Journal articles on the topic 'Sedimentation water treatment'
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1
Arendze, S., and M. Sibiya. "Filter backwash water treatment options." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 4, no. 2 (December 16, 2013): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.131.
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Filtration acts as the final step in the removal of suspended matter and protozoa. The accumulated residue is removed during the backwash process and any subsequent recycling of filter backwash water could potentially re-introduce these contaminants into the main treatment process. By separating the filter backwash water from the main treatment process, factors that could interfere with the integrity of the primary treatment barriers, will be eliminated. Treatment and recovery of the filter backwash water would be beneficial in terms of water reuse, by replacing a proportion of the freshwater demand. The aim of this study was to investigate possible treatment options for the filter backwash water at Rand Water. Treatment options for filter backwash water treatment plants usually consist of a solids removal process and a disinfection process. Three solid removal processes for filter backwash water from Rand Water's filtration systems were selected for testing on an experimental basis: (1) sedimentation without flocculation, (2) sedimentation with flocculation, and (3) dissolved air flotation with flocculation. Flocculation with sedimentation produced the best results when compared to the other two treatment options evaluated. It is a simple and effective option for the treatment of filter backwash water.
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., Ilyas Eker, Fahrettin Gogus ., and Mehmet Tumay . "Sedimentation Process in a Water Treatment System." Journal of Applied Sciences 2, no. 6 (May 15, 2002): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2002.694.697.
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Rahman, Arief, and Ali Masduqi. "Study of turbidity treatment in Karangpilang II Water Treatment Plant." Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 1, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v1i2.12.
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Karangpilang II Water Treatment Plant (WTP) is a part of Karangpilang WTP of Surabaya Water Utilities that serves the water supply for Surabaya City. Karangpilang II WTP has the biggest clean water production capacity in Karangpilang WTP, which is 2500 L/s. Using conventional treatment to remove turbidity, the treatment plant in Karangpilang II WTP consists of pre-sedimentation, clearator and filter units. In this study, evaluation of turbidity quality in production water and turbidity removal efficiency were conducted to analyze the Karangpilang II WTP performance in turbidity treatment. The evaluation was conducted using the 2016 data, by comparing the turbidity of production water with the Water Quality Standard of the Water Utilities, and by comparing the turbidity of raw water, effluents of each treatment unit and production water. The evaluation result showed that in the case of Karangpilang II WTP turbidity removal performance, there were some occurrences that the turbidity in production water has not met the standard quality. The results also showed that there was a unit in the Karang Pilang II WTP with inadequate performance in turbidity removal, namely pre‑sedimentation unit. There are some solutions for the problem of turbidity removal in Karangpilang II WTP: increasing the maintenance schedule for pre-sedimentation unit; determining the proper turbidity reference in determination of coagulant dose; optimizing the coagulant dose; using produced sludge from water treatment as coagulant aid along with Al2SO4; and using capping material in filter unit.
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O′Melia, Charles R. "Coagulation and sedimentation in lakes, reservoirs and water treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0122.
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Coagulation and sedimentation occur naturally in all lakes and reservoirs and, by design, in water treatment plants using surface supplies. Important factors that affect water quality in lakes and reservoirs include nutrient loading, areal hydraulic loading, and detention time together with the concentrations of land-derived (pedogenic) natural organic matter and hardness in waters entering the lake or reservoir. These, in turn, have important effects on the design and operation of potable water treatment systems. It is difficult and expensive to use the good physics to compensate for poor chemistry in water treatment plant design. There are many interesting and useful similarities among the physical and chemical characteristics of lakes, reservoirs, and water treatment plants.
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Hallberg, M., G. Renman, L. Byman, G. Svenstam, and M. Norling. "Treatment of tunnel wash water and implications for its disposal." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 10 (March 4, 2014): 2029–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.113.
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The use of road tunnels in urban areas creates water pollution problems, since the tunnels must be frequently cleaned for traffic safety reasons. The washing generates extensive volumes of highly polluted water, for example, more than fivefold higher concentrations of suspended solids compared to highway runoff. The pollutants in the wash water have an affinity for particulate material, so sedimentation should be a viable treatment option. In this study, 12 in situ sedimentation trials were carried out on tunnel wash water, with and without addition of chemical flocculent. Initial suspended solids concentration ranged from 804 to 9,690 mg/L. With sedimentation times of less than 24 hours and use of a chemical flocculent, it was possible to reach low concentrations of suspended solids (<15 mg/L), PAH (<0.1 μg/L), As (<1.0 μg/L), Cd (<0.05 μg/L), Hg (<0.02 μg/L), Fe (<200 μg/L), Ni (<8 μg/L), Pb (<0.5 μg/L), Zn (<60 μg/L) and Cr (<8 μg/L). Acute Microtox® toxicity, mainly attributed to detergents used for the tunnel wash, decreased significantly at low suspended solids concentrations after sedimentation using a flocculent. The tunnel wash water did not inhibit nitrification. The treated water should be suitable for discharge into recipient waters or a wastewater treatment plant.
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Poleneni, Sandhya Rao, Enos Inniss, Honglan Shi, John Yang, Bin Hua, and Joseph Clamp. "Enhanced Flocculation Using Drinking Water Treatment Plant Sedimentation Residual Solids." Water 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2019): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091821.
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Inefficient removal of total organic carbon (TOC) leads to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) when a disinfectant is added. This study is performed in an effort to develop a simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective technology that will effectively lower organic precursors by having water utilities reuse their treatment residual solids. Jar tests are used to simulate drinking water treatment processes with coagulants—aluminum sulfate (alum), poly-aluminum chloride (PACl), and ferric chloride and their residual solids. Ten coagulant-to-residual (C/R) ratios are tested with water from the Missouri River at Coopers Landing in Columbia, MO versus alluvial ground waters. This treatment results in heavier floc formation and leads to improved sedimentation of organics and additional removal of aluminum and iron. An average of 21%, 28%, and 33% additional TOC removal can be achieved with C/R ratios <1 with alum, PACl, and ferric chloride, respectively.
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Latvala, A. "Advanced Chemical Treatment with Flocculation in Pipes." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1990): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0201.
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At the beginning of 1988 there were in Finland about ten small chemical wastewater treatment plants that were using flocculation in pipes instead of flocculation basins. This method consists of Me+++-chemical feeding, mixing, flocculation and sedimentation. Chemicals were fed into the suction openings of the wastewater pump, which is used for rapid mixing and also for pumping wastewater flow to the sedimentation basin. In the sedimentation sludge blanket sedimentation in deep vertical sedimentation basins was used. The sedimentation basin can also be used as sludge storage, if it is made sufficiently large. This method has been found especially suitable for small wastewater treatment plants, because it needs little labour and is cheap to build and to use and it is not affected negatively by fluctuations in the flow. The construction costs of this system in Finland have been about 50 % of those involved in traditional chemical package plants. The limitations of this method are its weakness in removing soluble organic load and its inability to oxygenate or remove nitrogen. However, a biological unit designed to cope with these limitations is under development.
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Chin, Kee Kean, and Say Leong Ong. "Treatment and reuse of water for prawn cultivation." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 9 (November 1, 1994): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0492.
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An experimental prawn pond of 600 sq m surface area and 2 m depth was used for the cultivation of tiger prawn. Thirty-thousand 14-day PL flies were stocked. Water treatment systems consisting of primary sedimentation, aerated biofilter and inclined plate final sedimentation were installed for treatment and recycling of the pond water. With complete recycling and reuse of the pond water and occasional replenishing with seawater to make up for losses due to evaporation, water quality was maintained at an acceptable level. Survival rate of the prawn was above 80 %. Prawn yield was estimated to be around 7.6 tonnes/hectare-cycle or 22.8 tonnes/hectare-year.
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Yero, Jezhi Paul, Idris Misau Muhammad, Adamu Mohammad Bello, Abdulwadud Abdulkarim Yusuf, and Atiku Yakubu Musa. "Development of Bench Scale Water Treatment Unit for the Treatment of Medium Turbid Water: The Use of Natural Coagulant." Path of Science 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.66-4.
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Water purification is a process used to enhance water quality and make it more acceptable for specific end-use. The rising increase for portable drinking water has made natural coagulant application for water purification a welcome development. Most reported researches were on the use of natural coagulants in a laboratory batch scale. Because of those above, a bench-scale laboratory study was carried out on the application of Balanites Aegyptiaca seed as a natural coagulant. The outcome showed its usefulness toward water purification. This paper reported the developed bench-scale water treatment plant's performance utilising Balanites Aegyptiaca seed stock solution and the powdered kennel as bio-coagulant. Some design equations were adopted. The treatment units considered include coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. The total tank design capacity was 20 litres with the overflow area's actual size for sedimentation of 7.46 litres. 0.5 Hp electric motor with a speed of 600 rpm and a speed gear drop of 120 rpm were selected. 0.0127 m pipe flow line diameter connecting the tanks with a corresponding pipe flow velocity of 0.108 m/s was obtained from the design. However, in both the coagulation, sedimentation and filtration units, the material balance obtained showed a steadiness in the material flow across sedimentation and filtration units. However, among the parameters tested in the raw turbid water, the turbid water revealed turbidity of 514 NTU, the colour of 5600 CTU, the conductivity of 276 µs/cm, pH of 7.10 and total coliform bacteria count of 85 CFU/100 mL which were above the recommended set standard of WHO and NIS. The result of the treated water using the stock solution and the powdered kennel (bio-coagulant) on the developed water treatment unit showed a remarkable reduction in the tested parameters in the raw turbid water used for the treatment process. Total coliform count reduces from 85 CFU/100 ml to 10 CFU/ml in both cases. It was observed that conductivity increases after the treatment, but other inorganic constituents reduce significantly though not to WHO and NIS's recommended set standard. The 0-dosage treatment conducted also showed a reduction in all the tested parameters.
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Sharma, Saroj K., Mustefa Hussen, and Gary Amy. "Soil aquifer treatment using advanced primary effluent." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.663.
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Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) using primary effluent (PE) is an attractive option for wastewater treatment and reuse in many developing countries with no or minimal wastewater treatment. One of the main limitations of SAT of PE is rapid clogging of the infiltration basin due to high suspended solid concentrations. Some pre-treatment of PE before infiltration is likely to reduce this limitation, improve performance of SAT and help to implement this technology effectively. The effects of three pre-treatment options namely sedimentation (SED), coagulation (COAG) and horizontal roughing filtration (HRF) on SAT were analyzed by conducting laboratory-scale batch and soil column experiments. The sedimentation and coagulation pre-treatments led to less head loss development and reduction of clogging effect. The head loss development in soil column using PE + COAG and PE + SED was reduced by 85 and 72%, respectively, compared to PE alone without any pre-treatment. The overall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal of pre-treatments and soil column collectively were 34, 44, 51 and 43.5% for PE without any pre-treatment, PE + SED, PE + COAG and PE + HRF, respectively. Coagulation pre-treatment of PE was found to be the most effective option in terms of suspended solids, DOC and nitrogen removal. Sedimentation pre-treatment of PE could be attractive where land is relatively less expensive for the construction of sedimentation basins.
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Yaqoub, Rafe’a J., and Zeena A. Hameed. "Treatment of Suspended Materials in Water using Natural Coagulants." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 21, no. 1 (July 18, 2013): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.21.1.08.
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Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation are widely used in water treatment to obtain puredrinking water. Thus, efforts have made to find alternatives to alum. In this study, Starch andDextrin have been chosen as natural coagulants. A set of experiments were carried out, conditionswere varied in (30-500 NTU), and (5-10) for the water turbidity and acidity pH ,respectively.The results showed that Lamella has the ability to increase the efficiency of sedimentation processin flocculation/settling tank due to reduction in surface loading and increasing in a retention time .Ithas also been observed that the efficiency of Lamella was ranged in (50-40%)compared with a Jartest that has efficiency between (60-50%).
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van Puffelen, Jan, Paul J. Buijs, Peter N. A. M. Nuhn, and Wim A. M. Hijnen. "Dissolved air flotation in potable water treatment: the Dutch experience." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1995): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0525.
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This paper reviews the experience the drinking water companies in The Netherlands have gained in the last twenty years in the field of dissolved air flotation. An overview of the Dutch flotation plants with their individual objectives is presented. The efficiency of flotation towards the removal of different parameters, such as turbidity, organic matter and micro-organisms is good, which is illustrated by data from the water companies. Both in the past and at present water companies compare flotation to other floc separation techniques, such as sedimentation or direct filtration. Specially for waters with (relative) low turbidity and high chlorophyll-a content, flotation proved (in combination with rapid sand filtration) to be very effective. The efficiency of the flotation process has been improved by the development of different nozzle-types. Some of these types are described here, each with their advantages and disadvantages. In general dissolved air flotation has proved to be as sturdy and reliable as sedimentation techniques, such as lamellae settling.
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Yang, C. B., Y. L. Cheng, J. C. Liu, and D. J. Lee. "Treatment and reuse of backwash water in Taipei water treatment plant, Taiwan." Water Supply 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.961.
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A case study on the treatment and reuse of backwash water from Chang-Hsing Water Treatment Plant (CHWTP) and Swan-Sea Water Treatment Plant (SSWTP) of Taipei Water Department was conducted. Both backwash waters showed different properties. However, the characteristics of each backwash water did not vary considerably among samples taken during different time. Results from jar tests indicated that both polyaluminium chloride (PACl) and alum could result in effective removal of turbidity. Both DOC and absorbance of UV254 decreased slightly with increasing coagulant dosage. In continuous operation of backwash water recycle in pilot study in CHWTP, it was found that treated water quality was not affected by two different modes of recycle: intermittent recycle at ratio of 1:7 (backwash water:raw water) and continuous recycle at ratio of 1:42. In the pilot study in SSWTP, no impact was found on the introduction of backwash water at recycle ratio of 4, 6 and 8%, regardless of whether the backwash water was recycled directly or went through 3 min pre-sedimentation before it is recycled. Further study on the impact of typhoon on treatment and recycle of backwash water was recommended.
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Zhang, Xu Jun, Xi Wu Lu, and Xiang Ming Li. "Biosafety Assessment of Effluents from Different Drinking Water Treatment Process." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2410.
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Using recombinant yeast assay, cell proliferation assay and uterotropic assay, the estrogenic effect of Changjiang River raw water, effluent water from conventional process (flocculation + sedimentation + sand filter), effluent water from enhanced conventional process (flocculation + sedimentation + biological enhanced activity filter), and effluent water from biological activated carbon process (flocculation + sedimentation + sand filter + biological activated carbon filter) are analyzed. The results of in vitro test showed that when water sample at dosage of 0.01 to 2.43 L/plate, the curve of estrogen effect in Changjiang River raw water, effluent water from conventional process and enhanced conventional process was similar with that of 17β-estradiol. Their estrogen effect increased with increasing of water sample volume in certain extent, which had the dose-response relationship, and there is no estrogen effect in the effluent water from biological activated carbon process within the test’s dosage range. The results of in vivo test showed that comparing with the control group at dosage of 1 to 125 L/kg, Changjiang River raw water, effluent water from conventional process and enhanced conventional process could increase the weight of rat uterus, which indicated that the organic matters in the water samples still had estrogenic effect after the metabolic transformation in body. This study demonstrates that recombinant yeast assay, cell proliferation assay and uterotropic assay can be used for assessment of safety of effluents water from different drinking water treatment process.
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Svedovs, Oskars, Mikelis Dzikevics, Vladimirs Kirsanovs, and Ivars Veidenbergs. "Development of New Compact Water Treatment System for Flue-Gas Condenser for Households." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0041.
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Abstract This work is a continuation of the article “Methods for Determining the Performance and Efficiency Parameters of the Flue-gas Condenser Sedimentation Tank”. During the experimental determination of Particulate Matter (PM) physical parameters, a described methodology was used. The results obtained affected the choice of water purification technology. Sedimentation technology was selected but provided that a filter element should be present in the installation. The article describes the types of industrial sedimentation tanks used more often. In condition that the system should be compact, while at the same time the purification efficiency rate should be high, the new suitable design of the water treatment system was developed.
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Dolejš, P., O. Ditrich, T. Machula, N. Kalousková, and G. Puzová. "Occurrence and separation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water treatment." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 7 (April 1, 2000): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0128.
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The presence of Cryptosporidium sp. in Czech drinking water sources was monitored. High numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in the Slezska Harta reservoir after 1997 summer floods. The influence of iron (III) coagulant dose, mixing conditions and preozonation on the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium oocysts was studied. Low mixing intensity produced flocs with poor settling features. The efficiency of sedimentation expressed as residual iron after sedimentation was proportional to removal efficiency of oocysts. Both underdosing or overdosing of iron (III) coagulant resulted in decrease of COD, turbidity and oocyst removal. Preozonation positively influenced removal efficiency of oocysts in the conventional drinking water treatment train studied.
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Tulus, Suriati, M. Situmorang, and D. M. Zain. "Computational Analysis of Sedimentation Process in the Water Treatment Plant." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 890 (September 2017): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012077.
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V. I. Donenko, O. M. Nazarenko, I. A. Nazarenko, M. P. Marchenko, and V. P. Sulima. "Technical advantages of the city sedimentation water reconstruction system." Ways to Improve Construction Efficiency, no. 45 (October 16, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2707-501x.2020.45.26-36.
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The work designs a system of production components of urban infrastructure to create an energy efficient city. Hydraulic, hydrological, heat exchange processes of interaction of water structure and elements of treatment structures for centrifugal deposition of suspended matter have been investigated. Depending on the degree of contamination, devices for resource recovery are calculated. The duration of recovery operations was investigated. The technological cycle of re-water recovery and the number of cycles of cavitation generator for controlled conditioning of conditionally clean and dirty waters have been determined. Reverse osmosis devices for the recovery of conditionally pure water have been investigated. Categorized potential effluents of industrial waters as appropriate for restoration. Samples of experimental sediments for the needs of the construction industry at operating and supercritical modes of operation of the technological stream were obtained. A mathematical model of the productivity of irrigation of agro-centers in drought conditions with drip irrigation by repeated water has been developed.
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Zhang, Yue, Sen Peng, and Xin-hua Zhao. "Assessment of the value of NOM treatment processes based on a matter-element model." Water Supply 17, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.182.
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Research into natural organic matter (NOM) removal in drinking water treatment processes is mostly independent, distributed, disconnected and unable to meet the needs of technology application; therefore, an assessment of the value of NOM treatment processes is necessary. In this paper, a hybrid evaluation model based on rough set theory and a matter-element model was used to evaluate the value of eight NOM removal processes. The counting process of the weighting factor did not include any subjective information which avoided the artificial factor deviation and made the evaluation more objective. The result indicated that in addition to the MIEX + coagulation + sedimentation + filtration (MCSF) treatment process, the rest of the NOM treatment processes had a certain value; the coagulation + sedimentation + filtration + adsorption (CSFA) and coagulation + sedimentation + filtration + membrane (CSFM) treatment processes had the highest values which meant that these treatment processes could remove the NOM in drinking water effectively. It also illustrated that the coagulation + sedimentation + adsorption + membrane (CSAM) treatment process had high feasibility, which has important significance for guaranteeing the safety of drinking water.
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Oktaviani, Whindy, Ariyanti Sarwono, and I. Wayan Suryawan. "Identification of Surface Water Treatment Plan (WTP) Effluent and Distribution Water Quality in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java." Civil and Environmental Science 005, no. 01 (April 1, 2022): 001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2022.00501.1.
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This study analyzed the water treatment system into drinking water, and the quality of raw water and distribution results at Perumda Air Minum Giri Tirta Sari, Wonogiri Regency. The water treatment plant's (WTP) for surface water consists of intake, pre-sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, reservoir storage, and distribution. The sludge resulting from the deposition process is still not managed. Further planning is needed to control environmental pollution that may occur due to dumping sludge into streams. The quality of river raw water that has not met the quality standard is total coliform and color. Measurement of water on the customer's tap shows that all the quality standards of drinking water have met the criteria to be safe for use by residents
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Lawler, Desmond F., Anne M. Mikelonis, Ijung Kim, Boris L. T. Lau, and Sungmin Youn. "Silver nanoparticle removal from drinking water: flocculation/sedimentation or filtration?" Water Supply 13, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 1181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.125.
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Silver nanoparticles are used in a wide variety of consumer products and are therefore rapidly becoming ubiquitous in the natural environment; they can be expected to be found in the natural waters used as drinking water supplies. This research investigated whether such particles could be expected to be removed in conventional water treatment plants such as flocculation and filtration. Both flocculation and granular media filtration experiments with citrate-capped silver nanoparticles were performed at different ionic strengths and in the presence and absence of natural organic matter. The results were generally consistent with theories of particle destabilization that have been developed for larger particles (greater than 1 μm), suggesting that silver nanoparticles are likely to be removed in conventional treatment processes.
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Kulakov, Artem A., and Alina F. Filatova. "Intensification of activated sludge sedimentation processes by means of vacuuming." Vestnik MGSU, no. 3 (March 2021): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.3.370-380.
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Introduction. The mixed liquor of nitrogen removal wastewater treatment plants is characterized by a high concentration of nitrates and dissolved oxygen at the inlet to the secondary settling tank. In the sludge layer of secondary sedimentation tanks, conditions of decreased oxygen content and uncontrolled denitrification processes take place. This leads to the floating up and removal of sludge with the effluent and secondary pollution of treated water. The purpose of this article is to study the parameters of activated sludge sedimentation in municipal wastewater treatment plants and their intensification by means of vacuuming.
Materials and methods. The studies were carried out under laboratory conditions. Activated sludge vacuuming and sedimentation processes were simulated. Diagrams of the “sludge-water” phase reduction (Kinsh curves) were drawn. Mathematical and graphic processing of the results was carried out.
Results. Biological treatment of municipal wastewater (aerotank — secondary settling tank) and methods of its intensification by influencing the activated sludge were considered in this article. Trends of activated sludge (at different concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids) sedimentation were experimentally obtained for municipal wastewater treatment plants. The process of sludge vacuuming was researched, the process efficiency was determined as a function of the treatment time.
Conclusions. Vacuuming allows removing gases from the fluid, which accelerates the process of sludge separation from the treated water and prevents it from floating to the surface. The treated sample is characterized by better sedimentation characteristics, density, coarseness and integrity of flakes. The optimal duration of mixed liquor vacuuming before sedimentation is 0.5 minutes; this accelerates the processes of subsequent sedimentation and reduces the removal of sludge with treated water. The results of laboratory tests can be applied to the design of the mixed liquor vacuuming unit before the secondary sedimentation tanks and its sludge separation.
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Friedler, Eran, and Yuval Alfiya. "Physicochemical treatment of office and public buildings greywater." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 10 (November 1, 2010): 2357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.499.
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The current study analyses the performance of deep sand filtration of greywater from an office building and the performance of a combined physicochemical process comprising of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. Raw greywater quality exhibited very high variability with average turbidity of 35 NTU, and TSS, CODt, and BOD of 45, 240, 75 mg/l respectively. The stand-alone filter removed 50 and 70% of the turbidity and TSS, but failed to remove COD and BOD. Quality of the produced effluent was too low to allow any reuse. Clogging rate of the filter was high and under hydraulic loading of 3–4 m3/(m2 h) the filtration cycle had to be terminated after 5–8 h. Clogging occurred mainly on the upper layer, indicating the dominance of “cake” filtration mechanism. Addition of coagulation and sedimentation prior to sedimentation dramatically improved effluent quality, reaching overall removal efficiencies of 92, 94, 65 and 57% of turbidity, TSS CODt and BOD respectively. The filtration cycle could be prolonged to 20 h. The effluent produced was of much better quality, yet, it has to be further treated (either biological treatment or membrane filtration). Most of the removal occurred in the coagulation-sedimentation step, while the filter acted as a polishing unit.
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Ahamad, Kamal Uddin, Debaraj Bailung Sonowal, Vivek Kumar, Neeraj Nikhil, and Nirab Medhi. "Study on the impact of pre-sedimentation and consequently optimization of alum dose in water treatment process." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.046.
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Coagulation and flocculation processes are used to separate the suspended solids portion from water. However, coagulation–flocculation and sedimentation only are not sufficient in modern practices as nowadays every process is being viewed through an economic point of view. The present work aims to study the impact of pre-sedimentation on optimum coagulant dosage of raw water taken from a lake located at Tezpur University. Alum was used with the aim of determining its optimum doses at optimum pH and alkalinity. The influence of seasonal variation of pH and alkalinity on the coagulation dosages was studied and conditions were optimized corresponding to the best removal of turbidity. For raw and settled water the optimum alum dose obtained was 35–40 and 25–30 mg/L, respectively, clearly showing the impact of pre-sedimentation on optimization of alum dose and thereby economizing the water treatment process. Results indicated up to 98.67% removal of turbidity of water sample which had undergone pre-sedimentation process. A correlation has been developed between overall suspended solids removal and overall turbidity removal which can help in quickly estimating overall suspended solids removal using turbidity data.
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Ebie, K., and Y. Azuma. "Reducing turbidity and coagulant residue in treated water through optimization of rapid mix conditions." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0157.
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This study reports basic research on the effectiveness of raising the rapid agitation strength (velocity gradient, or GR value) in improving the treatment efficacy of coagulation and sedimentation. Coagulation and sedimentation treatment with a normal velocity gradient of 100-200 s-1 reduces turbidity to less than 1 mg/L but leaves a significant amount of coagulant residue and thus does not reduce the suction time index (STI) to a desirable level. By contrast, higher GR values yield improvements in the turbidity of the treated water, as well as marked improvements in the STI. Good coagulation and sedimentation treatment is also related to reductions in filtration head loss.
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Ando, A., M. Miwa, M. Kajino, and S. Tatsumi. "Removal of Musty-Odorous Compounds in Water and Retained in Algal Cells through Water Purification Processes." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0065.
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Musty-odorous compounds, metabolites of some species of blue-green algae, are usually contained in both the water and algal cell bodies. The compounds in the latter solid phase were found to be easily removed by coagulation and sedimentation without breakpoint prechlorination (intermediate chlorination used instead). Chlorination of the algae results in an artificial release of the metabolite content into the surrounding water. When a large fraction of the compounds was present in the algal cell bodies, more than 60% of these compounds were removed in the intermediate-chlorination treatment. Powdered activated carbon treatment is effective in removing the compounds in the aqueous phase. However, the effectivness was usually limited in practical treatment to high concentrations of musty odor. On the other hand, the ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment was found to be an effective method for removal. It was observed that the musty-odorous compounds were completely removed through the ozonation and GAC treatment system, which included coagulation and sedimentation without prechlorination.
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Carissimi, Elvis, Ezequiel Somavilla, Ivo Homrich Schneider, Beatriz Stoll Moraes, Manoel Maraschin, and Keila Fernanda Soares Hedlund. "Water treatment waste: Comparison between sedimentation and flotation for sludge thickening at a Brazilian Water Treatment Plant." International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 29, no. 4 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2022.10041712.
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Chen, Chiu-Yang. "Comparative Studies on the Primary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater for Ocean Disposal." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 7 (October 1, 1993): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0135.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of primary treatment on municipal wastewater before it is discharged into the ocean. A series of filter papers of specified pore size was applied to measure the removal of organics and solids in wastewater through various primary treatment processes. For plain sedimentation, the removal of suspended solids was always less than 50% while COD and BOD removals were 23-41% and 15-27%, respectively. For chemical coagulation with the addition of poly aluminium chloride (PAC), 70% SS removal was obtained with a PAC dose of 30 mg/l. If polyelectrolyte is added (about 1 mg/l), the dosage of PAC can be reduced to around 10 mg/l to maintain the SS removal efficiency at the same level. For air flocculation treatment by preaeration followed by sedimentation, the most achievable removal of solids from wastewater of more than 80% was obtained at an aeration rate of 0.5-1.0 Nl air/l. In particular it is more effective for smaller solids than for larger solids in wastewater. On organic removal, about 15-40% removal in terms of COD or BOD was obtained by treating wastewater with either plain sedimentation or air flocculation and sedimentation processes. The efficiency of organic removal from wastewater increased to about 60% by utilizing chemical coagulation and sedimentation treatment. Based upon the characteristics of tested municipal wastewater, in order to maintain the SS removal at 65% or above as regulated, the treatment processes of chemical coagulation or air flocculation followed by sedimentation should be employed.
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Folkard, G., and J. Sutherland. "Development of a naturally derived coagulant for water and wastewater treatment." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0155.
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Seeds of the pan tropical tree, Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) contain water soluble, positively charged proteins that act as an effective coagulant (molecular weight 13 kDa and isoelectric pH 10-11). Treatment studies are reviewed using the extracts of the crushed seed kernel and of the presscake (solids residue remaining after oil extraction). M. oleifera seed was incorporated into a pilot scale treatment system as a primary coagulant to clarify river water of 400 NTU in the wet season. Over 90% turbidity removal was achieved in the sedimentation stage at a dosage of 100 mgL-1. The filtrate turbidity was maintained well below 5 NTU. Subsequent trials were conducted in an adjacent works operating at 60 m3h-1. Treatment performance was comparable to that of using aluminium sulphate. Inlet turbidities of 270-380 NTU were consistently reduced to below 4 NTU. A comprehensive study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of using M. oleifera coagulant within a contact flocculation filtration (CFF) pilot rig. A wide range of operating conditions was evaluated in order to establish the useful “working envelope” for this process combination (filtration rates 5-20 mh-1, initial turbidities 20-50 NTU). Principal results are presented. As a coagulant within chemically enhanced primary sedimentation (CEPS) of a mixed wastewater, M. oleifera dosed at 150 mgL-1 gave additional removals (compared to a plain sedimentation control) of 40% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and in excess of 80% for suspended solids (SS). Subsequent laboratory work coupled an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) to CEPS. M. oleifera coagulant in the CEPS pre-treatment unit beneficially increased the ratio of soluble COD to volatile SS by a factor of ten compared to plain sedimentation and by a factor of three when dosing ferric chloride. The UASB yielded more biogas and gave enhanced COD removal. Recent work on the extraction and purification of the active coagulant components is reviewed and the prospects for commercialisation are considered.
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Kwon, S. B., H. W. Ahn, C. J. Ahn, and C. K. Wang. "A case study of dissolved air flotation for seasonal high turbidity water in Korea." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0720.
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A DAF (Dissolved-Air-Flotation) process has been designed considering raw water quality characteristics in Korea. Although direct filtration is usually operated, DAF is operated when freshwater algae blooms occur or raw water turbidity becomes high. Pre-sedimentation is operated in case when the raw water turbidity is very high due to rainstorms. A main feature of this plant is that the operation mode can be changed (controlled) based on the characteristics of the raw water to optimize the effluent quality and the operation costs. Treatment capacity (surface loading rate) and efficiency of DAF was found to be better than the conventional sedimentation process. Moreover, low-density particles (algae and alum flocs) are easily separated while the removal of them by sedimentation is more difficult. One of the main concerns for DAF operation is a high raw water turbidity. DAF is not adequate for raw water, which is more turbid than 100 NTU. In order to avoid this problem, pre-sedimentation basins are installed in the DAF plant to decrease the turbidity of the DAF inflow. For simulation of the actual operation, bench and full-scale tests were performed for highly turbid water conditions. Consequently, it is suggested that pre-sedimentation with optimum coagulation prior to DAF is the appropriate treatment scheme.
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Dmitriyenko, Vladimir A., Sergey N. Armeyskov, Irina N. Kokunko, and Natalya V. Merenkova. "Study of the temperature requirements for ponds of treatment facilities for Eichhornia cultivation." E3S Web of Conferences 193 (2020): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019302016.
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The article shows the need for desalination of underground waters in the city of Shakhty pumped out from old mine workings. The existing scheme of purification of pumped underground waters from iron is presented. There is a high content of salts in the purified waters, which pollute the river. The positive qualities of phyto-purification with the use of water hyacinth - Eichhornia are considered. A model for predicting a decrease in temperature in the winter period, developed on basis of the results of studies of water temperature requirements in ponds of sedimentation tanks of mine water, is presented.
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Omar, Imad Ali. "Evaluation of Water Quality and the Efficiency of Ifraz-2 Water treatment plant-Units." Journal of University of Raparin 6, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(6).no(2).paper9.
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Abstract:
Water treatment plant (WTP) is essential for providing clean and safe water to the habitants. There is a necessity to evaluate the performance of (WTP) for proper treatment of raw water. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the quality of treated water by investigating the performance of Ifraz-2 (WTP) units located in Erbil City, Iraq. For assessment of the (WTP) units, samples were taken for a duration of five months from different locations: raw water (the source), post-clarification processes, post-filtration processes, and from the storage tank. Removal efficiencies for the units, and for the whole (WTP) were calculated and presented. Obtained removal efficiencies for the sedimentation unit; filtration unit; and the entire Ifraz-2 (WTP) were 91.51 %, 64.71 %, and 97.29 %, respectively. After the process of disinfection and storage, the valued of the turbidity of the treated water were ranged from 1.2 to 9.7 (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) NTU. Besides, water quality index (WQI) for the (WTP) was studied and calculated for 14 physicochemical water quality parameters. WQI for Ifraz-2 (WTP) was 51.87 and it is regarded as a good level. Also, operational problems have been detected and reported during the research period, especially during sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Suitable solutions have been reported to the operational team.
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Nurul Hidayah, Euis. "Hydrodynamic Model of Sedimentation and Disinfection to Predict Water Quality in Water Treatment Plant." International Journal of Science, Technology and Society 2, no. 4 (2014): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140204.13.
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Medema, G. J., F. M. Schets, P. F. M. Teunis, and A. H. Havelaar. "Sedimentation of Free and AttachedCryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts in Water." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 4460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.11.4460-4466.1998.
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ABSTRACT Experimental analysis of the sedimentation velocity ofCryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts was compared with mathematical description of their sedimentation velocities by using measurements of (oo)cyst size and density and the density and viscosity of the sedimentation medium to determine if the sedimentation kinetics of freely suspended oocysts ofC. parvum and cysts of G. lamblia can be described by Stokes’ law. The theoretically calculated sedimentation kinetics showed a good agreement with the experimentally observed kinetics. Both showed a decline in sedimentation velocity over time, caused primarily by variation in (oo)cyst density. The initial apparent sedimentation velocities in Hanks balanced salt solution at 23°C was 0.35 μm · s−1 for oocysts and 1.4 μm · s−1 for cysts. (Oo)cysts that enter the surface water environment by discharges of biologically treated sewage may be attached to sewage particles, and this will affect their sedimentation kinetics. Therefore, (oo)cysts were mixed with settled secondary effluent. (Oo)cysts readily attached to the (biological) particles in effluent; 30% of both cysts and oocysts attached during the first minutes of mixing, and this fraction increased to approximately 75% after 24 h. The sedimentation velocity of (oo)cysts attached to secondary effluent particles increased with particle size and was (already in the smallest size fraction [1 to 40 μm]) determined by the sedimentation kinetics of the effluent particles. The observed sedimentation velocities of freely suspended (oo)cysts are probably too low to cause significant sedimentation in surface water or reservoirs. However, since a significant proportion of both cysts and oocysts attached readily to organic biological particles in secondary effluent, sedimentation of attached (oo)cysts after discharge into surface water will probably be a significant factor in the environmental ecology ofC. parvum and G. lamblia. Attachment to particles influences not only sedimentation of (oo)cysts in surface water but also their behavior in drinking water treatment processes.
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Ashitani, K., Y. Hishida, and K. Fujiwara. "Behavior of Musty Odorous Compounds during the Process of Water Treatment." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0251.
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Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are two of the causative compounds responsible for the musty odor problem in drinking water. Geosmin and MIB in raw water were present both in solution and in a suspended form mostly associated with the host cyanobacteria. Geosmin and MIB in suspended form were well removed by coagulation and sedimentation alone. Geosmin present in solution could be removed almost to an undetectable level in the rapid sand filter of the pilot plant where no pre-chlorination was practiced. Breakpoint pre-chlorination, however, forced geosmin and MIB present inside of the host algae to leak into the water. The concentration of MIB decreased in a sedimentation basin during the daytime, but not at night in the plant practicing breakpoint pre-chlorination. Geosmin and MIB were both decomposed under sunlight in the presence of free residual chlorine.
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Yogafanny, Ekha. "Rapid Lava Sand Filtration for Decentralized Produced Water Treatment System in Old Oil Well Wonocolo." Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 5, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.43760.
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The Cepu Block Oil Field has been traditionally extracted since 2008 by the local community in Wonocolo. The oil well-produced gas and fluids consisted of crude oil and produced water. This oil production activity discharges high amounts of produced water. The fluids have been settled down in the sedimentation tank to gain the crude oil optimally. The remaining fluid called produced water has been discharged to the surface towards the river without any further treatment. This activity led to the deterioration of environmental quality. This study aimed to analyze the performance of produced water treatment by rapid sand filtration by measuring the degree of turbidity removal under the specific condition on a laboratory scale using lava sand. The sedimentation was conducted in 3 hours of retention time following the real field condition of the oil production process by community in one sample well. The rapid sand filtration was conducted by a fixed bed column method with 0.2 cm of grain size. The sedimentation process followed by the rapid sand filtration in produced water treatment yielded the high efficiency of turbidity removal reaching 98.65 %. The rapid sand filter also worked excellently in turbidity removal attaining 96.48 % of efficiency. These results confirmed that the sedimentation already done by the community followed by the rapid sand filtration is promising decentralized technology to be applied in a remote area such as Old Oil Wells Wonocolo regarding turbidity removal.
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Zhang, Chun Bo, Jiu Sheng Wang, and Tian Li Sun. "The Influence of Coagulant on the Membrane System." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2144.
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On the beaker test of Laboratory coagulation sedimentation for low turbidity water, through the relationship of water turbidity, residual metal ion content and type of coagulant dosage, and membrane fouling material component within the system, the cause of coagulant fouling membrane system is coagulant sedimentation occurs once again, and put forward to measures of reduce membrane fouling because of coagulant, these will be benefit for adjustment of coagulation sedimentation treatment.
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Wei, Yan Jie, and Guo Yi Li. "Rainwater Treatment and Reuse in Harbor Yard." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2974.
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Coagulation-sedimentation and Filtration by fibre-ball were applied to treat rainwater collected in Harbor Yard. The optimum parameters of coagulation-sedimentation process were determined through experiment. The dosage of Polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) was 35 mg/L, settling time was 30min, the mixtures were stirred for 1min under the rotational speed of 200~400 r/min, then stirred for 10 min at 90~120 r/min, and10 min at 40~60 r/min. While the optimum parameters of filtration by fibre-ball were also found, including filter speed of 15-30 m/h, Filtration clcle 60-100h, Pollutant Capacity of 9.5-18.3 kg/m3, combine washing by fresh water (flow of 25L/ (m2∙s)) and gas (flow of 40 L/ (m2∙s)) with washing time of 20min. All those parameters were utilized in a rainwater treatment project of coal container yard in Tianjin Harbor. The effluent quality could satisfy the demand of Water quality standard for urban miscellaneous water consumption, and the clear water after treatment was used for spraying coal and removing dust.
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Moll, Deborah M., R. Scott Summers, and Alec Breen. "Microbial Characterization of Biological Filters Used for Drinking Water Treatment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 2755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.7.2755-2759.1998.
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ABSTRACT The impact of preozonation and filter contact time (depth) on microbial communities was examined in drinking water biofilters treating Ohio River water which had undergone conventional treatment (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation) or solutions of natural organic matter isolated from groundwater (both ozonated and nonozonated). With respect to filter depth, compared to filters treating nonozonated waters, preozonation of treated water led to greater differences in community phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, utilization of sole carbon sources (Biolog), and arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprints. PLFA profiles indicated that there was a shift toward anaerobic bacteria in the communities found in the filter treating ozonated water compared to the communities found in the filter treating nonozonated settled water, which had a greater abundance of eukaryotic markers.
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Bello, Antonio Roberto Crystal, Dejanira de Franceschi Angelis, and Roberto Naves Domingos. "Ultrasound efficiency in relation to sodium hypochlorite and filtration adsorption in microbial elimination in a water treatment plant." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 5 (September 2005): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000600009.
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Processes like ultrasound, chlorination and filtration-adsorption were compared to eliminate microorganisms and to adjust established parameters of public drinking water. A mini water treatment plant (WTP-CB), in pilot scale, was projected and built to evaluate each process influence as: decontamination, coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation and filtration. Total and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria and physic/chemical parameters were quantified from water. Ultrasound, chlorination and filtration-adsorption were efficient to inactivate and/or eliminate bacteria. Ultrasound decontamination in addition to coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation and filtration, could be considered as an alternative treatment water solution where prechlorination, coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation and filtration were used. The chlorination itself was efficient in inactivating bacteria despite of the coagulation-flocculation process; however, in the absence of the coagulation process, the resultant water did not achieve the established parameters. The filtration-adsorption was an important process to eliminate bacteria, showing that the filter retained particles, suspended solids, besides chemical substances and microorganisms.
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Shen, Liang, He Li Wang, Jing Xian Qi, and Hun Chao Sun. "Study on Enhanced Pretreatment Process of Coagulation Sedimentation by BAF." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3188.
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Using coagulation sedimentation process in the advanced treatment of urban secondary effluent which can be recycled to circulating cooling water system in power plant is only perform well on turbidity removal. But the concentrations of organic matter and NH3in effluent can not meet the requirements of circulating cooling water. Therefore, the feasibility of biological aerated filter (BAF) as a pretreatment enhancing coagulation sedimentation process was studied. The results show that the BAF pretreatment removes NH3effectively, and the turbidity and CODCrof effluent of BAF-coagulation sedimentation process is much lower than individual coagulation sedimentation process. The final effluent qualities meet the requirements of circulating cooling water system in power plant.
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Jefferson, Bruce, Emma L. Sharp, Emma Goslan, Rita Henderson, and Simon A. Parsons. "Application of charge measurement to water treatment processes." Water Supply 4, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2004): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0092.
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The measurement of surface charge has long been proposed a convenient way to optimise coagulant dosage in water treatment processes. In the UK there has been a renewed interest in the use of charge measurement in the form of both zeta potential and streaming current for controlling coagulation and filtration processes. This paper review current knowledge on the factors effecting charge measurement and using data collected from a sampling survey of 12 UK water treatment works identified windows of optimum charge for sedimentation, flotation and filtration processes.
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EL MAHDY, Cristina, Silvana POPESCU, Blaga Petrean Anamaria, and Cristin BORDA. "Evaluating some Quality Parameters of a Surface Water Source by Applying Simple Treatment Processes." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 76, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:2018-0012.
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The purpose of the research was to identify the most convenient treatment applied to a surface water source which is permanently under the influence of contamination, in order to reduce organic matter, temporary hardness and TNG/ml water. Following the sedimentation process, temporary hardness values are close to those of the control samples (raw water) but, reductions and extremely significant differences (*** P <0.001) were found after coagulation. The same, extremely significant differences are found in the CCOMn parameter after the same process, coagulation. Applying just a single treatment like: sedimentation, coagulation of raw water without being followed by disinfection does not guarantee the removal or reduction of the total number of germs in water. Disinfection with UV dose (3.40-3.88 mj/cm2) of control samples indicates a significant reduction in bacterial load depending on exposure time, with the best values obtained at the 30 minute exposure. The same positive results were obtained from samples subjected to sedimentation where, compared to the initial values (4159.2±1860.0 TNG/ml water), bacterial load is reduced by 78-99.82%. In 60% of samples coagulated and after that exposed to 30 minutes of UV irradiation, was found 0 TNG / ml water. In conclusion, the best option for reducing TNG/ml water is coagulation using alum, followed by UV disinfection for 30 minutes.
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Galil, N., and M. Rebhun. "Primary Chemical Treatment Minimizing Dependence on Bioprocess in Small Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1990): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0202.
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In wastewater from small communities, institutions, hotels, camps and tourist areas the major pollutants such as organic matter, oil and grease and organic nitrogen are mainly in particulate form, while the soluble fractions of organics and nitrogen are low. This is due to the short residence times in the sewerage systems preventing decomposition and lysis. Such wastewaters are also characterized by high variations in pollution load, mostly in the particulate fraction. Small plants, treating wastewater for discharge to lakes or rivers, have to remove organic pollutants and nutrients, mainly phosphorus. Chemical flocculation-sedimentation, as primary treatment, was considered a promising process combination to obtain reliable operation and for minimizing effects of variations in flow and load. Two possible process combinations were studied: a. chemical flocculation-sedimentation as primary stage, followed by biotreatment (CBT); b. biotreatment of raw wastewater, followed by chemical flocculation-sedimentation (BCT). It was found that primary chemical treatment by alum, or lime, removes more than 90 percent of the suspended solids, colloids, phosphates, oil and grease; the organic matter as BOD and organic nitrogen removals were about 70 percent. By removing the particulate organic matter and other disturbing factors the successive bioprocess in CBT was substantially improved: the growth rate constants for general biomass and for nitrifiers as well as the removal rates were higher for CBT than for BCT; the critical sludge age for nitrification in CBT was 4 days, as compared to 10 days in BCT. The reduction of organic load by about 70 percent, producing a more uniform influent and the better bio-kinetics achieved in CBT, enable a considerable economy in the bioreactor volume and lower energy requirement. Experimental results showed that the CBT sequence enables lower sludge production containing higher concentrations of solids, most of them inorganic.
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Jiménez, B., and J. Ramos. "High-Rate Sedimentation for Wastewater Treatment Processes." Environmental Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1997): 1099–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593331808616629.
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Schleypen, P. "Advanced wastewater treatment plants in lagoons combined with biological contactors." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0573.
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Full-scale investigations have demonstrated that wastewater lagoons combined with rotating biological contactors can be installed for denitrification without much effort when designed for nitrification. By recirculation of a mixture of nitrified wastewater and biological sludge from the outlet of the high loaded sedimentation tank back to the inlet of the sedimentation pond the removal efficiency was consistently high combined with a high process stability. In addition a considerable amount of enhanced biological phosphorus removal could be attained simultaneously.
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Pal, Pinki, J. P. Pandey, Rahul Rahul, and Gautam Sen. "A Novel Biodegradable Cinnamic Acid Grafted Carboxymethyl Cellulose Based Flocculant for Water Treatment." Materials Science Forum 875 (October 2016): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.875.156.
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Cinnamic acid grafted carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-g-P (CA)) has been synthesized by microwave assisted technique, which is an alliance of microwave radiation with chemical free radical initiator (CAN) to commence grafting. The novel graft copolymer has been characterized by physicochemical techniques – FTIR spectroscopy, intrinsic viscosity measurement, elemental analysis (C, H and N), SEM micrograph and TGA study. The flocculation efficacy and range of turbidity during the sedimentation stage for synthesized material has been investigated in kaolin suspension by ‘Jar test’ procedure. The optimal dosage of CMC-g-P (CA) as flocculant in kaolin suspension is at 10 ppm and it showed lowest range of turbidity (176-61 NTU) during sedimentation stage.
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Nyström, F., K. Nordqvist, I. Herrmann, A. Hedström, and M. Viklander. "Treatment of road runoff by coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.079.
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Abstract A laboratory investigation of the treatment potential of a coagulation process in the context of stormwater treatment was undertaken. The initial 25 L road runoff generated from four rain events was collected and subjected to a jar-testing regime with two commercial coagulants. The treatment effect was assessed by analysing the runoff before and after treatment for turbidity, suspended solids and metal content. The coagulation process resulted in particle and total metal reduction of more than 90% compared to 40% for only sedimentation. Up to 40% reduction of dissolved Cr, Cu and Pb was also observed compared to 0% for sedimentation. This study shows that coagulation may be a useful process for stormwater treatment systems when the treatment requirements are high.
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Yu, Tao, Tao Huang, Yin Xi Pan, and Lin Hai Yang. "The Experimental Study on Landfill Leachate Treatment by Coagulation-Sedimentation + Electro-Oxidation Joint Reactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1472.
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The technology used the coagulation-sedimentation + electro-oxidation joint reactor has been studied to treat landfill leachate. First adding FeCl30.4g/L into all leachate for coagulation and sedimentation, its CODcr elimination rate can achieve 35%, but does have no effect on ammonia nitrogen. Then using electro-oxidation reactor to deal with effluent water, the reaction order of electro-oxidation reactor is first-level, as the reaction conditions are 20mA/cm2 of electric current density, 140min of reaction time, the leachate CODcr elimination rate can reach to above 90%, the ammonia nitrogen elimination rate meets to 98% around. Using coagulation-sedimentation + electro coagulation joint reactor to treat landfill leachate can get stable effluent water quality with good treatment effect, has very high elimination efficiency of CODcr and ammonia nitrogen. It is a suitable treatment technology for landfill leachate.
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Ibrahim, Ahmed. "Effect of the Horizontal Perforated Plates on the Turbidity Removal Efficiency in Water Treatment Plant of Tikrit University." vol (26(, No. (4) 26, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.4.06.
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The study aims to show effect of adding the circular perforated plates in sedimentation basin in horizontal position on the efficiency of the sedimentation basin as was the use of perforated panels with circular holes and placed inside the sedimentation basin and took two levels of turbidity of the water 125 and 150 NTU respectively in the Tigris river during the preparation of the study with variable hydraulic load and the efficiency was calculated at each case of plates in the basin where the variables that were adopted is the number of perforated panels so that the ratio of the area of holes/total area of panel is 20% , and also variation in water turbidity levels and the hydraulic load. The result showed a significant decrease in the output turbidity levels from sedimentation tank with the use of perforated panels at the raw water turbidity 150 NTU and hydraulic load between 0.9 and 1.2 m3/m2.hr were 95% higher efficiency when three panels were put and hydraulic load 0,9 m3/m2.hr, while there was fluctuation with some of hydraulic load levels at turbidity level of 125 NTU and same number of panels