Academic literature on the topic 'Security, International – Europe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Security, International – Europe"
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Wettig, Gerhard. "Post‐Soviet central Europe in international security." European Security 3, no. 3 (September 1994): 463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09662839408407183.
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Walker, R. B. J. "Security, Critique, Europe." Security Dialogue 38, no. 1 (March 2007): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010607075974.
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Antevski, Miroslav, Dobrica Vesic, and Ljiljana Kontic. "Regional and international aspects of energy security." Medjunarodni problemi 63, no. 2 (2011): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1102260a.
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Energy security may be defined, generally, as the availability of clean energy sources at affordable prices. If a country or region does not have its own sources of energy in the necessary extent, their energy security is in a long-term threat. To this point, countries seek to achieve diversification of energy sources and transport routes. This is one of the reasons for launching new energy projects in Europe and Asia; the other is an attempt by Russia to consolidate its dominant position on the part of the international energy market; the third factor is the oil transnational corporations. Russia is the dominant natural trading partner and Europe?s energy supplier. Problems with the transit of natural gas and oil from Russia to Europe, which directly threaten its energy security, were the reason to launch the new energy projects.
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Smolar, Aleksander. "Democratization in central‐eastern Europe and international security." Adelphi Papers 32, no. 266 (December 1991): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05679329108449081.
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Hammond, Paul. "Review: Europe: Reforging European Security." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 47, no. 1 (March 1992): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209204700110.
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Dean, Jonathan. "Military Security in Europe." Foreign Affairs 66, no. 1 (1987): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043290.
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Berger, Christian. "OSCE and International Law." International Journal of Legal Information 24, no. 1 (1996): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000056.
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The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) pursues a concept of co-operative security which encompasses commitments by participating States in the areas of military security, political co-operation, human rights, economy, culture and the environment. Its priorities are to consolidate common values and build civil societies, prevent local conflicts, restore stability and bring peace to war-torn areas, overcome real and perceived security deficits and avoid the creation of new divisions by promoting a co-operative system of security. The OSCE is the primary instrument for early warning, conflict management and crisis management in the OSCE region, i.e. Europe, Central Asia and North America. Its basic feature is the strict equality of all 55 participating States, which is well reflected in its decision-making process. With a few exceptions, decision-making at meetings within the framework of the OSCE is only possible by consensus, which is considered to be achieved if no State has expressed an objection. States are, however, allowed to make reservations or interpretative statements.
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Gębska, Marta Halina. "HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A CHALLENGE FOR INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND SECURITY IN EUROPE." Torun International Studies 1, no. 13 (April 24, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.004.
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Malnar, Dario, and Ana Malnar. "Demographic Security Trends in Southeastern Europe." Croatian International Relations Review 21, no. 73 (August 1, 2015): 57–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2015-0011.
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Abstract Over the past three decades we have witnessed an evolution of the concept of security in general and of demographic security as a specific field of security studies. The approach to security has been changing both in regards to a widening of subjects and referent objects of security, and a widening of the security domain. Consideration of the demographic component in the security sphere has evolved in accordance with this development; the scope of perspectives through which demographic security is viewed and defined has expanded - the population composition, population dynamics and human capital paradigm. Aspects of demographics and security are in continuous interaction and interdependence which significantly determines demographic security and national security. The aim of this paper is to establish a specific link between demographic security and security in ten post-socialist countries of South Eastern Europe (SEE). In accordance with this aim, an analysis has been made of the compositional elements and population dynamics in order to determine demographic security of the observed states. The analysis indicates unfavourable demographic security, and negative demographic composition and dynamics in most of observed states, which suggests that demographic security will have a continuing negative impact on the security of the countries analysed and the region as a whole.
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Kaldor, Mary. "Europe at the Millennium." Politics 20, no. 2 (May 2000): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00112.
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This article argues that the future of the European project depends on the capacity to maintain security. It traces the link between security and political institutions in the case of nation states and, subsequently, blocs. The security of nation states and blocs was defined in terms of the defence of borders against an external enemy and the preservation of law and order within borders. Today, the distinction between internal and external has broken down; ‘new wars’ are a mixture of war, organised crime and violations of human rights. Security can only be maintained through the extension of law and order beyond borders – through enlargement, migration and citizenship policies, and effective humanitarian intervention. Any other approach could lead to a reversal of the process of integration. This type of security policy is likely to be associated with a very different type of polity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Security, International – Europe"
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Hengel, Gabriel Josiah. "21st century energy security tensions within the transatlantic security community." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=235817.
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Much has been written during this century's energy security debate about the external threats the West faces to oil and natural gas supplies. This literature is often prescriptive, offering solutions to address these assumed threats. This research takes a much-needed look inward at the pressures placed on the multi-dimensional relationships within the transatlantic security community. An original contribution to knowledge is made through the exploration of these energy security tensions within the community and how they impact the two energy security prerequisites, availability and affordability. An examination of key oil and natural gas issues in the United States, Europe and the main transatlantic institutions demonstrates that the transatlantic community is very secure and often acts inadvertently to undermine its own energy security condition. Thus, the conventional wisdom that the supply of fossil fuel energy is a leading and high-priority security issue is challenged. Contrary to most literature, the conclusion is reached that energy security is actually not a high-level concern to the transatlantic security community, and that on occasions leading members of the community, who are high energy consumers, choose to put fossil fuel energy supply at risk to pursue political and strategic policies assigned a higher priority. In practice, producer states are found to be much more dependent on uninterrupted energy trade than consumer states, positively contributing to the reliability of oil and natural gas supply. In fact, through highly competitive political engagement with Russia and the Middle East North Africa region, the transatlantic states risk undermining the energy security of the community. Nevertheless, transatlantic energy security tensions have not risen to an actionable level. When placed in the overall context of transatlantic security issues, these energy security tensions do not threaten to divide the transatlantic community in any meaningful way.
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Nasho, Ah-Pine Elda. "Une communauté de sécurité en Europe ? : l'exemple des Balkans occidentaux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH034.
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Les Balkans occidentaux (BO), déchirés après 1989 par les guerres dont les plus sanglantes et les plus problématiques en Bosnie-Herzégovine, au Kosovo, et en Albanie, ne pouvaient plus laisser indifférentes les puissances occidentales, et en particulier l’OTAN et l’UE. La survenue de ces conflits a confronté en effet les pays européens à la guerre près de chez eux signifiant une éventuelle déstabilisation de la région et la gestion d’un grand nombre d’immigrés en provenance des BO. C’est pourquoi l’OTAN et l’UE se sont depuis largement investies dans des missions de pacification et de reconstruction étatique dans cette région, par la mise en place de politiques de sécurité et de défense, puis par le biais de politiques d’élargissement. L'action de ces différentes organisations, à côté de celle des BO, a permis la fin de la guerre et une certaine stabilisation de ces pays. Mais, cette dernière est loin d'être complétement acquise. En effet, c'est la non consolidation des institutions étatiques et de la démocratie qui menace encore l’effondrement de l’Etat et qui continue à constituer un enjeu de taille pour les pays des BO.Notre thèse a pour objet d’analyser l'évolution de la stabilisation des BO depuis la chute du mur de Berlin en étudiant et en mettant en confrontation des ensembles complexes de relations entre acteurs, enjeux, moyens et processus. Afin d'analyser ce processus complexe, nous proposons un modèle qui s'appuie sur le concept des « communautés de sécurité » (CS) de Deutsch et al. (1957). Cependant, pour les besoins de notre étude, nous reconceptualisons ce concept à l’aide de variables que nous avons choisies en européanisation et en démocratisation que les auteurs n’avaient pas pu prévoir à l’époque de la rédaction des CS.Ainsi, le concept de CS reconceptualisé permet de répondre à notre problématique: pourquoi et comment une CS comprenant les pays de la région encore instable des Balkans occidentaux se construit-elle sur le continent européen autour de l'OTAN et de l'UE, depuis la chute du Mur de Berlin ?Notre hypothèse est la suivante : la construction d’une CS s’explique par la combinaison de deux éléments : d’une part la pression exogène des organisations régionales exigeant des changements concrets en termes de démocratisation et de sécurisation, et d’autre part l’acceptation de ces exigences de la part aussi bien des élites que des populations des pays concernés. En d’autres termes, plus la pression des organisations régionales est perçue comme légitime et mise en œuvre, plus la création d’une CS est probable.La variable dépendante que nous analysons est la construction d’une CS européenne comprenant les Balkans occidentaux (CSEBO) pluraliste. Les moyens de construction de cette communauté de sécurité correspondent à nos variables indépendantes choisies en sécurité, européanisation et démocratisation et qui sont de deux types : endogènes et exogènes. Il s’agit d’une part, des variables portant sur le rôle des facteurs et acteurs externes (OTAN et UE) en vue de la stabilisation des BO, et donc de leur contribution à la construction de la CSEBO. Il s’agit d’autre part, d’une série de variables endogènes portant cette fois-ci sur le rôle des facteurs et acteurs internes (élites et populations des pays des BO) dans la formation de la CSEBO. Nous montrons que les niveaux interne et externe sont en permanente interaction.Les résultats de notre étude, obtenus dans le cadre de la méthode de process-tracing à partir de sources primaires et secondaires, ainsi que d’entretiens semi-directifs, montrent un découpage dans le temps dans la construction de la CSEBO: avant et après 2000. Ainsi une première période allant de la chute du Mur de Berlin jusqu'au début des années 2000 connaît l’absence quasi-totale des conditions constitutives des CS et donc la CSEBO est très embryonnaire ici. Nous montrons ensuite qu’une CSEBO se construit progressivement à partir du début des années 2000The Western Balkans (WB) were torn apart after 1989 due to wars, which were particularly cruel and problematic in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Kosovo and in Albania. Western powers, and especially NATO and EU, could not anymore turn a blind eye. These conflicts indeed confronted European countries to war in a neighbouring state which could lead to destabilization of the region and to more migrants coming from the WB. This is the reason why NATO and UE have since been deeply involved in peace building and state building missions throughout the region. They started with implementing security and defense policies, then turned to enlargement policy. These organisations’ actions, as well as the efforts done by the WB, led to the end of the war and, to a certain extent, to a stabilization of these countries which is however not fully achieved. WB State security is indeed still a major objective. The threat lies nowadays in the non consolidaton of state institutions and democracy.Our thesis is aiming at analyzing the stabilization of the WB since the fall of the Berlin wall. It will focus on studying and confronting a complex set of actors, goals, means and processes in order to have a better understanding of the evolution of the stabilization of the region. In order to analyze this complex process, we are using a model based on the concept of « security communities » (SC) developed by Deutsch and al., at the end of the 1950’s. However, for the need of our study, we will « reconceptualize » this concept using several variables selected in europeanisation and democratisation studies which the authors could not have predicted at the time they elaborated their concept of « security communities ».Therefore, the concept of SC, « reconceptualised », helps answering our research problem : why and how has a SC including countries from the instable region of the Western Balkans been built on the European continent, around NATO and the EU, since the fall of the Berlin wall ?Our research hypothesis consists in the combination of two elements to explain the building of a SC: on one side, an exogenous pressure from regional organizations imposing concrete changes in terms of democracy and securitization and, on the other side, the acceptance of these demands from both the elites and the population of the concerned countries. In other terms, the more legitimized and implemented the pressure from these regional organizations is, the more probable is the creation of a SC.The dependent variable that we analyze is the building of a pluralistic European SC which includes the Western Balkans. The means for building this security community correlate with our independent variables which are endogenous and exogenous and have been selected in security, democratisation and europeanisation studies. On one side, exogenous variables stand on the role of external actors and factors (NATO and the EU) leading to the stabilization of the WB, and therefore to their contribution to the building of an European security community including the Western Balkans (ESCWB). On the other side, there is a range of endogenous variables being the role of internal actors and factors (elites and populations of the WB) in the shaping of ESCWB. We will show that both internal and external levels are in constant interaction.Our study results based on primary and secondary sources as well as semi-directed interviews and using the « process-tracing » method highlight two distinct periods regarding the building of the ESCWB: before and after the year 2000. Thereby between the fall of the Berlin wall and the year 2000, there is almost a complete lack of the necessary conditions to build a SC and therefore the ESCWB merely exists in an embryonic form. ESCWB then progressively emerges from the beginning of the 2000’s
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Woods, Robert David. "Lessons from Central and Southeast Europe for the expanding alliances." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483585.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Europe, Eurasia))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Abenheim, Donald. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-87). Also available in print.
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Polser, Brian G. "Theater nuclear weapons in Europe : the contemporary debate /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sep%5FPolser.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning))--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2004.Thesis Advisor(s): Jeffrey Knopf, Peter Lavoy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-117). Also available online.
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Jurski, Robert. "The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty and its contribution to Euro-Atlantic security after 1990." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FJurski.pdf.
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Boillat, Emilie. "International Mediation The Role of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe /." St. Gallen, 2009. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/05600531001/$FILE/05600531001.pdf.
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Pereira, Demetrius Cesario. "A política externa e de segurança comum da União Europeia após o Tratado de Lisboa: a caminho da supranacionalidade?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-12062013-113155/.
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Esta tese pretende analisar a emergência da União Europeia (UE) como ator político relevante das relações internacionais. Para isso, avaliou-se a influência do Tratado de Lisboa na supranacionalidade da Política Externa e de Segurança Comum (PESC) da UE. No trabalho, procurou-se apresentar as teorias das relações internacionais, concentrando-se na perspectiva institucionalista para a análise da PESC. A partir daí, discute-se o conceito de supranacionalidade, para então identificar seus elementos característicos nas organizações internacionais, como a composição dos órgãos, o processo decisório, o ordenamento jurídico e a personalidade. Estudou-se também a evolução da Europa como entidade influente na política mundial, desde o Concerto Europeu, passando pela Comunidade Europeia (CE) e Cooperação Política Europeia (CPE) até as discussões que levaram à criação da UE e da PESC pelo Tratado de Maastricht, para depois examinar suas características e evoluções nos Tratados de Amsterdã e Nice. Por fim, o Tratado de Lisboa é analisado, verificando-se a hipótese do aumento no grau de supranacionalidade que ele trouxe à PESC. Assim, o trabalho relaciona os avanços do Tratado de Lisboa com as previsões feitas pelos teóricos institucionalistas, avaliando a validade de seus argumentos e tecendo cenários futuros com o auxílio da teoria, especialmente em relação à coesão da política externa européia.This thesis aims to analyze the emergence of the European Union (EU) as a relevant political actor in international relations. For this, we evaluated the influence of the Lisbon Treaty in the supranationality of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). At this paper, we tried to present the theories of international relations, focusing on the institutionalist perspective to analyze the CFSP. Thereafter, we discuss the concept of supranationalism, and then identify its characteristic features in international organizations such as the composition of the bodies, decision-making, juridical order and the legal personality. It was also studied the evolution of Europe as an influential entity in world politics since the European Concert, passing by the European Community (EC) and the European Political Cooperation (EPC) to the discussions that led to the creation of the EU and the CFSP in the Maastricht Treaty, and then examined their characteristics and developments in the Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice. Finally, the Lisbon Treaty is analyzed, verifying the hypothesis of an increased degree of supranationalism that it brought to the CFSP. Thus, the research relates the progress of the Lisbon Treaty with the theoretical predictions made by institutionalists, assessing the validity of their arguments and weaving future scenarios with the aid of the theory, especially in relation to the cohesion of European foreign policy.
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Jansky, Vlastimil. "Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe: past, present and future missions." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2211.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThis thesis examines the role of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) among organizations dealing with security issues, such as the United Nations, the European Union, and NATO. This study further analyzes the OSCE commitments in the fields of human rights, democracy, rule of law, and national minorities. This analysis is performed in order to promote the OSCE to a broader public. The thesis further analyzes and describes the origins of the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and its development since 1975, when the Helsinki Final Act was signed by the Heads of State or Government of all participating States. The development of the international situation in Europe, the end of Cold War, and escalation of violence, especially in South Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia, caused fundamental changes in the European, and subsequently, the world security environment. The CSCE identified and responded to this new situation, resulting in a dramatic growth of its own role in shaping a common security area. Consequently, the CSCE changed its name to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. However, some critics think that OSCE is a "dead" organization, lacking tangible results and the necessary "teeth." It is necessary to review the main ideas why the CSCE was established and to properly identify the role of the OSCE in the European Security Architecture. Therefore, the main part of the thesis focuses on the European Security Architecture, the OSCE itself, and the OSCE missions, three of which are detailed and evaluated as case studies.
Lieutenant Colonel, Czech Republic Army
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Stojanovits, Gabor. "The changing nature of security in post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe : predicaments, perceptions and policy-responses." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34382.
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In the wake of the Cold War, a complex transition process began in Central and Eastern Europe that has engendered immense change not only in the political, economic and social situations in the countries of the region, but also in their security situation. The aim of the thesis is to explore the changing nature of security in post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on some pertinent features of traditional and new schools of thought in International Relations, it sets up an analytical framework, which is applied to an analysis of security in the Central and Eastern European region and to Hungary more particularly. The premise of the study is that the issue of security in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe requires the deployment of an analytical framework that can accommodate its multifaceted and multi-dimensional nature. This framework focuses on three main centres of interest: predicaments, perceptions and policy-responses. The thesis applies this framework to Central and Eastern Europe with a particular focus on Hungary. Conclusions are drawn both about the utility of the framework and about the nature of security itself.
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Major, Claudia. ""Europe is what member states make of it" - An assessment of the influence of nation states on the European Security and Defence Policy." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/289/.
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The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) has since its inception in 1999 developed with enormous speed. The crucial role of the member states herein has been recognised in that both ESDP’s weaknesses and strengths are usually explained by their considerable influence. This thesis identifies, analyses, and compares the influence of France, Britain and Germany on the development and design of ESDP. To what extent have the three countries been able to shape ESDP according to their preferences? How did they proceed? These questions are addressed through a comparative analysis of the national agendas, the effective influence, and the mechanisms of influencing in three case studies representing key steps in ESDP development: the first institutions (1999/2000); the European Security Strategy (2003); and the Battlegroup concept (2003/2004). The analysis applies the concept of Europeanisation supported by policy analysis in order to grasp both, the uploading capacity of the countries as a process and the content wise result in form of ESDP. The analysis confirms that the three countries decisively directed ESDP’s development in institutional, strategic and material terms. The preferences, which they intentionally uploaded to the EU level, informed the final outcome in form of ESDP.
Books on the topic "Security, International – Europe"
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Bahr, Egon. From Western Europe to Europe. San Domenico, Italy: The European Policy Unit at the European University Institute, 1992.
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Securing Europe. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1991.
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Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. Forschungsstelle für Sicherheitspolitik, ed. Securing Europe?: Implementing the European security strategy. Zürich: Center for Security Studies, 2006.
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1949-, Deighton Anne, Mauer Victor, and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. Forschungsstelle für Sicherheitspolitik., eds. Securing Europe?: Implementing the European security strategy. Zürich: Center for Security Studies, 2006.
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Aleksandar, Fatić, ed. Security in Southeastern Europe. Beograd: Security Policy Group, The Management Center, 2004.
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Gunilla, Herolf, ed. Europe, creating security through international organizations. Stockholm: Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 1996.
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1970-, MOUSTAKIS FOTIOS. Securing Europe: Western interventions towards a new security community. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2009.
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Giegerich, Bastian. Europe and global security. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2010.
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Finn, Laursen, ed. Comparative regional integration: Europe and beyond. Farnham, Surrey, [England]: Ashgate Pub., 2010.
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Sigurnost na jugoistoku Europe. Varaždin, Croatia: Interland d.o.o., 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Security, International – Europe"
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McCann, Dermot. "Security in Europe." In International Security Studies, 391–98. Second edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429024177-34.
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Davydov, Yuriy. "Eastern Europe and International Stability." In Mutual Security, 127–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21208-8_8.
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Benolli, Federico, Ciro Sbailò, and Giulia Rapicetta. "Emerging Strategies to Prevent Islamic Radicalisation in Europe: Evidence from Italy." In International Security Management, 187–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42523-4_14.
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Kamp, Karl-Heinz. "European Security Outside of Europe." In European Security and International Institutions after the Cold War, 96–115. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23924-5_6.
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Zwolski, Kamil. "Liberal Security Theories." In The Liberal International Theory Tradition in Europe, 91–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52643-6_6.
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Střítecký, Vít. "Security and Securitization in Central Europe." In Regional and International Relations of Central Europe, 162–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137283450_9.
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Tzivaras, Ioannis P. "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)." In International Conflict and Security Law, 555–73. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-515-7_25.
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Fallon, Katy. "When Words Make Fences: A Look Into How Words and Media Narratives Contribute to the Creation of a Fortress Europe." In International Security Management, 83–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42523-4_7.
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Corgan, Michael, Helena Castanheira, Albertina Aros, Sandra Carina Fulquez, Matt Pita, Mariana Barbosa, Julia Koenig, et al. "Views on National Security in Western Europe." In International Handbook of War, Torture, and Terrorism, 189–203. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1638-8_13.
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Kirchner, Emil J. "Germany’s Role in European and International Security: Aims versus Action." In Rethinking Germany and Europe, 139–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230297227_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Security, International – Europe"
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Adami, Ali. "THE FUTURE OF THE SECURITY IN EUROPE: FROM EUROPEAN UNION TO REGIONAL COMPLEXES*." In 34th International Academic Conference, Florence. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2017.034.002.
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Luimula, Mika, Roosa Talvitie, and Nina Rantalaiho-Kulo. "Virtual Training in Safety and Security – TUAS Visions for Next Generation Learning." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10542.
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The new suggested collaboration is related to the development of learning materials for a virtual environment that can be used in multiprofessional excercises for improving safety and security in bodies of water and /or in urban settings. We have identified both national and international needs for virtual training. Especially safety and security with dangerous or hazardous working environments seems to be one of the first domains where virtual training should be widely applied. We are searching for both end users such as shipping companies or fire departments but also researchers from various fields. In order to be able to develop learning content we will need a multidisciplinary team consisting which is able to design and implement suitable learning episodes but also measure the impact in improved safety and security conditions. In this, paper we will use virtual fire safety training application as an example of next generation learning. Finally, we will show our first field experiences from Oman..
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Kaselyová, Paulína. "Analysis of Job Security and Financial Stability of Households During COVID-19 in Slovakia and Europe." In EDAMBA 2021 : 24th International Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students and Post-Doctoral Scholars. University of Economics in Bratislava, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/edamba.2021.9788022549301.234-245.
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The presented paper provides analysis of job security and financial stability of households during COVID-19 in Slovakia and Europe. By analysing more than 135 000 answers from respondents across Europe we compare Slovakian jobs and financial situation with situation in other 26 EU countries during different phases of COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the data from questionnaire e-study named Living, working and COVID-19, we compare changes in EU citizens’ perceptions of job security and financial stability during „first lockdown”, „reopening” and “year after” period of COVID-19’s European outbreak. The results showed that most of citizens in most of EU countries though that it was unlikely or very unlikely that they lose their job in the next three months. These results were consistent during all three examined periods.
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Lonc, Brigitte, and Pierpaolo Cincilla. "Cooperative ITS security framework: Standards and implementations progress in Europe." In 2016 IEEE 17th International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wowmom.2016.7523576.
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Brown, Simon J. S. "Continuous Wave -- Pulse Transfer For High Security Holograms." In 1985 International Technical Symposium/Europe, edited by Jean P. L. Ebbeni. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.952438.
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Placinta, Dimitriedaniel. "THE IMPACT OF AI/MACHINE LEARNING IN EDUCATION." In eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-004.
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5G, cloud computing, quantum computing, machine learning, blockchain, artificial intelligence, all are high technologies that change the way we are living, working into multiconnected world: social networks, intelligent houses, autonomous cars, fintech, remote health, instant communication, etc. An essential aspect for the above disrupted technologies is generated by cybersecurity, by the relationship between national security and the implementation at large scale of 5G. The 5G technology became the number one threat for USA, NATO, and European Union. Europe became the playground where the winner between Huawei and its competitors for 5G adoption will be decided. Quantum computing will dramatically change the entire cybersecurity in the next years due to its power and speed in decrypting the today's strongest cryptographic algorithms, intelligence services, large organizations, the entire world will benefit from the advantages of the new revolutionary technology, for sure new cryptographic algorithms will be implemented to secure our data. Blockchain features increased the level of cybersecurity for a lot of activities like cryptocurrencies, money transfer, data tracking, securing of large amount of data for companies or governments, protecting highly sensitive information from the military field, defending against external cyber threats, ensuring the data integrity of IoT devices, etc. Artificial intelligence it's a weapon with two blades, both cybercriminals and "white hats" are fructifying the capabilities of this technology: avoid the identification of attacks, launch automatic attacks, build undetectable content to pass the security filters, biometric authentication, predict future cyber-attacks, identify abnormal behaviors, fraud detection, mistake free cybersecurity, etc. The paper will synthetize and present the latest research from the cybersecurity field: the new cyber threats for international security, how can we fight against cyber threats at national, European and international level, what are the most dangerous international key players of cybercrime world, what is the financial impact of cybercrime, why classic war has moved into the cyberspace, why is GDPR important from the cybersecurity perspective. The continuous evolution of technologies will generate new exponential challenges related to secure communication between multiple software integrations, data privacy, right of intimacy, encryption of information, for users, companies, governments, international regulation bodies, non-government organizations, as a consequence of the huge number of connected devices and people.
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Butenko, Ekaterina Grigoryevna. "TREND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECURITY AND COOPERATION SYSTEM IN EUROPE." In Collection of articles 7th International Scientific Conference. ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-36-4-2021-59-66.
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Eldred, Morgan, Hassan Alnoon, and Sultan AlTamimi. "Cryptography Arbitration: Security Complexities of Cloud Enabled IoT in Europe and Beyond." In International Conference on Internet of Things and Big Data. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005922103560361.
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Hallside, Marcus. "Implementing Known Shipper Supply Chain Security Solutions in the USA & Europe." In 2007 41st Annual IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2007.4373471.
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Scholz, Eike, Sebastian Lange, and Thomas Eibert. "Exact discrete electromagnetism for electromagnetic system security." In 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emceurope.2014.6930893.
Full textReports on the topic "Security, International – Europe"
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Langenkamp, Max, and Melissa Flagg. AI Hubs: Europe and CANZUK. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200061.
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U.S. policymakers need to understand the landscape of artificial intelligence talent and investment as AI becomes increasingly important to national and economic security. This knowledge is critical as leaders develop new alliances and work to curb China’s growing influence. As an initial effort, an earlier CSET report, “AI Hubs in the United States,” examined the domestic AI ecosystem by mapping where U.S. AI talent is produced, where it is concentrated, and where AI private equity funding goes. Given the global nature of the AI ecosystem and the importance of international talent flows, this paper looks for the centers of AI talent and investment in regions and countries that are key U.S. partners: Europe and the CANZUK countries (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom).
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Allan, Duncan, and Ian Bond. A new Russia policy for post-Brexit Britain. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784132842.
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The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The history of UK–Russia relations offers four lessons. First, because the two lack shared values and interests, their relationship is fragile and volatile. Second, adversarial relations are the historical norm. Third, each party exaggerates its importance on the world stage. Fourth, external trends beyond the UK’s control regularly buffet the relationship. These wider trends include the weakening of the Western-centric international order; the rise of populism and opposition to economic globalization; and the global spread of authoritarian forms of governance. A coherent Russia strategy should focus on the protection of UK territory, citizens and institutions; security in the Euro-Atlantic space; international issues such as non-proliferation; economic relations; and people-to-people contacts. The UK should pursue its objectives with the tools of state power, through soft power instruments and through its international partnerships. Despite Brexit, the EU remains an essential security partner for the UK. In advancing its Russia-related interests, the UK should have four operational priorities: rebuilding domestic resilience; concentrating resources on the Euro-Atlantic space; being a trusted ally and partner; and augmenting its soft power. UK decision-makers should be guided by four propositions. In the first place, policy must be based on clear, hard-headed thinking about Russia. Secondly, an adversarial relationship is not in itself contrary to UK interests. Next, Brexit makes it harder for the UK and the EU to deal with Russia. And finally, an effective Russia policy demands a realistic assessment of UK power and influence. The UK is not a ‘pocket superpower’. It is an important but middling power in relative decline. After Brexit, it needs to repair its external reputation and maximize its utility to allies and partners, starting with its European neighbours.
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Bremberg, Niklas, and Simone Bunse. Climate, Peace and Security in a Changing Geopolitical Context: Next Steps for the European Union. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lkcg6004.
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This policy brief analyses current initiatives and ways forward to address the nexus between climate change, peace and security within the European Union’s (EU) foreign, security and defence policies. Considering Sweden’s reputation and credibility in advancing international cooperation on climate security and in light of the 2023 Swedish presidency of the Council of the EU, there is an opportunity to address the current lack of alignment between the climate and conflict-sensitizing work of the European External Action Service (EEAS) and the climate adaptation and mitigation work of the European Commission. Closer collaboration between the EEAS, the European Commission and EU member states to align resources and tools would allow for a qualitative leap forward by fostering actions that are preventative rather than reactive to climate-related security risks in the short to medium term.
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Wakefield, Benjamin. Opportunities for the European Union to Strengthen Biosecurity in Africa. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/hbpq5439.
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The European Union (EU) has a long history of commitment to improving biological security and supporting multilateral approaches to arms controls and non-proliferation. It has supported various biosecurity programmes in recent years and continues to increase its financial support towards these, with a focus on the universalization of the Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540. More recently, through Council Decision 2021/2072/ CFSP, the EU has committed even further to strengthening biosafety and biosecurity capabilities in Africa, with more meaningful collaboration and an increase in the local and regional ownership of projects. This provides an opportunity for the EU to continue to broaden its approach and improve coordination with international partners. In particular focus is the newly formed European Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), as it develops its international activities. However, there is still a demonstrated need to strengthen biosecurity-related capacities and capabilities across Africa. This paper highlights the significant opportunities for EU engagement and coordination with international initiatives, such as the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) Biosafety and Biosecurity Initiative (BBI) 2021–2025 Strategic Plan and the Global Partnership Signature Initiative to Mitigate Biological Threats in Africa.
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Kirsten, Ingrid, and Mara Zarka. Balancing the Three Pillars of the NPT: How can Promoting Peaceful Uses Help? Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/shzz2322.
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The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is the cornerstone of the non-proliferation regime and the centrepiece of global efforts to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and further the goal of general and complete nuclear disarmament. Although there is no implementation body for the NPT, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been entrusted with key verification responsibilities under Article III of the treaty, where it plays an important role in achieving the objectives under Article IV to foster international cooperation for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. This paper argues that peaceful uses of science, technology and applications have an important role to play in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Noting that the European Union (EU) is the biggest donor of development assistance, the paper suggests that the EU enhance its contribution to peaceful uses of nuclear science, technology and applications through supporting the IAEA’s technical cooperation activities. This will contribute to delivering the EU’s nonproliferation goals, thus strengthening global human security.
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Böhm, Franziska, Ingrid Jerve Ramsøy, and Brigitte Suter. Norms and Values in Refugee Resettlement: A Literature Review of Resettlement to the EU. Malmö University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178771776.
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As a result of the refugee reception crisis in 2015 the advocacy for increasing resettlement numbers in the overall refugee protection framework has gained momentum, as has research on resettlement to the EU. While the UNHCR purports resettlement as a durable solution for the international protection of refugees, resettlement programmes to the European Union are seen as a pillar of the external dimension of the EU’s asylum and migration policies and management. This paper presents and discusses the literature regarding the value transmissions taking place within these programmes. It reviews literature on the European resettlement process – ranging from the selection of refugees to be resettled, the information and training they receive prior to travelling to their new country of residence, their reception upon arrival, their placement and dispersal in the receiving state, as well as programs of private and community sponsorship. The literature shows that even if resettlement can be considered an external dimension of European migration policy, this process does not end at the border. Rather, resettlement entails particular forms of reception, placement and dispersal as well as integration practices that refugees are confronted with once they arrive in their resettlement country. These practices should thus be understood in the context of the resettlement regime as a whole. In this paper we map out where and how values (here understood as ideas about how something should be) and norms (expectations or rules that are socially enforced) are transmitted within this regime. ‘Value transmission’ is here understood in a broad sense, taking into account the values that are directly transmitted through information and education programmes, as well as those informing practices and actors’ decisions. Identifying how norms and values figure in the resettlement regime aid us in further understanding decision making processes, policy making, and the on-the-ground work of practitioners that influence refugees’ lives. An important finding in this literature review is that vulnerability is a central notion in international refugee protection, and even more so in resettlement. Ideas and practices regarding vulnerability are, throughout the resettlement regime, in continuous tension with those of security, integration, and of refugees’ own agency. The literature review and our discussion serve as a point of departure for developing further investigations into the external dimension of value transmission, which in turn can add insights into the role of norms and values in the making and un-making of (external) boundaries/borders.
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Davies, Will. Improving the engagement of UK armed forces overseas. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135010.
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The UK government’s Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy, published in March 2021 alongside a supporting defence command paper, set a new course for UK national security and highlighted opportunities for an innovative approach to international engagement activity. The Integrated Review focused principally on the state threats posed by China’s increasing power and by competitors – including Russia – armed with nuclear, conventional and hybrid capabilities. It also stressed the continuing risks to global security and resilience due to conflict and instability in weakened and failed states. These threats have the potential to increase poverty and inequality, violent extremism, climate degradation and the forced displacement of people, while presenting authoritarian competitors with opportunities to enhance their geopolitical influence. There are moral, security and economic motives to foster durable peace in conflict-prone and weakened regions through a peacebuilding approach that promotes good governance, addresses the root causes of conflict and prevents violence, while denying opportunities to state competitors. The recent withdrawal from Afghanistan serves to emphasize the complexities and potential pitfalls associated with intervention operations in complex, unstable regions. Success in the future will require the full, sustained and coordinated integration of national, allied and regional levers of power underpinned by a sophisticated understanding of the operating environment. The UK armed forces, with their considerable resources and global network, will contribute to this effort through ‘persistent engagement’. This is a new approach to overseas operations below the threshold of conflict, designed as a pre-emptive complement to warfighting. To achieve this, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) must develop a capability that can operate effectively in weak, unstable and complex regions prone to violent conflict and crises, not least in the regions on the eastern and southern flanks of the Euro-Atlantic area. The first step must be the development of a cohort of military personnel with enhanced, tailored levels of knowledge, skills and experience. Engagement roles must be filled by operators with specialist knowledge, skills and experience forged beyond the mainstream discipline of combat and warfighting. Only then will individuals develop a genuinely sophisticated understanding of complex, politically driven and sensitive operating environments and be able to infuse the design and delivery of international activities with practical wisdom and insight. Engagement personnel need to be equipped with: An inherent understanding of the human and political dimensions of conflict, the underlying drivers such as inequality and scarcity, and the exacerbating factors such as climate change and migration; - A grounding in social sciences and conflict modelling in order to understand complex human terrain; - Regional expertise enabled by language skills, cultural intelligence and human networks; - Familiarity with a diverse range of partners, allies and local actors and their approaches; - Expertise in building partner capacity and applying defence capabilities to deliver stability and peace; - A grasp of emerging artificial intelligence technology as a tool to understand human terrain; - Reach and insight developed through ‘knowledge networks’ of external experts in academia, think-tanks and NGOs. Successful change will be dependent on strong and overt advocacy by the MOD’s senior leadership and a revised set of personnel policies and procedures for this cohort’s selection, education, training, career management, incentivization, sustainability and support.
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Milek, Karen, and Richard Jones, eds. Science in Scottish Archaeology: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four key headings: High quality, high impact research: the importance of archaeological science is reflected in work that explores issues connected to important contemporary topics, including: the demography of, the nature of movement of, and contact between peoples; societal resilience; living on the Atlantic edge of Europe; and coping with environmental and climatic change. A series of large-scale and integrated archaeological science projects are required to stimulate research into these important topics. To engage fully with Science in Scottish Archaeology iv these questions data of sufficient richness is required that is accessible, both within Scotland and internationally. The RCAHMS’ database Canmore provides a model for digital dissemination that should be built on. Integration: Archaeological science should be involved early in the process of archaeological investigation and as a matter of routine. Resultant data needs to be securely stored, made accessible and the research results widely disseminated. Sources of advice and its communication must be developed and promoted to support work in the commercial, academic, research, governmental and 3rd sectors. Knowledge exchange and transfer: knowledge, data and skills need to be routinely transferred and embedded across the archaeological sector. This will enable the archaeological science community to better work together, establishing routes of communication and improving infrastructure. Improvements should be made to communication between different groups including peers, press and the wider public. Mechanisms exist to enable the wider community to engage with, and to feed into, the development of the archaeological and scientific database and to engage with current debates. Projects involving the wider community in data generation should be encouraged and opportunities for public engagement should be pursued through, for example, National Science Week and Scottish Archaeology Month. Networks and forums: A network of specialists should be promoted to aid collaboration, provide access to the best advice, and raise awareness of current work. This would be complemented by creating a series inter-disciplinary working groups, to discuss and articulate archaeological science issues. An online service to match people (i.e. specialist or student) to material (whether e.g. environmental sample, artefactual assemblage, or skeletal assemblage) is also recommended. An annual meeting should also be held at which researchers would be able to promote current and future work, and draw attention to materials available for analysis, and to specialists/students looking to work on particular assemblages or projects. Such meetings could be rolled into a suitable public outreach event.
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Plant Protection and Quarantine: Helping U.S. Agriculture Thrive--Across the Country and Around the World, 2016 Annual Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7207241.aphis.
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For Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) and our partners, 2016 was a year of remarkable successes. Not only did we eradicate 10 fruit fly outbreaks, but we also achieved 4 years with zero detections of pink bollworm, moving us one step closer to eradicating this pest from all commercial cotton-growing areas of the continental United States. And when the U.S. corn industry faced the first-ever detection of bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas vasicular pv vasculorum), we devised a practical and scientific approach to manage the disease and protect valuable export markets. Our most significant domestic accomplishment this year, however, was achieving one of our agency’s top 10 goals: eliminating the European grapevine moth (EGVM) from the United States. On the world stage, PPQ helped U.S. agriculture thrive in the global market-place. We worked closely with our international trading partners to develop and promote science-based standards, helping to create a safe, fair, and predictable agricultural trade system that minimizes the spread of invasive plant pests and diseases. We reached critical plant health agreements and resolved plant health barriers to trade, which sustained and expanded U.S. export markets valued at more than $4 billion. And, we helped U.S. producers meet foreign market access requirements and certified the health of more than 650,000 exports, securing economic opportunities for U.S. products abroad. These successes underscore how PPQ is working every day to keep U.S. agriculture healthy and profitable.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor