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Academic literature on the topic 'Secondary defect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Secondary defect"

Almazova, L. A., and O. S. Sedova. "SIMULATION OF THE SURFACE DEFECTS INFLUENCE ON THE ALUMINUM ALLOY BEHAVIOUR UNDER THE CYCLIC LOAD CONDITIONS." Frontier materials & technologies, no. 1 (2022): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2782-4039-2022-1-7-14.

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Aluminum and its alloys, such as the Al–Si–Mg alloy, are widely used in various industrial and engineering fields due to their mechanical properties. In this case, the defects occurring during the casting process adversely affect the behavior of this alloy under cyclic load conditions. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the surface defect influence on the material's fatigue strength is currently of great importance. The paper presents a numerical investigation based on the finite element method intended to evaluate the effect of the interaction of the complex-shaped defects on the stress of the Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloy. The developed complex-defect model consists of a hemispherical main (base) defect and a secondary defect at the bottom of the main one. The authors use the Chaboche model to describe the material’s behavior under the cyclic load conditions. The paper contains the computational solution constructed with the ANSYS Workbench platform. The authors supposed that it is possible to approximate the considered complex defect form by an equivalent simplified defect. The study shows that the maximum von Mises stress values for the complex-shaped defects are achieved at the joint of the secondary defect with the main one. In the case of an equivalent defect, the maximum values are observed at the defect's bottom and on the periphery. The authors comparatively estimated the uncertainty obtained using an equivalent defect and the cases of three complex-shaped defects and three hemispherical defects without additional (secondary) damage. This estimation shows that in the case of a complex-shaped defect, the equivalent defect model has an error of 14.5 %, which is 6.5 % greater than in the case of the hemispherical defects without secondary damages at the bottom.

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Mu, Jinshuang, Zhanjun Gao, and Fengyuan Zhou. "Defect Analysis of Secondary Equipment Based on Power Dictionary and Apriori Algorithm." E3S Web of Conferences 256 (2021): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125602028.

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In order to improve the operation level and maintenance efficiency of the secondary equipment in the power system, based on the historical defect data, starting from the efficiency of data processing, power system need to build electricity dictionary. In the process of describing and processing the defect data, based on the electric power dictionary, the key characteristics of the defect data can be effectively extracted. From the perspective of data mining, this paper use Apriori algorithm to correlate and analyze the defect data, establish a analysis model for the secondary equipment defect data. Take a provincial electric power company’s secondary equipment historical defect data mining as an example, describes the application process and analysis method of Apriori algorithm. The results show that the algorithm can effectively dig out familial defects and find the weakness of the equipment, it has a certain guiding role for the improvement of equipment performance and secondary equipment operation, maintenance and overhaul.

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Bakavičiūtė, Greta, Sabina Špiliauskaitė, Audronė Meškauskienė, and Diana Ramašauskaitė. "Laparoscopic repair of the uterine scar defect – successful treatment of secondary infertility: a case report and literature review." Acta medica Lituanica 23, no. 4 (January 11, 2017): 227–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v23i4.3424.

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Background. The aim of this paper is to present a clinical case of laparoscopic repair of a uterine scar defect, to assess the effectiveness of treatment reviewing the latest literature sources, and to provide recommendations of uterine scar defect management. Materials and methods. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman with an insufficient uterine scar and one-year history of secondary infertility. Following this, she underwent corrective laparoscopic repair, successfully got pregnant two months later and carried pregnancy to full term. We discuss the prevalence of caesarean scar defects, their clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, various treatment techniques, and their outcomes. Results and conclusion. Caesarean scar defects, insufficient uterine scars, isthmocele or scar dehiscence following a caesarean section involve myometrial discontinuity at the site of a scar previous caesarean section. These anatomical defects associated with prolonged menstrual bleeding, chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and secondary infertility. Laparoscopic repair of the uterine scar defect is an effective method of treatment of secondary infertility. Patients with a previous history of caesarean section who present complaints of secondary infertility, need a detailed evaluation of the uterine scar before planning future pregnancies.

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Mirchuk, B. M., and Y. V. Maksymov. "Orthodontic treatment of secondary deformations in adult patients with defects of dentition." Medicni perspektivi (Medical perspectives) 26, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2021.2.234633.

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In the presence of dentition defects there is a complex of morphological, aesthetic and functional changes that significantly complicate the process of diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. Dentition defects, combined with various dental anomalies and deformations very often impede rational prosthetics and at times make it impossible at all. The aim is to increase the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment of secondary deformations in patients with dentition defects by using primary dental implants as an additional skeletal support. For clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of secondary deformations in 20 patients with partial dentition defects there was performed orthodontic treatment using a straight arc technique with metal braces of the Roth system and primary detailed one-component implants as an additional skeletal support. On the diagnostic models of the jaws, the meso-distal dimensions of the lost teeth and their possible position in the dentition were determined, the shape of the dentition by methods of Pon and Korkhaus, the position of the teeth in the area of dentition defects was analyzed and the jigs of occlusion according to Andrews were defined. The use of primary dental implants as an additional skeletal support in the area of dentition defects makes it possible to control the rotation of the teeth and at the same time to use orthodontic forces of different intensity during their distal or mesial movement. As a result of orthodontic treatment of secondary deformations, we managed to achieve positive changes in the normalization of angles of dental inclination that limit the defect in patients with dentition defects. Along with the normalization of the angles of dental inclination (torque and angulation) which limit dentition defects we have noticed an increase in the distance between these teeth, which allows to restore dentition defect with dentures, better corresponding to the size of the lost teeth. Important, in our opinion, is the possibility, when using a primary dental implant as an additional skeletal support, to use the technique of segmental braces. The use of primary dental implants in the area of the dentition defect as an additional skeletal support makes it possible to restore angulation and torque of the teeth, which limit the defect, using orthodontic forces of different intensity. As a result of orthodontic treatment of secondary deformations, the distance between teeth limiting dentition defects on the upper jaw increased on average by 2.39 mm (p<0.001) and on the lower jaw – by 2.57 mm (p<0.001).

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Bhandari, Kishor, Chih-Hung Lin, and Han-Tsung Liao. "Secondary Mandible Reconstruction with Computer-Assisted-Surgical Simulation and Patient-Specific Pre-Bent Plates: The Algorithm of Virtual Planning and Limitations Revisited." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 4672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094672.

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Despite the known advantages of virtual surgical planning and three-dimensional (3D) printing, translation of virtual planning to actual operation is a challenge, especially in secondary mandibular reconstruction. Patients who underwent secondary microvascular mandibular reconstruction were retrospectively reviewed and categorized into three categories as follows: (i) defect not crossing the midline (category I); (ii) defects crossing the midline with availability of previous imaging data (category II) and; (iii) defects crossing the midline with unavailability of previous imaging data (category III). The resulting 3D printed models were used as an effective guide for plate bending during secondary reconstruction surgery. Accuracy of the reconstruction was evaluated by superimposing post-operative images over virtual plan. Out of eleven patients, five were category I, three were category II, and three were category III. The mean linear discrepancy between the planned and post-operative position was measured. A Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to compare mean discrepancy among the groups showed no significant difference between group I and group II (p > 0.05) whereas comparison of groups I and II with group III showed a significant difference (p < 0.01). The proposed algorithm for the generation of defect template for manual plate bending during secondary reconstruction of mandibular defects is valid with acceptable accuracy in various defect configurations.

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Robson, A. K., A. J. Jones, and R. W. T. Slack. "CSF otorrhoea secondary to a tegmen defect." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 10 (October 1989): 980–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100110692.

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Raineri, V., and S. U. Campisano. "Secondary defect dissolution by voids in silicon." Applied Physics Letters 69, no. 12 (September 16, 1996): 1783–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117485.

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Horswell, Bruce B., and James M. Henderson. "Secondary osteoplasty of the alveolar cleft defect." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 61, no. 9 (September 2003): 1082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(03)00322-7.

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Gaiduk, P. I., and A. Nylandsted Larsen. "Secondary defect evolution in ion‐implanted silicon." Journal of Applied Physics 68, no. 10 (November 15, 1990): 5081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347071.

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HALLISEY, MICHAEL J., and VICENTE J. CARIDE. "Single Perfusion Defect Secondary to Intrathoracic Kidney." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 15, no. 7 (July 1990): 523–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199007000-00020.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Secondary defect"

Semwogerere, Denis Bbija. "Wave Number Selection and Defect Dynamics in Patterns with Hexagonal Symmetry." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5300.

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Wave Number Selection and Defect Dynamics in Patterns with Hexagonal Symmetry Denis B. Semwogerere 108 Pages Directed by Dr. Michael F. Schatz We report quantitative measurements of wave number selection, secondary instability and defect dynamics in hexagonal patterns. A novel optical technique ("thermal laser writing") is used to imprint initial patterns with selected characteristics in a B뮡rd-Marangoni convection experiment. Initial patterns of ideal hexagons are imposed to determine the band of stable-pattern wave numbers. For small values of control parameter epsilon the measured stable band is found to agree quantitatively with theoretical predictions at the low-wave-number side of the band, and qualitatively at the high-wave-number side. Long-wavelength perturbations of ideal hexagonal patterns suggested by theory are imposed for epsilon=0.46 and their growth rates are measured to investigate the mechanisms of secondary instability. Our results suggest a transverse-phase instability limits stable hexagons at low wave number while a longitudinal-phase instability limits high-wave-number hexagons. Initial patterns containing an isolated penta-hepta defect are imprinted to study defect propagation directions and velocities. The experimental results agree well with theoretical predictions. The experimental investigations are discussed in the context of patterns with hexagonal symmetry formed under nonequilibrium external driving conditions.

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Руденко, Александр Антонович. "Вероятностные модели и методы оценивания надежности программных средств с учетом вторичных дефектов." Thesis, Полтавский национальный технический университет им. Ю. Кондратюка, 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/19065.

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Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.13.06 – информационные технологии – Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт", Харьков, 2015. Диссертация посвящена разработке моделей, методов оценки надежности программно-технических комплексов, информационной технологии на основе учета внесения вторичных дефектов. Как показывает проведенный анализ, необходимость обеспечения точности оценки надежности программного обеспечения обуславливает актуальность научных исследований, посвященных разработке и совершенствованию методов и моделей оценки. В существующих моделях оценки надежности не учитывается фактор вторичных дефектов или этому аспекту не уделяется внимание вообще. Это может привести, с одной стороны, к неэффективному применению и распределению методов и средств повышения надежности, а с другой, к недооценке рисков, связанных с возникновением отказов. Усовершенствованы вероятностные модели оценки надежности программных средств на основе учета параметров вторичных дефектов, путем модификаций функций риска этих моделей, что позволяет адекватно отображать процессы тестирования и сопровождения программных средств. В рамках исследования был проведен анализ классификаций моделей, анализ вероятностных моделей повышения надежности на предмет возможности их модификаций с тем, чтобы учитывать вторичные дефекты. Наиболее целесообразно в контексте поставленной задачи использовать модель Джелински-Моранды. Разработан метод оценивания числа вторичных дефектов программных средств, основанный на анализе статистических данных проявления первичных дефектов программных средств, что позволяет повысить точность количественных оценок эксплуатационных показателей. Потребность в разработке метода вызвана трудностями аналитического нахождения вторичных дефектов на основе моделей оценки надежности программных средств. В методе оценивания числа вторичных дефектов по статистическим данным выявления дефектов учитываются факторы раннего и поздних этапов тестирования (эксплуатации), что соответствует реалиям соответствующих этапов жизненного цикла программ.
The dissertation on obtaining the scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences in the specialty 05.13.06 – information technologies – National technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2015. The dissertation dedicated to the developing of models, methods of reliability estimation of software-technical complexes of information technology on the basis of making secondary defects. Scientific results are: improving probabilistic models of reliability estimation of software based on the parameters of secondary defects by modifying the risk function of these models that allows to reflect processes of testing and maintenance of software; method of estimating secondary defects of software tools that is based on the analysis of statistical data of manifestation of primary defects of software tools that allows to raise the accuracy of the quantitative assessment of performance indicators; the method of calculating the average intensity of manifestation of defects and the average change in the intensity of manifestation of defects with the help of modified model Jelinski-Moranda that, unlike existing, takes into account factor of secondary defects that allows to verify the reliability of software tools. Information technology of assessment the secure of software tools taking into account the secondary defects is devised basing on the method of estimating the number of secondary defects according to the statistics of defect detection and the method of calculating the average intensity of manifestation of defects and the average change in the intensity of manifestation of defects. The proposed models and methods allow to raise the accuracy of estimation of reliability of software and hardware complexes that is achieved by taking into account the factor of secondary defects.

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Руденко, Олександр Антонович. "Імовірнісні моделі та методи оцінювання надійності програмних засобів з урахуванням вторинних дефектів." Thesis, ТОВ "Фірма "Техсервіс", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/19064.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.13.06 – інформаційні технології – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2015. Дисертація присвячена розробці моделей, методів оцінювання надійності програмно-технічних комплексів, інформаційної технології на основі врахування внесення вторинних дефектів. Науковими результатами є: удосконалення імовірнісних моделей оцінки надійності програмних засобів на основі врахування параметрів вторинних дефектів шляхом модифікації функцій ризику цих моделей, що дозволяє адекватно відображати процеси тестування і супроводу програмних засобів; метод оцінювання числа вторинних дефектів програмних засобів, що ґрунтується на аналізі статистичних даних прояву первинних дефектів програмних засобів, що дозволяє підвищити точність оцінок кількісних експлуатаційних показників; метод обчислення середньої інтенсивності прояву дефектів і середньої зміни інтенсивності прояву дефектів за допомогою модифікованої моделі Джелінські-Моранди, у якому, на відміну від існуючих, враховується фактор вторинних дефектів, що дозволяє верифікувати показники надійності програмних засобів. На основі методу оцінювання числа вторинних дефектів за статистичними даними виявлення дефектів та методу обчислення середньої інтенсивності прояву дефектів і середньої зміни інтенсивності прояву дефектів розроблена інформаційна технологія оцінювання надійності програмних засобів з урахуванням вторинних дефектів. Запропоновані моделі і методи дозволяють підвищити точність оцінювання надійності програмно-технічних комплексів, що досягається за рахунок урахування фактора вторинних дефектів.
The dissertation on obtaining the scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences in the specialty 05.13.06 – information technologies – National technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2015. The dissertation dedicated to the developing of models, methods of reliability estimation of software-technical complexes of information technology on the basis of making secondary defects. Scientific results are: improving probabilistic models of reliability estimation of software based on the parameters of secondary defects by modifying the risk function of these models that allows to reflect processes of testing and maintenance of software; method of estimating secondary defects of software tools that is based on the analysis of statistical data of manifestation of primary defects of software tools that allows to raise the accuracy of the quantitative assessment of performance indicators; the method of calculating the average intensity of manifestation of defects and the average change in the intensity of manifestation of defects with the help of modified model Jelinski-Moranda that, unlike existing, takes into account factor of secondary defects that allows to verify the reliability of software tools. Information technology of assessment the secure of software tools taking into account the secondary defects is devised basing on the method of estimating the number of secondary defects according to the statistics of defect detection and the method of calculating the average intensity of manifestation of defects and the average change in the intensity of manifestation of defects. The proposed models and methods allow to raise the accuracy of estimation of reliability of software and hardware complexes that is achieved by taking into account the factor of secondary defects.

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Clemente, Damião Inácio. "Estresse hídrico sobre caracteres morfofisiológicos e agronômicos em populações de milho." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7572.

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The occurrence of estimation periods has been provoking several activities, increasing corn area cultivated in Brazil is rainfed, and as losses in annual productivity due to drought are around 15% of the total yield potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water deficit on agronomic traits and production components on maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes and to distinguish populations with greater tolerance to water stress. The study was carried out during the period 2015/2016, in the experimental area of the Federal University of Goiás - Jatobá Campus, located in the city of Jataí / Goiás. Twenty-four genotypes were studied, 12 of which were pollinated: CC1; CCV; CRE1; CRE2; CRE3; CRE1S; MPA; MPA1; TG2R; TG2RMV; NAPPMHG; CRV-02, 10 genotypes of commercial hybrid F2 generation: HSG1, HSG2, HSG4, HSG4, HSG5, HSG6, HSG7, HSG8, HSG9 and HSG10 and two testers: DKB390 (tolerant) and BRS1030 (sensitive). The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks (DBC), in a 2 x 24 factorial scheme, (2 planting times and 24 genotypes), with 4 reps. The traits are: Male and Female Flowering (FM and FF); Interval between female and male flowering in days (IFMF); Height of plants (APL); Ear Height (AES); Stay green (STG); Prolificity (PRL); Ear length (CES); Ear diameter (DES); Hectoliter weight (PHCL) and Grain yield (PGR). The genotypes CCV, CRE3 and TG2R are potential genotypes for use in breeding programs aiming at greater tolerance to water stress. These genotypes do not differ among themselves for PGR under water deficit, with productivity of 5.76; 6.26; 5.59 and 4.48 t ha-1, respectively. The flowering interval, ear diameter and stay green are good indicative as secondary traits in the selection of water stress tolerant genotypes.
A ocorrência de períodos de estiagem vem provocando diversas alterações nas estratégias agrícolas, Grande parte da área de milho cultivados no Brasil é de sequeiro, e as perdas em produtividade anual em decorrência da seca ficam em torno de 15% do potencial de rendimento total do milho. Deste modo, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito do déficit hídrico sobre caracteres agronômicos e componentes de produção em genótipos de milho (Zea mays L.) e distinguir populações com maior tolerância ao estresse hídrico. O estudo foi realizado durante o período de safra 2015/2016, na área experimental da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Campus Jatobá, situado na cidade de Jataí/Goiás, Foram estudados 24 genótipos, sendo 12 populações oriundas de polinização aberta: CC1; CCV; CRE1; CRE2; CRE3; CRE1S; MPA; MPA1; TG2R; TG2RMV; NAPPMHG; CRV-02, 10 genótipos de geração F2 de híbridos comerciais: HSG1, HSG2, HSG3, HSG4, HSG5, HSG6, HSG7, HSG8, HSG9 e HSG10 e duas testemunhas: DKB390 (tolerante) e BRS1030 (sensível). O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados (DBC), em um esquema fatorial 2 x 24, (2 épocas de plantio e 24 genótipos), com 4 repetições. Os caracteres avaliados foram: Florescimento Masculino e Feminino (FM e FF); Intervalo entre os florescimentos feminino e masculino em dias (IFMF); Altura de plantas (APL); Altura de espiga (AES); Stay Green (STG); Prolificidade média (PRL); Comprimento de espiga (CES); Diâmetro de espiga (DES); Peso hectolitro (PHCL) e Produtividade de grãos (PGR). Os genótipos CCV, CRE3 e TG2R são potenciais genótipos para uso em programas de melhoramento visando maior tolerância ao estresse hídrico. Estes genótipos não se diferem entre si para PGR sob déficit hídrico, com produtividade média de 5,76; 6,26; 5,59 e 4,48 t ha-1, respectivamente. O intervalo de florescimento, diâmetro de espiga e stay green são bons indicativos como caracteres secundários na seleção de genótipos tolerantes ao estresse hídrico.

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Stevens, Troy A. "Classroom management techniques for ADHD students a teaching guide for secondary teachers /." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2009. http://adr.coalliance.org/codr/fez/view/codr:159.

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Caprariello, Andrew Vincent. "Cytoarchitectural Defects Secondary To Experimentally Induced Oligodendrocyte Death In The Adult And Developing Central Nervous System." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1346859526.

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Grynkewich, Magda Ann Urban 1952. "Elementary and secondary preservice educators' attitudes and knowledge about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282128.

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General education teachers are largely responsible for the education of students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This is partially due to the educational movement toward inclusion for students with disabilities, and partially due to the ability of about 50% of students with ADHD to progress normally in school when given classroom accommodations and/or instructional modifications. General educators are teaching students with ADHD, yet limited information about teacher attitudes and knowledge about ADHD exists. This study is an initial exploratory investigation that examined the attitudes and knowledge about ADHD of preservice general education teachers at the elementary and secondary levels. Preservice elementary and secondary teachers completed an instrument designed to assess their attitudes and knowledge regarding ADHD. Two scales were created: one scale for items related to attitudes, and the second scale related to basic knowledge about ADHD. Research questions addressed preservice teachers' overall attitude and knowledge about ADHD, and whether grade level, gender, or perceived experience with ADHD influenced their attitude and/or knowledge about ADHD. Findings demonstrated that preservice teachers were in general agreement with positive attitude statements about ADHD. Differences in attitude ratings by grade level were significant, with elementary preservice teachers in stronger agreement with statements about ADHD than secondary preservice teachers. No significant differences in attitude were evident for gender. There was, however, a significant difference in attitude based on teachers' reported experience with ADHD. Teachers with basic or moderate/extensive experience had significantly more positive attitudes than teachers with no experience. Preservice teachers answered slightly more than half of the 11 knowledge items correctly. Elementary preservice teachers correctly answered more knowledge items about ADHD than secondary preservice teachers. No differences in knowledge were identified based on preservice teachers' gender or experience with ADHD. The findings are discussed in relation to other research on teacher attitudes and knowledge for ADHD. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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Holmes, Henderson Arlene Victoria. "A defence of classical rhetoric in Scotland's Curriculum for Excellence." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4705/.

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This study warns that Scottish education is in danger of losing a valuable and venerable element of the school curriculum: the Classics. In order to demonstrate what Scottish education stands to lose, this study defends one particular element of the Classics, rhetoric, understood as the practice of effective speaking and effective writing for the purpose of persuasion. Scotland’s Curriculum for Excellence (CfE), first conceived in 2002 and implemented in 2010, is still a fledgling curricular initiative and schools are currently in an adjustment phase while existing syllabus content and pedagogical approaches are reviewed in order to better reflect the aims and purposes of the new curriculum. With increased focus on teacher autonomy, flexibility, personalisation and choice (Scottish Government 2008), now is an ideal time, I claim, to reveal and defend the contribution of rhetoric to this curriculum. This study promotes the learning and teaching of rhetoric in Scottish secondary schools, citing its potential to enrich not just the Classics but many areas of the curriculum, and makes particular claims for its contribution to cultivating critical and responsible citizens. Set against a broader backdrop of political and philosophical influences on curriculum reform and educational policy, this research examines the origins, aims and purposes of CfE and suggests that, although clearly influenced by supranational expectations regarding employability, economic growth and adequately equipping the future workforce, the curriculum appears to uphold the value of the Arts and Humanities and places education for citizenship at its core. These moves imply progress, at least in Scotland, towards ameliorating the ‘crisis in the Humanities’ and making room for increased focus on cross-curricular skills and abilities which are considered important for responsible citizenship: literacy, speaking and listening, argumentation and debate. The retention of Classical languages in Scotland’s new curriculum offers renewed hope, at least at the policy level, for the revitalisation of Classics teaching in Scottish schools. Yet despite their inclusion in the curriculum, they have received no promotion and there are no teacher training places available in Classical languages in Scotland so, at a practical level, the future of the subjects remains in crisis. By focussing on the educational merit of just one feature of the Classics, this study aims to highlight the value of rhetoric in CfE and in so doing raise the profile and improve the image of Classical language education. I argue that the Classical rhetorical framework, developed as a method for citizens to represent themselves effectively in public, has much to offer the development of literacy, critical literacy and critical thinking. These skills are shown to be linked to citizenship education and particular attention is paid to what is meant by ‘responsible citizenship’ in CfE. The argument is made that popular interpretations of the policy imply personally responsible or participatory conceptions of citizenship, but I promote a maximal interpretation in the form of ‘justice-oriented’ citizenship (Westheimer and Kahne 2004: 242). I defend that it is this conception of citizenship which is optimal for Scottish democracy both to appeal to the Scottish democratic intellect (Davie 1961) and to advance the values of wisdom, justice, compassion and integrity, the values inscribed on the mace in the Scottish Parliament (Gillies 2006). Despite ambiguity in CfE regarding the form of democracy envisaged for the 21st century, I argue that the study of rhetoric cultivates knowledge and skills which are particularly pertinent and beneficial to deliberative democracy and that in such a conception of democracy, rhetoric complements critical argumentation as a method of deliberation between citizens. I claim that it does so by facilitating narrative imagination, engaging the emotions and by providing a communicative bridge between diversely positioned deliberators. After highlighting and defending the value of rhetoric in CfE, the study concludes with the consideration of how rhetoric might best be positioned in the curriculum and advances a number of possible pedagogical models for its delivery, the most practical of which is offered by a cross-curricular approach but the most desirable of which is conferred by Classical languages.

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Bratt, Katharina. "Secondary plant metabolites as defence against herbivores and oxidative stress : Synthesis, isolation and biological evaluation." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1074.

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In this thesis the isolation, synthesis and biological evaluation of natural defense compounds against herbivores or oxidative stress is discussed.

The first part concerns the metabolites of platyphylloside ((5S)-5-hydroxy-1,7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-heptanone-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), a phenolic glucoside found in birch (Betula pendula) that possess digestibility inhibiting activity in herbivores. The structure-activity relationship of platyphylloside analogues were investigated regarding to stereochemistry and substitution pattern on the aromatic rings. The metabolites formed in vitro in rumen fluid were synthesized and the active metabolite determined as (R)-centrolobol (1,7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-heptanol). Treatment of mice and rats with rac-centrolobol did not effect either food intake or body weight. Effect of platyphylloside in moose was also investigated, and the results indicate that there was an in vivo digestibility reducing activity.

The second part concerns naturally occurring antioxidants. Avenanthramides is a class of phenolic antioxidants found in oat (Avena sativa). Avenanthramides derived from either anthranilic acid or 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid were evaluated for their antioxidative capacity and quantified in oat extracts. Avenanthramides derived from 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid possessed higher activity than those from anthranilic acid. The order of reactivity depending on substitution pattern on the phenolic moiety was found to be 4-hydroxy < 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy < 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy and 3,4-dihydroxy. A synthesis towards antioxidative compounds such as 4-deoxycarbazomycin was developed.

The third part concerns the isolation of compounds from Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) with antifeedant activity against pine weevil (Hylobius abietis). Two compounds possessing high activity were isolated and identified.

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Goodey, Nicole Ann. "Ecological patterns in plant defence chemistry and herbivore responses in natural populations of Brassica oleracea." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21667.

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Relationships between two taxonomic kingdoms; plants and herbivorous insects, are hypothesized to be a major zone of interaction for generating current day biodiversity; and coevolutionary processes between these intricately linked organisms are hypothesized to maintain diversity in plant secondary chemistry. These metabolites play a key role in plant defence against herbivory and a high degree of intraspecific variation is observed at multiple ecological scales. However, the nature of selection maintaining variation in plant defence profiles is still a major question in evolutionary biology and ecology, and progress towards a deeper understanding is hampered by a lack of studies that take into account ecological context and the multivariate nature of plant defence phenotypes. In this thesis, I employ sophisticated chemical analysis techniques to identify a suite of glucosinolate secondary chemicals, representing different biosynthetic pathways, in the wild cabbage, Brassica oleracea, in natural populations in the UK. I used model-based cluster analysis to explore patterns of association between individual glucosinolates, predicting that as simultaneous resource allocation to multiple defences is likely to be constrained; negative associations between defensive traits should be observed. However, results revealed positive associations between glucosinolates. Therefore co-expression of multiple defences may not be costly for this species. Using this information in conjunction with herbivore surveys and experiments, I show that this mixture has the potential to shape patterns of herbivore abundance and host plant utilization: species-specific responses to variation in glucosinolate phenotypes are discovered at various ecological scales. Thus there is the potential for differential selection on plant chemotypes though species-specific attractions and aversions. By conducting fine scale experiments with herbivore species, I also found that glucosinolate variation has an impact on the counter-adaptations that some brassica specialists have evolved: in order to optimally defend against their own natural enemies, Brevicoryne brassicae aphids sequestering glucosinolates from their host plants must do so selectively, and must choose plants whose chemical profile best matches this behaviour. These findings show that glucosinolate profiles may be under natural selection by herbivores in wild populations, and that reciprocal evolution between these plants and their specialists may continue to promote diversity in secondary metabolites. Together these results highlight the complexity inherent in plant-insect interactions, the importance of field studies and generate a wealth of testable hypotheses for future work.

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Books on the topic "Secondary defect"

Teaching teens with ADD, ADHD & executive function deficits: A quick reference guide for teachers and parents. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House, 2011.

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Parker, Harvey C. The ADD hyperactivity handbook for schools: Effective strategies for identifying and teaching ADD students in elementary and secondary schools. Plantation, Fla: Impact Publications, 1992.

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Reznik, Semen. How to defend your dissertation. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1816400.

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Many applicants for academic degrees are sure that their main task is to write a good dissertation. In fact, it is necessary to solve not one, but at least two tasks: first, of course, to prepare the work, and secondly, to successfully protect it. But this is not so much a scientific as a managerial problem that requires its own ways and methods of solution. The methods of its solution are discussed in the proposed work. The book is aimed primarily at applicants defending PhD theses, but it may also be of interest to those who are preparing for the defense of doctoral theses or are interested in the organization of scientific activities.

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Parker, Harvey C. The ADD hyperactivity handbook for schools: Effective strategies for identifying and teachings students with attention deficit disorders in elementary and secondary schools. Plantation, Fla: Impact Publications, 1992.

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Adolescents and ADD: Gaining the advantage. New York: Magination Press, 1995.

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Help4ADD@high school. Bethesda, Md: Advantage Books, 1998.

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Quinn, Patricia O. Adolescents and ADD: Gaining the advantage. New York: Magination Press, 1995.

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Sunnerheim-Sjöberg, Kerstin. Chemical studies of secondary metabolites in Betula and Pinus: With emphasis on defence against mammalian herbivores. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry, 1991.

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Sherstnev, Nikolay. Maintenance and repair of marine pumps. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1085864.

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The tutorial shows the design features of marine pumps that affect their working conditions and methods of maintenance and repair. Recommendations for external inspection and control of their components and parts are given. The features of disassembly and assembly of various types of pumps are shown. With examples from ship practice, typical defects of pump assemblies and parts, methods of their determination and elimination are considered. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions (specialty in the specialty "Operation of marine power plants") and university teachers. It can also be used in the system of secondary vocational education in the specialty "Operation of marine power plants".

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Sherstnev, Nikolay. Maintenance and repair of ship pipelines, valves and filters. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1048799.

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The tutorial shows the design features of ship pipelines, valves and filters that affect the conditions of their operation and methods of maintenance and repair. Recommendations for external inspection and control of their elements are given. The features of disassembly and Assembly of various types of valves and filters are shown. With examples from ship practice typical defects of the specified elements, ways of their definition and elimination are considered. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions (specialization in the specialty "Operation of ship power plants") and University teachers. It can also be used in the system of secondary vocational education in the specialty "Operation of ship power plants".

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Book chapters on the topic "Secondary defect"

Chiu-Collins, Lynn L., Amit D. Bhrany, and Craig S. Murakami. "Secondary Defect." In Encyclopedia of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 2368. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23499-6_200209.

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Davit-Spraul, Anne, Marine Beinat, Dominique Debray, Agnes Rötig, Abdelhamid Slama, and Emmanuel Jacquemin. "Secondary Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Defect Can Delay Accurate PFIC2 Diagnosis." In JIMD Reports, 17–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8904_2013_278.

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Tanaka, S., K. Morita, and S. Taharazako. "Nondestructive Internal Defect Detection of Agricultural Products Using Secondary Ultrasonic Wave." In Developments in Food Engineering, 957–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2674-2_313.

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Althonaian, Nouf, Abdulrahman Alsultan, Eva Morava, and Majid Alfadhel. "Secondary Hemophagocytic Syndrome Associated with COG6 Gene Defect: Report and Review." In JIMD Reports, 105–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8904_2018_88.

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Watanabe, Koichi, and Kensuke Kiyokawa. "Rabbit-Head-Shaped Scar Flap Umbilicoplasty for a Secondary Umbilical Defect After Abdominoplasty." In Adult Umbilical Reconstruction, 255–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43887-0_26.

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Schrenk, Peter. "Superior-Based Pedicle Quadrantectomy and Defect Reconstruction with Inferior-Based Pedicle: Secondary Prophylactic Mastectomy and Implant Reconstruction." In Oncoplastic Breast Surgery, 97–100. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1874-0_26.

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Karol, Lori, Alex Cherkashin, and Mikhail Samchukov. "Adolescent with Segmental Bone Defect Secondary to Grade IIIB Open Tibial Fracture Treated by Oblique Wire Bone Transport." In Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Surgery Case Atlas, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02767-8_79-1.

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Fuleihan, Ramsay L. "Class-Switch Defects." In Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency, 49–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57157-3_4.

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Chaimowitz, Natalia S., and Lisa R. Forbes. "Natural Killer Cell Defects." In Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency, 331–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57157-3_19.

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Rimini, Emanuele. "Annealing and Secondary Defects." In Ion Implantation: Basics to Device Fabrication, 173–216. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2259-1_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Secondary defect"

Karki, S., and D. Nguyen. "Failure recovery mechanism caused by secondary defect." In 2013 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irps.2013.6532084.

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Joy, David C., Neeraj Khanna, and David Braski. "Secondary electron spectroscopy for microanalysis and defect review." In Microlithography '99, edited by Bhanwar Singh. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.350849.

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Shimizu, N., B. Mizuno, Y. Hirofuji, and K. Tsuji. "Secondary Defect Reduction by Multiple MeV Boron Ion Implantation." In 1990 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1990.c-10-11.

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Mishra, Naresh C., Rajib Biswal, Dinakar Kanjilal, and Devesh K. Avasthi. "Defect creation by swift heavy ion induced secondary electrons." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Gary P. Grim and Richard C. Schirato. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.893025.

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Nan, Dongliang, Kaike Wang, Weiqing Wang, Wei Wei, Kai Chen, and Yonghui Sun. "Defect Classification of Power Secondary Equipment Based on XGBoost Algorithm." In 2019 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac48633.2019.8996804.

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Xie, Yu, Fangrui Zhu, and Yanwei Fu. "Main-Secondary Network for Defect Segmentation of Textured Surface Images." In 2020 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacv45572.2020.9093578.

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Hirokawa, Fumihito, Masaaki Hayashi, Minoru Masuda, Yasuhiro Mabuchi, Yukinori Yamamoto, Fuminori Iwamatsu, Katsumasa Miyazaki, and David Johnson. "Defect Tolerance Assessment for ABWR Nozzle Crotch Corner." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63823.

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In the nuclear industry, demands on the structural integrity reliability of metal components are always increasing. The quantification of allowable defects in pressure vessels should therefore draw on advanced structural integrity assessment procedures. In the UK, R6 [1] is the main procedures used for defect tolerance assessment (DTA). In this paper, the overall evaluation procedure of DTA using R6 applied to the Main Steam (MS) nozzle crotch corner of the Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) is presented. At the nozzle crotch corner region, high stresses, including through-wall bending stresses from the local structural discontinuity, were present. These bending stresses have been categorised as secondary. R6 conservatively implies such bending stresses may need to be categorised as primary, to allow for the possibility of elastic follow-up. To support application as a secondary stress, an elastic-plastic finite element analysis has been performed to evaluate the J-integral for the nozzle crotch corner. The resulting values of J, when compared to the stress intensity factor and collapse solutions used for the assessment, showed that treating the bending stress as secondary maintained sufficient margin, indicating conservatism. Finally, the DTA results of the nozzle crotch corner are presented to determine the defect tolerance criteria. This includes calculating the limiting defect size at the start of plant life when considering the end of life critical defect size and through life Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG).

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R., Rekha. "Tegmen Tympani Defect and Temporal Lobe Encephalocele, Secondary to Mastoid Surgery." In 27th Annual National Conference of the Indian Society of Otology. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700234.

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Wenyue, Zhou, Zheng Yongkang, Liu Mingzhong, Ding Xuanwen, Zhu Xin, and Li Xia. "Smart Substation Secondary Equipment Defect Diagnosis Method Based on Information Flow." In 2019 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-asia.2019.8881183.

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Li, Rui, Bin Xue, Kun Zhao, Huihui Chu, and Benshuang Jiao. "PCB Defect Recognition and Elimination Based on Secondary Error and Statistical Histogram." In 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc48107.2020.9148132.

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Reports on the topic "Secondary defect"

Yu, Beibei, Yongfeng Zhang, and Shouping Gong. Effects of miRNA-modified exosomes alleviate cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in Pre-clinical Studies: A Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0062.

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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of miRNA-modified exosomes in alleviating cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury compared with the non-treatment group. The research object is an animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The research method is a controlled study. The primary outcome of this study was infarct volume, and the secondary outcome was neurobehavioral performance. Main outcome(s): The primary outcome of this study was Infarct volumes，which was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetranzolium chloride (TTC) staining. And it was calculated as followed: Infarct volume % = lesion area of each section = (contralateral hemisphere area/ipsilateral hemisphere area) × ipsilateral lesion area. Neurobehavioral performance was the secondary outcome, and was assessed by three scoring scales: modified neurological severity score (mNSS), Longa scoring system and neurological deficit score (NDS).

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Leach, Roland M., Carol V. Gay, Mark Pines, and Shmuel Hurwitz. Developing Nutritional-Management Protocols which Prevent Tibial Dyschondroplasia. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573994.bard.

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The objectives of this proposal were (1) to develop early age short-term restrict feeding protocols which eliminate the incidence of TD without compromising market weight performance and (2) monitor the components of the PTH/PTHrP cascade in conjunction with the development of the protocols in Objective 1. In this investigation it was established that changes in gene expression associated with TD occur as early as 13 days of age. This means that management strategies for the control of this disease must be established during the initial two weeks of rearing. In order to determine a focus for these management strategies, attempts were made to identify the metabolic defect responsible for tibial dyschondroplasia. Therefore, the parathyroid hormone/parathyrod related peptide (PTH/PTHrP) cascade of events was investigated. This emphasis was based on the fact that many nutritional factors that influence TD could be operating through this system. Secondly, the receptor for these peptides acts as the gatekeeper of chondrocyte differentiation. Examination of many aspects of this cascade led to the conclusion that TD is not the direct result of perturbation of this PTH/PTHrP receptor but is likely to develop from an interruption of a pathway downstream from this receptor.

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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Gandhi Kingdon. The Myth and Reality of Teacher Shortage in India: An Investigation Using 2019-20 Data. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/072.

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This paper examines the widespread perception in India that the country has an acute teacher shortage of about one million teachers in public elementary schools, a view repeated in India’s National Education Policy 2020. Using official DISE data, we show that teacher vacancies cannot be equated with teacher shortages: while the number of teacher vacancies (in teacher-deficit schools) is 766,487, the number of teacher surpluses (in surplus-teacher schools) is 520,141, giving a net deficit of only 246,346 teachers in the country. Secondly, removing estimated fake student numbers from enrolment data greatly reduces the required number of teachers and raises the number of surplus teachers, converting the net deficit of 246,346 teachers into an estimated net surplus of 98,371 teachers. Thirdly, if we both remove estimated fake enrolment and also make a hypothetical change to the teacher allocation rule to adjust for the phenomenon of emptying public schools (which has slashed the national median size of public schools to a mere 63 students, and rendered many schools ‘tiny’), the estimated net teacher surplus rises to 239,800 teachers. Fourthly, we show that if government does fresh recruitment to fill the supposed approximately one-million vacancies as promised in National Education Policy 2020, the already modest national mean pupil-teacher-ratio of 25.1 would fall to 19.9, at a permanently increased fiscal cost of nearly Rupees 637 billion (USD 8.7 billion) per year in 2019-20 prices, which is higher than the individual GDPs of 50 countries that year. The paper highlights the major efficiencies that can result from evidence-based policy on minimum viable school-size, teacher allocation norms, permissible maximum pupil teacher ratios, and teacher deployment.

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Sionov, Edward, Nancy Keller, and Shiri Barad-Kotler. Mechanisms governing the global regulation of mycotoxin production and pathogenicity by Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604292.bard.

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The original objectives of the study, as defined in the approved proposal, are: To characterize the relationship of CreA and LaeA in regulation of P T production To understand how PacC modulates P. expansumpathogenicity on apples To examine if other secondary metabolites are involved in virulence or P. expansumfitness To identify the signaling pathways leading to PAT synthesis Penicilliumexpansum, the causal agent of blue mould rot, is a critical health concern because of the production of the mycotoxinpatulin (PAT) in colonized apple fruit tissue. Although PAT is produced by many Penicilliumspecies, the factors activating its biosynthesis were not clear. This research focused on host and fungal mechanisms of activation of LaeA (the global regulator of secondary metabolism), PacC (the global pH modulator) and CreA (the global carbon catabolite regulator) on PAT synthesis with intention to establish P. expansumas the model system for understanding mycotoxin synthesis in fruits. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that mechanistically modulate P. expansumgenes and pathways to control activation of PAT production and virulence in host. Several fungal factors have been correlated with disease development in apples, including the production of PAT, acidification of apple tissue by the fungus, sugar content and the global regulator of secondary metabolism and development, LaeA. An increase in sucrose molarity in the culture medium from 15 to 175 mM negatively regulated laeAexpression and PAT accumulation, but, conversely, increased creAexpression, leading to the hypothesis that CreA could be involved in P. expansumPAT biosynthesis and virulence, possibly through the negative regulation of LaeA. We found evidence for CreAtranscriptional regulation of laeA, but this was not correlated with PAT production either in vitro or in vivo, thus suggesting that CreA regulation of PAT is independent of LaeA. Our finding that sucrose, a key ingredient of apple fruit, regulates PAT synthesis, probably through suppression of laeAexpression, suggests a potential interaction between CreA and LaeA, which may offer control therapies for future study. We have also identified that in addition to PAT gene cluster, CreA regulates other secondary metabolite clusters, including citrinin, andrastin, roquefortine and communesins, during pathogenesis or during normal fungal growth. Following creation of P. expansumpacCknockout strain, we investigated the involvement of the global pH regulator PacC in fungal pathogenicity. We demonstrated that disruption of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC significantly decreased the virulence of P. expansumon deciduous fruits. This phenotype is associated with an impairment in fungal growth, decreased accumulation of gluconic acid and reduced synthesis of pectolytic enzymes. We showed that glucose oxidase- encoding gene, which is essential for gluconic acid production and acidification during fruit colonization, was significantly down regulated in the ΔPepacCmutant, suggesting that gox is PacC- responsive gene. We have provided evidence that deletion of goxgene in P. expansumled to a reduction in virulence toward apple fruits, further indicating that GOX is a virulence factor of P. expansum, and its expression is regulated by PacC. It is also clear from the present data that PacC in P. expansumis a key factor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as PAT. On the basis of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and physiological experimentation, the P. expansumΔlaeA, ΔcreAand ΔpacCmutants were unable to successfully colonize apples for a multitude of potential mechanisms including, on the pathogen side, a decreased ability to produce proteolytic enzymes and to acidify the environment and impaired carbon/nitrogen metabolism and, on the host side, an increase in the oxidative defence pathways. Our study defines these global regulatory factors and their downstream signalling pathways as promising targets for the development of strategies to fight against this post-harvest pathogen.

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Thompson, Joseph. How WASH Programming has Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.001.

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Since first appearing at the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread at a pace and scale not seen before. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. A rapid response was called for, and actors across the globe worked quickly to develop sets of preventative measures to contain the disease. One mode of transmission identified early on in the crisis was via surfaces and objects (fomites) (Howard et al. 2020). To combat this, hand hygiene was put forward as a key preventative measure and heralded as ‘the first line of defence against the disease’ (World Bank 2020). What followed was an unprecedented global focus on handwashing with soap. Health messages on how germs spread, the critical times at which hands should be washed, and methods for correct handwashing were shared (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). Political leaders around the world promoted handwashing and urged people to adopt the practice to protect against the coronavirus. The primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19 have affected people and industries in a variety of different ways. For the WASH sector, the centring of handwashing in the pandemic response has led to a sudden spike in hygiene activity. This SLH Rapid Topic Review takes stock of some of the cross-cutting challenges the sector has been facing during this period and explores the adaptations that have been made in response. It then looks forwards, thinking through what lies ahead for the sector, and considers the learning priorities for the next steps.

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Sharon, Amir, and Maor Bar-Peled. Identification of new glycan metabolic pathways in the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and their role in fungus-plant interactions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597916.bard.

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The involvement of glycans in microbial adherence, recognition and signaling is often a critical determinant of pathogenesis. Although the major glycan components of fungal cell walls have been identified there is limited information available on its ‘minor sugar components’ and how these change during different stages of fungal development. Our aim was to define the role of Rhacontaining-glycans in the gray mold disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. The research was built on the discovery of two genes, Bcdhand bcer, that are involved in formation of UDP-KDG and UDP-Rha, two UDP- sugars that may serve as donors for the synthesis of cell surface glycans. Objectives of the proposed research included: 1) To determine the function of B. cinereaBcDh and BcEr in glycan biosynthesis and in pathogenesis, 2) To determine the expression pattern of BcDH and BcERand cellular localization of their encoded proteins, 3) Characterize the structure and distribution of Rha- containing glycans, 4) Characterization of the UDP-sugar enzymes and potential of GTs involved in glycanrhamnosylation. To address these objectives we generated a series of B. cinereamutants with modifications in the bchdhand bcergenes and the phenotype and sugar metabolism in the resulting strains were characterized. Analysis of sugar metabolites showed that changes in the genes caused changes in primary and secondary sugars, including abolishment of rhamnose, however abolishment of rhamnose synthesis did not cause changes in the fungal phenotype. In contrast, we found that deletion of the second gene, bcer, leads to accumulation of the intermediate sugar – UDP- KDG, and that such mutants suffer from a range of defects including reduced virulence. Further analyses confirmed that UDP-KDG is toxic to the fungus. Studies on mode of action suggested that UDP-KDG might affect integrity of the fungal cell wall, possibly by inhibiting UDP-sugars metabolic enzymes. Our results confirm that bcdhand bcerrepresent a single pathway of rhamnose synthesis in B. cinerea, that rhamnose does not affect in vitro development or virulence of the fungus. We also concluded that UDP-KDG is toxic to B. cinereaand hence UDP-KDG or compounds that inhibit Er enzymes and lead to accumulation of UDP-KDG might have antifungal activity. This toxicity is likely the case with other fungi, this became apparent in a collaborative work with Prof. Bart Thomma of Wageningen University, NETHERLANDS . We have shown the deletion of ER mutant in Verticillium dahlia gave plants resistance to the fungal infection.

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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.

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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.

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Burks, Thomas F., Victor Alchanatis, and Warren Dixon. Enhancement of Sensing Technologies for Selective Tree Fruit Identification and Targeting in Robotic Harvesting Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591739.bard.

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The proposed project aims to enhance tree fruit identification and targeting for robotic harvesting through the selection of appropriate sensor technology, sensor fusion, and visual servo-control approaches. These technologies will be applicable for apple, orange and grapefruit harvest, although specific sensor wavelengths may vary. The primary challenges are fruit occlusion, light variability, peel color variation with maturity, range to target, and computational requirements of image processing algorithms. There are four major development tasks in original three-year proposed study. First, spectral characteristics in the VIS/NIR (0.4-1.0 micron) will be used in conjunction with thermal data to provide accurate and robust detection of fruit in the tree canopy. Hyper-spectral image pairs will be combined to provide automatic stereo matching for accurate 3D position. Secondly, VIS/NIR/FIR (0.4-15.0 micron) spectral sensor technology will be evaluated for potential in-field on-the-tree grading of surface defect, maturity and size for selective fruit harvest. Thirdly, new adaptive Lyapunov-basedHBVS (homography-based visual servo) methods to compensate for camera uncertainty, distortion effects, and provide range to target from a single camera will be developed, simulated, and implemented on a camera testbed to prove concept. HBVS methods coupled with imagespace navigation will be implemented to provide robust target tracking. And finally, harvesting test will be conducted on the developed technologies using the University of Florida harvesting manipulator test bed. During the course of the project it was determined that the second objective was overly ambitious for the project period and effort was directed toward the other objectives. The results reflect the synergistic efforts of the three principals. The USA team has focused on citrus based approaches while the Israeli counterpart has focused on apples. The USA team has improved visual servo control through the use of a statistical-based range estimate and homography. The results have been promising as long as the target is visible. In addition, the USA team has developed improved fruit detection algorithms that are robust under light variation and can localize fruit centers for partially occluded fruit. Additionally, algorithms have been developed to fuse thermal and visible spectrum image prior to segmentation in order to evaluate the potential improvements in fruit detection. Lastly, the USA team has developed a multispectral detection approach which demonstrated fruit detection levels above 90% of non-occluded fruit. The Israel team has focused on image registration and statistical based fruit detection with post-segmentation fusion. The results of all programs have shown significant progress with increased levels of fruit detection over prior art.

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Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.

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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.

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Allan, Duncan, and Ian Bond. A new Russia policy for post-Brexit Britain. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784132842.

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The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The history of UK–Russia relations offers four lessons. First, because the two lack shared values and interests, their relationship is fragile and volatile. Second, adversarial relations are the historical norm. Third, each party exaggerates its importance on the world stage. Fourth, external trends beyond the UK’s control regularly buffet the relationship. These wider trends include the weakening of the Western-centric international order; the rise of populism and opposition to economic globalization; and the global spread of authoritarian forms of governance. A coherent Russia strategy should focus on the protection of UK territory, citizens and institutions; security in the Euro-Atlantic space; international issues such as non-proliferation; economic relations; and people-to-people contacts. The UK should pursue its objectives with the tools of state power, through soft power instruments and through its international partnerships. Despite Brexit, the EU remains an essential security partner for the UK. In advancing its Russia-related interests, the UK should have four operational priorities: rebuilding domestic resilience; concentrating resources on the Euro-Atlantic space; being a trusted ally and partner; and augmenting its soft power. UK decision-makers should be guided by four propositions. In the first place, policy must be based on clear, hard-headed thinking about Russia. Secondly, an adversarial relationship is not in itself contrary to UK interests. Next, Brexit makes it harder for the UK and the EU to deal with Russia. And finally, an effective Russia policy demands a realistic assessment of UK power and influence. The UK is not a ‘pocket superpower’. It is an important but middling power in relative decline. After Brexit, it needs to repair its external reputation and maximize its utility to allies and partners, starting with its European neighbours.

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