide sequence identities were performed on related staphylococcal and streptococcal protein toxins to group SEG and SEI among the characterized toxins. SEG is most similar to SpeA, SEB, SEC, and SSA (38 to 42% amino acid identity), while SEI is most similar to SEA, SEE, and SED (26 to 28% amino acid identity). Polyclonal antiserum was generated against purified histidine-tagged SEG and SEI (HisSEG and HisSEI). Immunoblot analysis of the enterotoxins, toxic-shock syndrome toxin 1, and SpeA with antiserum prepared against HisSEG and HisSEI revealed that SEG shares some epitopes with SEC1 while SEI does not.

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Blicharz, Leszek, Maciej Żochowski, Ksenia Szymanek-Majchrzak, Joanna Czuwara, Mohamad Goldust, Krzysztof Skowroński, Grażyna Młynarczyk, Małgorzata Olszewska, Zbigniew Samochocki, and Lidia Rudnicka. "Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and selX Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity—A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of Staphylococcus aureus Superantigens." Cells 11, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 3921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11233921.

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Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) have been reported to aggravate atopic dermatitis. However, comprehensive analyses of these molecules in multiple microniches are lacking. The present study involved 50 adult patients with active atopic dermatitis. S. aureus was isolated from the lesional skin, nonlesional skin, and anterior nares. Multiplex-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding (1) selX (core genome); (2) seg, selI, selM, selN, selO, selU (enterotoxin gene cluster, EGC); and (3) sea, seb, sec, sed, see, tstH (classic SAgs encoded on other mobile genetic elements). The results were correlated to clinical parameters of the study group. selx and EGC were the most prevalent in all microniches. The number of SAg-encoding genes correlated between the anterior nares and nonlesional skin, and between the nonlesional and lesional skin. On lesional skin, the total number of SAg genes correlated with disease severity (total and objective SCORAD, intensity, erythema, edema/papulation, lichenification and dryness). Linear regression revealed that AD severity was predicted only by selx and EGC. This study revealed that selX and EGC are associated with atopic dermatitis severity. Anterior nares and nonlesional skin could be reservoirs of SAg-positive S. aureus. Restoring the physiological microbiome could reduce the SAg burden and alleviate syndromes of atopic dermatitis.

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Biesaga, Tadeusz. "Etyka hipokratejska wobec innych nurtów etyki medycznej." Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe 2019(40), no. 2 (September 2019): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21852/sem.2019.2.03.

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21

Madden, Clodagh, Michael Fewer, Penelope Durell, Cornelius Kelly, and Glenn Hooper. "As Other See Us." Books Ireland, no. 249 (2002): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20624003.

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22

Shinagawa, Kunihiro, Emiko Nishimura, Makoto Mitsumori, Naonori Matsusaka, and Shunji Sugii. "Production and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies against staphylococcal enterotoxins A and E." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-098.

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Six murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and enterotoxin E (SEE) were prepared by fusion of myeloma cells with mouse spleen cells immunized with SEA and SEE. Of five MAbs to SEA tested, two MAbs were reactive with only SEA, whereas three were specific for both SEA and SEE. On the other hand, one MAb to SEE was found to be specific for only SEE. To study specificities of the combining sites of these MAbs, competitive binding assays with either SEA or SEE and horseradish peroxidase conjugated MAbs were performed using unconjugated MAbs as inhibitors. The results obtained in the assays suggest that different epitopes may be located on SEA and that some of them may be cross-reacting epitopes between SEA and SEE. Key words: enterotoxins, monoclonal antibodies, Staphylococcus aureus.

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23

Tanaka, Fernanda Yuri Rodrigues, Fernanda Montanholi de Lira, Samanta Stinghen de Abreu, Stael Málaga Carrilho, Edson Antonio Rios, Ronaldo Tamanini, Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles, Natalia Gonzaga, Rafael Fagnani, and Ulisses de Pádua Pereira. "Characterization of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp., antimicrobial resistance profile, and presence of enterotoxin-producing genes in goat milk in Paraná State." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 5 (November 17, 2022): 2309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n5p2309.

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Goat milk presents interesting characteristics to consumers, but the production of this food faces several challenges that influence its quality. Process failures from milking to processing and commercialization can expose milk to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms, including the coagulase-positive Staphylococcus group. Although Staphylococcus aureus is the most relevant species in mastitis and food poisoning, other species in this group are also important, especially those related to food poisoning. This study aimed to identify the coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species in goat milk using biochemical tests, determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance using the disc diffusion test, and investigate enterotoxin-producing genes, sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, and sei by multiplex PCR. A total of 384 coagulase-positive Staphylococcus strains obtained from raw goat milk collected from nine farms in Paraná during four seasons of the year were studied. Biochemical tests showed that 85.69% of the 384 strains were S. aureus, followed by 9.38% of S. intermedius, 4.17% of S. hyicus and 0.78% of S. delphini. For the antimicrobial resistance test, up to three strains of each species identified as coagulase-positive Staphylococci were chosen from each farm, with a total of 74 strains. Of these, 27% (20/74) showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, and among all penicillin-resistant strains, 45% (9/20) also presented resistance to tetracycline. In the search for staphylococcal enterotoxin-producing genes, 49 S. aureus strains were studied; among them, 40.81% (20/49) presented enterotoxin-producing genes. The highest prevalence was detected for the sec gene, which was present in 22.44% (11/49) of the strains, followed by the seh gene in 18.36% (9/49), and the see gene was detected in 4.08% (2/49). It was concluded that S. aureus was the predominant species in raw goat milk, with a high prevalence of penicillin- and tetracycline-resistant Staphylococci and a significant number of strains with staphylococcal enterotoxin-producing genes. The strains studied carried enterotoxin-producing genes involved in food poisoning in humans, indicating that goat milk is a possible source of contamination and, therefore, a potential danger to public health.

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24

Pursglove, Michael. "'The Gypsies' and Other Narrative Poems by Alexander Pushkin , Antony Wood (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 85, no. 4 (October 2007): 782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2007.0001.

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25

Ralls, Katherine, Brian B. Hatfield, and Donald B. Siniff. "Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-060.

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Foraging behavior was studied in 38 sea otters (Enhydra lutris) implanted with radio transmitters. The observed foraging behavior of instrumented individuals was similar to that of uninstrumented otters observed in previous studies: dive duration varied with prey type but not with prey size, dive success was highest for small prey, and the length of surface intervals increased with prey size. However, telemetry revealed that some otters foraged farther offshore and made longer dives than was indicated by visual observations. Individuals within age–sex classes varied in several aspects of foraging behavior, including the duration of dives and length of surface intervals. There were no overall differences between the dive durations or surface intervals during the day and during the night, though some individuals had longer dives or surface intervals during either the day or the night. There were differences in the foraging behavior of the various age–sex classes, the most striking being those between juvenile males and females. Juvenile males foraged much farther offshore [Formula: see text] in deeper water [Formula: see text] than other otters and made long dives during both the day [Formula: see text] and the night [Formula: see text]. Juvenile females fed for longer periods than other otters.

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26

Trummel, Paul. "To see or not to see … the other rhetoric." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication PC-30, no. 1 (1987): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpc.1987.6449113.

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27

Henderson, Christine. "How other people see us." British Journal of Midwifery 7, no. 1 (January 1999): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.1999.7.1.8391.

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28

Lamphear, James G., Kristin Reda Stevens, and Robert R. Rich. "Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-3 Provide Costimulation for Superantigen-Induced T Lymphocyte Proliferation in the Absence of a Specific Presenting Molecule." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.2.615.

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Abstract Bacterial superantigens can bind TCR in the absence of MHC class II molecules and activate T lymphocytes when cocultured with certain class II-deficient accessory cells. It has not been determined, however, whether these accessory cells provide direct costimulation to the T cell or serve to present superantigens via a nonconventional ligand. We have identified a human adenocarcinoma cell line, SW480, that assists in the activation of human T cells by the staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB), C1 (SEC1), and D (SED), but not SEA, SEC2, SEC3, or SEE. SW480 cells did not express class II molecules, and anti-class II mAbs did not inhibit T cell proliferation, supporting the hypothesis that class II is not absolutely required for enterotoxin-mediated T cell activation. The TCR Vβ profile of T cells stimulated by SEB plus SW480 cells was similar to that of T cells stimulated by SEB plus class II+ APC, indicating that TCR-SEB interactions were preserved in the absence of class II molecules. Binding studies failed to detect specific association of SEB with SW480 cells, suggesting that SW480 cells do not express receptors for enterotoxin. SEB coupled to beads, however, stimulated T cell proliferation, but only in the presence of SW480 cells. SW480 cells express both ICAM-1 and LFA-3 molecules, and the addition of Abs to these receptors inhibited T cell proliferation. These findings support a model in which certain enterotoxins engage the TCR independent of MHC class II or other specific presenting molecules and induce T cell proliferation with signals provided by nonconventional accessory cells.

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29

Skomp, Elizabeth. "The Galosh and Other Stories by Mikhail s> Zoshchenko Jeremy Hicks (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 80, no. 2 (April 2002): 332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2002.0170.

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30

Hudson, K. R., H. Robinson, and J. D. Fraser. "Two adjacent residues in staphylococcal enterotoxins A and E determine T cell receptor V beta specificity." Journal of Experimental Medicine 177, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.177.1.175.

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The T cell receptor (TCR) V beta-determining region of two bacterial superantigens, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and SEE, has been mapped to the COOH-terminal region of SEA and SEE using a panel of recombinant SEA/SEE hybrids. Total TCR V beta mRNA enrichment in human peripheral blood T cell cultures was determined by a novel single-tube amplification technique using a redundant V beta-specific primer. SEA routinely enriched mRNA coding for hV beta 1.1, 5.3, 6.3, 6.4, 6.9, 7.3, 7.4, and 9.1, while SEE, which is 83% homologous to SEA, enriched hV beta 5.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.9, and 8.1 mRNA. Exchanging residues 206 and 207 was sufficient to convert in toto the TCR V beta response of human peripheral T lymphocytes. In addition, an SEA-reactive murine T cell line, SO3 (mV beta 17), unresponsive to wild-type SEE responded to SEE-S206N207, while an SEE-specific human T cell line, Jurkat (hV beta 8.1), unresponsive to SEA was stimulated strongly by SEA-P206D207. Exchanging all other regions of SEA and SEE except residues 206 and 207 did little to change the V beta response. Thus, the V beta binding region appears to be a stable, discrete domain localized within the COOH-terminal region that is largely unaffected by the considerable amino acid variability between SEA and SEE. This region may interact directly with TCR V beta.

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31

Skomp, Elizabeth. "Shamara and Other Stories by Svetlana s> Vasilenko Andrew Bromfield Helena Goscilo (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 79, no. 3 (July 2001): 512–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2001.0084.

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32

Purs, Aldis. "Dzenovska , Dace School of Europeanness: Tolerance and Other Lessons in Political Liberalism in Latvia (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 97, no. 2 (April 2019): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2019.0074.

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33

Smith, Kathleen E. "Lenin's Brain and Other Tales from the Secret Soviet Archives by Paul R. Gregory (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 88, no. 4 (October 2010): 776–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2010.0012.

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34

BOWEN, LIZABETH, A. KEITH MILES, MICHAEL MURRAY, MARTIN HAULENA, JUDY TUTTLE, WILLIAM VAN BONN, LANCE ADAMS, et al. "Gene transcription in sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ); development of a diagnostic tool for sea otter and ecosystem health." Molecular Ecology Resources 12, no. 1 (August 17, 2011): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03060.x.

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35

ÁLVAREZ-SUÁREZ, MARÍA-ELENA, ANDRÉS OTERO, MARÍA-LUISA GARCÍA-LÓPEZ, and JESÚS A. SANTOS. "Microbiological Examination of Bulk Tank Goat's Milk in the Castilla y León Region in Northern Spain." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 2227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-133.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the microbiological status (mesophilic aerobic microorganism counts) of 68 samples of bulk tank goat's milk and determine the risk associated with the foodborne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, enteropathogenic and Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli, and Cronobacter sakazakii. Most samples (83.8%) complied with the limits of mesophilic aerobe counts set in the European Union for milk of species other than cows. A total of 144 isolates of coagulase-positive staphylococci were characterized, and 11 (7.6%) of them carried staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes of the classical types (encoding SEA to SEE), distributed as follows: 4 carried the SEA gene, 1 the SEB gene, and 6 the SED gene. C. sakazakii was not detected in any sample. Regarding detection of E. coli virulence-related genes in enriched milk samples, 12 milk samples were positive only for the presence of stx genes, 4 were positive for both stx and eae genes, and 20 were negative for stx amplification and positive for eae amplification. Seven enteropathogenic E. coli and 9 Shiga toxin–producing E. coli isolates (one of them of serogroup O157) were recovered. In conclusion, goat's milk produced on farms in Castilla y León is generally in accordance with European Union standards, but the presence of pathogenic E. coli isolates indicates that the consumption of raw goat's milk may pose a risk to public health.

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36

Gould, Paul. "Queer in Russia: A Story of Sex, Self and the Other by Laurie s> Essig (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 79, no. 2 (April 2001): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2001.0177.

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37

Kostova, Ludmilla. "The Balkans and the West: Constructing the European Other, 1945-2003 by Andrew s> Hammond (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 83, no. 4 (October 2005): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2005.0086.

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38

John Corso Esquivel. "To See the Earth as Other." Criticism 58, no. 4 (2016): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/criticism.58.4.0699.

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39

Gertz, Morie A. "You should see the other guy." Blood 116, no. 13 (September 30, 2010): 2199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-06-289926.

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40

Makarychev, Andrey. "White, Stephen and Feklyunina, Valentina Identities and Foreign Policies in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus: The Other Europes (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 95, no. 2 (April 2017): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2017.0109.

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41

Sun, G. "Molecular diversity of Elymus trachycaulus complex species and their relationships to other Elymus species." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, Special Issue (July 31, 2012): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6154-cjgpb.

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42

Pexara, Andreana, Nikolaos Solomakos, Daniil Sergelidis, and Alexandros Govaris. "Fate of enterotoxigenicStaphylococcus aureusand staphylococcal enterotoxins in Feta and Galotyri cheeses." Journal of Dairy Research 79, no. 4 (July 31, 2012): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029912000325.

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In this study the fate of enterotoxigenicStaphylococcus aureusand staphylococcal enterotoxins in Feta and Galotyri cheeses were studied. Initially, the enterotoxigenic abilities of fourStaph. aureusLHA, LHB, LHC and LHD strains isolated from raw ovine milk were examined in both BHI broth and ovine milk. In BHI broth, theStaph. aureusLHA, LHB, LHC and LHD strains were found toxigenic at 37 °C producing the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) serotypes SEA, SEB, SEC and SED, respectively, whereas in ovine milk at 37 °C,Staph. aureusLHD was found to produce only SED, while no SE production was observed for the other examined strains. Thus, the fate of onlyStaph. aureusLHD and SED were examined in Feta and Galotyri cheeses. The cheeses were made from raw ovine toxic milk with preformed SED or raw ovine milk contaminated with high (ca 6 log cfu/ml) and low inocula (ca 3 log cfu/ml) ofStaph. aureusLHD. Results showed that the pathogen was eliminated at slower rate in Galotyri cheese than in Feta cheese, for the high (5 d vs. 16 d) or the low (1 d vs. 12 d) inoculum trials. In both cheeses produced from the toxic milk, SED was detected during manufacturing and storage. SED was also detected in the curd (2 h), whenStaph. aureusLHD populations had reached ca 7 log cfu/g, and up to the end of storage for the high inoculum trials of both cheeses. No SED was observed for the low inoculum trials of either cheese.

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43

Kvitek, Rikk G., Pat Iampietro, and C. Edward Bowlby. "SEA OTTERS AND BENTHIC PREY COMMUNITIES: A DIRECT TEST OF THE SEA OTTER AS KEYSTONE PREDATOR IN WASHINGTON STATE." Marine Mammal Science 14, no. 4 (October 1998): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00776.x.

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44

Cockrell, Roger. "Dostoevsky on the Threshold of Other Worlds: Essays in Honour of Malcolm V. Jones by S. Young , L. Milne (review)." Slavonic and East European Review 86, no. 1 (January 2008): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/see.2008.0048.

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45

Di Marco, A., F. Cappella, and R. Cerulli. "Other rare processes with DAMA/LIBRA." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 31 (November 2, 2016): 1642007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16420070.

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DAMA/NaI and DAMA/LIBRA data have allowed the study of several rare processes. In this paper, the results obtained for internal pair production in [Formula: see text]Am [Formula: see text] decay, charge not conserving electron capture in [Formula: see text]I and possible processes violating the Pauli Exclusion Principle are briefly discussed.

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46

Scott, Carole. "Some Other Country's History." Papers: Explorations into Children's Literature 9, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/pecl1999vol9no2art1359.

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47

Xia, Jingjing, Abdullah M. Asiri, Khalid A. Alamry, Ping Wu, and Zhihao Huang. "Pyrolysis of (thio)carbonates via computation analysis." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 17, no. 06 (September 2018): 1850041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633618500414.

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The regioselective production of alkenes from (thio)carbonates was calculated by MP2/6-31G(d) method via pyrolysis processes. Four (thio)carbonates were calculated in this paper. They are S-sec-butyl O-methyl thiocarbonate (I), O-sec-butyl S-methyl thiocarbonate (II), sec-butyl methyl thioncarbonate (III), and sec-butyl methyl dithiocarbonate (IV). Thirteen potential thermolysis routes were revealed for the pyrolysis of each substance, including nine routes to produce regioselective alkenes and four rearrangement/decompose alternatives. Among nine alkene generation routes, six-membered ring transition states via a two-step mechanism required the lowest energy, while the other routes exhibited higher energy barriers. The calculation results demonstrated an alkene distribution hierarchy of 1-butene [Formula: see text] E-butene [Formula: see text] Z-butene for substances I and II, and an order of E-butene [Formula: see text] 1-butene [Formula: see text] Z-butene for substances III and IV.

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48

Eberhardt, L. L., and K. B. Schneider. "ESTIMATING SEA OTTER REPRODUCTIVE RATES." Marine Mammal Science 10, no. 1 (January 1994): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1994.tb00387.x.

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49

Lubchenco, Jane. "Ecology: The sea-otter whisperer." Nature 533, no. 7603 (May 2016): 318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/533318a.

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50

Williams, Thomas D., and Julie Hymer. "Raising orphaned sea otter pups." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 201, no. 5 (September 1, 1992): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1992.201.05.688.

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