Journal articles: 'Secondary Explosives'

1

Luk’yanchikov, L. A. "Initiation systems using secondary explosives." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 41, no. 5 (September 2000): 806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02468725.

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Kalderis, Dimitrios, Albert L. Juhasz, Raj Boopathy, and Steve Comfort. "Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 7 (May 7, 2011): 1407–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rep-10-01-05.

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation. Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N2, H2O, and CO2). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitro-aniline).

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Xie, Xing Hua, Xiao Jie Li, Shi Long Yan, Meng Wang, Ming Xu, Zhi Gang Ma, Hui Liu, and Zi Ru Guo. "Low Temperature Explosion for Nanometer Active Materials." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.193.

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This paper describes a new method for prediction of the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters of CaHbNcOdLieMnf explosives for mixture of some of low temperature explosion explosives at 0 = 1000 kg/m3. Explosion temperatures of water-gel explosives and explosive formulations are predicted using thermochemistry information. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of products composition H2O–CO2–CO–Li2O–MnO2–Mn2O3 can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. For the calculations in which the first set of decomposition products is assumed, predicted temperatures of explosion of water-gel explosives with the product H2O in the gas phase have a deviation of 153.29 K from results with the product H2O in the liquid state. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water-gel explosives of the metal nitrates, M (NO3) x (M = Li, Mn) as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. We have also used the Dulong-Petit’s values of the specific heat for liquid phase H2O. Lithium manganese oxide powders with chrysanthemum-like morphology secondary particles, but with smaller primary particles of diameters from 5 to 30 nm and a variety of morphologies were found. The oxides produced by this cheap method affirmed the validity of explosion synthesis of nano-size materials for lithium ion batteries.

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Tang, Jie, Dan Chen, Gen Zhang, Hongwei Yang, and Guangbin Cheng. "A “Green” Primary Explosive: Design, Synthesis, and Testing." Synlett 30, no. 08 (February 5, 2019): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611696.

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This account presents the synthesis and the characterization of triazine-tetrazine nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. Some compounds were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The physical and chemical properties were obtained by EXPLO5 v6.01, gas pycnometer, BAM Fallhammer, BAM Friction tester, and several detonation tests. The results show that the new metal-free polyazido compound 3,6-bis-[2-(4,6-diazido-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-diazenyl]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (4) with high heat of formation (2820 kJ mol–1/6130.2 kJ kg–1) and excellent detonation velocity and pressure (D = 8602 m s–1, P = 29.4 GPa) could be used as ingredient in secondary explosives. 3,6-Bis-[2-(4,6-diazido-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-hydrazinyl]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (3) can detonate research department explosive (RDX, cyclonite) as a primer (Δf H m = 2114 kJ mol–1/4555.2 kJ kg–1, D = 8365 m s–1, P = 26.8 GPa), whose initiation capacity is comparable to that of the traditional primary explosive Pb(N3)2. Therefore, the metal-free compound 3 can potentially replace lead-based-primary explosives, which would be advantageous for the environment.1 Introduction2 Strategies to Form High-Nitrogen Compounds with High Heat of Formation3 Metal-Free Strategies to Prepare Primary Explosives4 Concluding Remarks

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Luk’yanchikov, L. A., É. R. Pruuél, A. O. Kashkarov, and K. A. Ten. "Ablation combustion of secondary powder explosives." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 51, no. 4 (July 2010): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10808-010-0061-7.

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GE, SU-HONG, GUANG-XING DONG, XIN-LU CHENG, and GUI-HUA SUN. "DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY STUDY OF THE ENERGY TRANSFER RATES, MOLECULAR SIZE, AND ATOMIZATION ENERGIES OF SOME SECONDARY EXPLOSIVE MOLECULES." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 07, no. 01 (February 2008): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633608003617.

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In this paper, we suggested a theoretical relationship between the property of molecular atomization energy and energy transfer rate in explosive detonation. According to the theory of Dlott and Fayer (J Chem Phys92(6):3798, 1990) some explosives are stable molecules with large energy barriers to chemical reaction in shock or impact initiation, so, a sizable amount of phonon energy must be converted to the molecular internal higher vibrations by multiphonon up pumping. To investigate the relationship between atomization energies and energy transfer rate, the number of doorway modes of explosives is estimated by their theory in which the rate is proportional to the number of normal mode vibrations. We evaluated frequencies of normal mode vibrations of TNB, TNAP, TNA, DATB, TATB, 2,4,6-trinitro-benzylalcohol ( C 7 H 5 N 3 O 7), and TNR by means of density functional theory (DFT) at the B3P86/6-31G(d, p) level. It is found that the number of doorway modes shows a linearly correlation to the atomization energies also calculated by means of DFT at the B3P86/6-31G(d, p) level. Besides, we studied the relation between the number of atoms and atomization energies for these molecules, and confirmed that for those secondary explosives molecules with similar molecular structure and similar molecular weight, the correlation between the atomization energy and the number of doorway modes is higher. This relationship is beneficial to the understanding of the property of explosive in detonation.

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Assovskiy, I. G., G. V. Melik-Gaikazov, and G. P. Kuznetsov. "Direct laser initiation of open secondary explosives." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 653 (November 11, 2015): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012014.

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Higginbotham Duque, Amanda L., William Lee Perry, and Christine M. Anderson-Cook. "Complex Microwave Permittivity of Secondary High Explosives." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 39, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201300032.

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Perry, W. Lee, Thomas D. Sewell, Brian B. Glover, and Dana M. Dattelbaum. "Electromagnetically induced localized ignition in secondary high explosives." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 9 (November 2008): 094906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3002421.

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Yan, Chao, Kangcai Wang, Tianlin Liu, Hongwei Yang, Guangbin Cheng, and Qinghua Zhang. "Exploiting the energetic potential of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives: combining the benefits of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole framework with various energetic functionalities." Dalton Trans. 46, no. 41 (2017): 14210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt03320f.

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Viktorov, S. D., A. E. Frantov, and I. N. Lapikov. "Development of the Potential for the Cheap Explosives in Russia." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 8 (August 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-8-7-14.

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The most accessible and popular means of destruction of rocks, which are used in the extraction of ores, non-metallic minerals, mining and chemical raw materials, are the cheap explosives, in the Russian technical literature called granulites or AS-DT, in the foreign — ANFO. The article presents the research carried out to improve the formulation and explosive properties of granulites A6, Igdanit, Igdanit-P, A3. They are aimed at using the modern raw material base, increasing the efficiency of blasting, the safety of manufacturing and loading drill holes and boreholes, maintaining a balanced composition, and preserving physical stability, providing energy potential with secondary aluminum additives. Further development of granulites is aimed at creating a line of formulations using saltpeter with variable technical parameters, mixed fuels in the form of liquid (waste oil products, fuel mixtures, diesel fuel) and solid (coal powder, coke fines, rubber crumbs) phases. Based on the use of the cheap explosives in the formulation of recycling materials formed at the mining enterprises, blasting technologies are being improved, and mixing and charging equipment is being developed. The proposed approaches are aimed at maintaining high technical and economic indicators of the use of explosives, ensuring the stationarity of the explosive process and the completeness of detonation of granulites reducing the sensitivity to mechanical and thermal influences, and maintaining susceptibility to initiation by practical means of an explosive pulse. When compiling the new formulations of granulites to reduce production costs, it is proposed to use the most economical types of oxidants and fuels with ensuring quality control of mixing components with different technological properties and conditioning the temperature-viscosity properties of the waste oil products.

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Ye and Mitsuo Koshi. "Theoretical Studies of Energy Transfer Rates of Secondary Explosives." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110, no. 37 (September 2006): 18515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp062815l.

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Aduev, B. P., D. R. Nurmukhametov, A. A. Zvekov, and I. Yu Liskov. "The regulation of secondary explosives sensitivity to laser influence." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 110 (February 23, 2016): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/110/1/012010.

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Fried, Laurence E., and Anthony J. Ruggiero. "Energy Transfer Rates in Primary, Secondary, and Insensitive Explosives." Journal of Physical Chemistry 98, no. 39 (September 1994): 9786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100090a012.

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15

Tarzhanov, V. I. "Preexplosion Phenomena in Prompt Initiation of Secondary Explosives (Review)." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 39, no. 6 (November 2003): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:cesw.0000007672.14184.08.

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Ramaswamy, A. L., T. Mukundan, and M. M. Chaudhri. "Amine Sensitization Studies of Secondary Explosives Using Laser-Induced Ignition." Journal of Propulsion and Power 17, no. 1 (January 2001): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.5722.

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17

Zhang, Jichuan, Ping Yin, Guangxing Pan, Zhenyuan Wang, Jiaheng Zhang, Lauren A. Mitchell, Damon A. Parrish, and Jean’ne M. Shreeve. "5-(4-Azidofurazan-3-yl)-1-hydroxytetrazole and its derivatives: from green primary to secondary explosives." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 32 (2019): 12684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03306h.

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Parker, Adam, Robert P Claridge, Javid Hamid, and William G Proud. "Particle Size Modification of Thermally Stable Secondary Explosives for IM Applications." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 33, no. 1 (February 2008): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200800209.

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Hernandez, Francisco, Xihong Zhang, and Hong Hao. "On the effectiveness of ventilation to mitigate the damage of spherical membrane vessels subjected to internal detonations." International Journal of Protective Structures 11, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419619900517.

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This article conducts a comparative study on the effectiveness of ventilation to mitigate blasting effects on spherical chambers subjected to internal detonations of high explosives through finite element analysis using the software package AUTODYN. Numerical simulations show that ventilation is ineffective in mitigating the damage of spherical chambers subjected to internal high explosives explosions because the chamber response is mainly described by high-frequency membrane modes. Openings do not reduce the chamber response despite they can reduce the blast overpressure after the chamber reaches its peak response. Worse still, openings lead to stress concentration, which weakens the structure. Therefore, small openings may reduce the capacity of the chamber to resist internal explosions. In addition, because large shock waves impose the chamber to respond to a reverberation frequency associated with the re-reflected shock wave pulses, secondary re-reflected shock waves can govern the chamber response, and plastic/elastic resonance can occur to the chamber. Simulations show that the time lag between the first and the second shock wave ranges from 3 to 7 times the arrival time of the first shock wave, implying that the current simplified design approach should be revised. The response of chambers subjected to eccentric detonations is also studied. Results show that due to asymmetric explosions, other membrane modes may govern the chamber response and causes localized damage, implying that ventilation is also ineffective to mitigate the damage of spherical chambers subjected to eccentric detonations.

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Kent, Rosalyn V., Thomas P. Vaid, Jake A. Boissonnault, and Adam J. Matzger. "Adsorption of tetranitromethane in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks yields energetic materials." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 22 (2019): 7509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01254k.

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Andika, I. Wayan Agus, I. Made Minggu Widyantara, and I. Nyoman Sutama. "Pemidanaan Terhadap Pelaku Penangkapan Ikan dengan Penggunaan Bahan Peledak." Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 2, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.2.3.4197.683-687.

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The fishing that is carried out will have a bad effect on the marine ecosystem, but great benefits can be obtained for the fishermen. Catching fish using explosives is a criminal act in the field of fisheries and such actions may be subject to sanctions as regulated in Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries and the Emergency Law on firearms. This study examines legal arrangements regarding the use of explosives in fishing and reveals criminal sanctions against perpetrators of catching fish with the use of explosives. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach. The data sources used are primary and secondary data obtained through recording and documentation techniques, then the data is processed by legal interpretation. The results of the study revealed that the legal rules regarding fishing carried out using a hazardous material or explosives have been regulated in Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries and the Emergency Law concerning explosives and firearms. Criminal sanctions that can be applied to perpetrators are regulated in Article 84 paragraph (1) to paragraph (4) of Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries.

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Zhang, Shiyu, Guangbin Cheng, and Hongwei Yang. "Studies on the synthesis and properties of nitramino compounds based on tetrazine backbones." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 17 (2020): 5590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt04426d.

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A series of novel energetic compounds based on tetrazine-trazole and their energetic salts were synthesized. Neutral compound 4 exhibited satisfactory performance and these compounds are potential candidates for secondary explosives and propellants.

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Lee Perry, W., Jake A. Gunderson, Brian B. Glover, and Dana M. Dattelbaum. "Electromagnetically induced localized ignition in secondary high explosives: Experiments and numerical verification." Journal of Applied Physics 110, no. 3 (August 2011): 034902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3606409.

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Su-Hong, Ge, Cheng Xin-Lu, Wu Li-Sha, and Yang Xiang-Dong. "Correlation between normal mode vibrations and impact sensitivities of some secondary explosives." Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 809, no. 1-3 (May 2007): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theochem.2007.01.011.

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Petrov, É. A., I. S. Popov, and V. G. Kuznetsov. "Empirical relationship between the sensitivity of individual secondary explosives and their chemical structure." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 26, no. 4 (July 1990): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00745093.

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Fendt, Tobias, Niko Fischer, Thomas M. Klapötke, and Jörg Stierstorfer. "N-Rich Salts of 2-Methyl-5-nitraminotetrazole: Secondary Explosives with Low Sensitivities†." Inorganic Chemistry 50, no. 4 (February 21, 2011): 1447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic1019923.

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Chernai, A. V. "On the mechanism of ignition of condensed secondary explosives by a laser pulse." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 32, no. 1 (January 1996): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01992185.

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Rossi, Carole, and Ruiqi Shen. "Miniaturized Pyrotechnic Systems Meet the Performance Needs While Limiting the Environmental Impact." Micromachines 13, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030376.

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Pyrotechnic systems, also termed pyrotechnics, refer to a broad family of sophisticated single-use devices that are able to produce heat, light, smoke, sound, motion, and/or a combination of these thanks to the reaction of an energetic material (primary and secondary explosives, powders/propellants, and other pyrotechnic substances) [...]

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Krnjic, Kerim. "Review of modern military insensitive high explosives." Defense and Security Studies 2 (October 12, 2021): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/dss.v2.id173.

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In the last twenty years, high energetic materials have changed significantly. Several factors have influenced the development of these materials, which include new operational requirements such as insensitive ammunition (IM), as well as factors in the availability of new materials and new production techniques, safety assessment, and modeling. All this enables more efficient use of materials and a more detailed understanding of the processes involved in the application of new technologies. This work presents new insensitive secondary high explosives such as TATB, FOX-7, GUDN, NTO, and others that are in different stages of development. A review of these explosives is given and their stability, reliability, and specific application are described. Energy materials are known to be chemical compounds or mixtures that contain significant amounts of energy and it has been shown that successful design of new energetic materials with customized performance properties and increased stability is possible. The properties of new insensitive energetic materials must be further researched and improved before they can be used in new or existing systems. Insensitive ammunition testing is a vital component of many national IM programs. The international community has established requirements for testing the insensitivity of materials and developed six unique tests based on testing the response of the material to the effects of heat, impact, or shock.

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Ye, Zi, Jun Xie, and Xing Hua Xie. "Measuring of Nanometer Oxide Powders." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1416.

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Lithium manganese oxides with a fine spherical morphology different from that of the normal composite oxides are formed after detonation wave treatment due to the very high quenching rate. Free metal atoms are first released with the decomposition of explosives, and then theses metal and oxygen atoms are rearranged, coagulated and finally crystallized into lithium manganate during the expansion of detonation process. The growth of lithium manganate via detonation reaction was investigated with respect to the presence of an energetic precursor, such as the metallic nitrate and the degree of confinement of the explosive charge. The detonation products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the products. Lithium manganate with spherical morphology and more uniform secondary particles, with smaller primary particles of diameters from 10 to 20 nm and a variety of morphologies were found.

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BORYN, Henryk. "Lightning Protection for Buildings Threatened with Explosion of Solid Explosives." AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 12, no. 2(44)2021 (June 30, 2021): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2021.44.01.

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This paper presents the overview of current regulations pertaining to lightning protection of all facilities threatened with explosion of solid explosives, that is buildings where such materials are manufactured or stored. Lightning hazard due to possible thunderbolt striking directly into the building or into its neighbourhood has been analysed. Direct results of lightning current flow have been considered as well as secondary results arising from thermal, electrodynamic and inductive actions of this current. In order to eliminate the existing hazards, application of recognized lightning protection designs has been proposed and justified.

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Rai, Nirmal K., W. Lee Perry, and Amanda L. Duque. "Novel method to control explosive shock sensitivity: A mesoscale study to understand the effect of thermally expandable microsphere (TEM) inclusions in high explosives (HE) microstructure." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 17 (May 7, 2022): 175105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084115.

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When the void content and/or void structure of a high explosive (HE) is altered by some means (i.e., bulk heating or mechanical damage), the shock initiation behavior of the material changes. The ability to precisely predict the change in shock sensitivity after an HE has undergone microstructural changes is a crucial capability in multi-scale reactive flow models. Here, we utilize thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs) as a dopant in a polymer bonded explosive (PBX) matrix to alter the shock initiation properties in a controlled fashion. Using a mesoscale modeling approach, we evaluated how a single TEM (before and after thermal expansion) behaves under shock compression, as well as how the matrix PBX in the direct vicinity of the TEM is affected. We first examined the effect of an unexpanded TEM in the explosive matrix and found that its presence does not significantly perturb the bulk flow and by extension will not affect bulk sensitivity. Next, we examined the effect of an expanded TEM and found that its presence significantly perturbs the flow via hydrodynamic jetting, which causes a secondary shock wave with a strength that exceeds that of the incident wave. Finally, we showed that this secondary shock interacts with the downstream porosity to ignite a larger fraction of the overall pore volume, commensurate with the secondary shock strength and the affected volume, increasing the global (bulk) shock sensitivity.

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Strakovskii, L. G. "Source mechanism of the ignition of some secondary explosives by a monochromatic light pulse." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 21, no. 1 (January 1985): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01471134.

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Larin, Alexander A., Dmitry M. Bystrov, Leonid L. Fershtat, Alexey A. Konnov, Nina N. Makhova, Konstantin A. Monogarov, Dmitry B. Meerov, et al. "Nitro-, Cyano-, and Methylfuroxans, and Their Bis-Derivatives: From Green Primary to Melt-Cast Explosives." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 5836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245836.

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In the present work, we studied in detail the thermochemistry, thermal stability, mechanical sensitivity, and detonation performance for 20 nitro-, cyano-, and methyl derivatives of 1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide (furoxan), along with their bis-derivatives. For all species studied, we also determined the reliable values of the gas-phase formation enthalpies using highly accurate multilevel procedures W2-F12 and/or W1-F12 in conjunction with the atomization energy approach and isodesmic reactions with the domain-based local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) modifications of the coupled-cluster techniques. Apart from this, we proposed reliable benchmark values of the formation enthalpies of furoxan and a number of its (azo)bis-derivatives. Additionally, we reported the previously unknown crystal structure of 3-cyano-4-nitrofuroxan. Among the monocyclic compounds, 3-nitro-4-cyclopropyl and dicyano derivatives of furoxan outperformed trinitrotoluene, a benchmark melt-cast explosive, exhibited decent thermal stability (decomposition temperature >200 °C) and insensitivity to mechanical stimuli while having notable volatility and low melting points. In turn, 4,4′-azobis-dicarbamoyl furoxan is proposed as a substitute of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, a benchmark brisant high explosive. Finally, the application prospects of 3,3′-azobis-dinitro furoxan, one of the most powerful energetic materials synthesized up to date, are limited due to the tremendously high mechanical sensitivity of this compound. Overall, the investigated derivatives of furoxan comprise multipurpose green energetic materials, including primary, secondary, melt-cast, low-sensitive explosives, and an energetic liquid.

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Shanmugaraju, Sankarasekaran, Deivasigamani Umadevi, Aramballi J. Savyasachi, Kevin Byrne, Manuel Ruether, Wolfgang Schmitt, Graeme W. Watson, and Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson. "Reversible adsorption and storage of secondary explosives from water using a Tröger's base-functionalised polymer." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 47 (2017): 25014–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta07292a.

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KANU, A., and H. HILLJR. "Identity confirmation of drugs and explosives in ion mobility spectrometry using a secondary drift gas." Talanta 73, no. 4 (October 15, 2007): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.04.058.

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SHEFFY, N., Y. MINTZ, A. RIVKIND, and S. SHAPIRA. "Terror-Related Injuries: A Comparison of Gunshot Wounds Versus Secondary-Fragments—Induced Injuries from Explosives." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 203, no. 3 (September 2006): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.05.010.

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Davydov, V. Yu, A. M. Grishkin, and E. Yu Muryshev. "Effect of gasdynamic conditions on energy output of secondary reactions in propellant action of explosives." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 29, no. 2 (1993): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00755886.

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Hiraoka, Kenzo, Rio Takaishi, Satoshi Ninomiya, and Stephanie Rankin-Turner. "Electrospray droplet impact/secondary ion mass spectrometry (EDI/SIMS) applied to the analysis of explosives." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 484 (February 2023): 116993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2022.116993.

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Gundawar, Manoj Kumar, Rajendhar Junjuri, and Ashwin Kumar Myakalwar. "Standoff Detection of Explosives at 1 m using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.11498.

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<p class="p1">We report the ‘standoff detection’ of explosives at 1 m in laboratory conditions, for the first time in India, using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. The spectra of a set of five secondary explosives were recorded at a distance of 1 m from the focusing as well as collection optics. The plasma characteristics viz., plasma temperature and electron density were estimated from Boltzmann statistics and Stark broadening respectively. Plasma temperature was estimated to be of the order of (10.9 ± 2.1) .103 K and electron density of (3.9 ± 0.5) .1016 cm-3. Using a ratiometric approach, C/H and H/O ratios showed a good correlation with the actual stoichiometric ratios and a partial identification success could be achieved. Finally employing principle component analysis, an excellent classification could be attained.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>

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Li, Xiao Jie, Xing Hua Xie, Long Jiang Zou, Hong Hao Yan, Yan Dong Qu, Qiang Xu, and Xin Ouyang. "Ultrafine Oxides during Detonation Expanse at A Fast Quenching Rate." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.189.

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Nanostructured spherical lithium manganese oxide (Li-Mn-O) with about 30nm in diameter was synthesized for the first time by explosive method. The water-solubility explosive was prepared using a simple facility at room temperature. The growth of lithium manganese oxides via detonation reaction was investigated with respect to the presence of an energetic precursor, such as the metallic nitrate and the degree of confinement of the explosive charge. The detonation products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the products. Lithium manganese oxides with spherical morphology and more uniform secondary particles, with smaller primary particles of diameters from 10 to 50 nm and a variety of morphologies were found. Lithium manganese oxides with a fine spherical morphology different from that of the normal is formed after detonation wave treatment due to the very high quenching rate. It might also provide a cheap large-scale synthesis method. Explosive detonation is strongly nonequilibrium processes, generating a short duration of high pressure and high temperature. Free metal atoms are first released with the decomposition of explosives, and then theses metal and oxygen atoms are rearranged, coagulated and finally crystallized into lithium manganese oxides during the expansion of detonation process. For detonation of the water-solubility explosive, the detonation pressure, the detonation temperature and the adiabatic gamma were close to 3 GPa, 2300 K and 3. The inherent short duration, high heating rate (1010 – 1011 K/s) and high cooling rate (108 – 109 K/s) prevent the lithium manganese oxides crystallites from growing into larger sizes and induce considerable lattice distortion.

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Henning, John, and Hani Mitri. "Production Blast-Induced Vibrations in Longhole Open Stoping." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 1, no. 2 (July 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgee.2010070101.

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This paper examines stope design approaches employed at a metal mining operation in Canada for extraction of transverse primary, transverse secondary, and longitudinal stopes. Variations in stope and slot design, blast design, and blast vibration attenuation are presented in detail. It is shown that the type of blasthole stoping technique employed varies according to stope sequence and ore zone width. Within this range of stopes, blasting design practices have been standardized in terms of drillhole diameter, powder factor, and the type and pattern of the explosives used.

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Lobry, Emeline, Jean‐Edouard Berthe, Jakob Hübner, Fabien Schnell, and Denis Spitzer. "Tuning the Oxygen Balance of Energetic Composites: Crystallization of ADN/Secondary Explosives Mixtures by Spray Flash Evaporation." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 46, no. 3 (January 18, 2021): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.202000090.

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Pinaev, A. V. "Wave structure and detonation mechanism for low-density secondary explosives in evacuated and gas-filled inert porous media." Doklady Physics 54, no. 2 (February 2009): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028335809020098.

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Luebeke, P. E., P. M. Dickson, and J. E. Field. "Investigation of the Process of Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT) in Granular Secondary Explosives with High-Speed Photography." Defence Science Journal 46, no. 5 (January 1, 1996): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.46.4316.

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Mahoney, Christine M., Albert J. Fahey, Kristen L. Steffens, Bruce A. Benner, and Richard T. Lareau. "Characterization of Composition C4 Explosives using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy." Analytical Chemistry 82, no. 17 (September 2010): 7237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac101116r.

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Podagatlapalli, G. Krishna, Syed Hamad, and S. Venugopal Rao. "Trace-Level Detection of Secondary Explosives Using Hybrid Silver–Gold Nanoparticles and Nanostructures Achieved with Femtosecond Laser Ablation." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, no. 29 (July 9, 2015): 16972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03958.

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Konovalov, Alexey N., Nikolay V. Yudin, Vasily I. Kolesov, and Valery A. Ul'yanov. "Increasing the heating efficiency and ignition rate of certain secondary explosives with absorbing particles under continuous infrared laser radiation." Combustion and Flame 205 (July 2019): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.04.026.

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Fu, Wei, Baojing Zhao, Man Zhang, Chuan Li, Huiqi Gao, Jun Zhang, and Zhiming Zhou. "3,4-Dinitro-1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (HANTP) and its salts: primary and secondary explosives." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 10 (2017): 5044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta08376e.

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Zhang, W., R. Shen, Y. Ye, L. Wu, P. Zhu, and Y. Hu. "Distribution and formation of particles produced by laser ablation of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine." Laser and Particle Beams 35, no. 3 (June 13, 2017): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034617000325.

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AbstractAn experimental investigation into laser ablation of secondary explosives, cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), has been carried out by using a solid-state laser at the wavelength of 1064 nm. The ion particles of decomposition were detected by using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Possible attributions of both negative ions and positive ions were obtained. Some obvious peaks were found atm/z= 18, 28, 46, 60, and 106, corresponding to H2O, CO/N2/H2CN, NO2, CH2NO2/N2O2, and N(NO2)2/CH2(NO2)2, respectively. According to the distribution of the particles, three possible pathways were proposed to explain the process of particles. The results may shed some light on the possible decomposition mechanism of HMX under laser initiation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Secondary Explosives'

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