Relevant bibliographies by topics / Secondary Explosives

Academic literature on the topic 'Secondary Explosives'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Secondary Explosives"

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Luk’yanchikov, L. A. "Initiation systems using secondary explosives." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 41, no. 5 (September 2000): 806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02468725.

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Kalderis, Dimitrios, Albert L. Juhasz, Raj Boopathy, and Steve Comfort. "Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 7 (May 7, 2011): 1407–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rep-10-01-05.

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation. Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N2, H2O, and CO2). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitro-aniline).
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Xie, Xing Hua, Xiao Jie Li, Shi Long Yan, Meng Wang, Ming Xu, Zhi Gang Ma, Hui Liu, and Zi Ru Guo. "Low Temperature Explosion for Nanometer Active Materials." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.193.

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This paper describes a new method for prediction of the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters of CaHbNcOdLieMnf explosives for mixture of some of low temperature explosion explosives at 0 = 1000 kg/m3. Explosion temperatures of water-gel explosives and explosive formulations are predicted using thermochemistry information. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of products composition H2O–CO2–CO–Li2O–MnO2–Mn2O3 can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. For the calculations in which the first set of decomposition products is assumed, predicted temperatures of explosion of water-gel explosives with the product H2O in the gas phase have a deviation of 153.29 K from results with the product H2O in the liquid state. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water-gel explosives of the metal nitrates, M (NO3) x (M = Li, Mn) as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. We have also used the Dulong-Petit’s values of the specific heat for liquid phase H2O. Lithium manganese oxide powders with chrysanthemum-like morphology secondary particles, but with smaller primary particles of diameters from 5 to 30 nm and a variety of morphologies were found. The oxides produced by this cheap method affirmed the validity of explosion synthesis of nano-size materials for lithium ion batteries.
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Tang, Jie, Dan Chen, Gen Zhang, Hongwei Yang, and Guangbin Cheng. "A “Green” Primary Explosive: Design, Synthesis, and Testing." Synlett 30, no. 08 (February 5, 2019): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611696.

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This account presents the synthesis and the characterization of triazine-tetrazine nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. Some compounds were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The physical and chemical properties were obtained by EXPLO5 v6.01, gas pycnometer, BAM Fallhammer, BAM Friction tester, and several detonation tests. The results show that the new metal-free polyazido compound 3,6-bis-[2-(4,6-diazido-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-diazenyl]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (4) with high heat of formation (2820 kJ mol–1/6130.2 kJ kg–1) and excellent detonation velocity and pressure (D = 8602 m s–1, P = 29.4 GPa) could be used as ingredient in secondary explosives. 3,6-Bis-[2-(4,6-diazido-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-hydrazinyl]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (3) can detonate research department explosive (RDX, cyclonite) as a primer (Δf H m = 2114 kJ mol–1/4555.2 kJ kg–1, D = 8365 m s–1, P = 26.8 GPa), whose initiation capacity is comparable to that of the traditional primary explosive Pb(N3)2. Therefore, the metal-free compound 3 can potentially replace lead-based-primary explosives, which would be advantageous for the environment.1 Introduction2 Strategies to Form High-Nitrogen Compounds with High Heat of Formation3 Metal-Free Strategies to Prepare Primary Explosives4 Concluding Remarks
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Luk’yanchikov, L. A., É. R. Pruuél, A. O. Kashkarov, and K. A. Ten. "Ablation combustion of secondary powder explosives." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 51, no. 4 (July 2010): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10808-010-0061-7.

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GE, SU-HONG, GUANG-XING DONG, XIN-LU CHENG, and GUI-HUA SUN. "DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY STUDY OF THE ENERGY TRANSFER RATES, MOLECULAR SIZE, AND ATOMIZATION ENERGIES OF SOME SECONDARY EXPLOSIVE MOLECULES." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 07, no. 01 (February 2008): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633608003617.

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In this paper, we suggested a theoretical relationship between the property of molecular atomization energy and energy transfer rate in explosive detonation. According to the theory of Dlott and Fayer (J Chem Phys92(6):3798, 1990) some explosives are stable molecules with large energy barriers to chemical reaction in shock or impact initiation, so, a sizable amount of phonon energy must be converted to the molecular internal higher vibrations by multiphonon up pumping. To investigate the relationship between atomization energies and energy transfer rate, the number of doorway modes of explosives is estimated by their theory in which the rate is proportional to the number of normal mode vibrations. We evaluated frequencies of normal mode vibrations of TNB, TNAP, TNA, DATB, TATB, 2,4,6-trinitro-benzylalcohol ( C 7 H 5 N 3 O 7), and TNR by means of density functional theory (DFT) at the B3P86/6-31G(d, p) level. It is found that the number of doorway modes shows a linearly correlation to the atomization energies also calculated by means of DFT at the B3P86/6-31G(d, p) level. Besides, we studied the relation between the number of atoms and atomization energies for these molecules, and confirmed that for those secondary explosives molecules with similar molecular structure and similar molecular weight, the correlation between the atomization energy and the number of doorway modes is higher. This relationship is beneficial to the understanding of the property of explosive in detonation.
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Assovskiy, I. G., G. V. Melik-Gaikazov, and G. P. Kuznetsov. "Direct laser initiation of open secondary explosives." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 653 (November 11, 2015): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012014.

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Higginbotham Duque, Amanda L., William Lee Perry, and Christine M. Anderson-Cook. "Complex Microwave Permittivity of Secondary High Explosives." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 39, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201300032.

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Perry, W. Lee, Thomas D. Sewell, Brian B. Glover, and Dana M. Dattelbaum. "Electromagnetically induced localized ignition in secondary high explosives." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 9 (November 2008): 094906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3002421.

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Yan, Chao, Kangcai Wang, Tianlin Liu, Hongwei Yang, Guangbin Cheng, and Qinghua Zhang. "Exploiting the energetic potential of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives: combining the benefits of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole framework with various energetic functionalities." Dalton Trans. 46, no. 41 (2017): 14210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt03320f.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Secondary Explosives"

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Ramaswamy, Alba Lalitha. "Laser ignition of secondary explosives." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309149.

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Luebcke, Peter Elliott. "The deflagration-to-detonation transition in granular secondary explosives." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387730.

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Scheutzow, Susanne [Verfasser], and Thomas M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Klapötke. "Investigations of near and mid infrared pyrotechnics : detonation velocities of new secondary explosives / Susanne Scheutzow. Betreuer: Thomas M. Klapötke." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1082205389/34.

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Hermann, Tobias [Verfasser], and Thomas M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Klapötke. "Investigation of oxygen- and nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds as potential high-energy dense oxidizers or secondary explosives / Tobias Hermann ; Betreuer: Thomas M. Klapötke." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1184793840/34.

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Bölter, Marc [Verfasser], and Thomas M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Klapötke. "Synthesis and characterization of new environmentally benign secondary explosives based on azoles and further characterization of TKX‐50 and K2DNABT toward industrial scale‐up / Marc Bölter ; Betreuer: Thomas M. Klapötke." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/122827049X/34.

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Martin, Cédric. "Initiation en détonation d'explosifs secondaires par des nanothermites : de la transition à la détonation d'un explosif secondaire nanométrique sous l'action d'une nanothermite à la transmission ultérieure de cette détonation à un explosif secondaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAE023/document.

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Le principal objectif de la thèse est l’initiation en détonation d’explosifs secondaires (RDX, PETN, HMX) grâce à des nanothermites, qui sont des compositions aluminothermiques renfermant un oxyde ou un sulfate métallique. Des matériaux nanocomposites hybrides détonants (NSTEX), ont été développés en associant une nanothermite avec une nanopoudre d’explosif secondaire, préparée par le procédé SFE. La naissance, la propagation et la modulation de la détonation dans les NSTEX ont été étudiées d’un point de vue expérimental et théorique. La transmission de la détonation produite par les NSTEX à une charge secondaire de pentrite a apporté la preuve que ces nouveaux matériaux énergétiques peuvent être employés comme substances d’amorçage, en remplacement des explosifs primaires à base de plomb. Un procédé permettant de stabiliser les poudres de nanothermites sous forme de mousses solides et très poreuses a également été mis au point. Ces recherches ont une importance capitale pour l’intégration future des nanothermites et des NSTEX dans les systèmes pyrotechniques, parce que la réactivité exceptionnelle de ces nouveaux matériaux énergétique ne se manifeste qu’en milieu poreux, et que d’autre part, ils ne peuvent pas être utilisés sous forme de poudres libres
The main objective of this thesis is to initiate the detonation of secondary explosives (RDX, PETN, HMX) by using nanothermites, which are aluminothermic mixtures prepared from metallic oxides or sulfates. Detonating hybrid nanocomposites materials (NSTEX) were prepared by mixing a nanothermite with a secondary explosive, which is prepared in nanopowder by SFE process. The formation, the propagation and the modulation of detonation in NSTEX were studied from an experimental and conceptual standpoint. The transmission of NSTEX detonation to a secondary charge of pentaerythritol tetranitrate has confirmed that these new energetic materials can be used as initiating substances in place of lead-based primary explosives. A method to turn the loose powder of nanothermite into porous, solid foam was also developed. This research is of great importance for the future integration of nanothermites and NSTEX in pyrotechnic systems, because these materials are reactive only when they are porous, and on the other hand, they cannot be used at the state of loose powders
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Marietta, Evonne Grace. "Type Ia supernova explosions in binary systems: The impact on the secondary star and its consequences." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289026.

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One method of discriminating between the many Type Ia progenitor scenarios is searching for contaminating hydrogen stripped from the companion star. However, this requires understanding the effect of the impact on different companion stars to predict the amount of hydrogen stripped and its distribution in velocity and solid angle for the types of binary scenarios have been proposed as progenitor models. We present several 2-D numerical simulations of the impact of a Type Ia supernova explosion with low-mass main sequence, subgiant, and red giant companions. The binary parameters were chosen to represent several classes of single-degenerate, hydrogen-rich Type Ia progenitor models that have been suggested in the literature. We find that the main sequence and subgiant companions lose ∼15% of their mass as a result of the impact of the supernova shell. The red giant companions lose 96%-98% of their envelopes. The main sequence companion receives a kick of 86 km s⁻¹, the subgiant 49 km s⁻¹. In all cases, the kick received by the remnant is smaller than the original orbital velocity. Because it is too small to intercept more than a negligible amount of momentum, the red giant core will not receive a kick. The characteristic velocity of the stripped hydrogen is less than 10³ km s⁻¹ for all the scenarios: 420-590 km s⁻¹ for the red giant companions (depending on the scenario), 850 km s⁻¹ for the main sequence companion, and 900 km s⁻¹ for the subgiant companion. The stripped hydrogen contaminates a wide solid angle behind the companion: 115° from the downstream axis for the red giant, 66° for the main sequence star, and 72° for the subgiant. We find that the bulk of the stripped hydrogen is embedded within the low-velocity iron of the supernova ejecta and may be visible as narrow emission lines months after maximum light. However, to make any definitive predictions requires non-LTE radiative transfer calculations using the low-velocity distribution of the stripped hydrogen to determine the effect of hydrogen contamination on the late-time supernova spectrum.
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Couldrick, C. A. "A systems approach to the design of personal armour for explosive ordnance disposal." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/828.

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A qualitative description of the personal armour design system is elicited by comparing armour throughout the ages. Inputs that 'shape' designs are the materials technology, threat, wearer, task and environment. The emergent properties of protection, ergonomic effectiveness and financial cost form the basis of trade-offs to select final solutions. Work on the protection subsystem refines the key positive emergent property of personal armour. Existing quantifications of protection effectiveness are rejected in favour of a novel measure named the Usefulness Factor, UF. This is the first measure that accounts for the real benefit of armour. A five-stage model is proposed for the assessment of protection. Two feedback loops - due to making tasks as safe as possible and the ergonomic penalty of armour are evident. These must be considered in order to assess protection correctly. Casualty reduction analysis software (CASPER) is used to produce 'approach plots' and 'zones of usefulness' in order to make tasks safer and map the benefit of armour. This approach is demonstrated with the UK's Lightweight Combat EOD Suit against L2A2 and No. 36 Mills grenades, an HB876 area denial mine, a BL 755 sub-munition and a 105mm artillery shell. Assessment of secondary fragmentation from antipersonnel (AP) blast mines defines a threat input that is specific to Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD). Trials are carried out with explosive charges of 50g to 500g, buried under 5 or 10cm of stones and sand at a range of 1m. The threat is defined in terms of the probabilities of (a) being hit, (b) a hit perforating armour and (c) a hit incapacitating an unarmoured person. The chances of being hit close to the ground decrease to approximately 15% of the value when directly above the mine. Secondary fragmentation is not likely to perforate armour that protects against primary fragments. However, it is likely to incapacitate an unarmoured person. Protection is traded-off against proxies for ergonomic and financial cost effectiveness by using quantitative optimisation of personal armour. This introduces the concept of a 'protection optimisation envelope', which defines the bounds of possibility rather than a single solution. CASPER is adapted to produce weight and cost as well as incapacitation parameters. This provides a model that generates both benefits and constraints of armour. Hence, the foundations are laid for the world's first fully integrated personal armour design tools. The ergonomic effectiveness subsystem is the primary constraint of personal armour. Visor demisting for the UK's Mk 5 EOD Suit provides a simple example. Existing methods of assessment of the ergonomic penalty of armour are considered. A novel development of biomechanics computational models is proposed to predict both the mechanical and thermal burdens of armour.
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Couldrick, Christopher A. "A systems approach to the design of personal armour for explosive ordnance disposal." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/828.

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A qualitative description of the personal armour design system is elicited by comparing armour throughout the ages. Inputs that 'shape' designs are the materials technology, threat, wearer, task and environment. The emergent properties of protection, ergonomic effectiveness and financial cost form the basis of trade-offs to select final solutions. Work on the protection subsystem refines the key positive emergent property of personal armour. Existing quantifications of protection effectiveness are rejected in favour of a novel measure named the Usefulness Factor, UF. This is the first measure that accounts for the real benefit of armour. A five-stage model is proposed for the assessment of protection. Two feedback loops - due to making tasks as safe as possible and the ergonomic penalty of armour are evident. These must be considered in order to assess protection correctly. Casualty reduction analysis software (CASPER) is used to produce 'approach plots' and 'zones of usefulness' in order to make tasks safer and map the benefit of armour. This approach is demonstrated with the UK's Lightweight Combat EOD Suit against L2A2 and No. 36 Mills grenades, an HB876 area denial mine, a BL 755 sub-munition and a 105mm artillery shell. Assessment of secondary fragmentation from antipersonnel (AP) blast mines defines a threat input that is specific to Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD). Trials are carried out with explosive charges of 50g to 500g, buried under 5 or 10cm of stones and sand at a range of 1m. The threat is defined in terms of the probabilities of (a) being hit, (b) a hit perforating armour and (c) a hit incapacitating an unarmoured person. The chances of being hit close to the ground decrease to approximately 15% of the value when directly above the mine. Secondary fragmentation is not likely to perforate armour that protects against primary fragments. However, it is likely to incapacitate an unarmoured person. Protection is traded-off against proxies for ergonomic and financial cost effectiveness by using quantitative optimisation of personal armour. This introduces the concept of a 'protection optimisation envelope', which defines the bounds of possibility rather than a single solution. CASPER is adapted to produce weight and cost as well as incapacitation parameters. This provides a model that generates both benefits and constraints of armour. Hence, the foundations are laid for the world's first fully integrated personal armour design tools. The ergonomic effectiveness subsystem is the primary constraint of personal armour. Visor demisting for the UK's Mk 5 EOD Suit provides a simple example. Existing methods of assessment of the ergonomic penalty of armour are considered. A novel development of biomechanics computational models is proposed to predict both the mechanical and thermal burdens of armour.
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10

Glavier, Ludovic. "Conception et développement d'un micro détonateur électrique intégrant des nanothermites pour l'amorçage par impact d'explosifs secondaires." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30016/document.

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Les systèmes pyrotechniques sont des éléments clés pour la réussite de la mise en orbite des satellites. Ils permettent de réaliser des fonctions vitales pour la phase de vol d'un lanceur spatial comme l'allumage des moteurs, la séparation d'étages ou la neutralisation. L'actionnement de ces systèmes pyrotechniques nécessite différents effets pyrotechniques comme la génération d'une flamme, d'une grande quantité de gaz et une onde de choc. Ces travaux de thèse interviennent à la suite d'une précédente thèse sur la conception d'un initiateur intelligent et sécurisés permettant de générer une flamme et une grande quantité de gaz mais pas une onde de choc, indispensable dans la réalisation de certaines fonctions pyrotechniques comme la séparation d'étages ou la neutralisation. L'initiateur est piloté par commandes numériques, il dispose d'un stockage local d'énergie, d'une barrière de sécurité mécanique, et d'un PyroMEMS permettant de convertir un signal électrique en un signal pyrotechnique. Cet initiateur est conçu pour remplacer les systèmes pyrotechniques actuellement utilisés sur Ariane 5 car ils sont lourds, encombrants, ils contiennent une grande quantité de substance pyrotechnique augmentant les coûts de fabrication et de stockage, pour finir, les détonateurs et les lignes de transmissions contiennent du plomb dont l'obsolescence est programmé par la réglementation Européenne REACh. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de concevoir et de développer la fonction détonation à partir d'un PyroMEMS contenant moins de 50 µg de nanothermite Al / CuO dans un volume inférieur à 0,83 cm3. Après l'étude des méthodes d'amorçage d'explosif secondaire et de l'état de l'art des détonateurs existant, nous avons conçu une architecture fonctionnant sur la propulsion d'un projectile créant une onde de choc par impact. Le développement de cette fonction détonation a permis d'étudier le comportement de différentes nanothermites (Al / CuO, Al / Bi2O3, Al / MoO3 et Al / PTFE) dans l'optique de propulser le projectile. Un modèle de balistique intérieure est développé avec la combustion de nanothermite Al / Bi2O3 dopé avec du PTFE permettant de conclure qu'il n'est pas possible d'utiliser des nanothermites pour amorcer par impact un explosif secondaire tel que le RDX. Un système de propulsion basé sur la combustion du RDX initié par nanothermite est alors développé avec une étude de l'influence des paramètres dimensionnels. La réalisation d'un démonstrateur final qui permet d'amorcer en détonation du RDX démontre la faisabilité d'un tel dispositif et permet de valider des choix de conception
Pyrotechnic systems are the keys for satellite launching on orbit. Those systems are used for engines ignition, stage separation and self-destruction. To activate those functions, different kinds of initiators are used to generate a flame, pressure from gas expansion and a shock wave. This work involved following a previous thesis on the design of a smart and safe initiator able to generate a flame and pressure form gas expansion but not a shock wave which is essential in achieving certain functions on launcher as stage separation or neutralization. The initiator is controlled by digital controls, it contain local energy source, a mechanical safety barrier and a PyroMEMS for electro-pyrotechnical conversion. This initiator is design to replace Ariane 5 current pyrotechnic systems because they are heavy, bulky, they contain a large amount of pyrotechnic substance increasing the cost of manufacturing and storage. Also detonators and transmission lines contain lead banned by the European REACh. The goal of these thesis works is to design the detonator function from the flame generated by the PyroMEMS containing 50 µg of Al / CuO nanothermite in a volume less than 0,83 cm3 without primary explosive. After the study of secondary explosive priming methods and the state of art of existing detonators, we designed an architecture running on propelling a projectile creating a shock wave through impact. The development of this detonation function was used to study the behavior of different nanothermites (Al / CuO, Al / Bi2O3, Al / MoO3 and Al / PTFE) with a view to propel the projectile. An interior ballistic model is developed with the combustion nanothermite Al / Bi2O3 doped with PTFE to conclude that it is not possible to use nanothermites to ignite in detonation by impact, by a shock to Detonation Transition) a secondary explosive such as RDX. A propulsion system based on the combustion of RDX initiated by nanothermite is then developed with a study of the influence of dimensional parameters. Achieving a final demonstrator allows to ignite in detonation RDX demonstrates the feasibility of such a device and to validate design choices
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Books on the topic "Secondary Explosives"

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Office, General Accounting. Defense inventory: Growth in secondary items : briefing report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Defense inventory: Growth in secondary items : briefing report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Kessler, Ronald C., Emil F. Coccaro, Maurizio Fava, and Katie A. McLaughlin. The Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0053.

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Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of impulsive, uncontrollable aggression out of proportion to the severity of provoking agents. Few epidemiological studies have been carried out on the prevalence and correlates of IED. Data are reported here from the most recent and largest of these studies: the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) and the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. These studies show that IED is a commonly occurring disorder that typically has an early age of onset, a persistent course, and strong comorbidity with a number of other usually secondary mental disorders. This disorder is almost twice as common among men as women. It is often associated with substantial distress and impairment. However, only a minority of people with IED obtain treatment for their uncontrollable anger. This combination of features makes IED an ideal target for early detection and intervention aimed at secondary prevention of anger attacks as well as primary prevention of secondary disorders.
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Defense inventory: Information on fiscal year 1992 secondary item funding : fact sheet for the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1991.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs., ed. Defense inventory: Cost factors used to manage secondary items : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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Defense inventory: Information on fiscal year 1992 secondary item funding : fact sheet for the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1991.

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Defense inventory: Information on fiscal year 1992 secondary item funding : fact sheet for the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Secondary Explosives"

1

Forbes, Jerry W. "Secondary Ideal High Explosives Non-steady Initiation Process and Steady Detonation Wave Models." In Shock Wave Compression of Condensed Matter, 243–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32535-9_9.

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Klapötke, Thomas M. "TKX-50: A Highly Promising Secondary Explosive." In Materials Research and Applications, 1–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9223-2_1.

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"SECONDARY NITROAMINES." In Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Explosives and Propellants, 83–104. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482288261-10.

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Ester, Z., M. Dobrilovi_, and D. Vrkljan. "Dynamic influence of blasting on primary and secondary tunnel support system." In Explosives and Blasting Technique, 527–31. Taylor & Francis, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439833476.ch65.

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Henson, B. F., and L. Smilowitz. "Chemical kinetics and the decomposition of secondary explosives." In Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, 369–402. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822971-2.00002-4.

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Rega, Paul P. "Explosions along the riverfront: A tragic accident." In Disaster Preparedness and Response, 127–40. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197577516.003.0013.

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The chapter explores what to do when an accidental ammonium nitrate explosion happens and a Level 1 Trauma Center needs to be prepared. The first step is to initiate communications with hospital leaders and trauma services. The next step is to reacquaint the team with the impact that high-energy explosives have on a human being. High-energy detonations consist of two components, the blast wave and the blast wind, whereas low-velocity explosions consist of just the blast wind effect. Factors that contribute to blast injuries and their level of severity are discussed. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries are explained, including crush syndrome. Two examples are provided of real-life disasters involving ammonium nitrate explosions.
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Bisarya, Kamal, and Tania Cubison. "Military burns." In Burns (OSH Surgery), 339–46. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199699537.003.0040.

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Military burns can be accidental or due to combat and are generated by a wide variety of mechanisms including explosives (main), incendiary, chemical and nuclear weapons. Explosives give rise to a blast wave or a blast wind which cause primary (eg. barotrauma) to quaternary (eg. burn) effects on multiple organs. Blast injury secondary effects (penetrating injuries) are the leading cause of death in military attacks. Infection associated mortality occurs at higher rates in combat burns. Polytrauma management follows ATLS/EMSB guidelines. Outcomes are similar to civilians but can lead to long term physical and psychological morbidity. Prevention is via pre-deployment education and protective equipment.
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Simon, Leslie V. "Primary Blast Injury." In Acute Care Casebook, edited by Leslie V. Simon, 313–17. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190865412.003.0063.

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This case illustrates the classic injury pattern seen in primary blast injury. Primary blast injury, caused only by high-order explosives, is the result of the blast wave’s compressive effect on tissue. Effects are greatest at the tissue-air interface. Ear damage is the most common and pulmonary injury is the most lethal. Gastrointestinal injury and brain injury are also common. Traumatic amputations due to primary blast injury were extremely rare in survivors prior to Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom. Primary blast injury is usually associated with secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries. Blast victims require a meticulous approach because the dramatic nature of the obvious soft tissue injuries may distract even experienced trauma providers from focusing on more lethal occult injuries.
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Fraser, Michael R., Philicia Tucker, and Jay C. Butler. "The Impact of State and Territorial Public Health Policy: Interventions to Prevent Opioid Misuse and Addiction." In The Practical Playbook II, edited by J. Lloyd Michener, Brian C. Castrucci, Don W. Bradley, Edward L. Hunter, Craig W. Thomas, Catherine Patterson, and Elizabeth Corcoran, 425–44. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190936013.003.0042.

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This chapter outlines the powerful role of state health officials in the policy process, illustrated by the collaborative approach to the complex opioids epidemic. The opioid misuse and addiction epidemic has left no segment of the American population untouched. It is important to note that multiple factors have led to the explosive scale and spread of addiction to prescription and illicit opioids. The combination of tertiary, secondary, and primary prevention programs and the policies that support them are critical. No single policy will comprehensively address the complex issues involved in the current crisis, the chapter argues, but more work in the area of primary prevention is greatly needed. A comprehensive approach that utilizes evidence-based approaches to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention are critical. The chapter concludes that the complexity of the opioid crisis requires strong clinical and community partnerships to scale and spread successful policy interventions. State and territorial public health officials are committed and well-positioned to lead such efforts in their jurisdictions.
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COOK, M. D., P. J. HASKINS, and H. R. JAMES. "AN INVESTIGATION OF PROJECTILE AND BARRIER GEOMETRY EFFECTS ON IMPACT INITIATION OF A SECONDARY EXPLOSIVE." In Shock Compression of Condensed Matter–1991, 675–78. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89732-9.50155-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Secondary Explosives"

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Brundage, Aaron L. "Modeling Compressive Reaction in Shock-Driven Secondary Granular Explosives." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44130.

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Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) is a secondary, granular explosive with a wide usage in commercial and governmental sectors. For example, HNS is used in the aerospace industry as boosters in rockets, in the oil and gas industry in linear shaped charge designs in wellbore perforating guns, and in a number of applications in the US Department of Energy (DOE) and Department of Defense (DoD). In many of these applications, neat granules of HNS are pressed without binder and device performance is achieved with shock initiation of the powdered bed. Previous studies have demonstrated that powdered explosives do not transmit sharp shocks, but produce dispersive compaction waves. These compaction waves can induce combustion in the material, leading to a phenomenon termed Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT). The Baer-Nunziato (B-N) multiphase model was developed to predict compressive reaction in granular energetic materials due to shock and non-shock inputs using non-equilibrium multiphase mixture theory. The B-N model was fit to historical data of HNS, and this model was used to predict recent impact experiments where samples pressed to approximately 60% of theoretical maximum density (TMD) were shock loaded by high-velocity flyers [1]. Shock wave computations were performed using CTH, an Eulerian, multimaterial, multidimensional, finite-volume shock physics code developed at Sandia National Laboratories [2]. Predicted interface velocities using the B-N model were shown to be in good agreement with the measurements. Furthermore, an uncertainty quantification study was performed and the computational results are presented with best estimates of uncertainty.
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Stennett, C., G. A. Cooper, P. J. Hazell, G. Appleby-Thomas, Mark Elert, Michael D. Furnish, William W. Anderson, William G. Proud, and William T. Butler. "INITIATION OF SECONDARY EXPLOSIVES MEASURED USING EMBEDDED ELECTROMAGNETIC GAUGES." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER 2009: Proceedings of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3295120.

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Zaug, Joseph M., Christopher E. Young, Gregory T. Long, Jon L. Maienschein, Elizabeth A. Glascoe, Donald W. Hansen, Jeffery F. Wardell, et al. "DEFLAGRATION RATES OF SECONDARY EXPLOSIVES UNDER STATIC MPA—GPA PRESSURE." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER 2009: Proceedings of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3295162.

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Castro-Suarez, John R., Samuel P. Hernández-Rivera, and Leonardo Pacheco-Londoño. "Detection of Primary and Secondary Explosives Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics." In The 15th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: “Global Partnership for Development and Engineering Education”. Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18687/laccei2017.1.1.81.

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Cook, M. D., P. J. Haskins, and H. R. James. "An investigation of the response of secondary explosives to conical-tipped projectiles and oblique impacts." In High-pressure science and technology—1993. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46247.

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Lee, R. J. "Electrical Conductivity as a Real-Time Probe of Secondary Combustion of Solid-Fuel Additives in Detonating Explosives." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2003: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1780470.

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Hutchinson, C. D. "High-Speed Photographic Experiments To Investigate The Effects Of Booster Housing Geometry On The Detonability Of Secondary Explosives." In 16th International Congress on High Speed Photography and Photonics, edited by Michel L. Andre and Manfred Hugenschmidt. SPIE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.967987.

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Gamache, R. M. "Study of Secondary Reactions from Explosives Detonated within a Bombproof and Shock Tube System via Visible Spectrometry and Gas and Solids Collection." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2003: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1780368.

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Jug, Jasmin, Stjepan Strelec, Nikola Kranjčić, and Ivan Golub. "SEISMIC WAVES VELOCITIES AS AN INDICATOR FOR ASSESSING EXCAVATABILITY OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS." In GEO-EXPO 2022. DRUŠTVO ZA GEOTEHNIKU U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35123/geo-expo_2022_11.

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The selection of excavation technology is one of the very important and demanding tasks when planning excavation in solid rocks, whether on a surface mine or construction pit. The variety of rock mass characteristics greatly influences the application efficiency of a particular excavation technique and technology. The discontinuous rock mass is easier to excavate compared to solid rock mass. Discontinuity is a well-known characteristic of rock masses, especially sedimentary ones, and this feature is very successfully investigated using non-invasive, fast and relatively inexpensive seismic geophysical methods. The results of seismic investigations are the velocities of compression or primary P-waves and shear or secondary S-waves. Some of the methods from the literature use the mentioned seismic wave velocities as the primary indicator for assessing the possibility of rock excavation. This paper presents the application of several such methods on the example of rock mass categorization for excavation in the ferry port Žigljen on the island of Pag. During field measurements, geophysical methods of shallow refractive seismic (SRS) and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) were used. Based on the measured seismic wave velocities, the rock mass at the investigation site was categorized as a non-mechanically excavated material according to all classification methods employed. Therefore, blasting with the use of blast holes and explosives is recommended for excavation.
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Little, Benjamin J., and A. O¨zer Arnas. "Thermally Activated Protective Systems: Material Considerations for Improved Flash/Flame Protection." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38958.

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This paper is based on an effort to increase the protection from thermal and flash/flame threats due to explosion. The relatively recent threat of Improvised Explosive Devices, IEDs, the large thermal energy associated with them, as well as the secondary fires has prompted an investigation into whether the personal protective equipment available to the individual soldier provides adequate protection from injury. This is a continuation of a previous paper that investigated the full extent of the threat posed by explosions. The research included a profile of the thermal properties of the threat, typical injuries associated with explosions, as well as several possible means of alleviating the dangers. One means that was suggested was the use of intumescent materials. These are materials that expand when exposed to heat, thus increasing the distance between the threat and the person as well as altering their thermal conductivity to make them more resistant to burn. Using this suggestion, in this paper we seek to determine the feasibility of using these materials in a protective garment. It factors in soldier concerns of durability, comfort, et cetera but focuses mainly on the heat transfer aspects of the material.
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Reports on the topic "Secondary Explosives"

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Setchell, R. E., and W. M. Trott. Prompt laser ignition and transition to detonation in a secondary explosive. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/67499.

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