Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sédiments des estuaires – Flandre'
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Ouchaou, Rachid. "Evolution morphosédimentaire de la plaine maritime flamande depuis l'Antiquité : apport des prospections géoradar à la géoarchéologie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR081.
Full textGround-penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive geophysical prospecting tool used to image the finest discontinuities of the underground where the soil is not too conductive. GPR equipment was acquired in 2020 by the Oceanology and Geosciences Laboratory (LOG), which gave rise to bachelor's and master's internships supervised as part of this thesis, as well as academic and industrial collaborations. The first part of the results presented in this memoir is a summary of the surveys carried out on a variety of targets to test the method. GPR gives excellent results on wind-blown sands, and makes it possible to reconstruct the evolution of the coastal dunes affected by climate change. Examples of very-high resolution architectures are provided on the Slack and Pilat dunes. The combined use of different GPR antennas allows describing the mechanisms of sand erosion and deposition, from the scale of seasonal events to that of dune construction on a millennial scale. The backshore area is also explored. The Flemish coastal plain contains sandbodies of kilometer extension, partly buried under the silt of the polders, and which are strategic both for water resources and for the diversity of natural environments. One of the best known is the Ghyvelde fossil dune, an area managed by the Coastal Conservatory. The GPR profiles carried out on the Ghyvelde dune make it possible to image a few meters below the dune a sandy unit of marine or estuarine origin. The polders themselves constitute a target, against all expectations given the clayey and conductive component of these lands. By previously stripping the topsoil, the GPR signal penetrates sufficiently (4m) to image the last channels that drained the plain before it dried up. Finally, two examples show the potential of GPR in geological studies of deeper sedimentary or rocky layers. In the Brussels sands of the Leuven region (Belgium), a penetration depth of more than 30 meters was obtained with a low frequency antenna, making it possible to reconstruct the geometry of tidal sand bar cropping in a sand pit and thereby to guide the sand mining. In the faluns of Anjou, on the heritage and tourist geosite of Perrières, the profiles obtained show the possibility of perfectly imaging the architecture of the rock layers exposed in the subterraneous quarries. Profiles realized on the roads show the feasability of potential extensive mapping by installing the tool on a vehicle. The results obtained on these targets opened up possibilities for developing other areas of research in applied geosciences, particularly with regard to georesources, geoheritage, geohazards and geoenvironment. The memoir presents these different aspects through an article manuscript submitted for publication in a co-edited book produced for decision makers. The second part of the thesis results presented in this memoir is focused on the work done in collaboration with INRAP (the National Institute of Research in Preventive Archaeology) on the Flemish coastal plain. It justifies the title of the dissertation, and is the subject of a manuscript submitted for publication in an international peer-reviewed journal (The Depositional Record). This concerns the evolution since the Middle Age of the eastern bank of the paleo-Denna, a banch of the paleo-delta of the Aa river that had its mouth between Gravelines and Dunkirk. About 30km of GPR profiles acquired as part of the archaeological diagnosis prior to the extension of the Grand Maritime Port of Dunkirk were used to map the last estuarine channels and their evolution during land reclamation. They show progressive shift of the front dikes towards the west which resulted in replacement of the channel system by a continuous layer sandier than the underlying estuarine sediments. This ultimate deposit forms the substrate of the modern agricultural soil of the coastal plain
Margotta, José. "Stratigraphic architecture and sedimentary evolution of the Holocene deposits in the French Flemish coastal plain, Northern France." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10012/document.
Full textThe aim of this study is to reconstruct the evolution of the Holocene deposits along the French Flemish Coastal Plain. This approach is achieved combining available and newly dataset from boreholes, cores descriptions and, for the first time in this plain, the interpretation of VHR seismic profiles on the coastal plain waterways. The study of lithology, micropaleontological assemblages (foraminifera and pollen analyses) and clay mineralogy provides the basis to recognize five sedimentary facies as representative of the Holocene infill. These sedimentary facies were interpreted as depositional facies assemblages in accordance to their depositional features. Depositional facies were grouped in three sedimentary units that better define the depositional environment. From base to top, the units are: alluvial plain, tide-dominated estuary and tidal flats. The alluvial plain consists of late Pleistocene deposits while estuarine and tidal flats units represent the Holocene deposits covering almost the whole available accommodation space. Distribution and geometry of these sedimentary units and their internal architecture of depositional facies were observed from ten cross-sections that cover most of the coastal plain. Stratigraphic arrangement shows the interaction of the Holocene sea-level rise and the coastal hydrodynamic conditions, dominated by the macrotidal regime and influenced by waves action, as the main factors that ruled the sedimentation of the area. This study opens new possibilities to better understand the coastal processes that acted in this lowland, as well as serves as a basis for future studies or modelling possible future scenario
Balouin, Yann. "Les embouchures mésotidales (tidal inlets) et leur relation avec les littoraux adjacents : Exemple de la Barra Nova, Sud Portugal." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12451.
Full textDeloffre, Julien. "La sédimentation fine sur les vasières intertidales en estuaires macrotidaux." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES057.
Full textIntertidal mudflats constitute temporary or permanent storage areas of cohesive sediments. Understanding hydrodynamic and sedimentary behaviour of intertidal mudflats in macrotidal context requires to consider various timescales ranging from semi-diurnal to annual cycles. The aim of this study is to better apprehend and quantify sediment transport processes on intertidal mudflats in estuarine systems. This work is based on high frequency, high resolution and long term measurements of bed level on the studied sites. Studying the evolution of intertidal mudflats at different timescales highlights the respective role of each controlling hydrodynamic forcing parameters, i. E. Tidal cycles, river flow, wind waves and/or boat-induced waves. High-frequency bed level monitoring permits to identify and understand lithological sequences recorded in the sedimentary cores. Comparison of erosion/sedimentation sequences and the knowledge of deposit ages bring/provide useful information for the interpretation of bio-geochemical processes
Marot, Franck. "Caractérisation et traitement de sédiments de dragage contenant des polluants métalliques." Le Havre, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LEHA0009.
Full textDurou, Cyril. "Recherche d'indicateurs de l'état physiologique de l'annélide polychète endogée Nereis diversicolor en relation avec la qualité du milieu." Nantes, 2006. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=c05200bc-5624-4d41-b29c-caa04667698e.
Full textRisk assessment in estuarine ecosystems is mainly limited due to the lack of both biological indicators for the sediment and knowledge about invertebrate physiology (particularly of reproduction). In situ, conservation of invertebrate population strongly depends upon individual health status. A multi-parameter methodology was applied to Nereis diversicolor, a key species of the sediment, recommended in biomonitoring programs. Physiological indicators (size - weight relationships, reproduction status, energy reserves) are proposed to assess the biological quality status in estuarine ecosystems. Moreover, this work links for the first time levels of energy reserves (glycogen, lipids), sexual maturity stage and level of steroid hormones (progesterone, 17β-œstradiol and testosterone)
Marion, Claire. "Processus de sédimentation fine en domaine estuarien macrotidal : approche trans-disciplinaire et multi-échelles : application à l'estuaire de l'Authie, Nord de la France." Littoral, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DUNK0188.
Full textThe mechanisms controlling fine sediments dynamics in estuaries are complex because of the multiplicity of active processes and their diverse interactions, most often not well understood. The study of fine sediment dynamics embodies a number of fundamental environmental issues. Due to their strong affinity with a large range of metallic and organic contaminants, fine-grained deposits are capable of concentrating pollutants from watersheds and from the sea, both of which are sources of increasing coastal zone hazards (from agriculture, maritime traffic. . . ). Accretion of estuarine deposits leads to mudflat formation, and then salt marsh establishment, thus forming habitats of supreme importance in the European community. The lasting biodiversity and resource value of these habitats are at risk from accelerated estuarine infilling. The objective of this thesis has been to highlight key points of the functioning of an estuary co-dominated by waves and tides, and to gain better insight into the interactions underlying fine-grained sedimentation processes. The approach is highly methodological, based on the application of a cross-disciplinaryassemblage of tools. The study shows that wave influence, though significant, is restricted to the esturary mouth. The esturary exhibits freshwater/salinity mixing and the presence of a turbidity maximum resulting from a combination of tidal asymmetries. This tidal pumping is capable of very widely redistributing the sediment within the estuary, notably via macrofloc dynamics. Interactions between tidal asymmetry and morphology are complex and, through generated residual transport, condition the evolution of the estuarine system. The tidal dynamics are particularly well recorded by the characteristics of deposited sediments and their clear rhythmic pattern. The monitoring has shown the constant availability of sediment in the water column and the key role of tidal channels as vectors of sediment circulation. The input of sediment over the intertidal zones is governed by elevation within the tidal frame. The different results have highlighted the importance of Spartina in sediment trapping mechanisms over salt marshes and their seasonal variability but also the medium-term impacts of high sedimentation rates on benthic biocoenoses. At longer timescales, investigation of the consequences of this accretion highlights the effect of compaction of the sedimentary profile. The stratigraphic input from this work takes into account conclusions from the Holocene history of the neighbouring Flemish coastal plain, and confirms the advanced stage of infilling of the Authie esturay. The research on the Authie estuary may be summarised by a model of an estuary with mixed wave-tide hydrodynamic dominance pertinent to temperate macrotidal estuaries located in sand-rich tidal seas with storm wave influence, which is precisely the case of English Channel estuaries. Climatic perturbations and natural variability initiated within the frame of global change result in increasing human pressures on estuaries, thus generating potential risks. Tacking these pressures and risks calls for a holistic approach to the study of estuarine ecosystems, not only at the regional scale of the English Channel, but also in the world context
Allard, Jonathan. "Enregistrements des changements environnementaux dans les sédiments littoraux : cas des pertuis charentais et du bassin d'Arcachon." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS257.
Full textThe purpose of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the potential of coastal sediment in recording environmental changes. With this aim in view, three coastal environments have been chosen along the French Atlantic coast: the Arçay sandspit for past wave climate record; the Marennes-Oléron Bay and Arcachon Lagoon to decipher among the multiple forcing parameters controlling estuaries sediment-fill. The Arçay Spit is a compound spit displaying an elongation mean rate of 26 m. Yr-1. Morphological and wave modeling approaches since 1979, show that energetic swells seem to cause massive sand accumulation and spit elongation, whereas less energetic swells appear to be responsible for small sand accumulation and spit curvature. Such mechanism seems to be responsible of the successive hook ridges accretion observed along the Arçay Spit since the second half of the 20th century. The Marennes-Oléron Bay and Arcachon Lagoon have been successively analyzed and compared following a combination of VHR seismic, sediment cores and historical and present-day bathymetries. The sediment-fill of the Marennes-Oléron Bay is rapid since the 19° century and complex since 8000 yrs BP, due to multiple forcing parameters. The sediment-fill of the Arachon Lagoon displays a balanced budget since the 19th century and seems to be mainly controlled by the partial closure of this lagoon since 2500 yrs BP. Numerous differences observed in those two estuarine environments give insight on relative influence of local forcing parameters including bedrock morphology, tide, waves, sediment supply and human impact
Vrel, Anne. "Reconstitution de l’historique des apports en radionucléides et contaminants métalliques à l’estuaire fluvial de la Seine par l’analyse de leur enregistrement sédimentaire." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2060.
Full textThe Seine estuary is the outlet of a highly anthropogenized catchment area. Marginal areas of the river have trapped fine-grained sediment particles which a number of contaminants are bound to; they give access to the sedimentary records of the past decades. Corings were carried out in three areas: the Seine River, the upper Seine estuary, and at the river mouth. After dating, these cores have led to reconstruct the history of the inputs particulate elements in each of these areas. The comparison of the time series of elemental concentrations between (i) suspended matter during the last decades and (ii) dated sediments along the cores shows that the latter are representative of the former. Particulate fluxes of 55 stable elements and 18 radionuclides were estimated, from 1960 to 2002. Comparison of data acquired in the Seine River and in the upper estuary led to distinguish and quantify the intra-estuarine sources of contaminants that are dominated by phosphogypsum discharges during the 1970s in the Rouen harbour area (upper estuary). The intensity of tidal pumping up to the upper estuary was quantified using transuranics activity ratios. Based on the atmospheric 137Cs activities over the last decades and core derived 137Cs activities, a transfer model from the watershed to the river, based on a solid wash-off transfer function by runoff and erosion, is then proposed
Le, Normant Catherine. "Modélisation numérique tridimensionnelle des processus de transport des sédiments cohésifs en environnement estuarien." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT014H.
Full textMarguerit, Christophe. "Modélisation numérique hydrosédimentaire de la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10021.
Full textRamond, Jean-Baptiste. "Etude des communautés microbiennes résistantes au mercure en milieu estuarien." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES013.
Full textMetal-contaminated estuarine mudflats are environments where microorganisms play crucial roles in metals speciation, especially for mercury, and favourable places for the growth of metal-resistant bacteria. In order to evaluate the abundance of mercury resistant bacteria in such an environment, a molecular tool was developed, based on competitive-PCR, for the quantification of Gram negative bacteria merA genes, which encodes the key enzyme of the bacterial mercury resistance: the mercuric reductase. Sedimentary cores from mudflats of three European estuaries (Seine, Authie, Medway), presenting contrasted mercury contaminations, have been investigated. A multidisciplinary analysis of the results, integrating chemistry and hydrosedimentary data, revealed in the mudflat sediment a relationship between the abundance of merA genes and (i) erosion deposit/events, (ii) the anthropization of the watershed and (iii) the bioavaibility of mercury. A microcosm study suggests that the main determining factor in the occurrence of mercury-resistant bacteria seems to be the deposit of particle-attached allochtonous merA bacteria, and essentially faecal bacteria. Wastewater Treatment plants are sources of merA bacteria in the waters of the Seine estuary, where the mercury resistance level is higher in E. Coli (allochtonous faecal bacteria) than in Aeromonas (autochthonous bacteria) bacterial populations isolated from the Seine waters. Thus, the mercury resistance level of the E. Coli population isolated from the Seine River seems related to the ancient and important mercury exposure of the global watershed, extended to the human and animal compartments. A comparison with an E. Coli population isolated from the Oyapock River (Guyana), where human and animals are exposed to high levels of mercury, indicates that the E. Coli population mercury resistance level is significantly higher in the Seine estuary than in the Oyapock. As mer determinants are often linked with antibiotic resistance genes, these results suggest that the use of antibiotics could be favourable to the maintain of mercury resistance in the E. Coli populations of human and animals from the Seine watershed, which once discharged in the Seine river deposit onto mudflat surfaces
Billon, Gabriel. "Géochimie des métaux et du soufre dans les sédiments des estuaires de la Seine et de l'Authie." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-143-144.pdf.
Full textMarin, Pascale. "Le fer et le manganèse dans le système estuaire de la Seine-baie de Seine : réactivités chimiques au cours du passage eau douce-eau salée et de la diagenèse des sédiments estuariens." Caen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CAEN2011.
Full textNguyen, Duc Hau. "Interaction fluides-particules solides à l'interface eau-sédiment : Une approche de modélisation diphasique : Une approche de modélisation diphasique." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2085.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of fluid-particle interactions at the sediment-water interface by a two-phase flow modelling approach. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used to analyze numerical data. The developed approach differs from the classical one by resolving the mass and momentum equations and the transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy, separately for each phase. Transfer terms of momentum and turbulent kinetic energy between phases take into account fluid-particle interactions. Two problems in which an interface between the clear water and the very dense mixture (water and sediment) are considered: the dredged-sediment releases in the seawater and the instability at the interface between the clear water and the heavy suspension (mixture of water and sediment like mud) (Kelvin-Helmholtz instability). The two-phase flow modelling reproduces quantitatively the main processes involved in sediment transport of non-cohesive particles in very dense suspensions. Especially, the numerical results confirm the existence of a horizontal velocity lag between the fluid and particles. The flow within this structure is successfully captured by a few POD eigenfunctions
Boutmin, Gérard. "Dragage et exploitation des sables marins : qualité des matériaux et conséquences sur le milieu." Nantes, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NANT2007.
Full textRouas, Guy. "Étude et modélisation par éléments finis des processus hydrosédimentaires estuariens." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD884.
Full textWaeles, Matthieu. "Spéciation des éléments métalliques en milieu estuarien et quantification des flux vers le plateau continental." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2030.
Full textThe behaviour of various chemical species of iron, copper, lead and cadmium was studied along the whole salinity gradient as a function of hydrological and biogeochemical variations. Our investigations were focused on two systems with very different properties: the Penzé (Britanny, Western Channel) and the Loire-North Biscay Continental Shelf. The former is characterised by a 10w freshwater discharge and well-mixed waters, whereas the latter shows a high freshwater discharge and waters flowing to the North Biscay Continental Shelf where the waters are stratified. A great effort was also devoted to the development of methods based on stripping chronopotentiometric electrochemistry for metal analysis in the marine environment. Our experimental results highlighted similar behaviours for lead, copper and cadmium in both systems : i) Lead was highly coprecipitated by hydrous oxides iron ; ii) Copper was generally desorbed from organic particles and made complexes with non-polar hydrophobic organic ligands ; iii) Cadmium associated with hydrous oxides of iron and manganese desorbed and formed cholorocomplexes or organic complexes. We also showed that fluxes of the various chemical metal species to the marine environment over the seasonal cycle are highly dependent on the hydrological and biogeochemical variations of the system under study. Taking into account these changes in the metal state is paramount for further reliable monitoring of exported metal traces
Vacher, Lilian. "Étude par fluorescence des propriétés de la matière organique dissoute dans les systèmes estuariens : cas des estuaires de la Gironde et de la Seine." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12923.
Full textMsokar, Sawsan. "Étude de la matière organique dans deux écosystèmes estuariens : Les estuaires de la Seine et de l'Authie." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-61-62.pdf.
Full textOlivier, Caroline. "Modélisation numérique des phénomènes de transport de matières en estuaire fluvial : application à l'estuaire de la Seine." Le Havre, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2002LEHA0006.
Full textThe goal of this work is to modelize in three dimensions the suspended matter transport in a river with tidal effect. This studie includes three parts. The first one is about hydrodynamic modelization in rivers, the second concern suspended matter transport modelization, the third part is devoted to coupling together the two last models and to apply them to the Seine estuary. In our hydrodynamic model we take into account the tidal wave which is propagated in the opposite direction from the river flow. We have chosen to do a tridimensionnal modelization to represent as well as possible the recirculation phenomena generate by bends and slopes. The treatment of the transport equation was done by a lagrangian method. This method was used to better visualize small displacements of matter in flow and to follow them in time and space. The coupling of models is applied to test areas and then to the Seine estuary
Andrieux-Loyer, Françoise. "Les formes de phosphore particulaire et sédimentaire en environnement côtier : méthodes d'analyse, biodisponibilité, échange." Brest, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BRES2034.
Full textGeffard, Olivier. "Toxicité potentielle des sédiments marins et estuariens contaminés : évaluation chimique et biologique, biodisponibilité des contaminants sédimentaires." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12437.
Full textClarisse, Olivier. "Approche géochimique du fonctionnement et de la dynamique des vasières de l'estuaire de la Seine." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-105.pdf.
Full textCapo, Sylvain. "Hydrodynamique et dynamique sédimentaire en milieu tropical de mangrove, observations et modélisation de l'estuaire du Konkouré, République de Guinée." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13184.
Full textFoucher, Delphine. "Géochimie du mercure dans des sédiments estuariens et côtiers : cas de la Seine (France) et de la baie de Kaštela (Croatie)." Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-333.pdf.
Full textOliveira, Cynthia. "Diversité des intégrons dans des sédiments estuariens anthropisés." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR093.
Full textIntegrons are bacterial genetic platforms allowing acquisition and expression of genes. Clinical integrons play a major role in the strong increase of antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria recently observed. However, in the environment, they represent only a tiny fraction of the large integron diversity. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were (i) estimating the extent of the integron diversity in the environment, (ii) understanding phenomena responsible for integron pool structure in anthropized estuarine sediments and (iii) looking for integrons potentially proxy of chemical pollution level. The research of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons and the analysis of E. coli populations in sediments from the Risle drainage basin impacted by well-characterized fecal contamination sources show that E. coli strains with human origins were spread on short distances during low water level periods. However, class 1 integrons are spread on slightly longer distances and remain present in the 12 first centimeters of sediments at least. A methodology was developed allowing, for the first time, the analysis of integron diversity by high-throughput sequencing. In this way, the analysis of a 4.8 meter core sediment from the fluvial Seine estuary highlighted several thousands integron classes including many new integrases absent from data bases. Integron diversity decreases along with depth. Class 1 integrons are the majority integrons in surface sediments but their abundance strongly decreases in deep sediments. Class 1 integron abundance rather responds positively to chemical pollutions accentuating the idea that class 1 integrons could be used as proxy of recent anthropogenic pollutions. In the sediment core, three integron classes outshine the whole dataset: they represent 38% of all the sequences from the sediment core. However, abundances of these three majority integron classes rather respond negatively to chemical pollution levels. Integron pool structure is highly correlated to bacterial community diversity but seems to be partially independent to bacterial community diversity within two deep fractions from the sediment core: in these two sediment fractions, a new integron class outshines the rest of integron classes and seems to be specific to these two sediment fractions. Furthermore, this new integron class seems to be selected by PAH
Lerat, Yannick. "Cycles annuels de la matière organique et des éléments nutritfs dans les sédiments d'un écosystème côtier (baie de Morlaix, France) : interactions avec le compartiment pélagique." Brest, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BRES2004.
Full textSnoussi, Mama. "Nature, estimation et comparaison des flux de matières issus des bassins versants de l'Adour (France), du Sebou, de l'Oum-er-Rbia et du Souss (Maroc) : Impact du climat sur les apports fluviatiles à l'Océan." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10687.
Full textJimenez, Joselyn. "Comportement des ETMs dans les sédiments de surface du Golfe du Morbihan et la Baie de Quiberon : distribution spatiale, spéciation, biodisponibilité et relation avec les sédiments des ports et rivières." Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIS400/document.
Full textSurface sediments in the Gulf of Morbihan and the Bay of Quiberon were analyzed in order to characterize the trace metals elements, their behavior, the processes that control their spatial distribution, their speciation, reactivity and bioavailability. Potential sources of metals were looked for, based on the analysis of nearby harbors and river basin’s sediments. The analyses were done on the fraction below 63 µm of the sediments collected in April 2013. MTEs total concentration and speciation were obtained from total and selective attacks, respectively.The enrichment of Zn, Cu, Cd et Pb was identified in the surface sediments of the Gulf of Morbihan. Pb lability and bioavailability were shown in the sediments of the Bay of Quiberon. The MTEs behavior of the Morbihan’s coast is mostly controlled by the land-sea gradient. However, harbors and rivers form sources of ETMs, principally of Cu and Zn
Bally, Gabriel. "Contribution à l'étude de la dynamique d'échange du phosphore dans les sédiments d'une vasière intertidale de l'estuaire de Seine." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES041.
Full textThis study deals with the phosphorus biogeochemical cycle in the sediments of a Seine estuary intertidal mudflat. It relies on two complementary approaches including a field survey and laboratory's experiments. The intertidal areas, preferential places for fine materials accumulation, allow the trapping of organic and mineral particles. Thus, the main aim of this work is to study the role of this mudflat in term of source and/or sink of nutrients and dissolved organic carbon. The seasonnal survey of porewater chemistry, with the peeper's technic, conducted in the Seine-Aval II program (the "DyVa" project), allows to propose a conceptual model of organic matter degradation, which appears to be forced by the hydrodynamic and more particularly by the erosional/depositional cycles. The dissolved fluxes at the mudflat interface are negligible regarding on which are calculated dowstream (Poses). On the other hand, the particulate fluxes are significant; the mudflat acts as a source in winter and spring, and as a sink in summer. The laboratory's experiments of the phosphorus desorption kinetics show that the release of this nutrient is forced by a fast and a slow kinetic linked with the exchangeable phosphorus concept. Moreover, the distribution coefficient (KD) comparison shows a similar behavior between the intertidal sediments and the suspended particulate matter in term of phosphorus dynamic. These results show the importance of this intertidal mudflat in the dynamic at the Seine mouth: in winter, during the erosive stage, it generates phosphorus particulate fluxes; while, in summer, during a deposit enriched in organic matter, the mudflat generates dissolved nutrient fluxes. In one hand, this work highlights the power of an interdisciplinary approach in studying this environnement. In the other hand, it highlights the necessity to link the intertidal mudflats to the numerical models of sedimentological and geochemical processi in order to increase the understanding of nutrient cycle in the Seine estuary
Oger-Duroy, Cécile. "Etude des bactéries résistantes au cadmium portant le gène cadA dans un environnement naturel contaminé par les métaux lourds : l'estuaire de la Seine." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES019.
Full textIn the Seine estuary cadmium-resistant bacterial communities was studied with different approaches of classical microbiology and molecular ecology. Molecular quantification of the cadA gene level in the total extracted DNA from environmental samples (water and sediments) in the microbial community, enabled us to study modifications in the genetic background of these communities. Those modifications could be related to the selection pressure by cadmium occurring on bacterial communities in contaminated sites such as the Northern intertidal mudflats. Moreover, high level of cadA gene in the water column of the mouth could be relied to the hydrodynamic of the environment during the maximum turbidity zone formation in low riverflow periods. This study focalized on the Staphylococcus population harboring cadA gene. The conservation of cadA gene sequences in the bacteria of this genus could be related to the dissemination of this gene with plasmids or insertion sequences IS257 intermediates
Waeles, Benoît. "Modélisation morphodynamique de l'embouchure de la Seine." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2058.
Full textVeyssy, Eric. "Transferts de matières organiques des bassins versants aux estuaires de la Gironde et de l'Adour (Sud-Ouest de la France)." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10529.
Full textSnoussi, Mama. "Nature, estimation et comparaison des flux de matières issus des bassins versants de l'Adour (France), du Sebou, de l'Oum-er-Rbia et du Souss (Maroc) : Impact du climat sur les apports fluviatiles à l'Océan." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10877.
Full textLeloup, Julie. "Etude de la communauté microbienne sulfato-réductrice (portant le gène dsrAB) dans les vasières de l'estuaire de Seine." Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES015.
Full textIn the mudflats of the Seine estuary (France), sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) play an important role in the sulfur and carbon cycles, but also in metal cycles. As these microorganisms constitute a polyphyletic group, we have chosen a functional gene as a molecular marker: the dsrAB genes that encode for the key enzyme of sulfate respiration. A molecular tool, the competitive PCR, was developed for the quantification of the dsrAB genes in the Seine estuary sediments. Thus, the annual distribution and dynamic of SRM, coupled to the sulfate reduction rate (SRR), were investigated in both marine and freshwater mudflats. The maximum abundance of the dsrAB genes and SRR, were located in the first fifteen centimetres of the sediment, throughout the year. The dynamic of the SRM shows a seasonal evolution with a predominance of the activity during the early summer, the temperature, organic matter supply, but also the sedimentary process, were identified as important factors. A phylogenetic study of the dsrAB genes retrieved from both the marine and freshwater sediments, shows that the diversity of the sequences in the both sites was different, and could be related with the chemical characteristics of the sediments, such as the salinity and the sulfate concentration
Traini, Camille René Antoine. "L' estuaire de la Vilaine : évolution naturelle et anthropisation." Lorient, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LORIS165.
Full textThe estuary of the naughty boy is located on the Atlantic facade in Southern Brittany. Since 1970, the dam of arzal protects floods the swamps of redon constitute an important reserve of fresh water and a main highway. The presence of this work perturbed in the time and the space the dynamics sedimentary hydro of the estuary; this is mainly translated by a mudding pronounced by the estuarienne portion in the approval of the dam. About twenty years approximately were needed so that this work is integrated into the estuarien landscape and so that the action of the parameters hydrodynamics natures resumes its rights. The anthropological impacts must be thus taken into account in the morpho sedimentary functioning to plan their evolution and test the curative and preventive solutions. The inheritance géomorphologique through the parameters hydrodynamics (wind swell and dynamics tidale) governed the sedimentary deposits and the valley flooded estuarienne approximately 10000 - 9000 years ago BP. La power of these deposits is important. Localement it reaches about forty meters. Five sequences of marine transgressifs deposits recognized in the bais of the naughty boy are also present within the valley of the estuary and perceived up to approximately 40 km inside lands. The morphological control as well as architecture deposits are significant of a sedimentary environment of type ria. The estuarien space of the naughty boy thus registered the sum of the natural and anthropological factors and will know new modifications in connection with the ascent of the marine level during these next years
Walter-Simonnet, Anne-Véronique. "Impacts sédimentaires de la présence humaine et des variations climatiques. Exemples d'enregistrements lacustres, fluviatiles et estuariens." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Franche-Comté, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00403128.
Full textLe Quaternaire est caractérisé par une oscillation rapide du climat entre des périodes glaciaires et interglaciaires. Depuis peu, l'étude des variations naturelles du climat, particulièrement celui de la période interglaciaire dans laquelle nous vivons, l'Holocène, a connu un regain d'intérêt avec la mise en évidence d'un réchauffement global de la planète dont l'origine est, au moins en partie, anthropique. Afin de pouvoir cerner et modéliser l'impact réel de l'Homme sur le climat, il est indispensable de connaître avec précision les paramètres forçant les variations climatiques naturelles et les effets de ces variations sur l'environnement, et en particulier les enregistrements sédimentaires puisque ceux-ci sont utilisés dans les reconstructions climatiques puis les modélisations du climat. Les bassins versants, de tailles variées, et l'échelle de temps étudiés permettent de suivre à très court, court et moyen terme uniquement l'effet du climat puis la mise en place de la pression anthropique et son impact dans différents contextes sédimentaires.
Les lochs, lacs et tourbières sont des sites dans lesquels les enregistrements sédimentaires sont généralement continus depuis le dernier maximum glaciaire (environ 20 000 ans) et souvent caractérisés par une résolution très fine. En revanche, les enregistrements sédimentaires en domaine alluvial et estuarien sont très réduits et fragmentés, mais non dénués d'intérêt. Il s'agit donc nécessairement de conduire une approche pluridisciplinaire. Au sein de cette thématique globale, mes activités de recherche sont centrées sur une approche minéralogique, granulométrique et géochimique de l'impact des variations climatiques et des phases d'anthropisation sur les sédiments. La question de la datation des sédiments est alors cruciale pour corréler entre eux des événements d'impact régional. C'est là qu'intervient la mise en évidence et la caractérisation de niveaux de téphras dont la dispersion régionale est instantanée à l'échelle des temps géologiques.
Romont, Robin. "Caractérisation multiparamétrique de la qualité des sédiments et description des communautés macrozoobenthiques associées des ports de Dunkerque Ouest et Boulogne-sur-Mer et des estuaires de l'Aa et de la Canche (région Nord/Pas-de-Calais, France)." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10099.
Full textGuézennec, Loïc. "Hydrodynamique et transport en suspension du matériel particulaire fin dans la zone fluviale d'un estuaire macrotidal : l'exemple de l'estuaire de la Seine (France)." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES064.
Full textMichel, Charlotte. "Morphodynamique et transferts sédimentaires au sein d'une baie mégatidale en comblement (Baie de Somme, Manche Est). Stratégie multi-échelles spatio-temporelles." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES045.
Full textThe Baie de Somme is an infilling estuarine environment, controlled by intensive marine hydrodynamics forcing (megatidal tide and waves) and a small river flow. Morpho-sedimentary dynamics of this bay and sedimentary fluxes were studied at two spatial and temporal scales. I) At the scale of intertidal hydraulic dunes, studied during semi-diurnal and semi-lunar tidal cycles with neap tides (NT) and spring tides (ST). In this context, a strong forcing variability (winds, tide, waves) control sedimentary fluxes and morphodynamics evolutions of dunes (λ : 5-23 m ; H : 20-60 cm). These fluxes generally increase with tide and waves, inducing a net sediment transport to the east or west, according to the predominance of current (flood/ebb), which depends on the characteristics of wind and waves. Low tide morphology of dunes depends on hydrodynamic conditions and sediment transport : asymmetry eastwards under a threshold water depth of 2,64 to 2,73 m. ; asymmetry westwards above this threshold, during quiet or agitated tide (Hs max < 1,5 m) ; sub-symmetry and flattening dunes during very agitated ST ( Hs max ≥ 1,83 m) ; asymmetry eastwards during a storming ST. Migration of dunes crests is more intense during ST than during NT and is not always in accordance with net sediment transport directions. It is due to significant variations in dunes morphology and polarity. During a semi-lunar tide cycle with waves, net sediment transport and dunes migrations are in direction of internal area of the bay (eastward). II) At the scale of the bay, studied to seasonal, annual and multiannual time steps, infilling dynamics is significant. Superficial sedimentary cover of the bay, observed in 2013, show a filtering gradient of sediment « offshore-coast » and « central axis-shoreline », with internal borders characterized by an increase in muds and carbonates rates between 1980 and 2013. At recent historical scale (1947-2011), orthophotos show a strong progress of coastal barriers (sand dunes at north and pebbles at south) and salt meadow (up to 23,7 m/year). Tidal flat is characterized by large variations in the distribution of sandy bars and dune fields, as well as by strong divagations of tidal channels. Between 2011 and 2013, sedimentary budgets show erosion of south external zones, close to the front delta ebb (low altitude), and deposition in areas located in front of the pointe du Hourdel (mean altitude). At contrary, internal zones of the bay (high altitude) are quite stable, because at the end of infilling or already filled. Very dynamic north external parts still have a low sediment budget to suggest that this sector is in dynamic equilibrium, perhaps as a result of sandy transfers with the coastline. These two spatial and temporal approaches confirm the trend of infilling of the Baie de Somme, under the effect of marine sand transport in the internal areas, during short time steps at the fine scale of dune fields, as during long time steps at the global scale of the bay, and allow to propose appropriate monitoring strategies
Tian, Yue. "Traitement électrocinétique des sédiments de dragage multi-contaminés et évolution de leur toxicité." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMLH24/document.
Full textThis thesis research is mainly devoted to the optimization of an electrokinetic (EK) remediation process as a promising technology for treating multi-contaminated (trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyles (PCBs)) dredged harbor sediments of low permeability. This study is also investigating the effect of the EK treatment on the evolution of sediment toxicity. After a bibliographic review, asecond part of this study was dedicated to the analytical methods carried out for the characterization of the sediment and its contaminants, particularly to their extraction from the sediment matrix; thus a new extraction method, through matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) was developed, for a fast and simultaneous extraction of both PAHs and PCBs, and a sample purification.MSPD appeared more efficient than the microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method. Thereafter many EK experiments (at different scales) were described in a third part. EK remediation tests were performed using a spiked model sediment or natural harbor dredged sediments. Many combinations of surfactants and chelators were tested as EK enhancing agents for decreasing simultaneously metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) and PAH/PCB levels. Their choice was done because of their possible low toxicity with a view to use them for future site restoration: (bio)surfactants (rhamnolipids, saponin and Tween 20) combined with chelators (citric acid (CA) and EDDS). The results showed that metals (except Cr) were difficult to remove from this kind of dredged sediment owing to its reductive character, to its high buffering capacity, to its very low hydraulic permeability and to its high organic matter content. However PAHs and PCBs showed better removal levels (29.2% and 50.2%, respectively). In a fourth part, the efficiency of the EK process was also assessed by measuring the evolution of the acute toxicity of the treated sediment on E. affinis copepods exposed to sediment elutriates. The results showed that using CA, biosurfactants or Tween 20 as enhancing agents did not significantly impact the toxicity of the treated sediment. However, E. affinis copepods were significantly sensitive to low pH values and oxidative conditions, to Cu, and to a lesser extent to Pb amounts, if they were transformed in more mobile and bioavailable forms. In contrast, acute toxicity was only slightly and even negatively correlated to PAH and PCB amounts after EK treatment, probably due to the production of oxidized metabolites of PAHs and PCBs, more toxic than the parent compounds
Toublanc, Florence. "Hydrodynamique et dynamique des sédiments fins dans l'estuaire de la Charente." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS411/document.
Full textMacrotidal estuaries such as the Charente estuary are characterized by a constant interaction between the tides and the river runoff. The aim of this work is to study the estuary behavior in function of these forcings, and to determine their impact of the horizontal and vertical distributions of salinity and fine cohesive sediments. A three-dimensional model was developed to reproduce the estuarine dynamics observed in the Charente estuary. This model was validated using in-situ measurements, which can also confirm and provide additional information when compared to the different forcing simulations. In the Charente estuary, the tidal asymmetry is characterized by its inversions in function of the neap/spring tidal cycle. The model was used to determine the influence of the incident tide and the estuarine morphology on this behavior, and to evaluate its impact on salinity and sediment dynamics in the system. The overall evolution of the tide during its propagation in the estuary was studied, together with the river runoff influence on the estuarine circulation, the saline intrusion and stratification. Results show that the estuary mouth stays tide-dominated even in the event of a flood, and that stratification is inversely proportional to the river runoff. The turbidity maximum is well reproduced by the hydrosedimentary model, and its variations infunction of the flood/ebb and neap/spring tidal cycles are studied. Tidal forcing is the main mechanism leading to the formation and movement of the turbidity maximum. However, simulations show a strong influence of the river runoff on its geometry and concentration, especially when the runoff is high. The turbidity maximum is then more compact and moving on shorter distances. Calculated sedimentary fluxes and observations made on the field suggest that sediments are imported in the estuary for low and medium river runoffs, and that siltation is occurring. In the event of a flood, the turbidity maximum is maintained 10km upstream of the mouth and sediments are exported into the Marennes-Oléron bay
Billeaud, Isabelle. "Dynamique de construction d'un prisme sédimentaire littoral en régime mégatidal (la Baie du Mont-Saint-Michel)." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2071.
Full textThe Bay of Mt-St-Michel is a megatidal environment, the Holocene sedimentary infill of which began some 8000 years ago. The present-day Bay consists in various sub-environments : an embayment in the West, an estuary in the East, and a sandy barrier subject to wave action in the NE. Thanks to VHR seismic data and cores, different architectures are highlighted : progradational to aggradational in the embayment, aggradational to chanelized in the estuary and along the NE shoreline. The infill model established with all the data is characterised as follows: a transgressive systems tract of low volume; a well-developed highstand systems tract ; a tidal ravinement surface of large extent, reaching locally the substrate; a wave ravinement surface locally present along the estuary margins; an accommodation for sequence preservation of tidal origin in the estuary, and of eustatic origin along the margins. At the basin scale, discrepancies in time-and-space of the preservation potential of sedimentary sequences observed into the infill are very important. As soon as the transgression rate slow down from 6500 yB. P. , the key-control of local factors (hydrodynamics, sediment supply, substrate morphology) is evidenced. Sequences preserved along the estuary margins record environmental changes interpreted as the result of climate crisis of 1500-year period. Although the origin of these climate cycles is uncertain (Bond cycles, long term tidal cycles, combination of both ?), their control on coastal system evolution should be considered as major
Haurine, Frédéric. "Caractérisation d'atterrissements d'argiles récents sur le territoire français, en vue de leur valorisation dans l'industrie des matériaux de construction en terre cuite." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0066/document.
Full textPreservation of natural resources becomes an important issue in our societies. Raw materials of the fired-clay industry are considered as non-renewable because there are extracted from fossil geologic formations. In this context, current fine-grained deposits of fluvial and coastal systems constitute alternatives to the quarrying of geologic formations. The aim of this thesis is firstly to assess, within France, the renewal of the resource for such materials; and secondly, to seek alternative methods to enhance the use of such sediments to reduce the yearly volume of fossil sediments consumed by fired-clay industry.A first evaluation allowed highlighting that the renewal of the source of fine sediments is provided by the fluvial and coastal deposits with more than 20 Mm3/yr especially in relation to hydraulic management.Development of a Mineralogical Reference Framework (MRF) from industrial mixtures allowed the evaluation of sites taking into account the sediment composition. This MRF constitutes a rapid screening of a site compared to the classic method that necessitates several experiments. This is to be applied to sites which potential has been validated by the MRF.Only a part of the source, about 5 Mm3, can be used by the fired-clay industry which consumes 3,5 Mm3/yr. Fine material resource seems to be renewable.Finally, the realization of mixtures with shortening agents or other sediments with complementary properties allows valuing a larger number of fine-grained deposits
Hamzeh, Mariam. "Dynamique, comportement et toxicité des éléments traces métalliques à l’interface eau-sédiment dans l’estuaire de la Seine." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10056/document.
Full textThe present work is a part of TOXSEINE project included in “Seine-aval IV Program”. The main focal points of the research are: study of the behavior and the toxicity of trace metals at water-sediment interface of the Seine estuary. Our work is conducted on different sites along the estuary reaching the mudflat of the river. The following study has revealed high levels of metal contamination in Seine sediment especially with Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn particularly in the upstream river. Other part of the work is devoted for the study of the disponibility and toxicity of metals by calculation of toxicity index and the use of bioessay (Microtox test). The accumulated trace metals in sediment represent a source of pollution and a potential threat to aquatic ecosystem especially during their release due to sediment resuspension caused by tide effect, traffic boat and dredging activities. For these reasons, the mobility of ETM is studied taking into consideration: adsorption phenomena, desorption, kinetics of metal release. The results have indicated an important lability of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) and positive correlation between the chemical contamination and the biological response
Virolle, Maxime. "Origine et prédiction spatio-temporelle des tapissages argileux dans les réservoirs silicoclastiques - Apports de la comparaison entre des réservoirs enfouis (Permien et Crétacé) et un analogue actuel (estuaire de la Gironde) Detrital clay grain coats in estuarine clastic deposits: origin and spatial distribution within a modern sedimentary system, the Gironde Estuary (south-west France) Influence of sedimentation and detrital clay grain coats on chloritized sandstone reservoir qualities: Insights from comparisons between ancient tidal heterolithic sandstones and a modern estuarine system Identification of a chloritization process in the Wealden facies sandstones (Early Cretaceous) of the Paris Basin, France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS190.
Full textThe reservoir quality is one of the "risk" factors for hydrocarbon exploration or for the future development of geothermal energy in siliciclastic hydrosystems. Reservoir properties are defined by porosity and permeability values. In deep buried siliciclastic reservoirs, chlorite coatings around quartz grains help to preserve these properties. The mechanisms behind these coatings are still poorly understood. The objectives of this study are: (1) to characterize (mineralogy, crystallography, textural and microstructural properties) and to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of clay and clay coatings in well constrained sedimentary environments and within a well-defined stratigraphic framework; (2) to better understand the factors controlling the formation of clay coatings in siliciclastic reservoirs; (3) to describe the intermediate processes of authigenic chlorite formation via different precursor minerals during burial; (4) to predict the distribution of good reservoir properties in relation to clay coatings. The modern analogue chosen for this study is the Gironde estuary, where the presence of detrital clay grain coats was detected in the intertidal zone of tidal and point bars, but also in pluri-meters long sedimentary cores. The formation mechanisms of these coatings have been investigated with the interaction between hydrodynamic and biological processes. Analogies with buried sandstone reservoirs (>3500m) showed that sand facies of external tidal bars deposited at the end of a transgressive cycle are the preferred targets for finding good reservoir properties in estuarine reservoirs. The evolution of detrital clay grain coats during burial was approached by studying buried reservoirs between 400 and 1000m deep. The detrital coatings are transformed into berthierine and mixed-layer chlorite-smectite at depths between 600 and 900m and temperatures between 30-40°C. These minerals are true precursors to ferrous chlorite coatings that appear at greater depth
Van, Lan Anh. "Modélisation du transport de sédiments mixtes sable-vase et application à la morphodynamique de l'estuaire de la Gironde (France)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1165/document.
Full textThis study attempts to model sediment transport rates and the resulting bed evolution in a complex estuarine environment: the Gironde estuary, characterized by a high hetereogeneity in the sediment bed composition, with the presence of both cohesive and non-cohesive sediments and sand/mud mixtures. Our main objective is to extend an existing 2D morphodynamic model developped by Huybrechts et al (2012b) for non-cohesive sediments, to account for the presence of mud and to draw some preliminary step for a fully mixte sediment morphodynamic model. Our framework is the finite element Telemac system (release 6.1), where the two-dimensional (depth averaged) approach has been selected for large scale and medium term simulations.The first part of this work is devoted to the understanding of sedimentation-consolidation processes for pure mud, combining laboratory experiments and 1D vertical models. Cohesive processes are then integrated in the 2D (depth-averaged) large scale morphodynamic model of the Gironde estuary developed by Huybrechts et al. (2012b). Erosion/deposition experiments were performed at the RWTH laboratory (University of Aachen, Germany) to calibrate the erosion and deposition law parameters. Moreover, the effect of consolidation is taken into account through the implementation of a 1DV Gibson-based sedimentation-consolidation model (Thiebot et al., 2011) using analytical closure equations for permeability and effective stress. Special attention is paid to the initialisation of the bed structure. Comparisons between measurements and model results are achieved on both suspended sediment concentration records and on medium term (5-year) bed evolutions.In the second part, a new 1DV model for the hindered settling of sand-mud mixtures has been developed based on the background of non-cohesive bi-disperse models. The numerical solution has been constructed by considering a high-order of accuracy in space via a Weighted Essentially Non Oscillatory (WENO) reconstruction technique and in time via a local space-time Discontinuous Galerkin (DG).The model is then validated against a large range of experimental data (mono-disperse sand, mud, non-cohesive bi-disperse and non-cohesive/cohesive mixture)
Ait, ballagh Fatima Ezzahra. "Dynamique du phosphore dans les sédiments à l’interface fleuve-mer : couplage modèle – données." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV020.
Full textPhosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for life, playing a key role in the primary production regulation at the river-sea interface, and closely to carbon and nitrogen global cycles. The burial of phosphorus in sediments of the river-sea interface occurs in association with organic matter and mineral particles. This burial represents the long-term removal pathway for the phosphorus. However, sediments role in dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) recycling, is poorly quantified in eutrophic estuaries. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to refine our understanding about sediments response to DIP recycling in Elorn and Aulne estuarine sediments (Brittany, France). In addition, we aim to contrast it with deltaic sediments (Rhône River delta) in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea. Secondly, all these ecosystems are highly dynamic, characterized by intense loads of organic matter and nutrients (N, P), leading to their intense fall on the sea floor, burial below the sediment-water interface (SWI) and mineralization. Therefore, involved biogeochemical processes can change largely the chemistry of upper layer of these sediments. We aim to clarify and to quantify the depth sequences of diagenetic processes, controlling the fate of sedimentary organic matter, transformation of phosphorus and induced DIP fluxes to the overlying water. To this end, we used a coupled field data with an existing model (OMEXDIA), extended with phosphorus (P) benthic cycle, to study P dynamics and to evaluate the sediments capacity as sinks or sources of P in the eutrophic Elorn and Aulne estuaries and the Rhône River prodelta. First of all, the OMEXDIA-P model was fitted to the porewater (oxygen, nitrate, ammonium, Oxygen Demand Units (Mn2+, Fe2+ and H2S, reduced during the anoxic mineralization; ODU) and DIP) and solid (organic P, Fe-bound P and Ca-bound P) data from four seasons (February, May, July and October 2009) in upstream, midstream and downstream stations of Elorn and Aulne estuaries. Secondly, the model was fitted to the same state variables, in addition to sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for nine stations located in Rhône River outlet, prodelta and its adjacent continental shelf and sampled in May 2018. Both model’s applications showed a good agreement with the vertical distribution of porewater and solid phases in all stations and seasons. The combined use of these two datasets with the present model revealed that organic C fluxes deposited in the SWI of Elorn and Aulne estuaries (23 to 98 mmol m-2 d-1) and Rhône River prodelta (10 to 160 mmol m-2 d-1) were intense, especially in the River outlet. Therefore, the organic P mineralization represented the main source of internally produced DIP in both estuaries (77% of total DIP production) and in Rhône River prodelta (>90%). The contribution of mineralization pathways highlighted an increase of anoxic mineralization contribution due to saline gradient from upstream to downstream estuaries. While this mineralization pathways showed a decrease from Rhône River outlet to the continental shelf, as a function of the decrease of organic matter inputs with distance. The model’s calculation of sedimentary P budget indicated also that Fe-bound P played a key role in the P cycle, by retaining DIP in sediments from diffusion to overlying water and promoting the Ca-bound P precipitation. Moreover, Fe-bound P represented an additional source of DIP in sediments, especially in Elorn and Aulne estuaries. The largest proportion of released DIP was recycled to overlying water in these estuarine (85%) and deltaic (72%) sediments, while the burial as an authigenic Ca-bound P was a minor fraction. Overall, the model’s results presented here also demonstrated that these estuarine and deltaic sediments played a key role in the benthic P cycle and acted as sources of DIP to the water column. Moreover, the internally produced DIP inputs in Elorn and Aulne sediments was higher the external inputs
Chauchat, Julien. "Contribution à la modélisation diphasique du transport sédimentaire en milieux côtiers et estuariens." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00173387.
Full textEn terme de résultats, nous montrons que l'approche développée est capable de reproduire quantitativement les principaux processus mis en jeu dans le transport sédimentaire de particules non cohésives : la sédimentation et la dispersion turbulente des particules en milieu dilué. Le modèle développé confirme l'existence d'une différence de vitesse horizontale entre les particules et l'eau. Il simule les effets de dispersion des particules par le mouvement turbulent du fluide et l'atténuation de l'énergie cinétique turbulente du fluide due à la présence des particules. Une autre originalité de ce travail est de proposer un modèle diphasique à surface libre, bidimensionnel vertical, pour la simulation du transport sédimentaire. Nous avons identifié des lacunes entre les théories et les expériences notamment pour la simulation de la turbulence en écoulement dense. Nous proposons des solutions pour améliorer la simulation du comportement de matériaux cohésifs. Une tentative de simulation hydrosédimentaire sur l'estuaire de la Seine est présentée. Le phénomène de bouchon vaseux est qualitativement reproduit par le modèle sans qu'aucune loi d'érosion ou de dépôt ne soit imposée.