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Journal articles on the topic 'Secondary sexual characteristics'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Herman-Giddens, Marcia E., Lily Wang, and Gary Koch. "Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Boys." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 155, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.9.1022.

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2

Greil, Holle, and Heidrun Kahl. "Assessment of developmental age: cross-sectional analysis of secondary sexual characteristics." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 63, no. 1 (March 11, 2005): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/63/2005/63.

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3

Breathnach, C. S. "The secondary sexual characteristics of the brain." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 1990): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700017067.

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AbstractIn the avian cerebrum and in the spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia, hypothalamico pre-optic area and cerebral cortex of the rat sexually dimorphic' nuclei are clearly recognisable. Similar differences have been described in the human brain. Morphometric analysis has shown a sexually dimorphic nucleus in the pre-optic area. There is continuing controversy over differences in the size and shape of the corpus callosum, but there is accumulating evidence of cerebral asymmetry with more focal representation of language and praxic functions in the left cerebral hemisphere in females. The various sensory modalitites also show gender differences. The significance of these secondary sexual variations in brain structure resides in the developmental and behavioural characteristics of the underlying neural circuits.

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4

Wojciechowski, A. P. "Evolutionary aspects of mammalian secondary sexual characteristics." Journal of Theoretical Biology 155, no. 2 (March 1992): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80598-3.

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5

ITO, Madoka, and Seiichi WATANABE. "SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METACRANGON ANGUSTICAUDA(DE HAAN)." Researches on Crustasea 21 (1992): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18353/rcustacea.21.0_107.

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6

Graham, E. A., N. Sugar;, S. J. Emans, F. Biro;, M. E. Herman-Giddens, E. J. Slora, R. C. Wasserman, and G. G. Koch. "Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Menses in Young Girls." PEDIATRICS 101, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 949–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.101.5.949.

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7

Hockham, Leon R., and Michael G. Ritchie. "Female secondary sexual characteristics: appearances might be deceptive." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, no. 11 (November 2000): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01963-7.

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8

J�rvi, Torbj�rn, Eivin R�skaft, Morten Bakken, and Brigitta Zumsteg. "Evolution of variation in male secondary sexual characteristics." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 20, no. 3 (March 1987): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00299729.

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9

Emerson. "Vertebrate Secondary Sexual Characteristics-Physiological Mechanisms and Evolutionary Patterns." American Naturalist 156, no. 1 (2000): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3079033.

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10

Emerson, Sharon B. "Vertebrate Secondary Sexual Characteristics—Physiological Mechanisms and Evolutionary Patterns." American Naturalist 156, no. 1 (July 2000): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/303370.

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11

Tolunay, Melek Anday Rifat. "Psychological-physiological characteristics of vaginismus." SCIENTIFIC WORK 62, no. 01 (February 8, 2021): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/62/124-127.

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While vaginismus can occur in some women during the first sexual intercourse, and sometimes in women who have not had any problems during previous sexual intercourse, this diagnosis can occur over time, depending on a traumatic event or problem they are experiencing. Vaginismus is divided into primary and secondary according to the time of its formation. The following are the reasons for the formation of the secondary form: Problems between couples A traumatic birth experience Abortion Exposure to sexual assault Rough gynecological examination, etc. One of the points to note is that the diagnosis of vaginismus may include additional symptoms. These are: Apareunia, Dyspareunia and Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome (VVS, Vulvar Vestibulitis). Although the symptoms we have listed are very similar to vaginismus, they are completely different from each other. Key words: vaginismus, trauma, Attachment, types of vaginismus, couple relationships, Dyspareunia, Vulvar vestibulitis, Aparoni

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12

Mohamedsaid, M. S., and D. G. Furth. "Secondary Sexual Characteristics in the Galerucinae (Sensu Stricto) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." ISRN Zoology 2011 (May 10, 2011): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/328670.

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A list of 1298 species and 172 genera of Chrysomelidae from the subfamily Galerucinae (sensu stricto) with the males having at least one form of secondary sexual characteristic (SSC) is presented. The number of species amounts to 24% of the total Galerucinae presently known from all over the world—a very significant amount. The SSCs comprise various types of modified structures found on all parts of the body—head, thorax, and abdomen. They are not variable but species specific. Illustrations from selected 87 species that include 84 images and 15 line drawings showing various types of SSC are provided. The amazing array of SSCs from the Galerucinae offers a large and taxonomically diverse set of data that are not comparable with other subfamilies in the Chrysomelidae and may be useful in phylogenetic analysis of the family.

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13

Gaither, George A., and Joseph J. Plaud. "The effects of secondary stimulus characteristics on men's sexual arousal." Journal of Sex Research 34, no. 3 (January 1997): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499709551890.

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14

Chen, Mei-Lien, Han-Yun Lee, Hsin-Yi Chuang, Bey-Rong Guo, and I.-Fang Mao. "Association between nonylphenol exposure and development of secondary sexual characteristics." Chemosphere 76, no. 7 (August 2009): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.054.

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15

Trần, Long Giang. "Nghiên cứu sự thay đổi hình thái tuổi dậy thì làm cơ sở xây dựng các hình thức giáo dục giới tính phù hợp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở Hà Nội 1." SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF TAN TRAO UNIVERSITY 3, no. 6 (April 7, 2021): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51453/2354-1431/2017/155.

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Research on 1926 pupils (942 schoolboys and 984 schoolgirls) at the average age of 12 -15, they are from 3 Secondary schools of 3 districs in Hanoi. The results had shown that, the order of appearance of secondary sexual characteristics of secondary pupils follow the rules of growth and normal development of age. However, the time appear the secondary sexual characteristics of secondary school students in Hanoi earlier the same age in some other localities. There are differences in age and percentage of pupils appearing for the secondary sexual signs in boys and girls, in which these signs of girls appear earlier than boys.

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16

Fabre, N., F. Oliva, E. García-Galea, and D. Vinyoles. "Plasticity in secondary sexual characteristics in male freshwater blennies (Salaria fluviatilis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 6 (June 2014): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0233.

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Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) driven by environmental factors are common among fish. However, the flexibility of fish to adopt distinct tactics in response to the characteristics of their environment has received little attention. The aim of the present work was to study phenotypic plasticity in the adoption of dominant behaviour (“bourgeois tactic”) by male freshwater blennies (Salaria fluviatilis (Asso, 1801)). For this purpose, two simultaneous experiments in aquaria were performed to examine the effect of social cues and nest abundance on the acquisition of secondary sexual characteristics (SSCs). Experiments were conducted with small (individuals without SSCs), medium-sized (1-year-old individuals), and large older dominant males (more than 2 years old), all collected in the wild. In experiment 1, the three sizes of males were combined to compare the development of SSCs depending on intrasexual context. In experiment 2, the effect of nest abundance (two nests vs. six nests) was tested for each size of male. Medium-sized males showed phenotypic plasticity in response to the environmental conditions simulated in the two experiments. The absence of larger dominant males was found to be the main factor enhancing SSCs and the onset of parental behaviour. Nest shortage also influenced the degree of cephalic crest development among medium-sized males. This knowledge helps to understand how the population of freshwater blennies still persists when it is reduced to young individuals during the summer droughts in Mediterranean streams.

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17

EMERSON, SHARON B., and RYK WARD. "Male secondary sexual characteristics, sexual selection, and molecular divergence in fanged ranid frogs of Southeast Asia." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122, no. 4 (April 1998): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02162.x.

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18

Liu, Miao, Helena Korpelainen, and Chunyang Li. "Sexual differences and sex ratios of dioecious plants under stressful environments." Journal of Plant Ecology 14, no. 5 (April 20, 2021): 920–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtab038.

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Abstract Dioecious plants exhibit sexual dimorphism in both sexual features (reproductive organs) and secondary sex characteristics (vegetative traits). Sexual differences in secondary traits, including morphological, physiological and ecological characters, have been commonly associated with trade-offs between the cost of reproduction and other plant functions. Such trade-offs may be modified by environmental stressors, although there is evidence that sexually dimorphic responses to stress do not always exist in all plant species. When sexual dimorphism exists, sexually different responses appear to depend on the species and stress types. Yet, further studies on dioecious plant species are needed to allow the generalization of stress effects on males and females. Additionally, sexual dimorphism may influence the frequency and distribution of the sexes along environmental gradients, likely causing niche differentiation and spatial segregation of sexes. At the present, the causes and mechanisms governing sex ratio biases are poorly understood. This review aims to discuss sex-specific responses and sex ratio biases occurring under adverse conditions, which will advance our knowledge of sexually dimorphic responses to environmental stressors.

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19

Sari, Meirina, Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono, and Madarina Julia. "Obesity accelerates secondary sexual maturity in girls." Paediatrica Indonesiana 52, no. 4 (August 31, 2012): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi52.4.2012.213-8.

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Background Worldwide incidence of obesity in children isincreasing. Obesity may have many health effects includingadvancement of sexual maturity.Objective T he aim of this study was to assess the timing ofsecondary sexual maturation in obese vs. non􀁄obese girls.Methods Subjects were 105 obese and 105 non􀁄obese girls, aged7 to 8 years who had not entered puberty. Breast and pubic hairgrowth, secondary sexual characteristics, were assessed at baselineand every 4 months for two years. Onset of puberty was defined asTanner stage for secondary sexual maturation of 2: breast Tannerstage II (B2) and/or 2: pubic hair Tanner stage II (P2). Survivalanalyses were used to estimate time to puberty in both groups.Cox regressions were used to analyze possible factors affectingsecondary sexual maturation.Results Mean onset of breast budding (B2) was 7.8 (95% CI 7.7to 7.8) years in obese girls vs. 8.6 (95% CI 8.5 to 8.6) years innon􀁄obese girls (P<O.OOl). Mean onset of pub arc he (P2) was 8.7(95% CI 8.6 to 8.8) years in obese girls vs. 9.0 (95% CI 8.9 to 9.0)years in non􀁄obese girls (P<O.OOl). Hazard ratios of obese girlsto experience an earlier secondary sexual maturation at maturitylevel B2, B3 and P2 were 1.34 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.52), 6.91 (95%CI 3.90 to 12.24) and 3.78 (95% CI 2.42 to 5.89), respectively.Conclusions Obesity was associated with earlier onset ofpuberty in girls. Obese girls entered puberty approximately 3 to9 months earlier than their non􀁄obese peers. [Paediatr Indones.2012;52:213-8].

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20

Brown, Andrew F. "Anatomical variability and secondary sexual characteristics in Pomphorhynchus laevis (Müller, 1776) (Acanthocephala)." Systematic Parasitology 9, no. 3 (June 1987): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00010856.

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21

Sunuwar, Urmila. "Knowledge and Attitude towards Sexually Transmitted Disease and HIV/AIDS among Secondary Level School Students." KMC Research Journal 3, no. 3 (June 13, 2019): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kmcrj.v3i3.35723.

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Adolescent sexuality leads to adolescent pregnancy, unsafe abortion, reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS.The study objective is to assess the knowledge and attitude towards sexually transmitted disease and HIV/AIDs among secondary level school students of Kathmandu metropolitan city. Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by using self-administered questionnaires. The study population was school adolescent students. They were selected by using random sampling method. After data collection, descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data. Knowledge and attitude towards sexual transmitted disease is significantly varied with student’s background characteristics. Around 95% of study population had heard about sexually transmitted disease and almost 99% heard about HIV/AIDS. Majority 85.6% of students reported that they “agreed” that HIV/AIDS is a major problem in Nepal however 14.4% students were not agreed on it. 73% respondents reported that teachers are the main source of knowledge regarding sexual transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS.It is clear that students need a specific package of education about sexual and reproductive health in school curriculum so that they could gain more information about sexually transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS.

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22

Liang, Jun, and Jiang Zhou. "The Disappearance of Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics in the Typical Cave Species in Triplophysa." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 21, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2019-0005.

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Abstract It was suggested that the darkness environment would influence the fishes’ morphology, not only the barbells, snout, but also the male secondary sexual features. This paper reported that the three typical cave dwelling fish species of Triplophysa did not show these sexual morphological traits, such as Triplophysa lewangensis, Triplophysa nasobartula and Triplophysa zhenfengensis collected in Guizhou Province, meanwhile, there were not the description on the traits about the 11 typical cave dwelling species of this genus in Guangxi Province.

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23

Baitrak, O. A., V. V. Mescheryakov, and Ya V. Girsh. "Characteristics of Sexual Development of Ethnic Khanty and Alien Population in the Middle Ob Region." Doctor.Ru 20, no. 3 (2021): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-3-45-49.

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Study Objective: To work out the sexual development standards for ethnic Khanty 7 to 17 years old and their comparative analysis with similar parameters of alien population in the Middle Ob Region of the same age. Study Design: cross-sectional cohort comparative study. Materials and Methods. The study included 2,554 children born in Yugra – Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous district and alien adolescents, and 2,431 ethnic Khanty children aged 7 to 17 years with health group I–II. Sexual development formulas were developed on the basis of publications by J.M. Tanner (1969–1970) and M. V. Maksimova (1977). Sexual development formulas were evaluated; the results were analysed in two groups of children and adolescents — ethnic Khanty and alien population in the Middle Ob Region. We compared the mean age (M ± SD) when each of the secondary sex characters appeared and formed. Study Results. We found out that the Khanty develop secondary sex characters later than the alien population, both in girls and boys. Secondary sex characters are formed at the same age in both groups due to faster rate in the Khanty, save for axillary pilosis: in Khanty adolescents, this character is formed later. A distinctive feature of sexual development of Khanty boys is absence of stage P5 of pubic pilosis according to J. M. Tanner and of facial hair. Conclusion. The patterns we found necessitate the use of a differentiated approach to evaluation of sexual development of the Khanty and alien population of Yugra – Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous district. Use of the standards developed for other population groups may cause overdiagnosis of sexual development retardation in children and adolescents in this ethnic group. Keywords: sexual development, children, ethic characteristics, the Khanty.

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24

Alex-Ojei, Christiana A., Nicole de Wet, and Lorretta F. C. Ntoimo. "Characteristics of men who engage in cross-generational sexual behaviour in Nigeria." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 5 (November 7, 2019): 719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000749.

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AbstractCross-generational sexual relationships are a major route of transmitting HIV and STI between older and younger generations. However, previous research has focused mainly on the young women in these relationships. This study examined the characteristics of men engaging in non-marital sexual relationships with girls aged 15–19 in Nigeria. The data were drawn from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, and the analysis was restricted to a sub-sample of 7557 men aged 30–49 who were sexually active in the 12 months prior to the survey. Data analysis was carried out using frequency distributions, chi-squared tests of association and binary logistic regression. It was found that 9.5% of men aged 30–49 reported engaging in cross-generational sexual relationships. Also, being older (OR = 0.35), married (OR = 0.37), having secondary or higher education (OR = 0.70; 0.59) and having sexual debut between ages 18 and 30 (OR = 0.73) were associated with a lower likelihood of having cross-generational sexual relationships. However, Muslim men (OR = 2.10), men from Igbo (OR = 1.90), Hausa/Fulani (OR = 8.47) and Northern and Southern minority tribes (OR = 4.73; 2.49), men living in rural areas (OR = 1.34), men who were over the age of 30 at sexual debut (OR = 2.67) and those with 2–4 and 5 or more lifetime sexual partners (OR = 1.43; 1.58) were significantly more likely to engage in cross-generational sexual relationships. Addressing the challenges of cross-generational sexual relationships can be an effective strategy to reduce the menace of HIV and STI transmission. Men who have low education, those aged 30–34 years, those who initiated sex at an older age, rural dwellers and those who have had several lifetime sexual partners need to be targeted while designing and implementing programmes and policies to reduce cross-generational sexual relationships in Nigeria. These interventions must also take into account the religious and cultural attitudes towards cross-generational sexual relationships, and further investigations should identify men’s motives for engaging in the practice.

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25

Fazhan, Hanafiah, Khor Waiho, Yushinta Fujaya, Nita Rukminasari, Hongyu Ma, and Mhd Ikhwanuddin. "Sexual dimorphism in mud crabs: a tale of three sympatric Scylla species." PeerJ 9 (April 12, 2021): e10936. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10936.

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Sexual dimorphism is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom. To test the consistency of sexual dimorphism patterns among sympatric species of the same genus, ten morphometric characteristics of mud crabs Scylla olivacea, S. tranquebarica and S. paramamosain were measured and compared using Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). The descriptive analysis revealed that in all three species, body size dimensions and cheliped dimensions were significantly larger in males whereas the abdomen width was female-biased. Also, we described a morphological variation (carapace width, CW ≤ CW at spine 8, 8CW) that is unique to S. olivacea. Discriminant function analysis revealed that all nine morphometric characteristics were sexually dimorphic in S. olivacea, S. tranquebarica (except right cheliped’s merus length, ML) and S. paramamosain (except 8CW). The obtained discriminant functions based on the morphometric ratios (with CW as divisor) correctly classified 100% of adults of known sex of all three species. Further, based on the selected body traits, DFA was able to almost completely distinguish males (94%), but not females (74%), among the three Scylla species. This study highlights that congeneric species of portunids (e.g., Scylla spp.) show similar sexually dimorphic characteristics (body size and secondary sexual characteristics).

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26

Reddy, Kadapalakere, Kaushik Chatterjee, Sartaj Sandhu, Nitesh D. Kuhadiya, and Paresh Dandona. "Metastatic Embryonal Cell Carcinoma with High Testosterone and Absence of Secondary Sexual Characteristics." AACE Clinical Case Reports 2, no. 4 (September 2016): e363-e366. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep151069.cr.

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27

Roskaft, E., T. Jarvi, N. E. I. Nyholm, M. Virolainen, W. Winkel, and H. Zang. "Geographic Variation in Secondary Sexual Plumage Colour Characteristics of the Male Pied Flycatcher." Ornis Scandinavica 17, no. 4 (December 1986): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3676816.

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28

Hu, Yan-Yan, Gui-Mei Li, Wen-Wen Hu, and Yi Wang. "Characteristics of girls with pituitary hyperplasia and sexual precocity secondary to primary hypothyroidism." Acta Paediatrica 103, no. 1 (November 11, 2013): e43-e48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apa.12444.

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29

Horwitz, P. "Secondary Sexual Characteristics of Females of the Freshwater Crayfish Genus Engaeus (Decapoda, Parastacidae)." Crustaceana 54, no. 1 (1988): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854088x00591.

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30

Gray, Clarabella, and Michelle Rydon-Grange. "Individual characteristics, secondary trauma and burnout in police sexual and violent offending teams." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 93, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x19847499.

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The traumatic nature of work conducted by specialist police staff places them at risk of developing work-related stress and psychological health difficulties. The study examined risk and resilience factors for secondary trauma, burnout and mental ill-health. A convenience sample of police staff ( N = 78) from several specialist sexual and violent offending teams completed an online survey. Results indicated that coping self-efficacy, dispositional mindfulness and psychological flexibility are resilience factors and insecure attachment style is a risk factor for secondary trauma, burnout and mental ill-health. Psychological approaches may be beneficial in promoting a resilient police workforce and maintaining operational effectiveness.

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31

Xu, Guang-Hui, and Li-Jun Zhao. "A Middle Triassic stem-neopterygian fish from China shows remarkable secondary sexual characteristics." Science Bulletin 61, no. 4 (February 2016): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1007-0.

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32

Kiran, Zareen, and Tayyaba Jamil. "Primary amenorrhoea secondary to two different syndromes: a case study." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 3 (March 2019): e228148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228148.

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Turner syndrome is a relatively common chromosomal abnormality presenting as primary amenorrhoea in gynaecological and endocrine clinics, caused by complete or partial X monosomy in some or all cells. Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome is another common cause of primary amenorrhoea characterised by Mullerian agenesis of varying degrees. We report a case of an 18-year-old girl, who presented with primary amenorrhoea, absence of secondary sexual characteristics and short stature. Hormonal profile confirms hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. Karyotyping was consistent with Turner syndrome (45,XO). In addition, radiological imaging of the pelvis showed the absence of both ovaries as well as the uterus, cervix and vagina. This patient had therefore presented with two different syndromes as the cause of her primary amenorrhoea, which is extremely rare in a single patient. Moreover, oestrogen replacement therapy will trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristic and promote bone growth, but induction of menstruation and fertility is impossible.

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33

Silva Nunes, Jorge Luiz, Ana Paula Barbosa Martins, Ednaldo Da Silva Filho, Leonardo Manir Feitosa, Luiz Phelipe Nunes e Silva, and Zafira Da Silva de Almeida. "Sexual dimorphism of sharks from the amazonian equatorial coast." Universitas Scientiarum 20, no. 3 (September 3, 2015): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc20-3.sdos.

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Sexual dimorphism is a widespread feature in several groups of vertebrates. Chondrichthyans differ sexually due to the presence of the clasper, a structure for internal fertilization, and other sexual differences in secondary characteristics. Nevertheless, studies assessing these variations are fairly rare. The main goal of this study is to identify differences in sexual dimorphism in three species of sharks from the Carcharhinidae family (<em>Rhizoprionodon porosus</em>, <em>Carcharhinus porosus</em> and <em>Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus</em>) using morphometric tools. A total of 213 specimens were captured in the Amazonian Equatorial Coast and analyzed using 65 morphometric characters. Discriminant analysis and The Student's t-test were used to demonstrate the morphological differences among sexes. Sexual dimorphism was reported at different levels for the three species. This study suggests that the most likely explanation for the presence of these variations is related to their reproductive characteristics and mating behavior.

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34

Hasanli, G. G. "Features of sexual development in girls with general and genital infantilism in the early reproductive period." Ukrainian journal of Perinatology and Pediatrics, no. 1(85) (March 29, 2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/pp.2021.85.17.

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Purpose — study of the severity of secondary sexual characteristics in girls with general and genital infantilism in the early reproductive period. Materials and methods. 150 girls with general and genital infantilism were examined. All examined girls underwent clinical, functional, hormonal, biochemical, radiological, genetic and laboratory tests. The average age of girls was 19.56±0.13 (17–22) years. The average weight of the examined was within 55.37±1.56 (32–98) kg, height 1.57±0.13 (1.36–1.71) m. The body-mass index was 22.5±0.48 (15–48). The severity of secondary sexual characteristics was assessed according the J. Tanner scale. Results and conclusions. It was found that adolescents with general infantilism (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) have a significant delay in the development of secondary sexual characteristics against the background of mild hirsutism (р<0.05). In Patients with genital infantilism (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism), significant axillary and suprapubic hair growth at the background of poor development of the mammary glands was noted. Also the moderate degree of hirsutism was confirmed. With normogonadotropic hypogonadism, the development of secondary sexual characteristics corresponds to similar indicators of practically healthy girls. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. The authors declare no conflicts of interests. Key words: general infantilism, genital infantilism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, normogonadotropic hypogonadism, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, hirsutism.

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35

Ning, Su-fang, Jin-cheng Zhou, Quan-quan Liu, Qian Zhao, and Hui Dong. "Gradual, temperature-induced change of secondary sexual characteristics in Trichogramma pretiosum infected with parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia." PeerJ 7 (August 23, 2019): e7567. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7567.

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Intersex is an intermediate stage of sexual differentiation in insects. Determining intersex morphology and the cause of its production will aid in the understanding of the mechanism of sexual differentiation in insects. In this paper, Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma pretiosum (T. preW+) that shows thelytokous parthenogenesis were used as subjects. In order to determine the causes of the T. preW+ intersex and the influence of parental generation temperature on gradual changes in secondary masculinization in intersex offspring, we examined the occurrence of intersex offspring (F1 and F2 generation) after the parental generations were treated with high temperature (27, 29, 31, and 33 °C) and described the external morphology of the intersexes. The results showed that the T. preW+ parental generation temperature is positively correlated with the probability of intersex offspring. The probability of F1 intersex is significantly higher than that of F2 intersex in different high temperature. The degree of secondary masculinization in T. preW+ intersexes increases as parental generation temperature increases. In addition, our study first identified 11 intersex types in T. preW+ and found that the primary and secondary sexual characteristics showed a regular distribution. We also found that the D type and H type of intersex have the highest frequency of appearance. The external genitalia of most intersexes were female, and only three intersex types have male external genitalia. Conclusions were ultimately obtained: Wolbachia is a direct factor that causes the occurrence of intersexes, while high temperature is an indirect factor that determines the external morphology of intersexes. The effects of high temperature on T. preW+ intersexes is passed through the parental generation to offspring, and this maternal effect weakens as the number of generations increases. In T. preW+ intersex individuals, most exhibit female primary sexual characteristics, and secondary sexual characteristics exhibit signs of masculinization.

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Kim, Kihyun, Bee Ryou, Jihyeon Choi, and Jae-Won Kim. "Profile Analysis of Sexual Assault Experiences among Adult Women and Their Implications for Mental Health." Psychiatry Investigation 18, no. 4 (April 25, 2021): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0141.

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Objective Extant studies indicate that just one characteristic of sexual assault cannot properly represent the whole experience of sexual assault and, especially, the severity of sexual assault. This study aimed to understand the totality of sexual assault experiences and elucidate subtypes of sexual assault victims based on the detailed characteristics of their sexual assault experiences and those relationships with mental health.Methods A total of 255 adult sexual violence victims who used intervention services and a comparison group were included. Information on their sexual assault experiences was gleaned from case records data.Results The following four distinctive profile groups were identified: “Sexual Touching” (19.6%), “Rape/Social Relation” (30.4%), “Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)” (18.8%), and “Rape/Stranger” (31.3%). The subgroups differed in terms of secondary victimization and adverse childhood experiences. The Rape/Social Relation and IPV subgroups most frequently experienced secondary victimization and childhood adversity. The four profile subgroups demonstrated different relationships with mental health outcomes, with a complicated pattern. The Rap/Social Relation and IPV subgroups scored higher on mental health problem screening measures compared to other groups. However, a considerable proportion of victims in the Sexual Touching subgroup also reported suicidal behaviors and self-injury.Conclusion Based on the results, theoretical and clinical implications were discussed.

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Thomas, Timi, and Philomena Fernandes. "Stress level among adolescents related to development of secondary sexual characteristics in a selected secondary school in Mangalore." International Journal of Nursing Education 10, no. 4 (2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-9357.2018.00124.1.

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Talibli, A. A. "Peculiarities of formation of secondary sexual characteristics and menstrual function in girls with hyperandrogenism during puberty." Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 14, no. 2 (July 26, 2020): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2020.112.

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Aim: to study the peculiarities of the formation of secondary sexual characteristics and menstrual function in girls with hyperandrogenism (HA) during puberty.Materials and methods. We examined 137 adolescent girls with HA aged 12–17 years. All examined girls were divided into 3 groups: 12–13 years (Group I, n = 27); 14–15 years (Group II, n = 63); 16–17 years (Group III, n = 47). The intensity of secondary sexual characteristics was determined by Tanner scale; the severity of hirsutism was assessed by Ferriman–Galway scale. The studied parameters were compared with previously published data from 42 girls without HA symptoms with normal indicators of physical and sexual development that were also divided into 3 age groups: 12–13 years (n = 16), 14–15 years (n = 14), 16–17 years (n = 12).Results. Girls with HA in puberty, starting from 14–15 years, had marked reduction of mammary glands and enhancement of axillary and suprapubic hair growth. In 32.8 % of girls with HA menstrual function was normal; in 67.1 % menses disorders and menstrual irregularities were observed that manifested by opsomenorrhea (31.5 %), juvenile bleedings (19.6 %), oligomenorrhea (18.5 %), amenorrhea (16.3 %), algodismenorrhea (14.1 %).Conclusion. HA in puberty, regardless of origin that caused this pathology, is a high risk factor for pathologies of sexual development and the formation of menstrual dysfunction.

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Oladapo, Margaret M., and William R. Brieger. "Reproductive Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour of Secondary School Students in Akure, Nigeria." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 16, no. 4 (January 1997): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/l85j-x8cj-jlw3-cg6u.

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Adolescents are subject to many life changes as their secondary sexual characteristics emerge. Contrary to parents' and society's wishes, these young people are more sexually active then previous generations and thus at greater risk of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and related problems. Adolescents enrolled in school have the potential opportunity to learn ways to prevent these reproductive and sexual health problems, but there is concern whether schools are living up to this challenge. Therefore, this study was designed to learn whether adolescents in secondary school in the Ondo State capital of Akure have reproductive health education and are practicing healthy sexual behaviors. The study was based on a sample of six of the twenty-eight secondary schools in Akure that fell under the jurisdiction of the Ondo State Post-Primary Schools' Management Board. Focus was placed on pupils in the final years of both Junior Secondary School (JSS 3) and Senior Secondary School (SSS 3). Overall, 30 percent of the young people reported having sexual intercourse: 21 percent of females and 38 percent of males. Also 39 percent in SSS 3 reported having had sex compared to 21 percent in JSS 3. Forty percent of students in coeducational school compared to 19 percent in boy's school and 8 percent in girl's school had sex. Respondents averaged only 11 points on a 33-point scale of reproductive health knowledge. Students in the senior classes and those in single sex schools scored higher. The mass media was stated to be the major source of reproductive health knowledge; only one-third reported that they had actually talked with someone about their reproductive health concerns. Attitudes toward pre-marital sex were more favorable among male students, pupils in mixed sex schools and those whose parents had lower levels of education. These findings suggest not only that the schools must take a more active role in providing reproductive health education, but that this should be done in the junior secondary years before most pupils become sexually active.

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Melnik, V. A. "Somatotypical features of the age dynamics of secondary sexual characteristics and functional parameters in city schoolchildren." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2021-18-2-16.

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Objective: to assess the constitutional features of the age dynamics of secondary sexual characteristics and functional parameters of city schoolchildren in the age range of 7–17 years.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were schoolchildren aged 7–17. The stages of the expression of secondary sexual characteristics were determined visually according to the scheme by J.M. Tanner. The functional parameters of the examined schoolchildren were assessed using the methods of dynamometry, spirometry; blood pressure and heart rates, as well as the time of simple sensorimotor reactions were measured.Results. As a result of the performed studies, it has been found that representatives of the hypersomnic types are ahead of other types to reveal the ﬁrst stages of secondary sexual characteristics. Schoolchildren with the leptosomic morphotypes due to higher rates of their development have reached the deﬁnitive stages by the same age as those with the hypersomnic variants. The intensity of age-related changes in functional parameters (strength qualities, circulatory and respiratory systems, nervous system) in the studied objects depends on their body type.Conclusion. The stage and rate of puberty, as well as the development of functional parameters in city schoolchildren depends on their somatotype.

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Bodika, Stephane M., Phenyo E. Lekone, Peter Loeto, Mary G. Alwano, Thekiso C. Zulu, Evelyn Kim, Gape Machao, and Andrew C. Voetsch. "Prevalence of HIV testing and counseling and associated factors among secondary school students in Botswana." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 28, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2014-0081.

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Abstract Background: The World Health Organization recommends HIV testing and counseling (HTC) for all adolescents living in countries with generalized HIV epidemics. In Botswana, HIV prevalence among adolescents 15–19 years is 3.7% and among pregnant adolescents is 10%. We describe the proportion and characteristics of secondary school students who have accessed HTC. Methods: A multistage sample survey was conducted among students in Botswana’s public secondary schools in 2010. The survey was self-administered using a personal digital assistant device. The HTC rate was estimated using self-reported history of HIV testing. Results: Of 1,632 participants, 52% were girls, 43% aged below 16 years, and 27% had ever had sexual intercourse. Most (81%) students knew where to get tested for HIV. Overall, 2.2% of students were HIV positive by self-report. The HTC rate was 23% overall, 34% among students who had ever had sexual intercourse, and 45% among students who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months. Being pregnant or having made someone pregnant and having had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months were associated with having been tested for HIV among students who had ever had sexual intercourse. Discussion: Overall, the HTC rate was low, and the self- reported HIV prevalence was high among secondary students in Botswana. Most sexually active students have never been tested for HIV. Health communications efforts for adolescents that increase demand for HTC, routine opt-out HIV testing in healthcare facilities, and school-based HIV testing are needed as part of a national HIV prevention strategy.

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Han, Jennifer, Jan E. Murray, Qingyi Yu, Paul H. Moore, and Ray Ming. "The Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Sex Expression and Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Papaya." HortScience 49, no. 3 (March 2014): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.3.378.

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The vegetative forms of male (XY), female (XX), and hermaphrodite (XYh) papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants are phenotypically identical. However, the flower and inflorescence morphology of each sex type is unique. Gynodioecious varieties SunUp, SunUp Diminutive mutant, and dioecious AU9 were used to test the response of papaya to gibberellic acid (GA3). Exogenous applications of GA3 on female and hermaphrodite flowers of papaya did not yield any sex reversal phenotype but caused a significant increase in peduncle elongation and inflorescence branch number in all treated plants. An increase in flower number was seen in females but not hermaphrodites or males. There was an increase in plant height for all treated plants except SunUp Diminutive mutant, suggesting that the mechanism causing the dwarf phenotype is independent of gibberellins. Gibberellin metabolism genes were identified in the papaya genome, none of which mapped to the sex-determining region of either the male- or hermaphrodite-specific region of papaya Y or Yh chromosome. We hypothesize that a transacting regulatory element that enhances gibberellin biosynthesis plays a role in the extreme length of the male papaya peduncle.

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Herman-Giddens, M. E., J. Steffes, D. Harris, E. Slora, M. Hussey, S. A. Dowshen, R. Wasserman, J. R. Serwint, L. Smitherman, and E. O. Reiter. "Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Boys: Data From the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network." PEDIATRICS 130, no. 5 (October 20, 2012): e1058-e1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3291.

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Sutton, Katherine S., Caroline F. Pukall, and Susan Chamberlain. "Pain, Psychosocial, Sexual, and Psychophysical Characteristics of Women with Primary vs. Secondary Provoked Vestibulodynia." Journal of Sexual Medicine 6, no. 1 (January 2009): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01038.x.

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Brooks-Gunn, J., and Michelle P. Warren. "The Psychological Significance of Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Nine- to Eleven-Year-Old Girls." Child Development 59, no. 4 (August 1988): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130272.

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Pietersen, T., G. G. Bruwer, M. C. Smit, W. Bok, R. T. Naudé, and W. A. Vosloo. "Secondary sexual development (Masculinity) of bovine males: 2. Influence on certain meat quality characteristics." Meat Science 31, no. 4 (January 1992): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(92)90027-2.

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Wheeler, James R., Helmut Segner, Lennart Weltje, and Thomas H. Hutchinson. "Interpretation of sexual secondary characteristics (SSCs) in regulatory testing for endocrine activity in fish." Chemosphere 240 (February 2020): 124943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124943.

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Miller, Christine W., and Allen J. Moore. "A potential resolution to the lek paradox through indirect genetic effects." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1615 (March 6, 2007): 1279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0413.

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Females often prefer males with elaborate traits, even when they receive no direct benefits from their choice. In such situations, mate discrimination presumably has genetic advantages; selective females will produce offspring of higher genetic quality. Over time, persistent female preferences for elaborate secondary-sexual traits in males should erode genetic variance in these traits, eventually eliminating any benefit to the preferences. Yet, strong female preferences persist in many taxa. This puzzle is called the lek paradox and raises two primary questions: do females obtain genetic benefits for offspring by selecting males with elaborate secondary-sexual characteristics and, if so, how is the genetic variation in these male traits maintained? We suggest that indirect genetic effects may help to resolve the lek paradox. Maternal phenotypes, such as habitat selection behaviours and offspring provisioning, often influence the condition and the expression of secondary-sexual traits in sons. These maternal influences are commonly genetic based (i.e. they are indirect genetic effects). Females choosing mates with elaborate traits may receive ‘good genes’ for daughters in the form of effective maternal characteristics. Recognizing the significance of indirect genetic effects may be important to our understanding of the process and consequences of sexual selection.

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Adams, Dimity, Nadine McKillop, Stephen Smallbone, and Andrew McGrath. "Developmental and Sexual Offense Onset Characteristics of Australian Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Male Youth Who Sexually Offend." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 958–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219871575.

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The present study sought to address gaps in knowledge concerning Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth who commit sexual offenses. Developmental histories and onset sexual offense characteristics of Indigenous ( n = 81) and non-Indigenous ( n = 130) adjudicated male youth were compared. Results indicate that, in addition to problems affecting both groups, Indigenous youth in this sample were disproportionately exposed to systemic vulnerabilities (e.g., familial antisocial attitudes and incarceration, engagement with antisocial peers, poor school engagement and voluntary school dropout, low socioeconomic status) associated with onset of sexual offending. Differences in the circumstances and context surrounding the onset sexual offense (e.g., use of drugs/alcohol, relationship to person harmed, co-offending, age of person harmed, location, threats/force) were also found. When these analyses were stratified by age of person harmed, these differences were retained only for offenses against children below 16 years. Together, these findings highlight the need for more contextualized primary-, secondary-, and tertiary-level prevention efforts to reduce youth sexual offending in Australia and elsewhere.

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Adebayo, Ayodeji M., Ezidinma J. Ajuonu, and Benson O. Betiku. "Family functionality and parental characteristics as determinants of sexual decision-making of in-school youths in a semi-urban area of Southwest Nigeria." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015-0029.

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Abstract Background: Though research findings have indicated that family characteristics have a bearing on sexual behavior, there is a paucity of published literature on the role of family functionality and parental characteristics on adolescent sexual decision-making. This study was designed to assess the role of family function and parental influence on sexual behavior of in-school youths in secondary schools in a sub-urban area of Southwest Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among secondary school students using semi-structured interviewer-assisted questionnaire. Information was obtained on the sexual behavior and parent-child characteristics. Family functionality was assessed using family APGAR standardized instrument. Association was established using χ2-test for qualitative variables and t-test for quantitative variables at p=0.05. Results: Mean age of respondents was 14.8±2.2 years. Majority were from monogamous family setting (70.7%) and lived with their families (75.6%). About a quarter (26.8%) was from dysfunctional families and 9.2% had ever had sexual intercourse. Recent sexual engagement in the preceding 1 month was reported (47.4%). The mean score for parental monitoring, father-child communication, mother-child communication, and parental disapproval of sex were 10.4±2.2, 9.3±2.3, 9.8±2.4, and 10.4±2.3, respectively. There was a significant association between parental monitoring (t=3.9, p≤0.001), mother-child communication (t=3.03, p=0.003), and parental disapproval of sex (t=5, p≤0.001); and sexual experience. Conclusion: This study showed that parental influence had a vital role in the sexual behavior of young persons. Advocacy and health education interventions are needed among parents regarding their role in the sexual behavior of in-school youths.

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