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Journal articles on the topic 'Secondary lymphoedema'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Bolcal, C., H. Iyem, M. Sargin, I. Mataraci, S. Doganci, S. Kilic, O. Karacalioglu, M. A. Sahin, U. Demirkilic, and H. Tatar. "Primary and secondary lymphoedema in male patients with oedema in lower limbs." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 21, no. 3 (September 15, 2006): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/026835506778253328.

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Objective: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate patients with clinically diagnosed lymphoedema of the lower extremities. The proportions of primary and secondary lymphoedema, the possible aetiologic factors and the concomitance of chronic venous diseases and lymphoedema were focused on. Method: The male patients who attended our outpatient clinic during 2000 and 2004 were evaluated. In all, 160 male patients with 5 cm circumference difference at calf level between two lower extremities or with clinically diagnosed bilateral leg oedema were enrolled. All patients underwent duplex venous ultrasonography and lymphoscintigraphy. Venography was performed in 12 patients with normal lymphoscintigraphy and ultrasonography. Results: The age distribution was between 20 and 54 years (mean ± SD; 22.9 ± 4.3). Among 160 patients, 70.0% had lymphoedema, while 7.5% had chronic venous insufficiency, 3.75% chronic deep venous thrombosis, 7.5% concomitant venous disease and lymphatic obstruction, and 7.5% idiopathic oedema. In the last 3.75% the pathology was Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome. Of the primary lymphoedema patients (16.25%), 18 were praecox, six tarda and two were congenital types. Conclusion: In young male patients, the causes of secondary lymphoedema are lymphadenectomy, neoplastic metastasis, cellulitis, lymphangitis, etc. Further techniques confirmed the clinical diagnosis of lymphoedema in 77.5% (sum of lymphoedema and concomitant disease) of all patients. With these findings lymphoedema can be diagnosed clinically, and further diagnostic techniques can be reserved unless treatment is effective.

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2

CARMICHAEL, N. G., A. D. J. WATSON, and T. L. W. ROTHWELL. "Secondary lymphoedema in a dog." Journal of Small Animal Practice 27, no. 5 (May 1986): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1986.tb02145.x.

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3

Williams, Dr Anne, and Isobel MacEwan. "Lipoedema complicated by secondary lymphoedema." Practice Nursing 28, no. 7 (July 2, 2017): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2017.28.7.284.

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4

Yüksel, Ahmet, Orçun Gürbüz, Yusuf Velioğlu, Gencehan Kumtepe, and Sefa Şenol. "Management of lymphoedema." Vasa 45, no. 4 (July 2016): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000539.

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Abstract. Lymphoedema is a common and progressive disease which causes deterioration of the quality of life of patients. It is divided into two groups: primary and secondary lymphoedema. Nowadays, the majority of patients with lymphoedema are associated with a malignancy or its treatment modalities, such as cancer surgery and radiation therapy. Accurate diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for alleviating the symptoms, preventing progression and reducing the potential risks of lymphoedema. This report provides an overview of the management of lymphoedema.

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5

Gulati, Shrea, Sheragaru Hanumanthappa Chandrashekhara, Sandeep Bhoriwal, and Snehal Ishwar Kose. "Chronic lymphoedema: a nidus for squamous cell carcinoma." BMJ Case Reports 15, no. 5 (May 2022): e248543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-248543.

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Lymphoedema is a chronic debilitating condition characterised by diffuse swelling caused by lymphatic obstruction. The secondary form of lymphoedema is more common than the primary form. Untreated filariasis remains an important cause of lymphoedema in developing countries. The most common complication of chronic lymphoedema is cellulitis. It is also a risk factor for the development of neoplasms such as lymphangiosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. We report a case of a woman in her 60s who developed squamous cell carcinoma in the background of chronic lymphoedema.

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6

Dylke, E. S., H. Alsobayel, L. C. Ward, M. Liu, E. Webb, and S. L. Kilbreath. "Use of impedance ratios to assess hand swelling in lymphoedema." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 29, no. 2 (March 2014): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012073.

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Objectives To determine whether bioimpedance spectroscopy was suitable for detection of hand lymphoedema. Methods The hands of 50 participants without a history of lymphoedema were measured with perometry and bioimpedance spectroscopy after positioning two ways for three minutes: (a) both hands rested at heart height and (b) the dominant hand at heart height and the non-dominant hand at head height. In addition, 10 women with secondary hand lymphoedema were also measured. Results Impedance and volume measurements were found to be strongly related (dominant hand r = −0.794). Both measurements were reliable (ICC2,1 = 0.900–0.967 and 0.988–0.996, respectively). Impedance was more sensitive to small changes in hand volume due to the postural change (position × device interaction: F = 23.9, P < 0.001). Finally, impedance measurements had better discrimination of women with lymphoedema than volume measurements. Conclusions Bioimpedance spectroscopy is a promising tool for the detection of secondary hand lymphoedema.

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7

Chittoria, Ravi. "Role of Chitosan In Lymphoedema." Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports 2, no. 01 (February 14, 2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8794/004.

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Lymphoedema is a chronic problem with various skin changes that lead to impaired care for the affected limb. These skin changes also lead to recurrent infections. The difficulty in care and the subsequent neglect leads to further spread of the infection and increased risk of future infections. Prevention of infections and prevention of progress of the skin changes is one of the main components of the treatment of the lymphoedema. There are various materials available to enhance the healing of the knobs and fissures secondary to lymphoedema. We would like to present our case report on the usage of chitosan in a patient with stage 7 skin changes of lymphedema.

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8

Lanza, Marcus, Anke Bergmann, Maria Giseli da Costa Leite Ferreira, Suzana Sales de Aguiar, Ricardo de Almeida Dias, Karen de Souza Abrahão, Ester M. Paltrinieri, Ruy G. Martínez Allende, and Mauro Figueiredo Carvalho de Andrade. "Quality of Life and Volume Reduction in Women with Secondary Lymphoedema Related to Breast Cancer." International Journal of Breast Cancer 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/586827.

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Purpose. To assess the quality of life (QOL) as a predictor of volume reduction in women undergoing complex physical therapy (CPT) for lymphoedema following breast cancer.Methods. Clinical trial in 57 women undergoing CPT.Results. At baseline, in measuring quality of life for the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire subscale of functionality, the worst scores for emotional function (55 points) and better social function (89 points) were observed. The symptom scales showed the worst pain averaged (66 points). The overall quality of life showed a low score (40 points). In the BR 23 module, low scores were observed in the field of future perspective (47 points). After treatment of lymphoedema, absolute reduction of excess volume between the upper limbs of 282 mL was observed, representing a reduction of 15%. No association was observed between the domains of quality of life and response to treatment of lymphoedema.Conclusion. This study included 57 women with advanced and chronic lymphoedema in early treatment with CPT and low scores for quality of life. The lymphoedema therapeutic response was not influenced by the QOL at the beginning of treatment.

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9

Hardy, Denise. "Management of a patient with secondary lymphoedema." Cancer Nursing Practice 11, no. 2 (March 8, 2012): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/cnp2012.03.11.2.21.c8987.

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10

E. Gach, Clodagh M. King, Joanna. "Constitutional Pompholyx Eczema Complicated by Secondary Lymphoedema." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 81, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000155501317208453.

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11

Jin, D., K. Harada, S. Ohnishi, K. Yamahara, K. Kangawa, and N. Nagaya. "Adrenomedullin induces lymphangiogenesis and ameliorates secondary lymphoedema." Cardiovascular Research 80, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvn228.

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12

Murray, Sarah. "Adapting standard care to support self-management for a patient with lymphoedema and neurological co-morbidities: a case report." British Journal of Community Nursing 27, Sup10 (October 1, 2022): S14—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2022.27.sup10.s14.

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This case report discusses the role of a practitioner managing a patient with secondary lymphoedema as part of a self-management regime. The patient was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and lumbar spinal stenosis. The focus is on compression therapy, which is used as part of complete decongestive therapy to reduce and control lymphoedema. The case report illustrates how a patient-centred plan can help people with lymphoedema and co-morbidities to achieve their personal goals. The evidence behind treatment decisions is considered, and modifications made to the care plan to accommodate the needs of the individual are described. The teaching and rehabilitation role of the practitioner is explored, including strategies used to support patients with long-term conditions. This report also identifies a lack of research-based evidence supporting the management of oedema as a symptom of multiple sclerosis. Further research is needed to inform clinical guidelines which would promote the management of secondary lymphoedema.

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13

Mortimer, P. S., C. Badger, I. Clarke, and J. Pallett. "A Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial of O-(β-Hydroxyetnyl)-Rutosides in Chronic Arm Oedema Resulting from Breast Cancer Treatment." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 10, no. 2 (June 1995): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559501000204.

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Objective: To assess the efficacy of O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR) in the treatment of breast-cancer-related lymphoedema. Design: A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Setting: Lymphoedema clinic, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. Patients: Forty-six females with unilateral lymphoedema of the arm secondary to therapy for carcinoma of the breast. Main outcome measures: Arm volume, symptom assessment on a five-point scale. Results: The difference in arm volumes was significantly better for HR than placebo at 6 months, but not at 1–5 months. Conclusion: HR appears to stabilize the patients' condition against increasing lymphoedema in the placebo group.

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14

Wollmer, I., J. Wenzel, E. Rabe, F. Pannier, and K. Hamm. "Multiple basal cell carcinoma in lymphoedema." Phlebologie 35, no. 01 (2006): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622128.

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SummaryBasal cell carcinoma is the most common malignant skin tumour, but rarely appears in more than one location. For these multiple basal cell carcinoma (MBCC), lymphoedema seems to be a predisposing factor. We report the case of a patient with secondary lymphoedema, presenting with a 3-year-history of ulcerations and papules on her lymphoedematous leg. Histology confirmed the clinical diagnosis of MBCC in all lesions.Pathophysiologically, a strong risk factor for the development of MBCC in lymphoedema seems to be the local failure of immunosurveillance. In obstructive lymphoedema, an impairment of lymphocyte and Langerhans cell trafficking was observed, resulting in ineffective phagocytosis of foreign antigens. Consequently, lymphoedema is an immunologically vulnerable area, facilitating the development of MBCC. Nevertheless, other risk factors such as actinic skin damage and somatic mutations might also play a role in the development of MBCC in lymphoedema. Despite its rare occurrence, MBCC has to be taken into consideration in all suspicious skin lesions. Whenever in doubt, skin biopsy should be performed.

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15

Mouaddine, Khadija, Mouna Sabib, Laila Benbella, Najat Lamalmi, and Nezha Mouane. "Waldmann’s Disease Revealed by Chronic Diarrhea and Lymphedema: Case Report." Archives of Medical Case Reports and Case Study 5, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9392/085.

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Intestinal lymphangiesctasia (IL) is a rare disease characterized by the dilation of intestinal lymphatics. It can be classified as primary or secondary depending on the underlying etiology. Usually seen in childhood or adolescence, chronic diarrhea and diffuse edema are the main clinical manifestations of the disease. True lymphoedemas can also be present and affect the lower and upper limbs, they are concomitant with the diagnosis or occur during the course. The diagnosis is based on the visualization of duodenal lymphangiesctasia. The primitive nature of the disease being affirmed by the elimination of the diseases causing secondary lymphangiectasias. Treatment is based on a strict hypo lipid diet enriched with medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). We present through this work the observation of a 12-month-old infant who presented with primary intestinal lymphangiesctasia revealed by chronic diarrhea with lymphoedema of the left upper limb.

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16

Bott, Trevor. "Lymphoedema and cancer: an overview." British Journal of Nursing 31, no. 3 (February 10, 2022): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2022.31.3.120.

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Secondary lymphoedema is a common concern for people with cancer. Trevor Bott, Clinical Trials Database Nurse, Cancer Research UK ( Trevor.Bott@cancer.org.uk ) discusses the links and its impact on quality of life

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17

Pivetta, Eliana, Bruna Wassermann, Lisa Del Bel Belluz, Carla Danussi, Teresa Maria Elisa Modica, Orlando Maiorani, Giulia Bosisio, et al. "Local inhibition of elastase reduces EMILIN1 cleavage reactivating lymphatic vessel function in a mouse lymphoedema model." Clinical Science 130, no. 14 (June 1, 2016): 1221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20160064.

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Lymphatic vasculature critically depends on the connections of lymphatic endothelial cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which are mediated by anchoring filaments (AFs). The ECM protein EMILIN1 is a component of AFs and is involved in the regulation of lymphatic vessel functions: accordingly, Emilin1−/− mice display lymphatic vascular morphological alterations, leading to functional defects such as mild lymphoedema, lymph leakage and compromised lymph drainage. In the present study, using a mouse post-surgical tail lymphoedema model, we show that the acute phase of acquired lymphoedema correlates with EMILIN1 degradation due to neutrophil elastase (NE) released by infiltrating neutrophils. As a consequence, the intercellular junctions of lymphatic endothelial cells are weakened and drainage to regional lymph nodes is severely affected. The local administration of sivelestat, a specific NE inhibitor, prevents EMILIN1 degradation and reduces lymphoedema, restoring a normal lymphatic functionality. The finding that, in human secondary lymphoedema samples, we also detected cleaved EMILIN1 with the typical bands of an NE-dependent pattern of fragmentation establishes a rationale for a powerful strategy that targets NE inhibition. In conclusion, the attempts to block EMILIN1 degradation locally represent the basis for a novel ‘ECM’ pharmacological approach to assessing new lymphoedema treatments.

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18

Tashiro, K., J. Feng, S. H. Wu, T. Mashiko, K. Kanayama, M. Narushima, H. Uda, S. Miyamoto, I. Koshima, and K. Yoshimura. "Pathological changes of adipose tissue in secondary lymphoedema." British Journal of Dermatology 177, no. 1 (April 2, 2017): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15238.

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19

Saracino, Amanda, Kristiana Gordon, Lorette Ffolkes, and Peter S. Mortimer. "Intralymphatic granulomas in lymphoedema secondary to anogenital granulomatosis." Australasian Journal of Dermatology 54, no. 3 (July 11, 2012): e59-e61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-0960.2012.00923.x.

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20

Kang, J. H., J. Y. Lee, I. P. Mo, W. G. Lee, D. W. Chang, K. J. Na, and M. P. Yang. "Secondary malignant lymphoedema after mastectomy in two dogs." Journal of Small Animal Practice 48, no. 10 (October 2007): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00270.x.

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21

Costello, Mary, Zena Moore, Pinar Avsar, Linda Nugent, Tom O'Connor, and Declan Patton. "Non-cancer-related lower limb lymphoedema in complex decongestive therapy: the patient experience." Journal of Wound Care 30, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2021.30.3.225.

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Objective: Lymphoedema is a debilitating condition that results in the swelling of one or more limbs, leading to a significant impairment of mobility. From a psychosocial perspective, body image and quality of life (QoL) are also adversely affected. To date, non-cancer lymphoedema has been under-researched. The primary objectives of this study were to explore QoL and limb volume in patients with primary and secondary non-cancer-related lower limb lymphoedema during the intensive, maintenance and self-care phases of complex decongestive therapy over a 24-week period. Secondary objectives included exploring patients' experiences of living with lymphoedema and the challenges of self-care maintenance. Method: A sequential mixed methodology, using quantitative and qualitative methods, was used. The quantitative part of the study involved the use of tape measurements at 4cm intervals to ascertain limb volume alterations. Measurements were taken during the intensive phase at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4; and during the maintenance phase at weeks 8, 16 and 24. QoL was measured using the lymphoedema QoL (LYMQOL) leg, at baseline and weeks 8 and 24. The qualitative part of the study involved the use of semi-structured interviews with patients at week 8. Interviews explored the experiences of patients living with lymphoedema and their experiences of complex decongestive therapy. Results: A total of 20 patients were recruited, two male and 18 female, with a mean age of 58.8 years (standard deviation (SD): 16 years), and all receiving complex decongestive therapy. At baseline, for all patients, the mean QoL score was 4.3 (SD: 2.4); and 8 (SD: 1.5) after 8 weeks of complex decongestive therapy. Mean difference was 4.00 (95% confidence interval: 2.76–5.24; p=0.00001) indicating a positive treatment effect. Limb volume measurements demonstrated a reduction in oedema from baseline to week 8. However, there were fluctuations in limb volume over the maintenance period of four months after treatment as the patients endeavoured to engage in self-care. Analysis of the interviews identified themes pertaining to lack of knowledge of lymphoedema among health professionals, a negative impact of living with lymphoedema and the positive therapeutic effect of complex decongestive therapy. Conclusion: Lower limb lymphoedema is a chronic condition that impacts negatively on the individual. Complex decongestive therapy improves QoL and reduces oedema. However, given the fluctuations in oedema post-treatment, individuals need greater support to maintain active engagement in effective self-care strategies.

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Pigott, Amanda, Bena Brown, Megan Trevethan, Sandra Porceddu, Andrew McCann, Rachael Pitt, and Jodie Nixon. "Head and neck lymphoedema—research challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic." British Journal of Community Nursing 26, Sup10 (October 1, 2021): S6—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2021.26.sup10.s6.

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Management of secondary head and neck lymphoedema has undergone little research investigation. Its treatment is time and labour intensive and involves multiple therapeutic modalities without a clear understanding of which is most effective. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial comparing two therapeutic modalities to manage head and neck lymphoedema. The secondary objective was to evaluate the clinical effects of these treatments. Participants were randomised to receive treatment with manual lymphatic drainage or compression over 6 weeks, with the primary outcome—percentage tissue water—measured 12 weeks after treatment. Six participants were recruited until the study was ceased due to restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Some 86% of required attendances were completed. Percentage tissue water increased in all participants at 12 weeks. No consistent trends were identified between internal and external lymphoedema. The small number of people recruited to this study informs its feasibility outcomes but limits any conclusions about clinical implications.

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Dai, Misako, Shuji Yamashita, Mutsumi Okazaki, Keiko Kimori, Hiromi Sanada, and Junko Sugama. "Real-time image-sharing to educate a patient with lymphoedema on self-care: a case study." British Journal of Nursing 31, no. 15 (August 11, 2022): S22—S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2022.31.15.s22.

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Introduction: Compression therapy is important in oedema control in lymphoedema. However, some patients have difficulties starting compression therapy because standard self-care education does not enable them to fully understand lymphoedema and recognise it as their problem. To overcome this, real-time image-sharing education, using a combination of indocyanine green lymphography (ICG) and ultrasonography, may be used to educate patients. In this case study, real-time image-sharing education promoted decision-making and behaviour change in a patient with lower extremity lymphoedema so she would wear elastic stockings. Case: A 51-year-old woman with a BMI of 31.7 kg/m2 and secondary lower extremity lymphoedema following cervical cancer surgery did not adhere to self-care instructions regarding wearing elastic stockings for 5 years. The oedema worsened, her limb circumference increased and she had two episodes of cellulitis within a year. Because the patient had a negative attitude towards elastic stockings, real-time image-sharing education was used to promote recognition of illness using ICG and an understanding of the condition of lymphoedema using ultrasonography. After the images were shared and explained, the patient discussed her recognition and understanding of lymphoedema, then decided to use compression stockings. She continued to wear them for 4 months, and her limb circumference decreased. Conclusion: Real-time image-sharing education using ICG and ultrasonography as self-care support for a lymphoedema patient who would not start compression therapy could result in behavioural changes and the patient starting and continuing to wear elastic stockings.

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Huang, HuaPing, JianRong Zhou, and Qing Zeng. "Secondary lymphoedema after breast cancer surgery: A survival analysis." International Journal of Nursing Practice 18, no. 6 (November 26, 2012): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12005.

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25

Kaur, Maninder, Dinesh P. Asati, Ujjawal Khurana, and Suman Patra. "Unilateral lymphoedema of lower limb: an unusual presenting feature of hidden tuberculosis verrucosa cutis of foot." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 11 (November 2020): e236587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236587.

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A 42-year-old Indian farmer presented with gradually progressive swelling of the right lower limb for the last 20 years. There were few verrucous plaques over the right foot for the same duration. Those plaques were initially ignored and mistaken as lymphoedema-induced secondary changes by primary care physicians. Histopathology of the skin lesion showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with upper dermal granulomatous infiltrate and a diagnosis of tuberculosis verrucosa cutis was suspected. Subsequently, the lesions as well as lymphoedema improved significantly with antitubercular therapy.

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Stanisić, M.-G., M. Gabriel, and K. Pawlaczyk. "Intensive decongestive treatment restores ability to work in patients with advanced forms of primary and secondary lower extremity lymphoedema." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 27, no. 7 (December 12, 2011): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011044.

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Objective To show that adequate therapy for lymphoedema is able to restore ability to work. Materials and Methods The population of patients with primary lymphoedema registered in the university clinical centre diagnosed with primary or secondary lymphoedema and presumed by the national social institution as completely unable to work was selected for the retrospective analysis and divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 25 patients treated with a complex decongestive therapy programme daily for 3–6 weeks. The study population comprised 19 women and six men from 14 to 61 years of age (mean 31.5). In all 25 patients, complete inability to work was certified by the social institution before the treatment started. Group 2 consisted of 47 patients, 14 men and 33 women, aged from 26 to 71 years (mean 39 years) treated by so-called standard methods, who resigned from the proposed intensive treatment. In all 47 patients, complete inability to work was declared by the social institution before the treatment. Ability to work and oedema reduction were assessed by the treating physician. Results The intensive phase of treatment succeeded in 3870–15,330 mL oedema reduction in Group 1. After the end of therapy, 21 patients were able to work or study without any limitation and patients returned to their regular professional activity. Among four others, two were on welfare for at least 10 years, for another one welfare was their only income and one person was receiving a social pension. In none of the patients from group 2 was any significant oedema reduction observed. Every patient from group 2 maintained the social pension due to ineffective treatment. Conclusions Complex decongestive therapy is a very efficient form of treatment in advanced primary and secondary lymphoedema. It allows returning to work after a short period of temporary disability without the necessity of a social pension.

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Ashouri, F., J. Manners, and R. Rees. "Penile Reconstruction for a Case of Genital Lymphoedema Secondary to Proteus Syndrome." ISRN Urology 2011 (March 30, 2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/431536.

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To our knowledge penile lymphoedema secondary to Proteus syndrome has not previously been reported. Hence we report a case of a 16-year-old male who was referred with features of right hemi-hypertrophy and severe lymphoedema affecting his scrotum and penis. He had previously undergone scrotal reduction surgery at the age of 13, but had since developed worsening penile oedema. His main concern was that of cosmetic appearance prior to sexual debut, and he also complained of erectile dysfunction. An MRI confirmed gross oedema of the penile skin, but normal underlying cavernosal structure, and no other anatomical abnormality. Under general anaesthesia, the entire diseased penile skin was excised. Two full thickness skin grafts were harvested from the axillae, and grafted onto the dorsal and ventral penile shaft respectively. A compressive dressing and urinary catheter was applied for 7 days. Follow-up at 4 months confirmed complete graft take with minimal scarring, and the patient was very satisfied with the cosmetic outcome. He had also noticed a recovery in erectile activity, and feels psychologically and physically more prepared for sexual relations.

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Cooper-Stanton, Garry. "Compression therapy and heart failure: a scoping review of the existing evidence." British Journal of Community Nursing 27, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2022.27.3.128.

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The completion of a scoping review within the area of compression therapy and heart failure offers an insight into the present literature in this area, alongside offering the ability to connect this existing knowledge to chronic oedema/lymphoedema when both conditions co-exist. The evidence obtained included national agreed guidelines, consensus documents and existing primary/secondary research. The review identified existing evidence that suggests that the application of compression therapy in those with heart failure may be appropriate, but is dependent upon staging and stability. However, this needs to be contextualised against other co-morbidities, such as lymphoedema, which may impact upon the exact compression therapy and level applied. Further research within the area of heart failure in combination with chronic oedema/lymphoedema would expand the existing evidence base. This is set against a need for further consensus guidance to bridge the gap that exists within the literature.

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Gudi, V., S. K. Chan, C. Laroche, H. E. R. Ford, R. Darrah, and K. Love. "Localized bilateral lymphoedema of the ear lobes secondary to mesothelioma." Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 34, no. 7 (October 2009): e317-e317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03269.x.

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30

Loudon, Annette, Tony Barnett, Andrew D. Williams, Denis Visentin, Maarten A. Immink, and Neil Piller. "Guidelines for teaching yoga to women with breast cancer-related lymphoedema: an evidence-based approach." International Journal of Yoga Therapy 27, no. 1 (November 1, 2017): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17761/1531-2054-27.1.95.

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Abstract Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a chronic condition that requires lifelong management to prevent the condition worsening and to reduce the threat of infection. Women are affected in all domains of their life. As a holistic practice, yoga may be of benefit by reducing both the physical and psychosocial effects of lymphoedema. Women with BCRL are attending yoga classes in increasing numbers, so it is essential that yoga be based on principles that ensure lymphoedema is controlled and not exacerbated. Two Randomised Controlled Trials with a yoga intervention have had positive results after an 8-week intervention (n=28) and 6-months after a 4-week intervention (n=18). The first study had several significant results and women reported increased biopsychosocial improvements. Both studies showed trends to improved lymphoedema status. The yoga interventions compromised breathing, physical postures, meditation and relaxation practices based on Satyananda Yoga®, with modifications to promote lymphatic drainage and following principles of best current care for those with BCRL. Individual needs were considered. The yoga protocol that was used in the 8-week trial is presented. Our aim is to provide principles for yoga teachers/therapists working with this clientele that can be adapted to other yoga styles. Further, these principles may provide a basis for the development of yoga programs for people with secondary lymphoedema in other areas of their body as the population requiring cancer treatment continues to increase. Whilst the style of yoga presented here has had positive outcomes, further application and research is needed to fully demonstrate its effectiveness.

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Devoogdt, Nele, An De Groef, Ad Hendrickx, Robert Damstra, Anke Christiaansen, Inge Geraerts, Nele Vervloesem, Ignace Vergote, and Marijke Van Kampen. "Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL): Reliability and Validity." Physical Therapy 94, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 705–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130285.

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Background Patients may develop primary (congenital) or secondary (acquired) lymphedema, causing significant physical and psychosocial problems. To plan treatment for lymphedema and monitor a patient's progress, swelling, and problems in functioning associated with lymphedema development should be assessed at baseline and follow-up. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability (test-retest, internal consistency, and measurement variability) and validity (content and construct) of data obtained with the Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL). Design This was a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Methods The Lymph-ICF-LL is a descriptive, evaluative tool containing 28 questions about impairments in function, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in patients with lower limb lymphedema. The questionnaire has 5 domains: physical function, mental function, general tasks/household activities, mobility activities, and life domains/social life. The reliability and validity of the Lymph-ICF-LL were examined in 30 participants with objective lower limb lymphedema. Results Intraclass correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability ranged from .69 to .94, and Cronbach alpha coefficients for internal consistency ranged from .82 to .97. Measurement variability was acceptable (standard error of measurement=5.9–12.6). Content validity was good because all questions were understandable for 93% of participants, the scoring system (visual analog scale) was clear, and the questionnaire was comprehensive for 90% of participants. Construct validity was good. All hypotheses for assessing convergent validity and divergent validity were accepted. Limitations The known-groups validity and responsiveness of the Dutch Lymph-ICF-LL and the cross-cultural validity of the English version of the Lymph-ICF-LL were not investigated. Conclusions The Lymph-ICF-LL is a Dutch questionnaire with evidence of reliability and validity for assessing impairments in function, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in people with primary or secondary lower limb lymphedema.

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Johnston, Renea V., Jeremy N. Anderson, and Barbara L. Walker. "Is physiotherapy an effective treatment for lymphoedema secondary to cancer treatment?" Medical Journal of Australia 178, no. 5 (March 2003): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05170.x.

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Haslett, M. L., and M. J. Aitken. "Evaluating the effectiveness of a compression sleeve in managing secondary lymphoedema." Journal of Wound Care 11, no. 10 (November 2002): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2002.11.10.26444.

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HILLS, R. J., and F. A. IVE. "Cutaneous secondary follicular centre cell lymphoma in association with lymphoedema praecox." British Journal of Dermatology 129, no. 2 (August 1993): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03526.x.

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Co, M., A. Lee, and A. Kwong. "Cutaneous Angiosarcoma Secondary to Lymphoedema or Radiation Therapy — A Systematic Review." Clinical Oncology 31, no. 4 (April 2019): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2019.01.009.

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Whatley, Judith, Rachael Street, Sally Kay, and Philip Harris. "Use of reflexology in management of lymphoedema after surgery for breast cancer – The lived experience of patients with secondary lymphoedema." European Journal of Integrative Medicine 8, no. 4 (August 2016): 588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2016.07.009.

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Pujol-Blaya, Vicenta, Sira Salinas-Huertas, M. Luisa Catasús, Teresa Pascual, and Roser Belmonte. "Effectiveness of a precast adjustable compression system compared to multilayered compression bandages in the treatment of breast cancer–related lymphoedema: a randomized, single-blind clinical trial." Clinical Rehabilitation 33, no. 4 (January 4, 2019): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215518821785.

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Objective: To compare the effectiveness of a precast adjustable compression system with that of multilayered compression bandages in the treatment of breast cancer–related lymphoedema. Design: Multicenter, randomized, single-blind parallel-group clinical trial. Setting: The rehabilitation services of four general university hospitals. Subjects: Patients with upper limb breast cancer–related lymphoedema. Interventions: All the patients received manual lymphatic drainage, followed by a precast adjustable compression system or multilayered compression bandages, according to the group allocation. The treatment included 10 consecutive sessions over a two-week period from Monday to Friday, followed by some sessions on three alternate days per week, until the patient received a tailored compression garment. Primary measurements: The patients were evaluated just before the treatment, after 10 sessions and at three months posttreatment. The primary outcome was the change in excess lymphoedema volume. Secondary outcomes were changes in the symptoms of pain, heaviness, tightness and hardness. Analyses were performed using an intention-to-treat approach. Results: In all, 42 patients were included; there were 22 in the precast adjustable compression system group and 20 in the multilayered compression bandages group. Both groups exhibited significant decreases in excess volume and symptoms after 10 sessions and at three months. There were no significant differences regarding excess volume or symptoms between the precast adjustable compression system and multilayered compression bandages groups after 10 sessions and at the three-month follow-up exam. Conclusion: The precast adjustable compression system and the multilayered compression bandages have similar efficacy for the reduction of excess lymphoedema volume or symptoms.

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Posner, T. Natasha, and Sirous Momenzadeh. "Swollen limbs: The impact on quality of life." Australian Journal of Primary Health 10, no. 2 (2004): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py04031.

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A swollen limb from lymphoedema is a chronic condition that has not had a high medical profile. Very little research on how it is experienced has been carried out. This paper reports on part of the results of a survey of 137 people with lymphoedema conducted among members of the Lymphoedema Association of Queensland. One of the aims of the study was to assess the degree and nature of the impact of the condition on individual lives. Responses to two open-ended questions were analysed, revealing a considerable variation in the effects of the condition from ?minimal? to ?devastating?, and a range of impacts across functional and emotional dimensions. The condition can substantially reduce mobility and capacity for many activities, cause embarrassment and distress, and make wearing normal clothes difficult, and thus can have a considerable impact on quality of life. For many, the condition is secondary to treatment for cancer, resulting from removal of lymph nodes, and develops with no prior warning or information at a time when recovery from cancer is in prospect. This can make acceptance, participation in treatment and adjustment particularly difficult. Our data map the nature of the impact of a swollen limb (or limbs) on quality of life and body image.

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Ramesh, V., and V. Ramesh. "Lymphoedema of the genitalia secondary to skin tuberculosis: report of three cases." Sexually Transmitted Infections 73, no. 3 (June 1, 1997): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.73.3.226-a.

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Ramsden, Alex, Amy Sharkey, and Dominic Furniss. "P046. Lymphaticovenular anastomosis improves quality of life in patients with secondary lymphoedema." European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 41, no. 6 (June 2015): S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2015.03.084.

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de Valois, Beverley, Anthea Asprey, and Teresa Young. "“The Monkey on Your Shoulder”: A Qualitative Study of Lymphoedema Patients’ Attitudes to and Experiences of Acupuncture and Moxibustion." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4298420.

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Background. Lymphoedema, a distressing consequence of cancer treatment, has significant negative impact on health-related quality of life. Multidisciplinary approaches are needed to improve physical and psychosocial wellbeing. Acupuncture and moxibustion (acu/moxa), two modalities of traditional East Asian medicine, may contribute to improved outcomes for cancer survivors with lymphoedema.Aim. To explore how patients with lymphoedema secondary to cancer treatment perceive and experience acu/moxa treatment.Design and Setting. A qualitative focus group study, nested in a 3-step mixed methods observational study, was carried out in a cancer drop-in and information centre in north-west London.Methods. Six focus groups and one telephone interview were conducted with 23 survivors of breast or head and neck cancer, who had completed up to 13 acu/moxa treatments. Scripts were transcribed, coded, and analysed to identify salient and overarching themes.Results. Participants described feeling disempowered by cancer treatment and subsequent diagnosis of lymphoedema. Acu/moxa was valued for its whole-person approach and for time spent with a practitioner who cared, listened, and responded. Participants reported changes in physical and psychosocial health, including increased energy levels and reduced pain and discomfort, and feelings of empowerment, personal control, and acceptance. Many were motivated to improve self-care.Conclusion. Many participants who received acu/moxa treatment reported improved wellbeing and a more proactive attitude towards self-care.

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Laustsen-Kiel, Cecilie Mullerup, Elisabeth Lauritzen, Linnea Langhans, and Tine Engberg Damsgaard. "Study protocol for a 10-year prospective observational study, examining lymphoedema and patient-reported outcome after breast reconstruction." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e052676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052676.

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IntroductionOver the last decades, treatment of breast cancer has become increasingly more effective. Consequently, an increasing number of women are living with late effects of breast cancer treatment, including disfiguring scars, deformity or asymmetry of the breast, secondary lymphoedema and other physical and psychosocial late effects. Data from this study will provide knowledge on how to guide breast reconstruction in the future towards outcomes with fewer complications, higher long-term quality of life (QoL) and satisfaction with the aesthetic outcome. The development of secondary lymphoedema, for which the effect of breast reconstruction has yet to be established, will be thoroughly examined.Methods and analysisWomen receiving breast reconstruction (autologous and implant based) at the Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, will be invited to participate. The patients will be followed for 10 years postoperatively. Demographic, health-related, oncological characteristics and treatment data will be registered. Validated assessment tools, such as the BREAST-Q and Beck Depression Inventory, will be used to measure an extensive range of clinical outcomes, including QoL, life and aesthetic satisfaction and depression. Arm range of motion will be measured with a goniometer and lymphoedema by bioimpedance spectroscopy, compared with circular arm measurements.Ethics and disseminationThis study will be conducted according to the 5th version of the Helsinki Declaration. The regional ethical committee for Capital Region Denmark did not find the study notifiable, according to the law of the committee § 1, part 4. All data will be anonymised before its publication. This study will be conducted according to the Danish data protection regulation and is catalogued and approved by the Capital Region Head of Knowledge Centre. According to the Danish health law § 46, part 2, this study does not need the Danish Patient Safety Authority’s approval. The findings of this study will be submitted to international peer-reviewed journals.

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Al Onazi, Mona M., Kristin L. Campbell, Richard B. Thompson, Sunita Ghosh, John R. Mackey, Anne Muir, and Margaret L. McNeely. "Decongestive progressive resistance exercise with an adjustable compression wrap for breast cancer-related lymphoedema (DREAM): protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e053165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053165.

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IntroductionBreast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a chronic swelling in the arm on the side of the breast cancer surgery, affecting one in five women. Recent studies in BCRL have demonstrated that resistance exercise can improve symptoms and quality of life without worsening lymphoedema. No studies have explored whether combining the principles of progressive resistance exercise training with therapeutic strategies of compression therapy and the decongestive lymphatic exercise sequence are beneficial in reducing arm lymphoedema volume. The aim of this three-arm, provincial randomised controlled trial is to determine the efficacy of a 12-week decongestive progressive resistance exercise (DRE) programme in combination with the one of two types of compression garments compared with standard care.Methods and analysisSixty women with BCRL will be recruited and randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: (1) Standard care, (2) DRE with use of a daytime compression garment during exercise and (3) DRE with use of an adjustable compression wrap during exercise. The primary outcome is the percentage reduction in arm lymphoedema volume. Secondary outcomes include bioimpedance analysis, muscular strength, shoulder range of motion, physical activity level and health-related quality of life. Exploratory outcomes include evaluating changes in arm tissue composition using MRI and examining outcomes between the two DRE experimental groups. The primary analysis will compare changes between the groups from baseline to week 12 reflecting the end of the randomised control trial period.Ethics and disseminationThe trial has received ethics approval from the Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta: Cancer Committee. The study results will be disseminated through scientific peer-reviewed publications, and presented at national and international conferences, and other media portals. The programme protocol will be shared with healthcare professionals and patient groups through clinical workshops and webinars.Trial registration numberNCT05022823.Protocol version12 November 2021.Issue date26 April 2021.

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Damstra, R. J., and P. S. Mortimer. "Diagnosis and therapy in children with lymphoedema." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 23, no. 6 (December 2008): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2008.008010.

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Introduction Lymphoedema (LE) is a disorder characterized by persistent swelling caused by impaired lymphatic drainage because of various aetiologies, including lymphatic injury and congenital functional or anatomical defects. Objective Literature review and expert opinion about diagnosis and treatment of LE in children. Results LE is rare in children, with a prevalence of about 1.15/100,000 persons, 20 years old. The management of LE in children differs considerably from adults in terms of origin, co-morbidity and therapeutic approach. The objective of this presentation is to discuss practical issues related to clinically relevant information on the diagnosis, aetiology, work-up and treatment of LE in children. In contrast to adults, who usually experience secondary LE because of acquired lymphatic failure, most cases in children have a primary origin. The diagnosis can be made mainly on the basis of careful personal and family history, and physical examination. LE in children can be part of a syndrome if there are other concomitant phenotypic abnormalities and if a genetic defect is recognizable. Treatment of LE is mostly conservative utilizing decongestive LE therapy including compression therapy, directed exercises, massage and skincare. In the neonate, initial observation alone may be sufficient, as delayed lymphatic development and maturation can result in spontaneous improvement. The role of parents is crucial in providing the necessary input. Conclusion We present a review emphasizing a practical approach to treating a child with LE according to current publications and our own experience.

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Leung, Elaine YL, Seema A. Tirlapur, and Catherine Meads. "The management of secondary lower limb lymphoedema in cancer patients: A systematic review." Palliative Medicine 29, no. 2 (August 18, 2014): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216314545803.

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Longhurst, E., E. S. Dylke, and S. L. Kilbreath. "Use of compression garments by women with lymphoedema secondary to breast cancer treatment." Supportive Care in Cancer 26, no. 8 (February 19, 2018): 2625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4093-5.

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Kilbreath, S. L., L. C. Ward, G. M. Davis, A. C. Degnim, D. A. Hackett, T. L. Skinner, and D. Black. "Reduction of breast lymphoedema secondary to breast cancer: a randomised controlled exercise trial." Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 184, no. 2 (August 18, 2020): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-05863-4.

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Phillips, Georgina S. A., Sinclair Gore, Alex Ramsden, and Dominic Furniss. "Lymphaticovenular anastomosis in the treatment of secondary lymphoedema of the legs after cancer treatment." Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 72, no. 7 (July 2019): 1184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2019.03.013.

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Serizawa, F., K. Ito, M. Matsubara, A. Sato, H. Shimokawa, and S. Satomi. "Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Induces Therapeutic Lymphangiogenesis in a Rat Model of Secondary Lymphoedema." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 42, no. 2 (August 2011): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.02.029.

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Moseley, A. L., C. J. Carati, and N. B. Piller. "A systematic review of common conservative therapies for arm lymphoedema secondary to breast cancer treatment." Annals of Oncology 18, no. 4 (April 2007): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl182.

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