Journal articles on the topic 'Security Control Deficiency'

Water. In the existence and activities of each individual it is water that (un) consciously essentially defines them. Therefore, water is called the source of life, but nowadays we know it under the new concept: blue gold. The reason for such a modern understanding of the role of water lies in the increasing limitations of access to sufficient quantities, which first results in water stress – the situation where needs remain unmet, but water scarcity does not yet interfere with the foundations of the activities of societies. Water stress is thus the first form of threat to water security, especially when deficiency destroys all basic social systems that cannot function without water. The question of the role of water between them is increasingly being raised, as the operation of one system in the area of water consumption or management can mean interfering with the water potential of another system. This confronts us with the effect of the definite quantities of water, although countries with ample water resources and quantity (still) often do not understand or perceive it. Of course, this does not mean that the debate is not necessary; it is, conversely, necessary, and it is only in this way that it is possible to prevent or at least control the situation in which many countries around the world have found themselves and there is a total lack of water resources in the most existential aspects. Under these conditions, water security has become the most essential element of national security of these countries and thus a potential weak link in ensuring security.

Abstract Despite worldwide economic and scientific development, more than a quarter of the world’s population remains anemic, and about half of this burden is a result of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA is most prevalent among preschool children and women. Among women, iron supplementation improves physical and cognitive performance, work productivity, and well-being, and iron during pregnancy improves maternal, neonatal, infant, and even long-term child outcomes. Among children, iron may improve cognitive, psychomotor, and physical development, but the evidence for this is more limited. Strategies to control IDA include daily and intermittent iron supplementation, home fortification with micronutrient powders, fortification of staple foods and condiments, and activities to improve food security and dietary diversity. The safety of routine iron supplementation in settings where infectious diseases, particularly malaria, are endemic remains uncertain. The World Health Organization is revising global guidelines for controlling IDA. Implementation of anemia control programs in developing countries requires careful baseline epidemiologic evaluation, selection of appropriate interventions that suit the population, and ongoing monitoring to ensure safety and effectiveness. This review provides an overview and an approach for the implementation of public health interventions for controlling IDA in low- and middle-income countries, with an emphasis on current evidence-based recommendations.

As collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) are more widely used, participant access to CVE objects and information becomes a significant concern. In virtual reality games, storefronts, classrooms, and laboratories, for example, the need to control access to spaces and objects is integral to the security of activities taking place there. However, limited access controls are typically available in CVEs. Often, such controls are course-grained, only protecting against movements by unauthorized participants into specific areas. In answer to this deficiency, we offer a discretionary access control (DAC) system based on traditional concepts of users and groups, and tailored to the needs of a CVE. Our system, called WonderDAC, includes the ability to restrict movement into areas, as well as control interactions with objects. A basic WonderDAC prototype has been implemented within the Project Wonderland CVE.

Enterprises are required to utilize Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) when IPv6 is deployed. In IPv4, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is aggressively filtered by a network administrator while in IPv6, ICMPv6 messages cannot be aggressively filtered due to the function of ICMPv6 message. ICMPv6 security risks increase when ICMPv6 threats and vulnerabilities are exploited. Thus, it is very crucial for enterprises to address the issues. In practice, network researchers must review several resources to identify ICMPv6 related attacks occurring due to the exploitation of ICMPv6 vulnerabilities. Overlooking any of these issues will jeopardize the security of ICMPv6. While conducting the attack scenarios testing, IPv6-Filtering Prototype System (I6-FPS) was developed to overcome the deficiency and limited filtering tools that supported IPv6 filtering rules (ip6table). I6-FPS is used to automate and simplify the writing of ip6table and it was developed using PHP5 and Shell script languages. This research revealed that I6-FPS is significant in the initial phase of securing IPv6 deployment as well as focusing on the ICMPv6 filtering rules. The I6-FPS has the potential to be enhanced and developed over time by including more functions to that system in generating specific filtering ip6table rules.

Software-defined networking (SDN) is one of the most prevailing networking paradigms in current and next-generation networks. Basically, the highly featured separation of control and data planes makes SDN a proper solution towards many practical problems that challenge legacy networks, for example, energy efficiency, dynamic network configuration, agile network measurement, and flexible network deployment. Although the SDN and its applications have been extensively studied for several years, the research of SDN security is still in its infancy. Typically, the SDN suffers from architecture defect and OpenFlow protocol loopholes such as single controller problem, deficiency of communication verification, and network resources constraint. Hence, network measurement is a fundamental technique of protecting SDN against the above security threats. Specifically, network measurement aims to understand and quantify a variety of network behaviors to facilitate network management and monitoring, anomaly detection, network troubleshooting, and the establishment of security mechanisms. In this paper, we present a systematic survey on security-aware measurement technology in SDN. In particular, we first review the basic architecture of SDN and corresponding security challenges. Then, we investigate two performance measurement techniques in SDN, namely, link latency and available bandwidth measurements. After that, we further provide a general overview of topology measurement in SDN including intradomain and interdomain topology discovering techniques. Finally, we list three interesting future directions of security-aware measurement in SDN followed by giving conclusion remarks.

Abstract Background Iron deficiency peaks in prevalence (12% or higher) in early childhood and has been associated with poor developmental outcomes. Previous research examining associations between income and food insecurity (FI) with iron deficiency has been inconsistent and most did not measure iron status directly using serum ferritin or control for potential confounding variables. Objectives To examine the independent effects of family income and family risk for FI on iron status in healthy young children attending primary care. Design/Methods Healthy children ages 12–29 months were included in a cross-sectional analysis. Family income and risk for FI were collected from parents through self-reported questionnaires. Children with an affirmative response to the 1-item FI screen on the NutriSTEP (a validated screening tool of nutritional risk) or to at least one of the 2 items on the 2-item FI screen based on the 18-item Household Food Security Survey were categorized as a family at risk for FI. Iron status was assessed by serum ferritin. Children with C-reactive protein (CRP) >5 mg/L were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between both family income and family risk for FI with iron deficiency (serum ferritin <12µg/L) and IDA (serum ferritin <12 µg/L and hemoglobin <110 g/L), adjusting for age, sex, birthweight, zBMI, CRP, breastfeeding duration, bottle use, cow’s milk intake, formula feeding in the first year. Results Of 1245 children included, 131 (10.5%) of children were from households with a family income of <$40,000, 77 (6.2%) children were from families at risk for FI, 15% had iron deficiency, and 5% had IDA. The odds of children with a family income of <$40,000 having iron deficiency was 3 times (95% CI: 1.75, 5.26; P<0.0001) and having IDA was 4 times (95% CI: 1.71, 9.25; P=0.001) that for children in the highest family income group. Fully adjusted logistic regression showed weak evidence of a decreased odds of iron deficiency among children in families at risk for FI (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.19, 1.04; P=0.06) than all other children, and no association with IDA (OR 0.18, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.38; P=0.10). Conclusion A low family income of <$40,000 was associated with an increased risk for iron deficiency and IDA in young children. Risk for FI was not a risk factor for iron deficiency or IDA. Targeting income security may be more effective than targeting access to food to reduce health inequities in iron deficiency.

The depletion of natural resources and the intermittence of renewable energy resources have pressed the need for a hybrid microgrid, combining the benefits of both AC and DC microgrids, minimizing the overall deficiency shortcomings and increasing the reliability of the system. The hybrid microgrid also supports the decentralized grid control structure, aligning with the current scattered and concentrated load scenarios. Hence, there is an increasing need to explore and reveal the integration, optimization, and control strategies regarding the hybrid microgrid. A comprehensive study of hybrid microgrid’s performance parameters, efficiency, reliability, security, design flexibility, and cost-effectiveness is required. This paper discusses major issues regarding the hybrid microgrids, the integration of AC and DC microgrids, their security and reliability, the optimization of power generation and load management in different scenarios, the efficient management regarding uncertainty for renewable energy resources, the optimal placement of feeders, and the cost-effective control methodologies for the hybrid microgrid. The major research areas are briefly explained, aiming to find the research gap that can further improve the performance of the grid. In light of the recent trends in research, novel strategies are proposed that are found most effective and cost-friendly regarding the hybrid microgrid. This paper will serve as a baseline for future research, comparative analysis, and further development of novel techniques regarding hybrid microgrids.

The growth of mobile commerce marketplaces worldwide has been boosted by modern advances in digital technology. However, Privacy and security are still concern in m-commerce application. Since the previous study has researched the link between security and privacy and purpose to use, the factors that influence the formation of privacy and security in m-commerce are mostly unidentified. On the basis of UTAUT2, this study investigates the factors of security and privacy effecting mobile commerce acceptance. A hybrid SEM-ANN method was utilized to identify non-linear and compensatory interactions. Compensatory and Linear models are based on the idea that a deficiency in one component might also be compensated for by other variables. Linear and Non-compensatory models, on the other hand, seem to overcomplicate buyer decision mechanisms. Survey criteria have been conducted to obtain 890 mobile commerce consumer’s datasets utilizing an application on m-commerce. The following are the results. (1) M-commerce acceptability and use were positively influenced by five determinants (Security, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, habit, and price value). (2) Un-authorization, Error, secondary usage, collection, control, and awareness were all shown to directly and significantly negatively impact M-COMMERCE acceptance and use. (3) Three additional variables (social influence, hedonic motivation, and facilitating conditions) did not affect customers' intentions to use m-commerce applications in Jordan. In m-commerce, the integrated model expects a 45% percent increase in security and privacy.

Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled smart grids can achieve more reliable and high-frequency data collection and transmission compared with existing grids. However, this frequent data processing may consume a lot of bandwidth, and even put the user’s privacy at risk. Although many privacy-preserving data aggregation schemes have been proposed to solve the problem, they still suffer from some security weaknesses or performance deficiency, such as lack of satisfactory data confidentiality and resistance to malicious data mining attack. To address these issues, we propose a novel privacy-preserving data aggregation scheme (called PDAM) for IoT-enabled smart grids, which can support efficient data source authentication and integrity checking, secure dynamic user join and exit. Unlike existing schemes, the PDAM is resilient to the malicious data mining attack launched by internal or external attackers and can achieve perfect data confidentiality against not only a malicious aggregator but also a curious control center for an authorized user. The detailed security and performance analysis show that our proposed PDAM can satisfy several well-known security properties and desirable efficiency for a smart grid system. Moreover, the comparative studies and experiments demonstrate that the PDAM is superior to other recently proposed works in terms of both security and performance.

One of the main objectives of the states located in the territory of arid regions is the timely obtaining solid and exhaustive data, the forecasts connected with the climatic phenomena, allowing to provide the timely organization of works on safety and prevention of possible damage to agriculture and in general all national economy. This task can be solved only in the presence of well adjusted, system of collecting, processing and implementation of information. For ensuring food security of the country it is necessary to provide the integrated control system of water resources at timely coordination of all stages of regulation on the basis of multiplefactor monitoring of indicators.The increasing deficiency of water resources in basins of the cross-border rivers of the arid region of the republic demands introduction of the new scheme of management which would allow their use in the conditions of limitation.Due to the formation of the new independent states need of improvement of the existing organizational forms of ownership and water resources management of the cross-border rivers which will be proved on rules of international law and the best practice of cooperation pools when sharing taking into account the interests of the adjacent countries of the region is caused. The main priority direction of the arid region of the republic is development of long-term programs, proved on a package of measures and actions for water economy, maintaining her quality and increase in an ecological situation of water management systems.Now each country develops own strategies of water use which leads to strengthening of the competition for water, sharpening of deficiency of water and environmental problems, both on interstate, and at the regional level. Further, the issue of ensuring food security in the conditions of impact of climate change on agriculture is resolved. The existing risks connected with climate changes and ways of adaptation of agricultural production have been defined.The main national policy of the republic is aimed at ensuring the food security with the balance of production. Considering features of the region and the available restrictions as: existence of the irrigated lands, their efficiency, limitation of water resources and their effective use has to be proved on universal introduction of water-conservation technologies of irrigation when carrying out complex reconstruction of irrigating systems and the principles of the integrated use of water resources.

A mobile robots is one of the solution to overcome the deficiency of security surveillance camera systems that are static in nature, which are vulnerable to blind spots on the results of their observations. In this research, the surveillance robot is made to resemble the shape of a mars rover robot that is applied to be able to move more freely to stalk areas and be able to navigate on uneven surfaces. The movement of the surveillance robot wheel uses a wireless PS 2 remote control and is driven by a DC motor rotation as its main drive. The connection between the PS2 Remote Control and the surveillance robot is by using the Arduino Uno. In addition, this robot will be equipped with a camera that will send visual surveillance results from the robot to the smartphone.

Our system includes a data distributor who sends some important information to some third parties, called agents in our system. Some data gets leaked and found in an unauthorized place (e.g., on the internet or somebody's PC). The distributor must be able to detect that the data got leaked and came from one or more agents. Our system detects the guilty agent, who has leaked the data to untrusted agents. For identification of leaked data in existing system uses watermarking technique. However, it has a deficiency that watermarking data can be modified or changed. So, In proposed system another technique is used for improving chances of detecting guilty agent is MAC (Media Access Control) address with some more prevention strategies to increase the security of the system.

Traditional security check technology is mainly based on metal detection by manual inspection. This method is simple and convenient, can detect a few different kinds of contrabands, and also takes into account the safety of inspectors. Because of its strong penetration characteristics, millimeter waves make up for the deficiency of existing security check technologies. Therefore, it is urgent to research and develop millimeter wave holographic imaging technology for human security inspection. In traditional imaging methods, the azimuthal resolution can be improved through various methods of image processing, but the traditional way to improve the range direction resolution is to increase the system bandwidth. However, improvements of the system bandwidth will greatly increase the cost. The bandwidth improvement space is also limited, so it cannot be expanded indefinitely in practical applications. In this study, the interferometric synthetic aperture theory was used to improve the range direction resolution of 3D millimeter wave holographic images without improving the system bandwidth. Phase unwrapping was used to reconstruct the phase information of complex images and restore the continuous phase distribution of the target object so as to achieve improvement of the range direction resolution without increasing the system bandwidth. This work has theoretical guiding significance to improve the range resolution of millimeter wave imaging.

<abstract> <p>With the rapid development of the high-speed train industry, the high-speed train control system has now been exposed to a complicated network environment full of dangers. This paper provides a speculative parallel data detection algorithm to rapidly detect the potential threats and ensure data transmission security in the railway network. At first, the structure of the high-speed train control data received by the railway control center was analyzed and divided tentatively into small chunks to eliminate the inside dependencies. Then the traditional threat detection algorithm based on deterministic finite automaton was reformed by the speculative parallel optimization so that the inline relationship's influences that affected the data detection order could be avoided. At last, the speculative parallel detection algorithm would inspect the divided data chunks on a distributed platform. With the help of both the speculative parallel technique and the distributed platform, the detection deficiency for train control data was improved significantly. The results showed that the proposed algorithm exhibited better performance and scalability when compared with the traditional, non-parallel detection method, and massive train control data could be inspected and processed promptly. Now it has been proved by practical use that the proposed algorithm was stable and reliable. Our local train control center was able to quickly detect the anomaly and make a fast response during the train control data transmission by adopting the proposed algorithm.</p> </abstract>

Aim. To study the functional state of immunocompetent blood cells by assessing the membrane potential of mitochondria (MPM) in bronchial asthma in children, depending on the controllability of the course of the disease.Materials and methods. 167 children suffering from asthma aged from 1 to 17 years were examined, two groups were formed: 1 - controlled course of asthma (n=70), 2 - partially controlled and uncontrolled course of asthma (n=97). The functional and energetic status of immunocompetent blood cells was assessed by flow cytometry with determination of MPM using JC-1 dye.Results. The proportion of cells with reduced MPM in children with asthma in comparison with conditionally healthy children is higher in all pools - lymphocytes (46.1% vs. 34.0%), monocytes (12.0% vs. 9.0%), gran­ulocytes (11.3% vs. 7.0%). A higher percentage of cells with reduced MPM was found in the pools of monocytes (15.4% vs. 8.8%) and granulocytes (13.8% vs. 6.7%) with uncontrolled asthma. “Method for a comprehensive assessment of the energy security of immunocompetent blood cells” has been developed and patented. According to this method, the degrees of energy deficiency are relevant to the control of the course of asthma: in group 1, there is no energy deficit in 12.9% of cases, the first degree of deficiency in 40%, the second in 20%, the third in 27.1%; in the second group - 11,3%, 15,5%, 42,2%, 31,0% accordingly.Conclusion. The use of the developed method for a comprehensive assessment of the energy security of immunocompetent blood cells as an additional method to the approved medical standards, technically performed in a short time and with high accuracy, makes it possible to conduct early preclinical diagnostics of energy-deficient con­ditions of immunocompetent blood cells in asthma; according to the degree of disturbances detected, it is reasonable to determine the choice, the amount of necessary therapy and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.

The majority of cropland in the rain-fed region of the North Central District of Oklahoma in the US is seeded with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and most of it is in continuous wheat production. When annual crops are grown in monocultures, weed species and disease agents may become established and expensive to control. For many years prior to 1996, federal policy provided incentives for District producers to grow wheat and disincentives to diversify. In 1996, the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act (Freedom to Farm Act) was instituted, followed by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (FSRIA) in 2002. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of FAIR and FSRIA programs on crop diversity in the North Central District of Oklahoma. The economics of three systems, monoculture continuous winter wheat, continuous soybean (Glycine max) and a soybean–winter wheat–soybean rotation, were compared using cash market prices (CASH), CASH plus the effective loan deficiency payments (a yield-dependent subsidy) of the FAIR Act of 1996, and CASH plus the effective loan deficiency payments of the FSRIA of 2002. We found that the loan deficiency payment structure associated with FAIR provided a non-market incentive that favored soybean. However, under provisions of the 2002 FSRIA, the incentive for soybean was adjusted, resulting in greater expected returns for continuous wheat. Due to erratic weather, soybean may not be a good alternative for the region. Research is needed to identify crops that will fit in a rotation with wheat.

Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology has been proposed to solve complex and intertwined problem groups in many situations such as developing the capabilities, complex group decision making, security problems, marketing approaches, global managers, and control systems. DEMATEL is able to realize casual relationships by dividing important issues into cause and effect group as well as making it possible to visualize the casual relationships of subcriteria and systems in the course of casual diagram that it may demonstrate communication network or a little control relationships between individuals. Despite of its ability to visualize cause and effect inside a network, the original DEMATEL has not been able to find the cause and effect group between different networks. Therefore, the aim of this study is proposing the expanded DEMATEL to cover this deficiency by new formulations to determine cause and effect factors between separate networks that have bidirectional direct impact on each other. At the end, the feasibility of new extra formulations is validated by case study in three numerical examples of green supply chain networks for an automotive company.

With the development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), attacks to the vehicle-mounted control area network (CAN) have seriously jeopardized the security of automobiles. As an important security measure, intrusion detection technologies have aroused great interest in researchers and many detection methods have also been proposed based on the vehicle’s CAN bus. However, many studies only considered one type of attack at a time but in real environments there may contain a variety of attack types simultaneously. In view of the deficiency in the current methods, this paper proposed a method to detect multi-intrusions at one time based on a Mosaic coded convolutional neural network (CNN) and a centralized coding method. A Mosaic-like data block was created to convert the one-dimensional CAN ID into a two-dimensional data grid for the CNN to effectively extract the data characteristics and maintain the time characteristics between the CAN IDs. Four types of attacks and all combinations of them were used to train and test our model. Finally, a centralized coding method was used to increase the discrimination capability of the model. Experimental results showed that this single model could successfully detect any combinations of the intrusion types with very high and stable performance.

Abstract: Aim of this paper is to notify and protect people from accidents related to fire. Fire is very threatening that brings great loss of individuals and belongings. Yearly thousands of accidents related to fire happen all over the world due to power failure, accidental fire, natural lightning. So to control fire, different frameworks are created and being utilized. We propose device and initial execution of a fire & human detection system using image processing and Machine Learning. Fire telling Systems could improve security of association and social spots. The propose framework is to make a reliable, protected, and savvy framework to Cut down impediments and issues like mutilated cautions, which cause alarm among individuals and surprisingly the deficiency of cash with the utilization of new innovation. Also make the spots protected from the unstable fire. Keywords: Image Processing, Machine Learning, RGB, Real Time Video Streaming,DNN

Block-based perceptual encryption (PE) algorithms are becoming popular for multimedia data protection because of their low computational demands and format-compliancy with the JPEG standard. In conventional methods, a colored image as an input is a prerequisite to enable smaller block size for better security. However, in domains such as medical image processing, unavailability of color images makes PE methods inadequate for their secure transmission and storage. Therefore, this study proposes a PE method that is applicable for both color and grayscale images. In the proposed method, efficiency is achieved by considering smaller block size in encryption steps that have negligible effect on the compressibility of an image. The analyses have shown that the proposed system offers better security with only 12% more bitrate requirement as opposed to 113% in conventional methods. As an application of the proposed method, we have considered a smart hospital that avails healthcare cloud services to outsource their deep learning (DL) computations and storage needs. The EfficientNetV2-based model is implemented for automatic tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in chest X-ray images. In addition, we have proposed noise-based data augmentation method to address data deficiency in medical image analysis. As a result, the model accuracy was improved by 10%.

Abstract Currently, food security problems are particularly acute in Ukraine, as the structure of the consumer basket is deteriorating, despite the sufficient number of calories consumed per capita. While the amount of meat and milk decreases, grain products increase, causing a deficiency of proteins, vitamins, macro- and microelements of animal origin, which leads to the so-called "hidden hunger". In addition, there is a negative trend of deteriorating food quality. The purpose of this article is research of the dynamics and features of the formation of the food security system in the region. During the period 2008-2019, the level of food security in the region decreased by 5 out of 10 types of food security. In 2019, the indicators of the actual annual consumption of food by the population of the region such as milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, fruits, berries and grapes decreased dramatically. The level of food consumption in half of the scientifically substantiated rational standards is considered critically dangerous. Examining the aspects of economic affordability of food in the region, significant reduction in the share of expenditures on household food in the structure of total expenditures for 2010-2019 up to 47.9% should be noted In addition, illusory (due to inflation during the national crisis of 2013-2014) is a quantitative increase in both monthly total aggregate expenditures and household expenditures on food. The study of the dynamics of changes in the structure of food consumption in households in the Black Sea region revealed a decrease in the share of the vast majority (8 out of 10) of species food consumption (in terms of primary product) on average per month per person for 2019. Steady high level of food consumption, other things being equal, gives grounds to draw conclusions about the stability of food supply, and analyzing the structure of food consumption, we can characterize the completeness of nutrition. The need to ensure food security in the region requires maintaining an appropriate level of food self-sufficiency, which involves the use of state support for domestic agri-food producers and measures to control the import of food and food products to protect their own producers from foreign competition. Key words: food security, food basket, organizational and economic mechanism, food security index, system of strategic priorities.

The rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system (RWCS) feeds more than 6 billion people in South Asia and across the world. In developing countries, almost 2 billion individuals are suffering from Zn and Fe micronutrient deficiency. This study aimed to adopt genetically enriched varieties of rice and wheat to manage the Zn and Fe deficiency with organic and inorganic fertilization in the food system. The experiment was designed for two years (2018–2019) under the split-plot design and was replicated three times. The results of the study indicate that the highest grain yield of wheat and rice was increased by 67.09 and 58.41 and 44.10 and 33.21% more NPKFeZn in the applied treatments compared to the control treatment during both years, respectively. The treatment carpet waste and Trichoderma viride was performed for higher yields (grain, straw, and biological) as compared to the rest of the treatment. In the main-plot, with application of NPKFeZn, higher Fe and Zn ranges of 54.27 and 52.91 and 35.71 and 34.29 parts per million (ppm), respectively, were recorded during both years. Similarly, the residual effects of NPKFeZn treatment in rice Fe and Zn concentration were recorded at 44.17 and 41.22 and 27.55 and 24.19 ppm during both years, respectively. It was found that there was 49.18 and 42.12 and 25.28 and 19.94% more Fe and Zn content, respectively, in grain as compared to the traditional varieties range of 33 and 14 ppm for Fe and Zn, respectively. Ina sub-plot, for the wheat in carpet waste and Trichoderma viride treatment, the Fe and Zn contents were recorded as 55.21 and 54.62 and 37.05 and 35.53 ppm for the two years, respectively. In the traditional varieties of wheat, the range of Fe and Zn contents was 30 and 32 ppm, respectively. In the sub-plot of succeeding rice in carpet waste and Trichoderma viride treatment contents of Fe and Zn of 43.27 and 40.43 and 26.67 and 23.37 ppm were recorded during both years, respectively. On the basis of the interaction effect, the maximum total Fe and Zn uptake by wheat of 0.84 and 0.50 kg ha−1, respectively, were recorded in the N3 × B1C3 treatments. Likewise, the maximum total Fe and Zn uptakes by rice of 0.62 and 0.39 kg ha−1, respectively, were recorded with the interaction effect of N3 × B1C3 treatments. The hypothesis of the experiment was to manage malnutrition in society by diversifying genetically modified rice–wheat varieties in the RWCS. This research might assist in increasing nutritional security.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this research is to find out the role of information technology of PT Bangkit Berkah. in anticipating occurrences of accounting fraud by focusing on the adequacy of the application of IT Control with the COSO Internal Control Framework. The data used to support this research are primary data obtained from interviews and observations. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with the case study approach. The results of the study showed that information technology implemented by PT Bangkit Berkah. is capable of anticipating occurrences of accounting fraud through both general control and application control. This also supports the reduction of accounting fraud experienced by PT Bangkit Berkah. However, the information system is still unintegrated because the data backup procedure is manually conducted. This deficiency results in several risks and threats for the company in maintaining the principle of data security in risk management.Keywords: Information Technology, Fraud in Accounting, Internal Control Systems. АBSTRАKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran teknologi informasi PT Bangkit Berkah dalam mengantisipasi kecurangan akuntansi. Penelitian ini berfokus pada kecukupan penerapan teknologi informasi PT Bangkit Berkah dengan IT Control yang telah dipopulerkan oleh COSO. Data yang digunakan untuk mendukung penelitian ini adalah data primer hasil wawancara dan observasi. Penelitian ini mengikuti desain penelitian studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknologi informasi yang diimplementasikan oleh PT Bangkit Berkah dapat mengantisipasi kecurangan akuntansi baik yang dilakukan melalui pengendalian umum (general control) maupun pengendalian aplikasi (application control). Hal tersebut telah mengurangi terjadinya fraud yang telah dialami oleh PT Bangkit Berkah. Namun sebagai kelemahan yang masih ada, PT Bangkit Berkah masih menggunakan sistem yang tidak terintegrasi dan penyimpanan data secara manual. Kekurangan ini menimbulkan beberapa risiko dan ancaman bagi perusahaan dalam mempertahankan prinsip keamanan data dalam manajemen ris

Abstract The syndrome now known as GATA2 haploinsufficiency had been published at least since the 1970s under different clinical guises. With the identification of the gene in 2011, GATA2 deficiency became the overarching diagnosis for a complex syndrome with acoustic, cutaneous, lymphatic, pulmonary, leukemic, hematologic and infectious manifestations. Arising in both spontaneous and autosomal dominant patterns, the genetics made it recognizable and diagnosable even before symptoms arose. Over the last several years it has become clear that GATA2 is a major contributor to: pediatric and adolescent MDS, AML in younger adults, some cases of ALL, severe genital HPV infection, disseminated mycobacterial infections, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary hypertension and is associated with a variety of solid tumors. Mutations with more profound effects on GATA2 expression (nonsense and deletions) appear to have a more severe phenotype than do intronic mutations that alter transcript level but not transcript integrity. These latter intronic mutations may be associated with later onset of disease and more variable penetrance. Elucidating the gene targets on which GATA2 works and which partners it engages will lead to important observations in the molecular genetics of hematopoietic control. This variability of penetrance and expression is most apparent with the intronic mutations, in which whole generations may be relatively protected, presumably from genes in trans to GATA2 . An active search is on for these genes that appear to regulate GATA2 . One of the consequences of the variable penetrance of GATA2 deficiency is that it may be discordant within a family, allowing a false sense of security about use of a clinically well relative for bone marrow transplant donation. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is highly effective for cure of GATA2 deficiency. We have now done almost 40 transplants in GATA2 deficiency with high survival rates using related haploidentical donors, as well as with fully matched donors. The effects of transplantation are profound both in terms of hematopoietic and somatic results, including resolution of most HPV lesions, resolution of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and resolution of pulmonary hypertension, when present. We have now encountered several cases of transplant from unexpectedly affected donors into a known GATA2, all of which have had poor outcomes. These cases reinforce the critical need for molecular confirmation of the GATA2 status of any related donor, regardless of lack of symptoms. GATA2 deficiency is recently recognized but successful treatments have emerged alongside the science. Efforts to understand and allow for manipulation of GATA2 expression are underway. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

To impart sustainability to modern intensive farming systems, environmental pollution caused by nitrogenous fertilizers in needs to be reduced by optimizing their doses. To estimate the grain yield and nutrtional quallity of wheat, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) are potential screening tools to identify the N deficiency and screen out the promising cultivars. The two-year field study was comprised with five levels of nitrogen (N) (control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha−1) and two durum wheat genotypes (Sena and Svevo). The experimental design was split-plot, in which N levels were placed in the main plots, while wheat genotypes were arranged in sub-plots. To predict the yield and quality traits, the NDVI and SPAD values recorded at heading, anthesis and milky growth stages were taken as response variables. The results revealed that N fertilization significantly influenced the SPAD and NDVI attributed traits of durum wheat, except NDVI at milky stage (NDVI-M) during the first year. The maximum value of NDVI was recorded by 150 kg N ha−1, while control treatment gave the minimum value. The grain yield was increased with the increasing dose of the N up to 100 kg N ha−1 (4121 kg ha−1), and thereafter, it was declined with further increased of N levels. However, the variation between the genotypes was not significant, except NDVI and SPAD values at the milky stage. The genotype Svevo had the highest NDVI values at all growth stages, while the genotype Sena recorded the maximum SPAD values during both years. Similarly, the N levels significantly influenced the quality traits (protein, wet gluten, starch test weight and Zeleny sedimentation) of both genotypes. The highly significant relationship of SPAD and NDVI with the grain yield and yield attributes showed their reliability as indicators for determining the N deficiency and selection of superior wheat genotypes for ensuring food security under climate change scenario.

As the core of blockchain technology, the consensus algorithm plays an important role in determining the security, data consistency, and efficiency of blockchain systems. The existing mainstream consensus algorithm is experiencing difficulties satisfying the needs of efficiency, security, and decentralization in real-world scenarios. This paper proposes a hybrid consensus algorithm based on modified Proof-of-Probability and Delegated Proof-of-Stake. In this method, the work of block generation and validation is, respectively, completed by the nodes using the modified Proof-of-Probability consensus algorithm and Delegated Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm. When a transaction occurs, the system sends several target hash values to the whole network. Each modified Proof-of-Probability node has a different sorting algorithm, so they have different mining priorities. Every time a hash is decrypted by a modified Proof-of-Probability node, the modulo operation is done to the value of nonce, which is then compared with the expected value given by the supernode selected by the Delegated Proof-of-Stake nodes. If they are not the same, the Proof-of-Probability node enters the waiting time and the other Proof-of-Probability nodes continue to mine. By adopting two consensus algorithms, the malicious nodes must control more than 51% of the nodes that adopt the two consensus algorithms, at the same time, to effectively attack the system, that is, they must have more than 51% of the computing power and more than 51% of the tokens. This not only increases the cost of malicious attacks, but also reduces waste of computing power. In addition, the efficiency of the DPoS algorithm makes up for the deficiency of the PoP algorithm in system efficiency, and the mining behavior based on probability in the PoP algorithm also significantly weakens the ability of supernodes in the DPoS algorithm to conduct monopoly behavior or other malicious behaviors. In a word, the combination of the two algorithms makes the system perform better in terms of security, system efficiency, and decentralization.

Annotation. Maternal obesity is associated with perinatal complications and increases the risk for the infant to develop cardiovascular disease later in life. The aim of present study was to assess the maternal serum 25(ОН)D levels and main clinical data in pregnancies with obese I in the presence or absence of comorbid diseases and to compare the results with healthy controls. In accordance with the purpose of our clinical study, in the first stage, we conducted a prospective analysis of the social, somatic, gynecological, and obstetric history of women with obesity and decreased serum levels of vitamin D. The main group consisted of 75 pregnant patients with grade I obesity (BMI = 30 - 34.99 kg/m2), serum 25 (OH) D content <32 ng/ml, however > 16 ng/ml and gestational endotheliopathy. The control group included 26 practically healthy pregnant women with a physiological course of gestation with a normative indicator of serum vitamin D. 85.3% of women with obese I had serum insufficiency (66.7%) and vitamin D deficiency (18.6%). Variational and statistical processing of the survey results was performed using the program “STATISTICA 10” Enterprise Portable with the definition of the main variational indicators. Moderate obesity and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency were statistically likely to be associated with material security problems (p=0.031); unbalanced diet (p=0.03); hypodynamia (p=0.001); stressful working conditions (p=0.0045) and smoking (p=0.0045). Women with obesity and low vitamin D status had an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (p=0.029) and gastrointestinal disease (p=0.006). It was noteworthy that women with vitamin D imbalance and obese I had a significantly shorter duration of both the menstrual cycle (p=0.02) and duration of menstrual periods and blood loss during period (p=0.004 and p=0.02). For patients with obesity and decreased serum levels of 25 (OH) D, there was an increase in the number of cases of aggravated gynecological history (p=0.0001), in particular, cases of PCOS (p=0.03); frequency of miscarriage (p=0.042) and antenatal complications, in general (p=0.0012). Further research will assess the clinical effectiveness of personalized dose supplementation of vitamin D (depending on status) in obese pregnant women to prevent the development of perinatal pathology.

Mining severely affects ecosystems and threatens local food security. Remediation practices, however, are a viable way of reducing the negative impacts on post-mining lands. In this study we aim to improve crop yields and drought resistance on a post-tin-mining site located in Bangka Island, Indonesia, with locally available resources. Plots with five different soil amendments: (1) dolomite; (2) compost; (3) charcoal; combinations of (4) charcoal + compost; and (5) charcoal + sawdust; and a control were established. An intercropping system with cassava and centrosema was employed, and yields were determined. Drought resistance was evaluated by carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) from crop parts of cassava and centrosema’s shoot. Soil physicochemical properties were determined at harvesting time. Soil amendments significantly improved cassava and centrosema yields. In particular, the compost and combined (charcoal + compost) treatments enhanced centrosema yields (1.18 and 1.99 kg·plot−1, respectively) and were related to higher nutrient availability. Similarly, compost, charcoal, and combined treatments showed positive effects on the cassava yield (0.15–0.16 kg·plant−1) and a higher drought resistance in the charcoal treatment (∆13C= 21.48‰). Increased water-holding capacity (WHC) reduced the water deficiency and boosted yields of cassava and centrosema when the soil was treated with dual amendments (charcoal + compost). Charcoal, compost, and their combination turned out to be the most sustainable amendments in degraded post-mining tropical soils.

Micronutrient deficiency is raising concern worldwide, especially among children and pregnant women in Africa, Southern Asia, and certain developing countries, posing a significant risk to the nutritional status. This study aimed to develop cake fortified with Moringa leaf powder (MOLP), ripe banana flour (RBF) and assessed the effect of MOLP and RBF on the nutritional composition as well as consumer acceptability. The nutritional, mineral, vitamin A and sensory attributes of MOLP and RBF fortified cakes were assessed. Proximate analysis results showed that the addition of MOLP and RBF significantly increased from 5.79% to 8.90% for protein, 1.25% to 1.66% for ash, 2.70% to 6.98% for fiber, and 53.0% to 60.88% for carbohydrate. However, the fat and moisture content decreased from 20.16% to 13.06% and 17.77% to 13.54%, respectively. The mineral contents (phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc) increased significantly in the fortified cake compared to the unfortified control. The vitamin A content (3.40–5.62 mg/100 g) of the fortified cakes was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the vitamin A (1.62 mg/100 g) content of the unfortified cake. Although MOLP and RBF substitution raised most of the nutritional contents, the maximum consumer acceptability was recorded in the unfortified control, which was statistically similar to C2 (1.5% MOLP and 2% RBF) substitution in terms of shape, sweetness, flavor, mouth feel, and overall acceptability. The results indicated that cake supplemented with 1.5% MOLP and 2% RBF provided the enriched nutritional quality and potentially contributed to the improvement of food and nutritional security of the vulnerable populations. Furthermore, utilizing ripe bananas with peels in cake recipes will help to encourage the recovery of food waste for functional food preparation.

Summary Despite being the single largest cassava-producing country, yields in Nigeria remain consistently poor and among the lowest. Regionally, yields are also particularly low across Africa. Pests and pathogens, including plant-parasitic nematodes, play an important role in this current yield deficit. African countries are not only faced with the problem of food security but also that of nutritional deficiency, due to limited micronutrients in the diet. In this study, six biofortified cultivars were evaluated for their response to inoculation with approximately 30 000 root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) eggs in 30 l pots in Nigeria. All cassava cultivars proved highly susceptible to M. incognita infection after 6 months, with nematode reproduction factor ranging from 7.0 to 44.8. Galling was common on feeder roots and gall index scores were recorded between 4 to 5 (on a scale of 1-5 where 5 ⩽ 100 galls). Meloidogyne incognita infection significantly reduced plant height, stem girth, fresh plant mass, fresh storage root number and storage root weight. Percentage yield loss of between 41.8-88.4% was recorded in M. incognita-infected plants compared with non-infected controls. Although M. incognita reduced storage root weight, it did not necessarily affect the nutritional quality (total carotenoid) or dry weight percentage of the biofortified cassava cultivars. Total carotenoid and dry weight contents of the control cultivar were similar to some of the biofortified cultivars. The high susceptibility of the biofortified cassava cultivars to M. incognita infection indicates that substantial yield losses are likely being experienced by farmers, as this nematode pest is prevalent across sub-Saharan Africa and the tropics.

Eastern Cape, followed by Limpopo, have the highest numbers of citizens experiencing food insecurity. The Limpopo and Free State provinces share the highest prevalence rate of children affected by iron deficiency anaemia leading to severe stunting and underweight. Cowpea is an important grain legume that is rich in proteins (20-24%), minerals and vitamins for human and animal nutrition. Cowpea stands to enhance food security and nutrition in rural South African communities. Introduction of cowpea varieties that are rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins will improve the quality of the dietary intakes and nutritional status of the poor. To fast-track the development of improved cowpea varieties that meet the nutritional needs of consumers and farmers, thirty cowpea improved varieties were introduced and evaluated to determine their qualities and the nutrients they contain. This will assist breeders in ascertaining their usefulness and how to deploy the traits in breeding programmes. The seeds were harvested from seed multiplication plots during 2017 growing season, and were analysed in three replications to determine their nutrient and mineral contents (crude protein or CP, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, P, K and moisture). The mineral contents were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer while CP content was determined by the Kjeldahl method using Kjeltec™ Model 2300, as described in Foss Analytical AB manual. Results showed that the varieties exhibited significant (P<0.05) variations for the nutrients and minerals determined except for P and moisture. Eight varieties out-performed the two local control varieties (Glenda and Bechuana White with 24% and 20% respectively) in CP with a range of 25-31%. Many varieties also significantly out-performed the local checks in respect of minerals tested: 4, 12, 6, 5, 14, and 15 varieties exhibited higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu and Fe, respectively. Results also show that the quality of grains varied in terms of seed colour, texture, and eye colour. The results not only demonstrate that many of the improved varieties were better than the control varieties, but have also provided a database for utilising the promising varieties in breeding programme for the development of new cowpea germplasm with better quality traits and nutrient contents. Variation in seed qualities offers opportunities for farmers and consumers to make choice as these quality traits influence acceptability and marketability of cowpea in South Africa. Key words: Bechuana White, bio-fortification, dietary intake, food security, marketability nutrition, protein content, Vigna unguiculata

Background. Infusion therapy (IT) is a method of managing the functions of the organism by influencing purposefully the morphological composition and physiological properties of blood through parenteral administration of organic and inorganic solutions. The main feature of IT is that the drug completely enters the bloodstream. Objective. To describe the main characteristics of fluid and electrolyte balance and the IT principles. Materials and methods. Analysis of the literature sources on this topic. Results and discussion. Fluid comprises about 60 % of the human body (in children – 70-80 %, in adults – 60 %, in elderly – 50-55 %). Total fluid includes intracellular and extracellular. The latter, in turn, is divided into intravascular, interstitial and transcellular. Water balance involves the balance of fluid entering the body and the fluid being excreted. The main sources of water are beverages and food, however, about 300 ml per day is formed endogenously during oxidation processes. The main ways of the fluid excretion are its excretion in urine and stool, and perspiration losses. To calculate the physiological need of water for an adult, the body weight should be multiplied by the coefficient of 30 (up to 65 years), 25 (65-75 years) or 20 (more than 75 years). IT should also take into account the pathological losses of water from fever, vomiting, diarrhea, the presence of large wounds or burns, as well as reduction of the need in water in renal or heart failure. Thus, physiological needs, fluid deficiency, fluid volume as a result of pathological loss should be added, and the oral rehydration subtracted from this sum to calculate IT volume. There are 3 degrees of dehydration severity: I degree – deficiency of 1-2 liters, thirst, oliguria; II degree – deficiency of 4-5 liters, thirst, oliguria, dry skin, mucous membranes and tongue, general weakness; III degree – deficiency of 7-8 liters, consciousness disorders, decrease in arterial pressure, shock. The first degree can be overcome by oral rehydration, the second degree – by 50 % of oral rehydration and 50 % of IT, the third degree – by 70-100 % of IT. IT solutions are divided into crystalloids, colloids, polyatomic alcohols and special drugs. Preparations of polyatomic alcohols include, in particular, Reosorbilact, Sorbilact, Xylate (“Yuria-Pharm”). Complications of IT are divided into complications associated with the violation of the technique of entering the bloodstream (injuries of blood vessels and adjacent organs, hematomas, foreign bodies in the vessels and heart, the solution misplacement out of the vascular space); complications associated with the violation of the technique of drug administration (thromboembolism, air and fat embolism); complications associated with the wrong rate of solutions’ administration (heart overload, hypervolemia, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema); complications associated with the characteristics of infusion solutions (partial hemolysis of blood cells, acid-base imbalance, disorders of blood osmolarity, local cooling of the heart); complications associated with the IT method; complications due to individual intolerance; infectious complications in case of violation of asepsis and antiseptics; infectious diseases. Criteria for IT security include the knowledge of the drug composition and understanding of the instructions for its use; multicomponentity; use of the minimum effective doses; monitoring of the excreted urine and other fluids and infused solutions; strict control of fluid balance and blood circulation parameters. Conclusions. 1. IT is an important tool in treatment of many diseases, which performs a wide range of tasks. 2. The IT solution should be chosen depending on the individual needs of the patient. 3. Criteria for IT safety include the knowledge of drug composition and instructions for its use; multicomponentity; use of the minimum effective doses; monitoring of excreted urine and infused solutions; control of fluid balance and blood circulation parameters.

Objectives. This study screened for factors affecting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, appraised vitamin D’s efficacy in preventing COVID-19, and assessed the effects of clinical characteristics, glycemic status, vitamin D, and hydroxychloroquine administration on COVID-19’s progression and severity in T1DM patients. Methods. This retrospective research on 150 adults was conducted at Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, KSA. Participants were allocated to three groups (50/group): control, T1DM, and T1DM with COVID-19. Participants’ fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), complete blood count, vitamin D, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer, liver and kidney function, and hydroxychloroquine treatment were retrieved and analyzed. Results. The percentages of comorbidities and not taking hydroxychloroquine were significantly higher among T1DM patients with COVID-19 than patients with T1DM only. Mean vitamin D level was significantly lower in T1DM with COVID-19 patients than in the other two groups. Vitamin D showed a significant negative correlation with LDH, CRP, ESR, ferritin, and D-dimer, which was the most reliable predictor of COVID-19 severity in T1DM patients. Conclusion. Comorbidities and vitamin D deficiency are risk factors for COVID-19 in patients with T1DM. Patients who do not take hydroxychloroquine and have higher FBG and HbA1c levels are vulnerable to COVID-19. Vitamin D may be useful for preventing COVID-19 in T1DM patients. Comorbidities, higher FBG and HbA1c levels, not taking hydroxychloroquine, and vitamin D inadequacy elevate COVID-19 progression and severity in patients with T1DM.

Home gardening is a popular year-round recreational activity in Hawaii that helps to increase community food security in suburban and rural communities where high levels of poverty and unemployment exist. Updated fertilizer recommendations and accurate information about the latest products allows home gardeners to improve crop growth, and to minimize nutrient imbalances in the soil, pest problems, and environmental risks from nutrient runoff or leaching. Two field experiments were conducted in Oahu, Hawaii, to evaluate several new products in the market for the production of two home-garden Chinese cabbage varieties. The treatments included Miracle Grow, a new Miracle Grow Plus formulation, Plant Power 2003 nutrient solution, a Maui Liquid Compost product, and a standard fertilizer control (150 kg·ha-1 N rate). Each treatment consisted of a 6-m long row with 30-cm plant spacing in the row. Each treatment was replicated four times in a completely randomized block design, for a total of 40 plots (two varieties × five treatments × four replications). Data collected included soil fertility before initiation and after experiment completion, tissue nutrient analysis, plant height collected twice during the growing cycle, and head weight and length measured at harvest time. The variety Pagoda was more responsive to fertilizer applications, showing an average of 30% yield increases between the best and poorest treatment, compared to 20% for `China Express'. Overall, the Miracle Grow formulations outperformed the other products. The tissue nutrient data showed tissue nutrient levels above those recommended by the Extension Service. The treatments with highest yield response also showed greater symptoms of “black heart” from possible boron deficiency.

Agriculture production is directly dependent on climate change and weather. Possible changes in temperature, precipitation and CO2 concentration are expected to significantly impact crop growth and ultimately we lose our crop productivity and indirectly affect the sustainable food availability issue. The overall impact of climate change on worldwide food production is considered to be low to moderate with successful adaptation and adequate irrigation. Climate change has a serious impact on the availability of various resources on the earth especially water, which sustains life on this planet. The global food security situation and outlook remains delicately imbalanced amid surplus food production and the prevalence of hunger, due to the complex interplay of social, economic, and ecological factors that mediate food security outcomes at various human and institutional scales. Weather aberration poses complex challenges in terms of increased variability and risk for food producers and the energy and water sectors. Changes in the biosphere, biodiversity and natural resources are adversely affecting human health and quality of life. Throughout the 21st century, India is projected to experience warming above global level. India will also begin to experience more seasonal variation in temperature with more warming in the winters than summers. Longevity of heat waves across India has extended in recent years with warmer night temperatures and hotter days, and this trend is expected to continue. Strategic research priorities are outlined for a range of sectors that underpin global food security, including: agriculture, ecosystem services from agriculture, climate change, international trade, water management solutions, the water-energy-food security nexus, service delivery to smallholders and women farmers, and better governance models and regional priority setting. There is a need to look beyond agriculture and invest in affordable and suitable farm technologies if the problem of food insecurity is to be addressed in a sustainable manner. Introduction Globally, agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. This vulnerability is relatively higher in India in view of the large population depending on agriculture and poor coping capabilities of small and marginal farmers. Impacts of climate change pose a serious threat to food security. “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (World Food Summit, 1996). This definition gives rise to four dimensions of food security: availability of food, accessibility (economically and physically), utilization (the way it is used and assimilated by the human body) and stability of these three dimensions. According to the United Nations, in 2015, there are still 836 million people in the world living in extreme poverty (less than USD1.25/day) (UN, 2015). And according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), at least 70 percent of the very poor live in rural areas, most of them depending partly (or completely) on agriculture for their livelihoods. It is estimated that 500 million smallholder farms in the developing world are supporting almost 2 billion people, and in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa these small farms produce about 80 percent of the food consumed. Climate change threatens to reverse the progress made so far in the fight against hunger and malnutrition. As highlighted by the assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC), climate change augments and intensifies risks to food security for the most vulnerable countries and populations. Few of the major risks induced by climate change, as identified by IPCC have direct consequences for food security (IPCC, 2007). These are mainly to loss of rural livelihoods and income, loss of marine and coastal ecosystems, livelihoods loss of terrestrial and inland water ecosystems and food insecurity (breakdown of food systems). Rural farmers, whose livelihood depends on the use of natural resources, are likely to bear the brunt of adverse impacts. Most of the crop simulation model runs and experiments under elevated temperature and carbon dioxide indicate that by 2030, a 3-7% decline in the yield of principal cereal crops like rice and wheat is likely in India by adoption of current production technologies. Global warming impacts growth, reproduction and yields of food and horticulture crops, increases crop water requirement, causes more soil erosion, increases thermal stress on animals leading to decreased milk yields and change the distribution and breeding season of fisheries. Fast changing climatic conditions, shrinking land, water and other natural resources with rapid growing population around the globe has put many challenges before us (Mukherjee, 2014). Food is going to be second most challenging issue for mankind in time to come. India will also begin to experience more seasonal variation in temperature with more warming in the winters than summers (Christensen et al., 2007). Climate change is posing a great threat to agriculture and food security in India and it's subcontinent. Water is the most critical agricultural input in India, as 55% of the total cultivated areas do not have irrigation facilities. Currently we are able to secure food supplies under these varying conditions. Under the threat of climate variability, our food grain production system becomes quite comfortable and easily accessible for local people. India's food grain production is estimated to rise 2 per cent in 2020-21 crop years to an all-time high of 303.34 million tonnes on better output of rice, wheat, pulse and coarse cereals amid good monsoon rains last year. In the 2019-20 crop year, the country's food grain output (comprising wheat, rice, pulses and coarse cereals) stood at a record 297.5 million tonnes (MT). Releasing the second advance estimates for 2020-21 crop year, the agriculture ministry said foodgrain production is projected at a record 303.34 MT. As per the data, rice production is pegged at record 120.32 MT as against 118.87 MT in the previous year. Wheat production is estimated to rise to a record 109.24 MT in 2020-21 from 107.86 MT in the previous year, while output of coarse cereals is likely to increase to 49.36 MT from 47.75 MT. Pulses output is seen at 24.42 MT, up from 23.03 MT in 2019-20 crop year. In the non-foodgrain category, the production of oilseeds is estimated at 37.31 MT in 2020-21 as against 33.22 MT in the previous year. Sugarcane production is pegged at 397.66 MT from 370.50 MT in the previous year, while cotton output is expected to be higher at 36.54 million bales (170 kg each) from 36.07. This production figure seem to be sufficient for current population, but we need to improve more and more with vertical farming and advance agronomic and crop improvement tools for future burgeoning population figure under the milieu of climate change issue. Our rural mass and tribal people have very limited resources and they sometime complete depend on forest microhabitat. To order to ensure food and nutritional security for growing population, a new strategy needs to be initiated for growing of crops in changing climatic condition. The country has a large pool of underutilized or underexploited fruit or cereals crops which have enormous potential for contributing to food security, nutrition, health, ecosystem sustainability under the changing climatic conditions, since they require little input, as they have inherent capabilities to withstand biotic and abiotic stress. Apart from the impacts on agronomic conditions of crop productions, climate change also affects the economy, food systems and wellbeing of the consumers (Abbade, 2017). Crop nutritional quality become very challenging, as we noticed that, zinc and iron deficiency is a serious global health problem in humans depending on cereal-diet and is largely prevalent in low-income countries like Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and South-east Asia. We report inefficiency of modern-bred cultivars of rice and wheat to sequester those essential nutrients in grains as the reason for such deficiency and prevalence (Debnath et al., 2021). Keeping in mind the crop yield and nutritional quality become very daunting task to our food security issue and this can overcome with the proper and time bound research in cognizance with the environment. Threat and challenges In recent years, climate change has become a debatable issue worldwide. South Asia will be one of the most adversely affected regions in terms of impacts of climate change on agricultural yield, economic activity and trading policies. Addressing climate change is central for global future food security and poverty alleviation. The approach would need to implement strategies linked with developmental plans to enhance its adaptive capacity in terms of climate resilience and mitigation. Over time, there has been a visible shift in the global climate change initiative towards adaptation. Adaptation can complement mitigation as a cost-effective strategy to reduce climate change risks. The impact of climate change is projected to have different effects across societies and countries. Mitigation and adaptation actions can, if appropriately designed, advance sustainable development and equity both within and across countries and between generations. One approach to balancing the attention on adaptation and mitigation strategies is to compare the costs and benefits of both the strategies. The most imminent change is the increase in the atmospheric temperatures due to increase levels of GHGs (Green House Gases) i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) etc into the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperatures at the end of the 20th century were almost 0.7 degree centigrade above than those recorded at the end of the 19th century and likely to increase further by 1.8- 6.4ºC by 2100 AD. The quantity of rainfall and its distribution will be affected to a great extent resulting in more flooding. The changes in soil properties such as loss of organic matter, leaching of soil nutrients, salinization and erosion are a likely outcome of climate change in many cases. Water crisis can be a serious problem with the anticipated global warming and climate change. With increasing exploitation of natural resources and environmental pollution, the atmospheric temperature is expected to rise by 3-5 0C in next 75-100 years (www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-1). If it happens most of the rivers originating from the Himalayas may dry up and cause severe shortage of water for irrigation, suppressing agriculture production by 40-50%. There has been considerable concern in recent years about climatic changes caused by human activities and their effects on agriculture. Surface climate is always changing, but at the beginning of industrial revolution these changes have been more noticeable due to interference of human beings activity. Studies of climate change impacts on agriculture initially focused on increasing temperature. Many researchers, including reported that changes in temperature, radiation and precipitation need to be studied in order to evaluate the impact of climate change. Temperature changes can affect crop productivity. Higher temperatures may increase plant carboxilation and stimulate higher photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration rates. Meanwhile, flowering may also be partially triggered by higher temperatures, while low temperatures may reduce energy use and increased sugar storage. Changes in temperature can also affect air vapor pressure deficits, thus impacting the water use in agricultural landscapes. This coupling affects transpiration and can cause significant shifts in temperature and water loss (Mukherjee, 2017). In chickpea and other pulse crop this increase in temperature due to climate change affects to a greater extent flower numbers, pod production, pollen viability, and pistilfunction are reduced and flower and pod abortion increased under terminal heat stress which ultimately leads to hamper its productivity on large scale. There is probability of 10-40% loss in crop production in India with the expected temperature increase by 2080-2100. Rice yields in northern India during last three decades are showing a decreasing trend (Aggarwal et al., 2000). Further, the IPCC (2007) report also projected that cereal yields in seasonally dry and tropical regions like India are likely to decrease for even small local temperature increases. wheat production will be reduced by 4-5 million tonnes with the rise of every 10C temperature throughout the growing period that coincides in India with 2020-30. However, grain yield of rice declined by 10% for each 1ºC increase in growing season. A 1ºC increase in temperature may reduce rapeseed mustard yield by 3-7%. Thus a productivity of 2050-2562 kg/ha for rapeseed mustard would have to be achieved by 2030 under the changing scenario of climate, decreasing and degrading land and water resources, costly inputs, government priority of food crops and other policy imperatives from the present level of nearly 1200 kg/ha. Diseases and pest infestation In future, plant protection will assume even more significance given the daunting task before us to feed the growing population under the era of shifting climate pattern, as it directly influence pest life cycle in crop calendar (Mukherjee, 2019). Every year, about USD 8.5 billion worth of crops are lost in India because of disease and insects pests and another 2.5 billion worth of food grains in storages. In the scenario of climate change, experts believe that these losses could rise as high as four folds. Global warming and climate change would lead to emergence of more aggressive pests and diseases which can cause epidemics resulting in heavy losses (Mesterhazy et al., 2020). The range of many insects will change or expand and new combinations of diseases and pests may emerge. The well-known interaction between host × pathogen × environment for plant disease epidemic development and weather based disease management strategies have been routinely exploited by plant pathologists. However, the impact of inter annual climatic variation resulting in the abundance of pathogen populations and realistic assessment of climatic change impacts on host-pathogen interactions are still scarce and there are only handful of studies. Further emerging of new disease with climate alteration in grain crop such as wheat blast, become challenging for growers and hamper food chain availability (Mukherjee et al., 2019). Temperature increase associated with climatic changes could result in following changes in plant diseases: Extension of geographical range of pathogens Changes in population growth rates of pathogens Changes in relative abundance and effectiveness of bio control agents Changes in pathogen × host × environment interactions Loss of resistance in cultivars containing temperature-sensitive genes Emergence of new diseases/and pathogen forms Increased risk of invasion by migrant diseases Reduced efficacy of integrated disease management practices These changes will have major implications for food and nutritional security, particularly in the developing countries of the dry-tropics, where the need to increase and sustain food production is most urgent. The current knowledge on the main potential effects of climate change on plant patho systems has been recently summarized by Pautasso et al. (2012). Their overview suggests that maintaining plant health across diversified environments is a key requirement for climate change mitigation as well as the conservation of biodiversity and provisions of ecosystem services under global change. Changing in weed flora pattern under different cropping system become very challenging to the food growers, and threat to our food security issue. It has been estimated that the potential losses due to weeds in different field crops would be around 180 million tonnes valued Rs 1,05,000 crores annually. In addition to the direct effect on crop yield, weeds result in considerable reduction in the efficiency of inputs used and food quality. Increasing atmospheric CO2 and temperature have the potential to directly affect weed physiology and crop-weed interactions vis-à-vis their response to weed control methods. Many of the world’s major weeds are C4 plants and major crops are C3 plants (Mandal and Mukherjee, 2018). The differential effects of CO2 on C3 and C4 plants may have implications on crop-weed interactions. Weed species have a greater genetic diversity than most crops and therefore, under the changing scenario of resources (eg., light, moisture, nutrients, CO2), weeds will have the greater capacity for growth and reproductive response than most crops. Differential response to seed emergence with temperature could also influence species establishment and subsequent weed-crop competition. Increasing temperature might allow some sleeper weeds to become invasive (Mukherjeee, 2020; Science Daily, 2009). Studies suggest that proper weed management techniques if adopted can result in an additional production of 103 million tonnes of food grains, 15 million tonnes of pulses,10 million tonnes of oilseeds, and 52 million tonnes of commercial crops per annum, which in few cases are even equivalent to the existing annual production (Rao and Chauhan, 2015). There is tremendous scope to increase agricultural productivity by adopting improved weed management technologies that have been developed in the country. Conclusion The greatest challenge before us is to enhance the production of required amount of food items viz., cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetable, underutilized fruit etc to keep pace with population growth through employing suitable crop cultivars, biotechnological approaches, conserving natural resources and protecting crops from weeds, insects pests and diseases eco-friendly with climate change. Research is a continuous process that has to be pursued vigorously and incessantly in the critical areas viz., evolvement of new genotype, land development and reclamation, soil and moisture conservation, soil health care, seeds and planting material, enhancing fertilizer and water use efficiencies, conservation agriculture, eco-friendly plant protection measures etc. Due to complexity of crop environment interaction under different climate situation, a multidisciplinary approach to the problem is required in which plant breeders, agronomists, crop physiologists and agrometeorologists need to interact for finding long term solutions in sustaining crop production. References: Abbade, E. B. 2017. Availability, access and utilization: Identifying the main fragilities for promoting food security in developing countries. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 14(4): 322–335. doi:10.1108/WJSTSD-05-2016-0033 Aggrawal, P.K., Bandyopadhyay, S. and Pathak, S. 2020. Analysis of yield trends of the Rice-Wheat system in north-western India. Outlook on Agriculture, 29(4):259-268. Christensen, J.H., Hewitson, B., Busuioc, A., Chen, A. and Gao, X, 2007. Regional Climate Projections. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom. Debnath, S., Mandal, B., Saha, S., Sarkar, D., Batabyal, K., Murmu, S., Patra, B.C., Mukherjee, and Biswas, T. 2021. Are the modern-bred rice and wheat cultivars in India inefficient in zinc and iron sequestration?. Environmental and Experimental Botany,189:1-7. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104535) 2007. Climate Change 2007- Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976pp. Mandal, B and Mukherjee, D. 2018. Influenced of different weed management Practices for Higher Productivity of Jute (Corchorus olitorius) in West Bengal. International Journal of Bioresource Science, 5 (1): 21-26. Mesterhazy, A., Olah, J. and Popp, J. 2020. Losses in the grain supply chain: causes and solutions. Sustainability, 12, 2342; doi:10.3390/su12062342. Mukherjee D. 2019. Effect of various crop establishment methods and weed management practices on growth and yield of rice. Journal of Cereal Research, 11(3): 300-303. http://doi.org/10.25174/2249-4065/2019/95811. Mukherjee, D. 2014. Climate change and its impact on Indian agriculture. In : Plant Disease Management and Microbes (eds. Nehra, S.). Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur, India. Pp 193-206. Mukherjee, D. 2017. Rising weed problems and their effects on production potential of various crops under changing climate situation of hill. Indian Horticulture Journal, 7(1): 85-89. Mukherjee, D., Mahapatra, S., Singh, D.P., Kumar, S., Kashyap , P.L. and Singh, G.P. 2019. Threat assessment of wheat blast like disease in the West Bengal". 4th International Group Meeting on Wheat production enhancement through climate smart practices. at CSK HPKV, Palampur, HP, India, February, 14-16, 2019. Organized by CSK HPKV, Palampur and Society of Advancement of Wheat and Barley Research (SAWBAR). Journal of Cereal Research, 11 (1): 78. Mukherjee, D. 2020. Herbicide combinations effect on weeds and yield of wheat in North-Eastern plain. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 52 (2): 116–122. Pautasso, M. 2012. Observed impacts of climate change on terrestrial birds in Europe: an overview. Italian Journal of Zoology, 38:56-74. .Doi:10.1080/11250003.2011.627381 Rao, A.N. and Chauhan, B.S. 2015. Weeds and weed management in India -A Review. 25 Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, at Hyderabad, India, Volume: 1 (A.N. Rao and N.T. Yaduraju (eds.). pp 87-118.

Abstract ContextAustralia has a high diversity of endemic vertebrate fauna. Yet, transnational human activities continue to increase the rate of transportation, introduction and establishment of new alien vertebrates in Australia, to the detriment of environmental and socioeconomic services. Eradication of invasive vertebrates is often costly and without guarantee of success; therefore, methods for detecting, intercepting and preventing the transport of alien species earlier in the invasion pathway provide substantial benefit. AimTo anticipate emergent threats to Australian biosecurity posed by the transport and introduction of new alien vertebrates over time. MethodsWe collated vertebrate interception data from various mainland Australian State, Territory and Commonwealth government reporting agencies, including data from a previously published study, at both pre-border and post-border stages from 1999 to 2016. Using generalised linear and generalised additive modelling, we predicted trends in interception frequency using predictors such as vertebrate taxa, detection category and alien status. Key resultsInterception frequency increased over time for all vertebrate classes, for pre-border stowaways and for post-border captive and at-large interceptions, with no saturation in the accumulation of new species over time. Five species were responsible for almost half of all incidents, of which red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), boa constrictors (Boa constrictor) and corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) are prominent in Australia’s illegal alien pet trade. Rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) are prominent in the legal alien cage-bird trade, which remains poorly regulated. Asian common toads (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) were frequently detected as stowaways, and most stowaway incidents originated from Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia, via shipping. Data deficiency for pre-border incidents increased rapidly in 2015 and 2016. ConclusionsAustralia is subject to a persistent and increasing risk of alien vertebrate introductions and incursions over time, owing partly to emergent trends in the alien pet trade as well as increased global trade and tourism. ImplicationsThe future of Australia’s biosecurity remains dependent on stringent border security to prevent the arrival of novel species, but our findings also highlight the importance of ongoing management and control of high-risk species already present, often illegally, within Australia.

В статье проанализированы современные литературные источники и научные представления, посвященные изучению роли здорового питания и влиянии факторов питания на здоровье. Правильное и здоровое питание является основой качественной жизни человека, влияет на здоровье, долголетие и работоспособность. Современное питание должно не только удовлетворять физиологические потребности человека в пищевых веществах и энергии, но и выполнять профилактические и лечебные функции. Рационы питания, целиком основанные на потреблении растительных продуктов, становятся все более популярными благодаря множеству заявленных преимуществ для здоровья. Многочисленные исследования, проведенные за последние годы, свидетельствуют, что растительная диета с ограничением продуктов животного происхождения сопровождается более низким риском развития хронических заболеваний, а при некоторых нозологиях способствует контролю заболевания. Цели и задачи профилактики здорового питания - сохранение и укрепление здоровья населения, профилактика заболеваний, обусловленных неполноценным и несбалансированным питанием. Материалы и методы. Обзор литературы о контроле за безопасностью продуктов питания, полноценностью и сбалансированностью питания, соблюдением режимов питания. Результаты. При нарушениях питания резко снижается способность противостоять неблагоприятным воздействиям окружающей среды, стрессам, повышенным умственным и физическим нагрузкам. Дисбаланс питательных веществ, витаминов и минералов в составе пищи приводит к нарушению обмена веществ и в последующем к болезни. Дискуссия. Рациональное питание рассматривается как один из компонентов «медицины образа жизни». В то же время, большинство исследователей подчеркивают необходимость проведения крупномасштабных популяционных исследований в этой области в соответствии с современными принципами доказательной медицины. Заключение. Результаты многочисленных исследований свидетельствуют о значимой роли питания в развитии различных заболеваний, их профилактике и лечении. Питание является основой для всех обменных процессов организма человека, поэтому нарушение питания способствует возникновению болезни. Здоровое питание и здоровый образ жизни являются основой профилактики болезней. The current literature sources and scientific images examining the role of healthy nutrition and influence of nutritional factors on health are analyzed in the article. Proper and healthy nutrition is the foundation of a quality human life, that influence health status, longevity and productivity. Modern nutrition would not only have to satisfy the physiological needs of a human for nutrient materials and energy, but also perform preventive and therapeutic functions. Entirely plant-based diets are becoming more and more popular through multiple claimed health benefits. Numerous studies conducted during recent years suggest that a plant-based with limited products of animal origin is accompanied by a lower risk of chronic diseases and, in some nosology, helps control the disease. The aims and purposes of the prevention of healthy nutrition include the health maintenance and promotion, disease prevention caused by poor nutritional status and unbalanced diet. Materials and methods. A review of literature on the monitoring of food security, the good nutritional status and balance diet, control over compliance with nutrition prescription. Results. In the event of nutritional disorder, the resilience, the ability to prevent stress, increased mental and physical activities is reduced dramatically. A nutritional imbalance, vitamins and minerals deficiency in the food leads to disbolism and, subsequently, to illness. Discussion. Rational nutrition is viewed as one of the components of "lifestyle medicine". At the same time, most researchers highlight the importance of conducting the large-scale population studies in this field in accordance with modern principles of evidence-based medicine. Conclusion. The numerous studies results demonstrate the significant role of nutrition in the various diseases development, their prevention and treatment. Nutrition is the foundation for all metabolic processes of the human body, therefore, nutritional disorder contributes to the occurrence of the disease. A healthy nutrition and lifestyle are the foundation of disease prevention.

Micronutrient deficiencies occur frequently in refugee and displaced populations. These deficiency diseases include, in addition to the most common Fe and vitamin A deficiencies, scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), pellagra (niacin and/or tryptophan deficiency) and beriberi (thiamin deficiency), which are not seen frequently in non-emergency-affected populations. The main causes of the outbreaks have been inadequate food rations given to populations dependent on food aid. There is no universal solution to the problem of micronutrient deficiencies, and not all interventions to prevent the deficiency diseases are feasible in every emergency setting. The preferred way of preventing these micronutrient deficiencies would be by securing dietary diversification through the provision of vegetables, fruit and pulses, which may not be a feasible strategy, especially in the initial phase of a relief operation. The one basic emergency strategy has been to include a fortified blended cereal in the ration of all food-aid-dependent populations (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees/World Food Programme, 1997). In situations where the emergency-affected population has access to markets, recommendations have been to increase the general ration to encourage the sale and/or barter of a portion of the ration in exchange for locally-available fruit and vegetables (World Health Organization, 1999a, b, 2000). Promotion of home gardens as well as promotion of local trading are recommended longer-term options aiming at the self-sufficiency of emergency-affected households. The provision of fortified blended foods in the general ration has successfully prevented and controlled micronutrient deficiencies in various emergency settings. However, the strategy of relying only on fortified blended foods to prevent micronutrient deficiencies should be reviewed in the light of recurring evidence that provision of adequate supplies of these foods is often problematic. Donor policies on the bartering or exchange of food aid should also be clarified. Furthermore, the establishment of micronutrient surveillance systems, including standardized micronutrient deficiency diagnostic criteria, are vital for the control of micronutrient deficiency diseases.

Scabies outbreaks in England have been reported in hospitals, long-stay wards, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) units and residential homes for the elderly. This paper describes the control of an outbreak in a further education college for persons with learning disabilities. In March 2004, four confirmed cases of scabies were reported among a subset of 108 students and 41 staff members. Staff had considerable physical contact with the students who were housed in five groups of homes, individual homes and support centres. Mass prophylaxis was offered to all staff and students, through 39 general practice surgeries. Challenges overcome were: ensuring complete case ascertainment, accessing of up-to-date information about students and staff, achieving a coordinated approach to treatment, securing informed consent and media management. No further outbreaks have been reported. The college has revised its information request form for new students.

ABSTRACT Since Information Technology (IT)-based internal controls are pivotal in providing access to, and security of, financial records, we argue that an IT-related material weakness (ITMW) is a significant threat to organizational legitimacy. Prior research suggests that firms work to repair legitimacy by disassociation with executives blamed for the deficiency and the establishment of a monitoring mechanism to ensure the problem is addressed (Suchman 1995). As a test of disassociation, we find that, relative to a propensity-score-matched sample of non-ITMW firms, ITMW firms experience higher CEO, CFO, and director turnover. As a test of the establishment of a monitoring mechanism to repair organizational legitimacy, we find that ITMW firms hire CEOs, CFOs, and directors with higher levels of IT expertise, and make significant IT system upgrades. We find evidence that ITMW firms remediate deficiencies in a more timely fashion when they appoint a new CFO with IT expertise or upgrade their financial reporting system. Collectively, our results suggest that firms make significant monitoring changes to re-establish organizational legitimacy after receiving an ITMW. Data Availability: The data used are publicly available from the sources cited in the text.

Smart city has become an important direction of urban development. Focusing on the construction of smart city, it can reflect the ideal practical effect in many aspects, effectively improve the level of urban development and operation, and also show better in urban planning. Strong influence requires urban planning for adaptive adjustment. This paper from the core of a small wind power system is the grid-connected inverter. According to the main topology of small wind power generation inverter and grid-connected system, a systematic modeling of small wind power generation system is built. In order to make up for the deficiency of the traditional control strategy for small wind power grid-connected inverter, this paper puts forward a fuzzy control and quasi-PR control method to be applied to the synchronization control of grid-connected inverter. The simulation experiment is conducted by using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform, and the test is conducted by means of combining self-designed system hardware circuit, and the results show that compared with the PR method, the grid current synchronization error can be reduced to smaller, adaptability, and anti-disturbance can be greatly improved through the proposed method and, consequently, has a better application value for small wind power grid-connected inverter.

The guard segment considers security usage as the essential and critical errand to be executed so usage ought to be made with more concern. One of the ideal arrangements is Voice for upgrading the security framework in which the confirmation of clients is performed with the guide of their voice signals. This confirmation has been performed by actualizing Security Voice Authentication System (SVAS) strategy in our past work. Be that as it may, this philosophy isn't a lot of viable on the insider aggressors. The security framework would be separated by the vindictive/narrow-minded clients as they go about as genuine clients by transmitting the voice sign of unique clients. This deficiency can be overwhelmed by presenting a procedure called Two Level Voice Authentication System (TLVAS). This examination includes producing mystery keys at first by methods for arbitrary qualities inputted by the client. It will give security in the two-level procedure which incorporates the respectability of the handling ought to be solid. The sign must be changed over which control the figuring techniques. This strategy is seen as increasingly powerful against the insider assailants by avoiding the Compromisation created by them. Installing procedure used to execute for doing the exhibition investigation and the examination is completed by methods for expanded security level.

Background: Inadequate Thyroid Hormone at birth in newborns is known as Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) and it has a critical role in their growth and brain development. As a result, untreated CH and abnormal GH/IGF1 levels can lead to failure to thrive, osteoporosis, and Diabetic Retinopathies, among other problems. This retrospective study examines the chances of developing growthhormone disruption and Diabetes Mellitus in patients diagnosed with Congenital Hypothyroidism at the Security Forces Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A retrospective chart review of growth hormone deficient (GHD) patients was done at the security force hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The data was collected from the medical records of the patients. The study included all patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) who had complete clinical, diagnostic and treatment data. Result: At the beginning of the research, 287 growth hormone-deficient (GHD) children ranging in age from 1 to 15 years old were evaluated for diabetes. A total of 151 (52.6%) of the 287 patients got levothyroxine therapy, while the remaining 136 (47.4%) did not (control group). Because the p-value <0.05 (t(149) = 1.165, p = 0.246), the mean difference in blood sugar level changes is not statistically significant (t(149) = 1.165, p = 0.246). Conclusion: We found that levothyroxine therapy has no discernible effect on blood sugar level fluctuations in males and females. Key words: Growth hormone deficiency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Diabetes.

Background: Although reasonable to assume, it is not yet clear whether malnourished countries are at higher risk for severe or fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to identify the countries where prevalent malnutrition may be a driving factor for fatal disease after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.Methods: Using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, country-level burden of malnutrition was quantified using four indicators: death rates for child growth failure (underweight, stunting, and/or wasting) and years lived with disability (YLD) attributed to iron and vitamin A deficiencies and high body mass index (BMI). Global mortality descriptors of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic were extracted from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and case fatality ratios (CFRs) were calculated introducing a lag time of 10 weeks after the first death of a confirmed case. Bivariate analyses for 172 countries were carried out for malnutrition indicators and fatal COVID-19. Correlations between burden indicators were characterized by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρ) and visually by scatterplots. Restricted cubic splines and underlying negative binomial regressions adjusted for countries' age-structure, prevalent chronic comorbidities related to COVID-19, population density, and income group were used to explore non-linear relationships.Results: Stratified by the World Bank income group, a moderate positive association between YLD rates for iron deficiency and CFRs for COVID-19 was observed for low-income countries (ρ = 0.60, p = 0.027), whereas no clear indications for the association with child growth failure, vitamin A deficiency, or high BMI were found (ρ &lt; 0.30). Countries ranking high on at least three malnutrition indicators and presenting also an elevated CFR for COVID-19 are sub-Saharan African countries, namely, Angola, Burkina Faso, Chad, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Sudan, and Tanzania, as well as Yemen and Guyana.Conclusions: Population-level malnutrition appears to be related to increased rates of fatal COVID-19 in areas with an elevated burden of undernutrition, such as countries in the Sahel strip. COVID-19 response plans in malnourished countries, vulnerable to fatal COVID-19, should incorporate food security, nutrition, and social protection as a priority component in order to reduce COVID-19 fatality.

Introduction: School feeding is given particular importance all over the world as a factor ensuring food security and affecting socio-economic welfare and health of children. It is provided through an effective system of organization of school meals, which monitoring and evaluation is always relevant. Objective: A hygienic assessment of up-to-date organization of school nutrition in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods: We analyzed monitoring data and results of control and supervisory activities carried out with respect to schools (n = 44,419) and public catering companies (n = 7,473) by the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) in the 2020 to 2021 academic year using methods of descriptive statistics. Results: We established a rise of the hot meal coverage rate over the past decade up to 91.4 %, reaching 100.0 % among schoolchildren in grades 1-4 in a number of regions. The coverage with hot meals of the schoolchildren requiring special nutrition due to their health condition equaled 92.7 % in the Russian Federation as a whole. The evaluation of nutritional and biological values of school breakfasts and lunches showed that they generally covered the needs of a growing organism for vitamins A, B, and C, while a deficiency of vitamin D was noted. Conclusion: The recognized importance of school meals in health maintenance of the general population indicates the necessity of their continuous monitoring, the study of regularities and features of physiology of a child, and supervision of effectiveness of healthy school feeding.

Agriculture is a key industry for solving problems on food security, economic and environmental sustainability. Due to this, issues of restoring the industry intensity are becoming vital. In the article it is emphasized that this process should be implemented through an evolutionary transition to the fifth technological mode. This implies bringing the number of agricultural machinery to standard values and its subsequent equipping with means of information control over the operation of all technical systems, as well as parallel driving. The search for ways to restore soil fertility by using biologization of agriculture is becoming highly relevant under the conditions of increasing toxicity of chemical mineral fertilizers remaining in soils, the acute imbalance and nutrient deficiency. The Russian agriculture should be reindustrialized by using achievements of biotechnology. The use of the biological product system of fertilizers and the protection of plants from pests and diseases should result in the widespread development of the organic agricultural production. However, the availability of innovative technologies remains low for most agricultural producers. The reason for this situation is the low intensity of the reproduction process in the industry, accompanied by low profitability of agribusiness. The state should motivate the transition to innovative agricultural production technologies. On the one hand, it should initiate the creation of enterprises on producing resources for using innovative technologies in agriculture, and on the other hand, – regulate the intersectoral redistribution of the created value, avoiding the “zero” profitability of production among participants of production systems, and, on the third hand, – maintain or increase the profitable part of the budget

Zinc deficiency is now very common in Bangladesh causing significant yield losses of different crops including rice. Due to zinc and other micronutrient deficiencies the high yielding rice varieties fail to produce their potential yield even under good management practices. Although many farmers have started applying zinc fertilizer they are not aware of proper dose and application method. Therefore, in many cases farmers are applying zinc fertilizers indiscriminately without considering the efficacy and economic output. Keeping those in mind the proposed study bears huge importance to elucidate and enrich the present state of knowledge on zinc fertilization in rice for ensuring food and nutritional security of Bangladesh in a sustainable way. An experiment was therefore conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from December 2020 to May 2021 to investigate into the effects of different doses of Zn applied through soil, root soaking and foliar on rice growth and yield and their economics in Boro seasons following a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two Boro rice varieties (BRRI dhan58 and Hira Dhan-1) and seven different zinc application approaches (including soil application, root dipping and foliar spray of zinc with different dose/concentration). Hybrid variety Hira Dhan-1 performed better than BRRI dhan58. Application of zinc resulted in better crop growth and higher yield. Soil application appeared as the most efficient approach. Grain yield increased over control due to zinc application raged from 5.1 to 14.7%. Present study confirms the necessity of zinc fertilizer application for increasing Boro rice yield. Among the different application approaches, soil application was found most effective and foliar spray was least effective. Although soil application of ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 produced the highest yield, application of ZnSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 was the most economic one. Hybrid rice Hira Dhan-1 out yielded high yielding inbred variety BRRI dhan58. Therefore, it is recommended to cultivate hybrid rice in Boro season with soil application of ZnSO4 @ 5 kg ha-1 for higher yield and better economic return.

The indiscriminate and intensive use of agrochemicals in developing nations to enhance crop productivity has posed an alarming threat to soil quality, fertility, biodiversity, food safety, agricultural sustainability, and groundwater quality, thus critically affecting planetary health and food productivity. Additionally, both abiotic and biotic stresses and developmental disorders, i.e., disease susceptibility, hormonal imbalance, and nutritional deficiency, are the major constraints on crop productivity. In this context, the use of soil–plant associated microbiomes “phytomicrobiome,” especially rhizospheric microbiota, in combination with agronomic practices (nutrient, water, and resource management, as integrated management options: INM/IPM/IWM) is the most promising alternative for managing soil health and crop productivity. The global recognition of plant/soil-associated microbiome has generated substantial investment of public and private bodies to grow microbe-based food products. However, understanding the molecular, genetic, physiological, and ecological aspects of phytomicrobiome toward sustainable agriculture would require broad attention along with associated environmental/physico-chemical control points. The underpinning mechanisms of plant–microbe interactions are of immense significance for strategizing host selection (single culture/consortia) and its field application. Taxa such as Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Burkholderia, Sphingomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and Rhodococcus have emerged as promising plant growth-promoting (PGP) candidates with diverse beneficial traits, such as, producing phyto-hormones, volatile organics, antibiotics for disease suppression, N2-fixation, Fe uptake, and extracellular enzymes, but several physico-chemical constraints/extremities limit the field application (on-site) of such microbes. Hence, a detailed overview on genomic, physiological, metabolic, cellular, and ecological aspects is necessitated. Thorough insights into nutrient acquisition (especially limiting nutrients like Fe and P) during abiotic stress are still under-studied, so the use OMICS, robust bioinformatics pipeline/tools, might greatly revolutionize the field of PGP microbial ecology (complex plant–microbe interactions) for application in agricultural sustainability, nutritional security, and food safety. This review focusses on critical aspects of mechanisms of Fe and P transport-uptake (nutrient acquisition) by various PGP microbes, and their metabolism, genetics, and physiology relevant for managing stress and better crop production.

Iron is mostly devoted to the hemoglobinization of erythrocytes for oxygen transport. However, emerging evidence points to a broader role for the metal in hematopoiesis, including the formation of the immune system. Iron availability in mammalian cells is controlled by iron-regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and IRP2. We report that global disruption of both IRP1 and IRP2 in adult mice impairs neutrophil development and differentiation in the bone marrow, yielding immature neutrophils with abnormally high glycolytic and autophagic activity, resulting in neutropenia. IRPs promote neutrophil differentiation in a cell intrinsic manner by securing cellular iron supply together with transcriptional control of neutropoiesis to facilitate differentiation to fully mature neutrophils. Unlike neutrophils, monocyte count was not affected by IRP and iron deficiency, suggesting a lineage-specific effect of iron on myeloid output. This study unveils the previously unrecognized importance of IRPs and iron metabolism in the formation of a major branch of the innate immune system.