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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Smelror, Morten. "https://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull39-03-04-83-89.pdf." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 39 (December 20, 1991): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1991-39-02.

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Palynomorph assemblages recovered from the Cyrtograptus centrifugus graptolite zone on Bornholm contain moderately diverse acritarchs and prasinophycean algae, and minor chitinozoans and miospores. The generally poor preservation is due mainly to a high thermal alteration of the sediments. The indentified Early Wenlock (Sheinwoodian) palynomorph assemblages are closely related to those de-scribed from contemporaneous deposits elsewhere in northwest Europe and U.S.S.R., and they are characterized by common representatives of the genera Leiosphaeridia, Diexallophasis, Oppilatala, Salo­pidium and Michystridium. The palynomorph assemblages herein described are similar to the marine floras from the open marine deep water deposits of the Wenlock carbonate shelf of the Welsh Borderland and Midlands of England as described by Dorning and Bell (1987) (the Saliopidium granuliferum Assemblage). The presence of Doinasia elongata and Domasia trispinosa, together with ?Deunffia sp. confirm that the Early Wenlock deposits on Bornholm are coeval with the Deunffia - Domasia facies proper as defined by Cramer (1970, 1971, 1971a).
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2

SOPER, N. J., and N. H. WOODCOCK. "The lost Lower Old Red Sandstone of England and Wales: a record of post-Iapetan flexure or Early Devonian transtension?" Geological Magazine 140, no. 6 (November 2003): 627–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756803008380.

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Illite crystallinity data from the Silurian slate belts of England and Wales indicate anchizone to low epizone metamorphism during the Acadian deformation in late Early Devonian time. This metamorphic grade implies a substantial overburden, now eroded, of Lower Devonian non-marine sediments of the Old Red Sandstone (ORS) magnafacies. A minimum 3.5 km pre-tectonic thickness of ‘lost’ ORS is estimated in the southern Lake District and comparable thicknesses in North Wales and East Anglia. Tectonically driven subsidence of the underlying Avalonian crust is required to accommodate such thicknesses of non-marine sediment. One proposed mechanism is flexure of the Avalonian footwall during convergence that continued from Iapetus closure in the Silurian until Acadian cleavage formation in the Emsian. The evidence for this model in the critical area of northwest England is reviewed and found to be unconvincing. An alternative model is developed following a recent suggestion that the Early Devonian was a period not of continued convergence but of orogen-wide sinistral transtension. Transtensional accommodation of the lost ORS is evidenced by Early Devonian extensional faults, by synchronous lamprophyric magmatism, and by compatibility with previously diagnosed sediment provenance patterns. A summary of Siluro-Devonian tectonostratigraphy for Britain south of the Highland Border emphasizes that, unlike the Scottish Highlands, this area was not affected by the Scandian Orogeny, but was by the Acadian. An important period of sinistral transtension in the Early Devonian (c.420–400 Ma) was common to both regions. This was a time of high heat flow, lamprophyric and more evolved magmatism, and major southward sediment transport, involving mainly recycled metamorphic detritus from the Highlands and from contemporaneous volcanicity. Old Red Sandstone, deposited in coalescing transtensional basins over much of Britain from the Midland Valley to the Welsh Borders, was largely removed and recycled southward during Acadian inversion.
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3

JONES, NEIL S., DOUGLAS W. HOLLIDAY, and JOHN A. McKERVEY. "Warwickshire Group (Pennsylvanian) red-beds of the Canonbie Coalfield, England–Scotland border, and their regional palaeogeographical implications." Geological Magazine 148, no. 1 (June 9, 2010): 50–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681000035x.

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AbstractLate Carboniferous red-beds, < 700 m thick, at outcrop and in the subsurface of the Canonbie Coalfield can be assigned to the Warwickshire Group. They are preserved within the axial part of the Solway Syncline and are divisible into the Eskbank Wood, Canonbie Bridge Sandstone and Becklees Sandstone formations. Sedimentation largely took place on a well-drained alluvial plain, characterized mainly by early, primary oxidation of the strata. Large, northerly-flowing braided river systems were common, with overbank and floodplain fines deposited lateral to the channels; soils formed during intervals of low sediment aggradation. The Canonbie succession includes some of the youngest Carboniferous rocks preserved in the UK. Correlation of the Eskbank Wood Formation is equivocal, but using petrographical, heavy mineral, zircon age dating and palaeocurrent data, the Canonbie Bridge Sandstone Formation can be unambiguously correlated with the Halesowen Formation of Warwickshire, the Pennant Sandstone Formation of South Wales and the offshore Boulton Formation. This suggests that southerly-derived detritus travelled considerable distances from the Variscan highlands of Brittany and/or central Germany across the southern North Sea and UK areas, to a position some hundreds of kilometres north of that previously recognized. The Becklees Sandstone Formation has much in common with the Salop Formation of the English Midlands. It appears to have no preserved equivalent elsewhere in the UK or in the UK sector of the southern North Sea but resembles stratigraphically higher parts of the southern North Sea succession seen in the Dutch sector.
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4

Pharaoh, T. C., T. S. Brewer, and P. C. Webb. "Subduction-related magmatism of late Ordovician age in eastern England." Geological Magazine 130, no. 5 (September 1993): 647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800020951.

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AbstractDeep boreholes show that plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks comprise an important component of the Caledonian basement in eastern England. The isotopic compositions of these rocks reveal that many of them are of late Ordovician age (440–460 Ma), and their geochemical compositions suggest calc–alkaline affinities. The intermediate (diorite-tonalite) plutonic rocks are associated with a prominent northwest–southeast trending belt of aeromagnetic anomalies extending from Derby to St Ives, Hunts., which is interpreted to work the plutonic core of a calc-alkaline magmatic arc. It is inferred that this arc was generated by the subduction of oceanic lithosphere, possibly from the Tornquist Sea, in a south or southwest direction beneath the Midlands Microcraton in late Ordovician times. The age and geochemical composition of concealed Ordovician volcanic rocks in eastern England, and hypabyssal intrusions of the Midlands Minor Intrusive Suite in central England, is compatible with such a hypothesis.
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5

Belshaw, R. K., P. L. Gibbard, J. B. Murton, and D. K. Murton. "Early Middle Pleistocene drainage in southern central England." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 93, no. 4 (September 12, 2014): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2014.25.

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AbstractThe fluvial sequences of the Milton and the Letchworth formations in the south Midlands of England and neighbouring regions represent at least two pre-existing rivers, the Milton and Brigstock streams, underlying Middle Pleistocene glacial sediments. The Milton Formation includes sand sourced from the Midlands bedrock. This implies that both streams were aligned in a northwest to southeast direction. This direction parallels the contemporaneous courses of the rivers Thames and Trent, the former turning towards the east and northeast to enter the North Sea. Their alignments indicate that the Milton and Letchworth streams formed left-bank tributaries of the Thames, joining the river in Hertfordshire and Essex, as illustrated in the article. This reconstruction has important implications for the interpretation of the proto-Soar river of the south Midlands, represented by the Baginton Formation. Although originally thought to represent a late Middle Pleistocene line, this southwest to northeast aligned system was reinterpreted as the headwaters of a pre-Anglian ‘Bytham river’, a1ligned towards East Anglia. However, recent work has shown that this river could not have existed in the pre-Anglian since there is no link between the Midlands and East Anglian spreads. Recent re-recognition that the Baginton Formation deposits do represent a later, post-Anglian drainage line is reinforced by the identification of the Milton and Letchworth streams, whose catchments occupied the area later drained by the proto-Soar. Overall, the main drainage alignment in southern England during the pre-Anglian period was dominated by northwest–southeast-draining consequent rivers adjusted to the regional geological dip. After widespread drainage disruption caused by the Anglian glaciation, northeast–southwest-orientated subsequent streams eroded frost-susceptible clay bedrock under periglacial and permafrost conditions, and beheaded the courses of some of the older consequent streams.
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6

GLOVER, B. W., and A. M. O'BEIRNE. "Anatomy, hydrodynamics and depositional setting of a Westphalian C lacustrine delta complex, West Midlands, England." Sedimentology 41, no. 1 (February 1994): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01394.x.

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7

Harland, R., Anne P. Bonny, M. J. Hughes, and A. N. Morigi. "The Lower Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Ormesby Borehole, Norfolk, England." Geological Magazine 128, no. 6 (November 1991): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800019749.

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AbstractThe sedimentology, micropalaepntology and palynology of Lower Pleistocene sediments recovered from a borehole at Ormesby St Margaret, near Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, have been investigated. The sediments, consisting of a lower clay facies overlain by an upper predominantly sandy facies, were deposited in inner neritic environments. Micropalaeontological and palynologicalevidence allows comparisons with the nearby Ludham sequence but an unequivocal correlation cannot be made. The Ormesby Borehole sequence includes representatives of the Pre-Ludhamian to Early Pastonian stage interval and the presence of a late Pre-Ludhamian to late Baventian/Pre-Pastonian a hiatus. Foraminiferal faunas matched to grain size analysis are indicative of transportation and considerable post-mortem sorting.
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8

Field, Michael H. "Azolla tegeliensis Florschütz from the early Pleistocene of the British Isles." Geological Magazine 129, no. 3 (May 1992): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800019300.

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AbstractFossil megaspores of the aquatic fern Azolla tegeliensis Florschütz have been recovered from sediments of early Pleistocene age at Great Blakenham, Suffolk, England. This discovery is the first record for this taxon in the British Isles. The find reinforces a recently suggested correlation of the British early Pleistocene sediments with those from con tinental northwest Europe. In the long continuous Pleistocene sequences in The Netherlands the megaspores of A. tegeliensis have been recovered from early Pleistocene sediments, where they are restricted to the Tiglian Stage. Sediments at Great Blakenham can now be correlated with the Tiglian sediments of The Netherlands.
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9

RAY, DAVID C., CARLTON E. BRETT, ALAN T. THOMAS, and ADRIAN V. J. COLLINGS. "Late Wenlock sequence stratigraphy in central England." Geological Magazine 147, no. 1 (July 28, 2009): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809990197.

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AbstractThe late Wenlock Series (Homerian Stage) of the northern Midland Platform (central England) comprises silty mudstones and limestones of the upper part of the Coalbrookdale and overlying Much Wenlock Limestone formations. Based on outcrop studies and borehole data, the sequence stratigraphical interpretation developed for the inliers of the West Midlands is slightly revised, and extended to the stratotype sections along Wenlock Edge. A single third-order cycle of sea-level change is identified, punctuated by a regressive–transgressive episode associated with a higher-order glacioeustatic cycle, allowing the upper Wenlock Series of the area to be divided into two subsequences (A and B). Subsequence A and the early transgressive systems tract began with regression associated with the basal sequence boundary in late Cyrtograptus lundgreni Biozone times. This was followed by a period of slow transgression or stillstand, allowing shallower water carbonate environments to prograde. A minor phase of regression followed, resulting in the generation of the shallowest water deposits of both the Lower Quarried Limestone and Farley members (of the Much Wenlock Limestone and Coalbrookdale formations, respectively). The overlying Subsequence B and the late transgressive systems tract are marked by transgression and a period of rapid sea-level fluctuation and are likely contained within the Gothograptus nassa Biozone. A minor highstand is widely recognizable at this time. The rest of Subsequence B consists of an initial phase of weak progradation (highstand systems tract), followed by a marked regression (falling stage systems tract) culminating in an erosive upper sequence boundary at or close to the top of the Monograptus ludensis Biozone, but within the uppermost Much Wenlock Limestone Formation. Above Subsequence B is a marked transgression into the Lower Elton Formation and the Ludlow Series. Both late Wenlock lowstands and the succeeding flooding events have been recognized on other palaeocontinents, reflecting the eustatic nature of sea-level changes reported here.
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10

Lewis, Simon G., James Rose, and Hilary Davies. "Pre-Anglian fluvial and Anglian glaciogenic sediments, Knettishall, Suffolk, England." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 110, no. 1 (January 1999): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(99)80003-0.

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11

Merriman, R. J., T. C. Pharaoh, N. H. Woodcock, and P. Daly. "The metamorphic history of the concealed Caledonides of eastern England and their foreland." Geological Magazine 130, no. 5 (September 1993): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800020914.

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AbstractWhite mica (illite) crystallinity data, derived mostly from borehole samples, have been used to generate a contoured metamorphic map of the concealed Caledonide fold belt of eastern England and the foreland formed by the Midlands Microcraton. The northern subcrop of the fold belt is characterized by epizonal phyllites and quartzites of possible Cambrian age, whereas anchizonal grades characterize Silurian to Lower Devonian strata of the Anglian Basin in the southern subcrop of the fold belt. Regional metamorphism in the Anglian Basin resulted from deep burial and Acadian deformation beneath a possible overburden of 7 km, assuming a metamorphic field gradient of 36 °C km-1. Late Proterozoic volcaniclastic rocks forming the basement of the microcraton show anchizonal to epizonal grades that probably developed during late Avalonian metamorphism. Cambrian to Tremadoc strata, showing late diagenetic alteration, rest on the basement with varying degrees of metamorphic discordance. During early Palaeozoic times, much of the microcraton was a region of slow subsidence with overburden thicknesses of 3.3–5.5 km. However, concealed Tremadoc strata in the northeast of the microcraton reach anchizonal grades and may have been buried to depths of 7 km beneath an overburden of uncertain age.
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12

Pye, K., S. Stokes, and A. Neal. "Optical dating of aeolian sediments from the Sefton coast, northwest England." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 106, no. 4 (January 1995): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(08)80239-8.

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13

Gibbard, P. L., R. G. West, R. Andrew, and M. Pettit. "The margin of a Middle Pleistocene ice advance at Tottenhill, Norfolk, England." Geological Magazine 129, no. 1 (January 1992): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800008128.

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AbstractExposures at Tottenhill quarry, west Norfolk, are described. Detailed sediment logs, lateral sediment distribution and facies relationships are presented, together with palaeocurrent measurements and pebble counts. It is concluded that the sequence represents a delta-like subaquatic fan accumulation that was deposited by glacier meltwater at the eastern margin of the present Fenland. The ice must have entered the area from the west to northwest. An arctic leaf flora is associated with still water pool sediments within the fan sequence. Pollen assemblages appear to be largely derived by reworking from underlying in situ temperate stage sediments which are correlated with the Hoxnian Stage.The age of the deposits is discussed and it is concluded that the glaciation concerned must date from the early part of the Wolstonian Stage on the basis of the previously established stratigraphical sequence in the area.
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14

Field, Michael H., Sebastian M. Gibson, and Philip L. Gibbard. "East–West European Middle Pleistocene correlation – the contribution of the first British record of Aracites interglacialis Wieliczk." Acta Palaeobotanica 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2017-0002.

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Abstract Reported here is the first record of the extinct Aracites interglacialis Wieliczk. (possibly in the family Araceae) from the British Pleistocene at Gilson, Warwickshire in the English Midlands. The palynological assemblages from the Aracites interglacialis seed-bearing sediments at Gilson support a correlation with those from the Hoxnian stratotype at Hoxne, Suffolk, England (Middle Pleistocene). The data indicate correlation with the middle and latter part of the Hoxnian Stage (correlated with the Holsteinian Stage). Like at Hoxne, the organic sediments at Gilson occur in a small depression (probably a kettle hole) on Anglian cold Stage (correlated with the Elsterian Stage) outwash sands and gravels, showing that they were deposited after this glaciation ended. Velichkevich et al. (2004) stated that Aracites interglacialis “is characteristic only of the Mazovian interglacial and is abundant in fossil floras in Poland, Belarus and Russia”. Using the presence of Aracites interglacialis as a biostratigraphic marker therefore allows the correlation of the British Hoxnian Stage with the Belarussian Alexandrian Stage, Polish Mazovian Stage and the Russian Likhvinian Stage.
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15

Busby, J. P., G. S. Kimbell, and T. C. Pharaoh. "Integrated geophysical/geological modelling of the Caledonian and Precambrian basement of southern Britian." Geological Magazine 130, no. 5 (September 1993): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800020896.

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AbstractQuantitative modelling of potential field data has been used to test and extend geological sections constructed for the new British Geological Survey Tectonic Map of Britain and Ireland. Three of the profiles cross part of the Anglo-Brabant Massif and provide new information on the nature of the pre-Mesozoic basement. A profile across southern England (passing just to the west of London) suggests that a significant contribution to observed gravity variations in the region results from changes in the thickness of relatively low density Lower Palaeozoic rocks. It also identifies a major deep-seated body with relatively high magnetic susceptibility and low density which is interpreted as a Precambrian cratonic core underlying the southeastern part of the Midlands Microcraton. Profiles across central and eastern England reveal major boundaries within the Precambrian basement, some of which coincide with structures mapped at surface. A number of intrusions of probable Caledonian age have been recognized, including bodies beneath the Widmerpool Gulf and The Wash. Those beneath The Wash appear to lie in a discrete basement region which separates belts of more magnetic basement lying to the northwest and southeast.
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16

Bell, F. G. "A survey of the engineering properties of some anhydrite and gypsum from the north and midlands of England." Engineering Geology 38, no. 1-2 (December 1994): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(94)90021-3.

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17

BUSBY, J. P., and N. J. P. SMITH. "The nature of the Variscan basement in southeast England: evidence from integrated potential field modelling." Geological Magazine 138, no. 6 (November 2001): 669–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756801005751.

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The Variscides of southeast England are buried beneath post-Carboniferous cover. Interpretations of the basement are based mainly on deep boreholes. Geophysical signatures from the basement are contained within the regional gravity and magnetic data. A gravity stripping exercise has been undertaken to remove the gravitational effect of the post-Variscan cover to generate a residual gravity map. This map is interpreted along with integrated potential field modelling along four long interconnected profiles and compared with a revised pre-Permian subcrop map. The magnetic evidence suggests that Precambrian magnetic basement of the Midlands Microcraton has been buried southwards by north-vergent Variscan thusting over the foreland. North of the Variscan Front, short-wavelength anomalies superimposed upon this deep Precambrian source are due to shallower Silurian and Carboniferous volcanic rocks. Many residual gravity lows within the Rhenohercynian zone may be related to thick, low-density Devonian basins. In the English Channel a change in geophysical signature occurs north of the Portland–Wight Fault, coinciding with phyllites in the basement. Models are presented in which the English Channel magnetic anomalies originate within the pre-Permian basement. Comparisons with anomalies in the Southwestern Approaches suggest that the Portland–Wight Thrust is a terrane boundary, possibly a subduction-related suture, implying southerly directed Variscan subduction.
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18

Taylor, Kevin G. "Non-marine oolitic ironstones in the Lower Cretaceous Wealden sediments of southeast England." Geological Magazine 129, no. 3 (May 1992): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800019282.

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AbstractOolitic ironstones are described from the early Cretaceous non-marine Wealden sediments of southeast England. The recognition of non-marine oolitic ironstones in the geological record is rare and, therefore, warrants further study. The oolitic ironstones described take two forms, named here type-I and type-2 ironstones.Type-1 ironstones contain pisoids and ooids of berthierine together with sandstone fragments and detrital quartz grains. The pisoids (up to 0.5 cm in size) vary from subspherical to highly irregular. The smaller ooids (up to 1 mm in size) are generally ellipsoidal but strongly asymmetrical forms are also present. The form of these pisoids and ooids suggest that mechanical accretion was not the dominant mechanism controlling their formation. It is proposed that this ironstone type formed from the reworking and redeposition of local soil material.Type-2 ironstones, of which only one unequivocal example has been studied, is composed of iron oxide ooids set in a detrital matrix. The ooids are most commonly regularly ellipsoidal and exhibit a decrease in iron at their centres. It is proposed here that the ooids suffered post-depositional iron depletion at their centres, in a similar fashion to that proposed for the recent Lake Chad oolites. There is no unequivocal evidence as to the origin of the ooids.This study is important in that it shows that different ironstones can be formed by different processes essentially within the same environment. Comparison of non-marine oolitic ironstones with the better-developed marine examples should prove a valuable exercise.
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19

Keen, D. H., J. E. Robinson, R. G. West, F. Lowry, D. R. Bridgland, and N. D. W. Davey. "The fauna and flora of the March Gravels at Northam Pit, Eye, Cambridgeshire, England." Geological Magazine 127, no. 5 (September 1990): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680001520x.

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AbstractInvestigations of the March Gravels of Northam Pit, Eye, Cambridgeshire, have provided previously undescribed molluscan, ostracod and foraminiferal faunas together with pollen spectra, which enable a detailed palaeoenvironmental synthesis to be developed. The sediments were laid down in brackish-water conditions and a temperate environment, during a Late Pleistocene temperate stage.
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20

Smith, N. J. P., and A. W. A. Rushton. "Cambrian and Ordovician stratigraphy related to structure and seismic profiles in the western part of the English Midlands." Geological Magazine 130, no. 5 (September 1993): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800020975.

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AbstractIn England the Cambrian successions include relatively continuous, dominantly argillaceous sequences (Nuneaton area, > 900 m thick) and arenaceous successions punctuated by hiatuses (Malvern, Shropshire). The Tremadoc (lower Ordovician) succeeds paraconformably; it is widespread, dominantly argillaceous and locally very thick (> 2000 m). Deposition of the lower Tremadoc is thought to have been rapid. Uplift of regional extent occurred in early Ordovician (post-Tremadoc) times and inversion of the basins, such as the Tremadoc Worcester Graben, occurred during the Variscan Orogeny. The disposition of the Cambrian–Tremadoc beneath the Upper Llandovery unconformity is thought to reflect the arrangement of basins and highs at that time. Evidence from seismic profiles indicates deposition in half-grabens. In the Welsh Borderland, evidence from outcrops and boreholes suggests that the St David's Series (Middle Cambrian) is locally thickened against syn-depositional faults. The thinning and local absence of the St David's Series across such faults is attributed to the influence of tilt-block highs. Rifting and tilting allowed thick Tremadoc to accumulate (e.g. in a precursor Worcester Graben), but evidence for the direction of thickening is masked by lack of seismic markers and by the effect of pre-landovery erosion.
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21

RAY, DAVID C., ADRIAN V. J. COLLINGS, GRAHAM J. WORTON, and GAVIN JONES. "Upper Wenlock bentonites from Wren's Nest Hill, Dudley: comparisons with prominent bentonites along Wenlock Edge, Shropshire, England." Geological Magazine 148, no. 4 (April 19, 2011): 670–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000288.

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AbstractThe upper Wenlock Series (Homerian Stage) of the northern Midland Platform, England, contains numerous volcanic bentonite clay layers. At Wren's Nest Hill, Dudley, 15 bentonites have been investigated and comparisons with the type-Wenlock have been made by means of two key sections along Wenlock Edge, Shropshire. In total 22 bentonites have been investigated and their clay and sand-grade mineralogies determined. Rare earth element (REE) and yttrium concentrations of apatite grains contained within ten of the bentonites have been established allowing geochemical fingerprinting as an indication of provenance of source magmas and identification of geochemical marker beds. Based on the analysis of REE and yttrium concentrations it seems likely that the majority of these bentonites originated from a granodiorite magmatic source. Comparisons with published Llandovery and lower Wenlock age bentonites indicate generally more enrichment in light REEs relative to heavy REEs. In addition, close geochemical similarities between bentonites along Wenlock Edge and at Wren's Nest Hill strongly argue for their presence as precise stratigraphic equivalents within the upper Much Wenlock Limestone Formation. These correlations are further supported by geophysical data from borehole wire-line logs across the West Midlands. Finally, a chemically distinct mid-Homerian episode of volcanism is identified and represents a potentially important marker interval between the study area and other similarly aged bentonites reported from the Island of Gotland, Sweden.
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22

Spears, D. A. "An investigation of metal enrichment in Triassic Sandstones and porewaters below an effluent spreading site, West Midlands, England." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 20, no. 2 (May 1987): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.qjeg.1987.020.02.02.

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23

Shepley, M. G., A. D. Pearson, G. D. Smith, and C. J. Banton. "The impacts of coal mining subsidence on groundwater resources management of the East Midlands Permo-Triassic Sandstone aquifer, England." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 41, no. 3 (August 2008): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/07-210.

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24

Schmitz, B. "An iridium anomaly in the Ludlow Bone Bed from the Upper Silurian, England." Geological Magazine 129, no. 3 (May 1992): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800019294.

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AbstractThe Ludlow Bone Bed in the Upper Silurian of the Welsh Borderland shows an anomalously high concentration of iridium (0.49 ppb) compared with background (0.040 ppb Ir). Considering the overall major and trace element pattern and the mineralogy of the bone bed, it appears that the bulk of their has precipitated from sea water and is not primarily related to an asteroid impact event. A secondary relation of the Ir to such an event, however, cannot be excluded. The profound sedimentological similarity (skeletal sands and hummocky cross-stratification) between the Ir-carrying ‘storm deposit’ at the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary at Brazos River, Texas, and the LBB and overlying sediments may indicate such a relation.
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25

King, Louisa M. "Turbidite to storm transition in a migrating foreland basin: the Kendal Group (Upper Silurian), northwest England." Geological Magazine 131, no. 2 (March 1994): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800010773.

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AbstractThe uppermost Windermere Supergroup (Kendal Group) of northwest England records the passage from Wenlock and lower Ludlow deep water ‘flysch’ deposits to upper Ludlow and Přídolí shallower water ‘molasse’ deposits within an evolving foreland basin. An upwards progression is preserved from oxygen-poor basin-slope turbidite deposits through more oxygenated, bioturbated dilute density flow deposits, to storm and wave-influenced sediments. The storm-influenced sediments display hummocky cross-stratification, a Skolithos ichnofacies, shelly lags, and symmetrical wave ripple cross-lamination. Convolute lamination increases in magnitude and frequency in the upper part of the sequence, apparently nucleated above ripple crests. Tropical hurricanes probably controlled storm deposition, as suggested by late Silurian palaeogeographic reconstructions. Structures in the heterolithic muddy siltstones suggest deposition in a lower energy, wave-influenced setting. Mud-drapes, short wavelength symmetrical ripples and multi-directional ripple cross-lamination are common. The Kendal Group shows a regional palaeocurrent distribution consistent with an arcuate basin geometry, bounded to the northwest and northeast by topographic slopes. As well as a temporal trend, facies and faunal diachroneity imply a southwards migration of the foreland basin depocentre through Ludlow and Přídolí time, probably ahead of a rising mountain front to the north. The increase in pre-lithification sediment disturbance may reflect greater earthquake activity as this mountain front advanced and the basin began to invert.
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PEGLAR, SYLVIA M., SHERILYN C. FRITZ, TUOMO ALAPIETI, MATTI SAARNISTO, and H. JOHN B. BIRKS. "Composition and formation of laminated sediments in Diss Mere, Norfolk, England." Boreas 13, no. 1 (January 16, 2008): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1984.tb00054.x.

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27

Cooper, A. H., and S. G. Molyneux. "The age and correlation of Skiddaw Group (early Ordovician) sediments in the Cross Fell inlier (northern England)." Geological Magazine 127, no. 2 (March 1990): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800013832.

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AbstractThe Skiddaw Group in the Cross Fell inlier comprises the Catterpallot Formation of latest Tremadoc or earliest Arenig age, the Murton Formation of Arenig age, and the Kirkland Formation of early Llanvirn age. Each of these formations can be correlated with formations in the Skiddaw Group of the Lake District. The faulted contact of the Catterpallot and Kirkland formations is the probable extension of the Causey Pike Fault (CPF), which separates two distinct sequences in the Skiddaw inlier of the northern Lake District. Contrasts across the CPF in the Cross Fell inlier reflect those seen in the Skiddaw inlier. The CPF is a major basement structure, separating markedly different successions in the Ordovician strata of northern England.
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28

Massey, Anthony C., Michael A. Paul, W. Roland Gehrels, and Dan J. Charman. "Autocompaction in Holocene coastal back-barrier sediments from south Devon, southwest England, UK." Marine Geology 226, no. 3-4 (February 2006): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.11.003.

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29

Ruffell, A. H. "Geophysical correlation of the Aptian and Albian formations in the Wessex Basin of southern England." Geological Magazine 128, no. 1 (January 1991): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800018057.

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AbstractUsing geophysical borehole log signatures and basic lithological information from sidewall cores and well-cuttings, division and correlation of the mid-Cretaceous sediments of the Wessex Basin can be achieved. A sub-Gault (early Albian) unconformity surface is mapped with some accuracy across the Hampshire–Dorset area, and the deposits of a previous, Aptian transgression are observed. The distinctive log signatures aid in facies reconstructions and sequence stratigraphical analysis: especially the onlap of basal Gault horizons onto and across basement ‘highs’. The highly variable thickness and lithological distributions characteristic of the Wealden pass upward into laterally extensive facies distributions in the Lower Greensand and Gault. Sequence boundaries are identified at the base of the Wealden; Lower Greensand; Gault; within the Gault (cristatum subzone); and base Chalk.
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30

Cosgrove, John W., Tom O. Morgan, and Richard Ghail. "The deformation history of southern England, and its implications for ground engineering in the London Basin." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 55, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): qjegh2020–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2020-144.

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Structures in the basement beneath the London Basin affect the geology of relevance to geotechnical engineering within London. Unfortunately, the basement beneath London is covered by Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments. It is cut by major faults linked to the compressive phases of the Hercynian and Alpine orogenies and to the regional extension that occurred during the Mesozoic between these compressive events. Evidence is presented that movement on basement fractures beneath London played a major role in the distribution and deformation of sediments within the Basin, causing local folding and faulting significant to engineering works. Basement rocks are exposed in SW England, where the type and orientation of these fractures (faults and joints) can be examined in outcrop. This study, complemented by seismic sections in the southern UK, allows the architecture of this fault network within the basement to be determined. Understanding the fracture system in the basement provides a basis for (1) interpreting the lateral facies variations of sediments in the Basin and hence provides a means for predicting from a ground investigation the likely presence, activity or influence on site of such structures at depth and (2) understanding the extent of local, steeply inclined and subhorizontal planar zones of shearing when encountered on site.Thematic collection: This article is part of the Geology of London and its implications for ground engineering collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/london-basin
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31

Warren, E. A. "The application of a solution-mineral equilibrium model to the diagenesis of Carboniferous sandstones, Bothamsall oilfield, East Midlands, England." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 36, no. 1 (1987): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.036.01.06.

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32

Brasier, M. D., M. M. Anderson, and R. M. Corfield. "Oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy of early Cambrian carbonates in southeastern Newfoundland and England." Geological Magazine 129, no. 3 (May 1992): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680001921x.

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AbstractCarbonate rocks have been sampled through predominantly siliciclastic sediments above the Precambrian-Cambrian global stratotype level in southeastern Newfoundland to assess their potential for oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy. Comparable successions were sampled at Nuneaton and Comley in England. Greatly depleted δ18O signals are attributed to widespread thermal alteration during deep burial and granitic intrusion, including within the stratotype region. Carbon isotope ratios appear to have been less affected and these are described from nine sections. A provisional, composite δ13C curve is based on non-ferroan, pink nodular and bedded micrites. Several δ13C excursions occur in the fossiliferous Bonavista Group and allow the position of the Tommotian-Atdabanian boundary to be identified. Chemostratigraphic correlation of the new Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype may, however, prove difficult because of the lack of suitable, well-preserved carbonates. The search must begin for a comparable reference section allowing global correlation of the boundary level using chemostratigraphy as well as biostratigraphy.
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33

Chisholm, J. I. "The Upper Band-Better Bed sequence (Lower Coal Measures, Westphalian A) in the central and south Pennine area of England." Geological Magazine 127, no. 1 (January 1990): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800014163.

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AbstractAn analysis of outcrop and borehole information relating to the strata between the Upper Band and Better Bed coals of the central and south Pennines shows that two lithological facies can be recognized within a cyclic sequence of mudstones, siltstones and sandstones. In one facies, sandstones and siltstones contain abundant mica, and argillaceous beds are neutral grey in colour. Petrographically the sandstones are feldspathic but contain little lithic material other than multigrain quartz. In the other facies, mica is much less common, argillaceous beds are greenish grey, and sandstones and siltstones contain a notable proportion of chloritic lithoclasts. The sediments of both facies were deposited in lower delta plain/shallow-water delta environments, and palaeocurrent measurements show that the micaceous facies was supplied from the north or east while the green facies came in from the west.Three named divisions of the sequence are based on recognition of the two facies types. They correspond roughly with three upward-coarsening transgressive–regressive sedimentary cycles of presumed eustatic origin. In the lowest part of the succession (Shibden division) the main clastic input was of the micaceous type. Sandstones are found only in the north of the basin, where they form a series of superimposed delta-front bodies. Mudstones were deposited elsewhere, in a large body of open water which, although linked to the sea, was generally of lowered salinity. The restriction of the delta-front sandstones to the same geographical area over a long period of time is attributed to differential subsidence of the basin across deep-seated structures.The sediments of the overlying Brighouse division belong to the green facies, and the source of the elastics lay to the west. After an initial period of mudstone deposition in an extensive, apparently non-marine, body of open water, fluviodeltaic sand and silt spread across the entire area. There is no obvious control of sandstone distribution by basement structures.The succeeding Bradley Wood division includes sediments of both micaceous and green facies. A lobe of medium-grained micaceous sandstone around Sheffield (Thurlstone Channel) represents a fluvial incursion from the east and a linear body of fine-grained green-facies sandstone south of Chesterfield (Bole Hill Channel) represents a similar incursion from the west. Elsewhere, small units of finer-grained elastics are probably deltaic deposits linked to the same sources. The location of the channel sand-bodies suggests control by deep-seated fractures.
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34

Al-Bakri, Dhiya. "Provenance of the sediments in the Humber Estuary and the adjacent coasts, eastern England." Marine Geology 72, no. 1-2 (June 1986): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(86)90105-2.

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35

Smart, P. J. "Anacoracid shark teeth (Chondrichthyes, Vertebrata) from the early Cretaceous Albian sediments of Leighton Buzzard, south-central England." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 118, no. 4 (January 2007): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(07)80005-8.

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36

Smart, P. J. "Hexanchid shark teeth (Chondrichthyes, Vertebrata) from the Lower Cretaceous Albian sediments of Leighton Buzzard, South-central England." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 106, no. 4 (January 1995): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(08)80235-0.

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37

Jolley, David W. "The earliest Eocene sediments of eastern England: an ultra-high resolution palynological correlation." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 101, no. 1 (1996): 219–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.101.01.14.

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38

Underhill, John R. "The tectonic and stratigraphic framework of the United Kingdom's oil and gas fields." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 17–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.04.

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AbstractOnshore exploration success during the first half of the 20th century led to petroleum production from many, relatively small oil and gas accumulations in areas like the East Midlands, North Yorkshire and Midland Valley of Scotland. Despite this, the notion that exploration of the United Kingdom's continental shelf (UKCS) might lead to the country having self-sufficiency in oil and gas production would have been viewed as extremely fanciful as recently as the late 1950s. Yet as we pass into the new century, only thirty-five years on from the drilling of the first offshore well, that is exactly the position Britain finds itself in. By 2001, around three million barrels of oil equivalent were being produced each day from 239 fields. The producing fields have a wide geographical distribution, occur in a number of discrete sedimentary basins and contain a wide spectrum of reservoirs that were originally deposited in diverse sedimentary and stratigraphic units ranging from Devonian to Eocene in age. Although carbonates are represented, the main producing horizons have primarily proved to be siliciclastic in nature and were deposited in environments ranging from aeolian and fluviatile continental red beds, coastal plain, nearshore beach and shelfal settings all the way through to deep-marine, submarine fan sediments. This chapter attempts to place each of the main producing fields into their proper stratigraphic, tectonic and sedimentological context in order to demonstrate how a wide variety of factors have successfully combined to produce each of the prospective petroleum play fairways and hence, make the UKCS such a prolific and important petroleum province.
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39

Seddon, Mary B., and David T. Holyoak. "Evidence of sustained regional permafrost during deposition of fossiliferous Late Pleistocene river sediments at Stanton Harcourt (Oxfordshire, England)." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 96, no. 1 (January 1985): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(85)80014-6.

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40

McLean, Duncan, Matthew Booth, David J. Bodman, and Finlay D. McLean. "Carboniferous records of the Zoophycos group of trace fossils from England, Wales, the Isle of Man and the North Sea." Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 63, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pygs2019-007.

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The Zoophycos group of trace fossils is common in Carboniferous to recent marine strata and sediments, and is a common component of ichnofaunas in the Visean and Namurian stages of England and Wales. A review of new and published records indicates that it is often present in limestones and sandstones of Chadian to Arnsbergian age. Thereafter it is less common, and restricted to clastic rocks. There are no known records within Carboniferous strata above the lowest Westphalian. The form is most common and often abundant in limestones of the Yoredale facies in the upper Visean and lower Namurian stages of northern England, particularly so in northern Northumberland. Where detailed sedimentological data exist, they indicate that the organisms responsible for the Zoophycos group burrowed into unconsolidated carbonate substrate that was deposited under low accumulation rates, often affected by storm wave action and where seawater flow provided a nutrient supply. However, in mixed carbonate–clastic settings, the deep-tier nature of Zoophycos may indicate that the organism lived in overlying shallow-marine, clastic-dominated depositional environments and burrowed down into the carbonate substrate. The same may be true of siliciclastic depositional settings where the presence of Zoophycos in some sandstones may reflect the palaeoenvironment of the overlying, finer-grained transgressive marine (prodelta and distal mouth bar) deposits.Supplementary material: A spreadsheet with details of Carboniferous records of Zoophycos group fossils from England, Wales, the Isle of Man and the North Sea is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4994636
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41

Cornwell, J. D., and D. M. McCann. "The application of geophysical methods to the geological mapping of Quaternary sediments." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.49.

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AbstractThe geological mapping of Quaternary sedimentary deposits is usually hindered by the lack of exposure and by the rapid lateral and vertical variations in the lithologies. With the continuing development of new techniques, geophysical methods offer practical means of complementing conventional mapping in these conditions. The methods available are suitable for application to problems ranging from regional mapping to detailed site investigation. The application of the appropriate method can produce solutions to these problems and reduce expenditure on drilling and trenching, the main alternative means of sub-surface investigation. In this paper, the use of geophysical methods in the geological mapping of Quaternary sediments is reviewed and illustrated by a number of case histories from eastern England.
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42

Gibbard, P. L., I. D. Bryant, and A. R. Hall. "A Hoxnian interglacial doline infilling at Slade Oak Lane, Denham, Buckinghamshire, England." Geological Magazine 123, no. 1 (January 1986): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800026510.

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AbstractSite investigations for the M25 motorway at Denham proved a maximum depth of 37.5 m of deposits filling an enclosed hollow up to 40 m across beneath a small seasonally dry valley near Higher Denham. This previously unknown very steepsided hollow is infilled with gravel and sand, partially laminated clayey silt and pebbly clay. Within these deposits a bed of organic clay mud up to 4.5 m in thickness is present. Resistivity survey of the hollow proves that it is completely enclosed.Palaeobotanical investigation shows that the organic sediment contains fossil pollen, spores and macroscopic remains. The pollen spectra indicate that the sediments accumulated during the later half of the Hoxnian interglacial Stage (Ho III/IV). Macroscopic remains include ‘relict’ species Dulichium arundinaceum, and Brasenia schreberi, the latter being new to the Hoxnian Stage. The evidence for waterlevel fluctuation during the interglacial at the site is discussed.The origin of the hollow is considered and the conclusion reached is that it is a doline formed by solution of the underlying Chalk bedrock. The infilling of the basin is attributed to collapse, solifluction and slope wash of local material under cold climates before and after the interglacial. The interglacial sediment is a shallow water pool accumulation. The hollow is thought to have been formed originally as a solution pipe beneath the Thames' Gerrards Cross Gravel, rapid drainage of a neighbouring glacial lake causing the major collapse in the late Anglian Stage. Subsequent infill took place during the later part of the Anglian, Hoxnian and Wolstonian Stages and possibly even later.Heavy mineral analyses of the silt-rich sediment above and beneath the interglacial deposits are appended and indicate that it is almost all of local Reading Beds material.
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43

Wauthoz, Bastien, Ken J. Dorning, and Alain Le Hérissé. "Crassiangulina variacornuta sp. nov. from the late Llandovery and its bearing on Silurian and Devonian acritarch taxonomy." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 174, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/174.1.67.

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Abstract Crassiangulina variacornuta sp. nov., a new distinctive species of acritarch, with a short stratigraphical range within the Telychian (Silurian), is recorded from low latitude areas of Balonia (Belgium, England and Sweden) and from high latitude areas of Gondwana (Algeria, Brazil, Libya and Saudi Arabia). Therefore, the new species has good potential to be an international biostratigraphic marker for the Upper Llandovery. It has so far only been recorded in depositional environments where the sediments settled below storm wave base. The genus Crassiangulina Jardineet al., 1972 is emended to incorporate the new species and to include triangular and other polygonal acritarchs with solid processes. The emended genus includes the type species Crassiangulina tesselita Jardineet al., 1972 emend., C. grotesca Crameret al. 1976 comb. nov. et emend. and C. variacornuta sp. nov. A biometric study of 138 specimens of C. variacornuta sp. nov. from two sections in England and one section in Belgium and its statistical treatment show the biological consistency of the studied population and point to differences between the mean measurements between the sections, because of taphonomic or environmental factors. This emphasises the need to unravel the morphological variations of acritarch species along the genotypic, ecophenotypic, chronotypic and taphonotypic axes of morphological variability.
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44

Mortimore, Rory N. "Late Cretaceous stratigraphy, sediments and structure: Gems of the Dorset and East Devon Coast World Heritage Site (Jurassic Coast), England." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130, no. 3-4 (June 2019): 406–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.05.008.

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45

Gallois, Ramues. "The stratigraphy of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Jurassic) of the Vale of Pickering, Yorkshire, UK." Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 63, no. 4 (May 25, 2021): pygs2021–004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pygs2021-004.

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The Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) underlies much of the Vale of Pickering where it is almost wholly concealed by the Cretaceous Speeton Clay Formation and Quaternary deposits. There are few KCF inland or coastal exposures in Yorkshire with the result that the succession was stratigraphically poorly known until the 1970s oil crisis when the British Geological Survey drilled continuously cored boreholes at Marton and Reighton to examine the formation as a possible source of hydrocarbons. These were supplemented in 1987 by continuously cored boreholes drilled at Marton, Reighton, Ebberston and Flixborough by the Institut Français du Pétrole for hydrocarbons research. Taken together, the boreholes have enabled the lithological, palaeontological, geochemical and geophysical characters of the full thickness of the formation to be examined. Comparison of the KCF successions proved in Yorkshire with those in the adjacent North Sea, the East Midlands and the Dorset coast type area, shows marked variations in thickness related to penecontemporaneous faulting. However, there are only minor variations in the lithologies and faunas at any particular stratigraphical level. This appears to be due to a combination of Milankovitch-driven climatic fluctuations and pulsed variations in sea level which combined to produce similar depositional conditions throughout the English KCF at any one time. The chronostratigraphical classification of the KCF developed in southern England has therefore been shown to be applicable to the Yorkshire outcrop and the southern North Sea. The changes in sea level may be eustatic rather than regional events, but there is insufficient palaeontological evidence to enable them to be correlated with confidence with those of the standard Jurassic sea-level curve.
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46

Moorlock, B. S. P., J. B. Riding, R. J. O. Hamblin, P. Allen, and J. Rose. "The Pleistocene College Farm Silty Clay at Great Blakenham, Suffolk, England – additional information on the course of the early River Thames." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 81, no. 1 (March 2002): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600020527.

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AbstractThe Pleistocene College Farm Silty Clay Member of the Creeting Formation at Great Blakenham, Suffolk, south-east England is shown to contain indigenous and recycled dinoflagellate cysts and other derived palynomorphs. The indigenous dinoflagellate cysts indicate a marine influence during deposition of the clay, whilst the other palynomorphs demonstrate derivation of sediment from a wide catchment of Carboniferous, Jurassic and Cretaceous bedrocks. It is argued, by comparison with palynological data from the Chillesford Clay Member of the Norwich Crag Formation some 25km to the east, that these sediments were eroded from western, south-central and south-eastern Britain, and transported by the early River Thames to its estuary, where they were redeposited at the western margin of the Crag Basin, during the Early Pleistocene Tiglian TC3 Substage. This interpretation refines earlier research which concluded the College Farm Silty Clay was deposited in a predominantly freshwater environment, such as a lagoon, without any direct access to the sea or major river.
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47

Hillier, S., M. J. Wilson, and R. J. Merriman. "Clay mineralogy of the Old Red Sandstone and Devonian sedimentary rocks of Wales, Scotland and England." Clay Minerals 41, no. 1 (March 2006): 433–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855064110203.

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AbstractThe Devonian sedimentary rocks of the UK are made up of a continental red bed facies, the Old Red Sandstone (ORS), and sediments of a marine origin. The latter are confined to southwest England whereas the ORS occurs much more extensively, particularly in South Wales, the West Midlands, Northern England, the Midland Valley of Scotland and the Orcadian basin. The ORS also occurs extensively offshore where it contains important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Highly variable suites of clay mineral assemblages are characteristic of the ORS. In the West Midlands and Monmouthshire, the Downton Group is characterized by illitic, smectitic, and mixed-layer illite-smectite minerals. A tuff bed (Townsend Tuff) also contains expansible minerals but when the bed is traced westwards it is found that the clay mineralogy changes progressively to an illite-chlorite assemblage, suggesting the influence of diagenetic or metamorphic change. It is not known, however, whether such a transformation is typical of the Downton Group as a whole. The overlying Ditton Group in its eastern outcrops contains a high-spacing mineral identified as tosudite, together with regularly interstratified illite-smectite and well crystallized kaolinite. Further west this assemblage gives way to illite and chlorite, with the latter being trioctahedral or dioctahedral, while in Dyfed the Ditton Group may contain smectite and poorly crystallized kaolinite in addition to illite and chlorite. The geographical distribution of clay minerals in the Ditton Group may also be accounted for by progressive diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic reactions, although it is necessary to postulate retrogressive diagenesis to account for the smectite and kaolinite that occur in the Dyfed samples. The clay mineralogy of the overlying Brecon Group and the Upper ORS also consists of mixtures of illite and chlorite in the west and central parts of the region. No data are available for the Brecon Group in the eastern parts of the outcrop but the Upper ORS from around Monmouth and Portishead contains assemblages rich in kaolinite and mixed-layer illite-smectite with only minor amounts of chlorite. The distribution of clay minerals in the Upper ORS is again suggestive of a progressive westerly increase in the influence of diagenetic alteration, although the influence of provenance cannot be discounted.In Scotland the clay mineralogy of the Lower ORS in the Midland valley is characterized by a variety of interstratified minerals, including regularly interstratified trioctahedral chlorite-vermiculite, a tosudite mineral similar to that described from South Wales and illite-smectite, as well as occasional illite, chlorite and smectite. The oldest Stonehaven Group is kaolinitic but in the younger groups kaolinite is either completely absent or present in only minor amounts. It is clear that detrital inputs, particularly from associated volcanic rocks, have contributed to the clay minerals found in these rocks, although the contribution could be indirect with diagenetic clay minerals forming from volcanic detritus after deposition. Diagenetic alteration may also be important, particularly with respect to the origin of the tosudite mineral. The Middle ORS lacustrine sediments of the Orcadian Basin of Scotland are characterized by mixtures of trioctahedral chlorite and dioctahedral illite, with interstratified chlorite-smectite, illite-smectite, kaolinite and occasional reports of minor montmorillonite. The most recent interpretations of the origins of the clay minerals in these rocks emphasize the role of progressive diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic reactions, based on correlations of clay mineral assemblages and parameters such as illite crystallinity with organic maturation data. This interpretation argues that the illite-smectite in the shales is derived largely from a precursor detrital smectite. However, the finding of two populations of morphologically and structurally distinct illite-smectite particles in the Middle and Upper ORS sandstones suggests a more complex picture involving different diagenetic episodes. In addition, the likelihood of a smectitic-rich detrital input to the ORS may also be a point of debate. The clay mineralogy of the North Sea offshore is also described briefly, in addition to the marine Devonian in southwest England. The latter is characterized by chlorite and illite assemblages of low-grade metamorphic origin, although smectite and kaolinite are also found occasionally in these rocks. The offshore ORS, however, contains a variety of clay minerals, including an assemblage similar to that found in the Lower ORS south of the Highland Boundary Fault and notably contains a tosudite-like mineral.
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48

Hodkin, Richard G., Jonathan R. Lee, James B. Riding, and Jenni A. Turner. "Genesis and provenance of a new Middle Pleistocene diamicton unit at Happisburgh, NE Norfolk, UK." Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 61, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pygs2015-367.

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Glacigenic deposits at Happisburgh, NE Norfolk, record the earliest known expansion of glaciers into lowland eastern England during the Quaternary. The sequence comprises two regionally extensive till units, the Happisburgh Till and Corton Diamicton members of the Happisburgh Glacigenic Formation, deposited during separate ice advances, and intervening glacilacustrine and outwash deposits laid down during ice-marginal retreat. During 2012, a new diamicton unit was discovered within the intervening sorted sediments and its significance is outlined here. Sedimentological and structural evidence suggests, tentatively, that the diamicton forms a small debris fan generated subaerially by a series of water-saturated hyperconcentrated or debris flows. The precise trigger mechanism for these flow deposits remains unclear, but may relate to seasonal melting of surface or buried ice followed by mass-movement, or to more abrupt geological events including periods of intense rainfall, moraine dam failure or a glacier outburst flood.
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49

Anderson, Mark W., and Antony Morris. "The puzzle of axis-normal magnetic lineations in folded low-grade sediments (Bude Formation, SW England)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 238, no. 1 (2004): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2004.238.01.12.

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50

Trueman, S. "The Humbly Grove, Herriard, Storrington, Singleton, Stockbridge, Goodworth, Horndean, Palmers Wood, Bletchingley and Albury Fields, Hampshire, Surrey and Sussex, UK Onshore." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 929–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.79.

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AbstractThe Weald Basin of SE England is a lozenge shaped accumulation of sediments occuring from Southampton and Winchester in the west to Maidstone and Hastings in the east. It is approximately 150 km long by 60 km wide, covering an area of some 9000 km2 (Fig. 1). Several commercial oil and gas discoveries have been made, mostly on the flanks of the basin. These fields have been in continous production since the early 1980s. Field size in terms of recoverable hydrocarbons is small, 0.5 to 6 MMBBL of oil is typical. Hydrocarbons are produced primarily from the Middle Jurassic Bathonian Great Oolite at Humbly Grove, Herriard, Storrington, Singleton, Stockbridge, Goodworth and Horndean fields but also from the Late Oxfordian-Early Kimmeridgian Corallian Sandstone at Palmers Wood; Portland Sandstone at Brockham and Godley Bridge; Corallian Limestone at Bletchingley; Purbeck Sandstones in Albury and Late Triassic Rhaetic calcarenites in Humbly Grove. Cumulative oil production from the basin as a whole is currently 19.1 MMSTB
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