To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Second World War; German occupation.
Journal articles on the topic 'Second World War; German occupation'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Second World War; German occupation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
MESSENGER, DAVID A. "Beyond War Crimes: Denazification, ‘Obnoxious’ Germans and US Policy in Franco's Spain after the Second World War." Contemporary European History 20, no. 4 (September 23, 2011): 455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777311000488.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis work links the western Allies’ policy of denazification in occupied Germany to efforts to repatriate German intelligence agents and Nazi Party officials – so-called ‘obnoxious’ Germans – from the neutral states of Europe after the Second World War. Once on German soil, these individuals would be subject to internment and investigation as outlined in occupation policy. Using the situation in Franco's Spain as a case study, the article argues that new ideas of neutrality following the war and a strong commitment to the concept of denazification led to the creation of the repatriation policy, especially within the United States. Repatriation was also a way to measure the extent to which Franco's Spain accepted the Allied victory and the defeat of Nazism and fascism. The US perception was that the continued presence of individual Nazis meant the continued influence of Nazism itself. Spain responded half-heartedly, at best. Despite the fact that in terms of numbers repatriated the policy was a failure, the Spanish example demonstrates that the attempted repatriation of ‘obnoxious’ Germans from neutral Europe, although overlooked, was significant not only as part of the immediate post-war settlement but also in its bearing on US ideas about Nazism, security and perceived collaboration of neutral states like Spain.
2
Höhn, Maria. "Frau im Haus und Girl im Spiegel: Discourse on Women in the Interregnum Period of 1945–1949 and the Question of German Identity." Central European History 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019968.
Full textAbstract:
Defeat after the Second World War was complete for Germany, and life for the civilian population was grim. In one of Erich Kästner's poems, read at a 1947 theater production, a war widow laments that “ganz Deutschland ist ein Wartesaal mit Millionen von Frauen.” Indeed, in 1945 there were approximately seven million more women in Germany than men. More than three million German soldiers were killed in the war. Seven million German soldiers were still prisoners of war, leaving their wives and families to fend for themselves in the rubble heaps of the German cities. Adding to the hardship of the rural areas were the twelve million refugees who had been expelled from the territories conquered by the Soviet army and then had streamed into the American and British zones of occupation to resettle. Defeated Germany was split into four zones of occupation ruled by military governments. German men who had been promised the conquest of the world returned from the war and found their treasured patriarchy undermined in the home and in the state.
3
Belukhin, Nikita. "The Taste of War: the Danish Collaborationism under the German Occupation in 1940—1945." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016460-5.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the phenomenon of the Danish economic collaboration during the German occupation of Denmark in 1940—1945. The occupation of Denmark is a unique case among other occupied European countries such as France, Belgium and the Netherlands during the Second World War where Germany openly pursued the policy of economic exploitation and introduced strict rationing practices. The peculiar “soft” conduct of the Danish occupation is mainly attributed to the special role Denmark’s agricultural exports played in the German war economy. Under the occupation the efficient system of production and food consumption control was devised in Denmark which met the interests and needs of both the Danish population and Germany’s economy. The article highlights the specific mechanisms of economic coordination between Denmark and the German occupation authorities within industry and agriculture, and reveals Denmark’s role in the German military and economic plans.
4
Djatej, Arsen, and Robert Sarikas. "The Second World War and Soviet accounting." Accounting History 14, no. 1-2 (January 20, 2009): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373208098551.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the rapid changes to Soviet accounting practice during World War II. The adaptation of the pre-war accounting system was required to meet the extraordinary demands of a conflict that saw as much as 40 percent of the national population under German occupation. Many large production facilities were rapidly relocated out of the war zone to the Urals, Central Asia, and the Far East. Soviet wartime accounting was focused only on contributing to victory. Sometimes this meant establishing extremely simplified allocation procedures; sometimes this meant creating new accounts for enterprise assets temporarily under enemy control, and sometimes this meant extensive and thorough procedures to safeguard economic resources and military property. For scholars the war provided an example of how accounting can rapidly evolve to meet changing national priorities.
5
NACHUM, IRIS, and SAGI SCHAEFER. "The Semantics of Political Integration: Public Debates about the Term ‘Expellees’ in Post-War Western Germany." Contemporary European History 27, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731700042x.
Full textAbstract:
In the immediate period following the Second World War the Western occupation zones of Germany received eight million ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe. Initially these newcomers were lumped in Western German discourse under the term ‘refugees’. Yet, within less than a decade, the term ‘expellees’ emerged as a more popular denotation. Scholarship has offered two explanations for this semantic change, emphasising the political influence of both the Allies and the ‘expellee’ leadership. This article presents a complementary reason for this discursive shift. We argue that ‘expellees’ marked the symbolic weight that the ethnic Germans offered as expulsion victims in order to balance out German guilt for Nazi crimes.
6
de Keizer, Madelon. "Memory as Rite de Passage. Towards a Postmoralistic Historiography of the Second World War." Itinerario 20, no. 2 (July 1996): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007026.
Full textAbstract:
As a native of the Netherlands, I have been imbued with an awareness of the history of the Second World War in both Europe and the Pacific ever since I was a child, though I must admit that the Japanese occupation of the Dutch colony in the Dutch East Indies from 1942 to 1945 plays a less important part in my imagination than thefiveyears of German occupation of the Netherlands. My parents and brothers can directly recollect the latter dark period, and I see it vividly in my mind's eye, born (in 1948) and bred as I was in Rotterdam, the city whose centre was razed to the ground by the German air raid in May 1940. The effects of the bombs were still clearly visible during the years in which I was growing up there. Given this double Dutch memory – memory of the hostilities in Europe, and memory of South-East Asia – it hardly seems fortuitous that the Dutch scholar Ian Buruma chose the German and Japanese memory of the Second World War and of the War in the Pacific as the theme for his 1994 publication The Wages of Guilt.
7
Коrzun, Оlena. "ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH WORK ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REICHSKOMMISSARIAT «UKRAINE»." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 40 (2019): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2019.40.14.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural research as a system of permanent research institutes for agricultural needs during the Second World War on the territory of Ukraine has proved to be a remarkable period in the study of the history of science. Within 6 years it changed its structure several times to meet the needs of the party that captured Ukrainian territories: in Western Ukraine from the Polish model to the Soviet one; under fascist occupation - to meet the needs of the Germans and Romanians; evacuation and re-evacuation, which also required reorganization, re-institutionalization of the institutions to new climatic conditions in the critical situation of the war time. A separate aspect of the research is an analysis of changes in the organizational structure of the agrarian research institutes during the German occupation. This article is aimed at analyzing the organizational structure of agricultural research in the period of the German occupation during World War II on the territory of the Reichskommissariat «Ukraine» on the basis of original sources. The analysis of these issues will allow us to reflect on the events of the World War II more closely, better understand the plans of Nazi Germany on the development of Ukrainian lands meant for the prospective settlement of the Germans, the organizational drawbacks of the Soviet agricultural research and Nazi’s attempts to overcome them. Utilization of the Ukrainian arable farm lands became a major geostrategic and military aspect German invasion plans. For the effective exploitation of this territory, all German scientific forces were united to study the agricultural potential of the occupied lands. With the establishment of new occupation authorities in Ukraine, their primary actions were to collect maximum information from scientific documentation and materials on breeding, to involve the best local scientists to projects aimed at deep study of the occupied territories for the prospective German settlers. The main organization responsible for the collection and export of scientific material from the occupied territories was the Rosenberg Operational Headquarters, which collaborated with the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories. The departments of this ministry belonged to the Central Research Service of the East, under supervision of all German scholars who came for scientific work on the territory of the Reichscommissariat «Ukraine». In order to study the scientific potential of the agricultural sector in the autumn of 1941, the Center for Research of Agriculture and Forestry for Northwestern Ukraine was created. During 1942-1943 agricultural scientific institutions accounted to the Institute of Local Lore and Economic Research, and later to the National Research Center with the allocation of a separate Special Group on Agricultural Research. This structure allowed the occupational authorities to control the institutional, financial, personnel and scientific issues of the institutions and integrate domestic agricultural research with the German science management. Despite the presence of the Ukrainian administration representatives in each agricultural research institute, all issues were resolved solely by the German authorities subordinated to the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories The occupation authorities planned to use the scientific potential of these institutions for better development of the invaded territories. This issue was in the center of attention, both for economic, scientific and ideological benefits of the new government. With approaching military actions, German curators were ordered to export scientific records, elite seed funds and valuable literature. At the beginning of 1945, researchers of agricultural research institutes and scientific documentation were scattered among different German institutions in Poland and Germany. Thus, despite numerous difficulties caused on the territory of Ukrainian lands by the Second World War and German interference into the organizational framework of agricultural science, this situation proved to have a positive turn, because Ukrainian scientists never ceased their work, managed to preserve the agricultural potential of Ukraine.
8
Begović, Boris. "Ekonomske odredbe Versajskog mirovnog ugovora: preispitivanje nakon jednog veka." Novi arhiv za pravne i društvene nauke Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, no. 1/2021 (May 11, 2021): 67–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/novi_arhiv_pfub_21105a.
Full textAbstract:
Contrary to widespread belief, reparations imposed on Germany by the economic provisions of the Treaty of Versailles did not undermine the German economy, nor push it into a vicious cycle of crises and backwardness, from which emerged National Socialism and Adolf Hitler’s power takeover. In the first decade after the conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany’s economy prospered, with high growth rates. In the same decade, German National Socialists managed to win over only a negligible segment of the constituency, and Franco-German relations even improved. The turn took place with the Great Depression, which was, however, not related to the Treaty of Versailles whatsoever. Thus, it is a myth that the Treaty, predominantly through its economic provisions, led to the Second World War. The shortcomings of the Treaty of Versailles, with regard to providing sustainable peace in Europe, should be sought in the framework of the outcome of the First World War, which ended in an armistice, not German surrender. It was only after the Second World War that German unconditional surrender, full occupation of the country and dismemberment of German militarism created the grounds for political stability and sustainable peace in Europe.
9
RÖGER, MAREN. "The Sexual Policies and Sexual Realities of the German Occupiers in Poland in the Second World War." Contemporary European History 23, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000490.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSexual policies were a core component of the National Socialist racial policies, both in the Altreich (territories considered part of Nazi Germany before 1938), as well as in the occupied territories. In occupied Poland the Germans imposed a ‘prohibition of contact’ (Umgangsverbot) with the local Polish population, a restriction that covered both social as well as sexual encounters. But this model of absolute racial segregation was never truly implemented. This paper attempts to show that there existed a wide range of sexual contacts between the occupiers and the local inhabitants, with the focus here being on consensual and forced contacts (sexual violence) as seen against the backdrop of National Socialist policies. This article positions itself at the intersection of the history of everyday life (Alltagsgeschichte), the history of sexuality and the gender history of the German occupation of Poland – perspectives that have rarely been used with regard to this region.
10
Łazowska, Bożena. "Polish statistical research during the Second World War." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 4 (April 28, 2017): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0894.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this article is to present the research conducted by the Polish statisticians within 1939—1945. The paper was prepared on the basis of the query in the Central Statistical Archive of CSO and the State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw, as well as German statistical sources, reports, memoirs, chronicles, press articles, biographies and historical monographs. It presents the work of the Polish statisticians employed by the Statistical Office of General Government in Cracow and the underground statistical research conducted mainly by the Institute of Social Economy under the name of the Central Welfare Council in Warsaw, including especially the effort of Ludwik Landau and Jan Piekalkiewicz. Also, the illegal statistical education and activity of the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile relating to the statistics were discussed. The study shows that under the Nazi occupation Polish statisticians conducted underground statistical research mainly in Cracow and Warsaw and their results were delivered to the structures of the Polish Underground State and to the Polish Government in exile in London.
11
Cavanagh, Lynn. "Marcel Dupré's “Dark Years”: Unveiling His Occupation-Period Concertizing." Articles 34, no. 1-2 (May 26, 2015): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1030869ar.
Full textAbstract:
Examination of organist Marcel Dupré’s collected concert programs reveals that, of 137 he performed during the German occupation, 14 bear signs of funding by the German Embassy or the military government’s Propaganda Department. Dupré, though, would have participated in good conscience out of personal pride in France’s musical past. Post-Liberation punishments of French musicians who “collaborated with the enemy” were applied so inconsistently as to explain why he thereafter suppressed the extent and nature of his Occupation-period concertizing. This fuller picture of his activities potentially sheds light on his Second World War–period compositions, particularly Évocation, op. 37.
12
Wambach, Julia. "Vichy in Baden-Baden – The Personnel of the French Occupation in Germany after 1945." Contemporary European History 28, no. 3 (December 20, 2018): 319–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000462.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the contested presence of Vichy administrators in high positions of the French administration of occupied Germany after the Second World War. In occupied Germany, where many of Pétain’s officials pursued their careers, resisters and collaborators negotiated their new positions in the wake of the German occupation of France. Key to understanding this settlement are the notions of expertise and merit as well as the role of the inherited French social order untouched by the collaboration.
13
Kapica, Wojciech. "Domniemane i rzeczywiste kontakty prominentów nazistowskich z polskością przed 1933 rokiem." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 38, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 35–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.38.2.3.
Full textAbstract:
ALLEGED AND ACTUAL CONTACTS OF PROMINENT NAZIS WITH POLISHNESS BEFORE 1933The article is an attempt to examine the contacts of prominent Nazis with Polishness before 1933. The author looks at these contacts with regard to the place of birth, living in a given place until 1918, living in a given place in the inter-war period 1918–1933, participation in the First World War in Poland, participation in Polish-German fighting in 1918–1921, having a Polish-sounding name and impact of all these factors on the period of the Second World War German occupation of Poland.
14
Sørensen, Tonje Haugland. ""...Disse gutta som selv liksom har vokst opp av landskapet." – Arne Skouen og hans okkupasjonsdramaer." Nordlit 16, no. 2 (October 23, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.2369.
Full textAbstract:
Arne Skouen is often heralded as one of the clearest auteurs in Norwegian cinema, and his films about the German Occupation of Norway, 1940-45, are among the most successful and renowned within the Norwegian war film genre. This reading of these four films postulate, that within the framework of the cultural memory of the Second World War II, Skouens four war films offer a coherent and moral reflection about the war time narratives.
15
Puaca, Brian M. "Navigating the Waves of Change: Political Education and Democratic School Reform in Postwar West Berlin." History of Education Quarterly 48, no. 2 (May 2008): 244–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2008.00142.x.
Full textAbstract:
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Germany found itself defeated, destroyed, occupied, and ultimately divided. The eastern portion of Germany fell under Soviet administration, while the western part came under joint occupation by the three victorious western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France). Recognizing at an early date that rebuilding Germany would promote political stability, economic growth, and peace in central Europe, the western Allies set out to reconstruct the defeated nation. The schools were an important part of this project. Many observers argued that without substantial reform to the educational system, German nationalism, militarism, and xenophobia might once again lead to conflict. In the western zones, particularly in the American zone, democratizing the schools took on great importance by 1947. This effort, however, was short-lived. The occupation of Germany ended in 1949, leaving many Americans with the sense that school reform was incomplete.
16
Kilian, Jürgen. "Krieg auf Kosten anderer. Wehrmachtfinanzierung in Griechenland während des Zweiten Weltkriegs / War at the Expence of Others Financing the „Wehrmacht“ in Greece during the Second World War." Südost-Forschungen 73, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sofo-2014-0104.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract After Greece had been conquered by the troops of the Axis Powers in spring 1941, they installed a rule of occupation existing until october 1944. The Government in Athens had to finance this occupation by making payments in advance and besides, making a forced credit available. This method led to an exorbitant overloading of the Greek economy and to a galloping inflation. The German Tax and Finance Ministry played an important, yet hardly noticed role as to the concrete implementation of the monetary exploitation. Almost unknown documents throw a light on the financing of the German Wehrmacht during WW II. Besides, the real burden on the Greek economy shall be estimated and connected with the general questions of war financing in the Third Reich.
17
LEE, SABINE. "A Forgotten Legacy of the Second World War: GI children in post-war Britain and Germany." Contemporary European History 20, no. 2 (April 8, 2011): 157–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731100004x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWhether in war, occupation or peacekeeping, whenever foreign soldiers are in contact with the local population, and in particular with local women, some of these contacts are intimate. Between 1942 and 1945, US soldiers fathered more than 22,000 children in Britain, and during the first decade of post-war US presence in West Germany more than 37,000 children were fathered by American occupation soldiers. Many of these children were raised in their mothers’ families, not knowing about their biological roots and often suffering stigmatisation and discrimination. The question of how these children were treated is discussed in the context of wider social and political debates about national and individual identity. Furthermore, the effect on the children of living outside the normal boundaries of family and nation is discussed.
18
Exeler, Franziska. "The Ambivalent State: Determining Guilt in the Post-World War II Soviet Union." Slavic Review 75, no. 3 (2016): 606–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.75.3.0606.
Full textAbstract:
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the search for alleged traitors took place in each country that had been under foreign occupation. The most active country in this regard was the Soviet Union. This article analyzes how the Soviet authorities dealt with people who had lived in German-occupied territory during the war. It discusses divergent understandings of guilt, and examines means of punishment, retribution and justice. I argue that inconsistencies in Moscow’s politics of retribution, apart from reflecting tensions between ideology and pragmatism, resulted from contradictions within ideology, namely the belief that the war had uncovered mass enemies in hiding, and the belief that it had been won with the mass support of the Soviet population. The state that emerged from the war, then, was both powerful and insecure, able to quickly reassert its authority in formerly German-occupied areas, but also deeply ambivalent about its politics of retribution.
19
Pellicer-Ortín, Silvia. "Liminal and Transmodern Female Voices at War: Resistant and Healing Female Bonds in Libby Cone’s War on the Margins (2008)." Societies 8, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc8040114.
Full textAbstract:
When addressing marginal experiences during the Second World War, the German occupation of the Channel Islands deserves pride of place, as very few writers have represented that liminal side of the conflict. One of these few writers is Libby Cone, who published War on the Margins in 2008, a historical novel set on Jersey during this occupation and whose main protagonist encounters various female characters resisting the occupation from a variety of marginal positions. Drawing from Rodríguez Magda’s distinction between “narratives of celebration” and “narratives of the limit”, the main claim behind this article is that liminality is a general recourse in transmodern fiction, but in Cone’s War on the Margins it also acts as a fruitful strategy to represent female bonds as promoters of empathy, resilience and resistance. First, this study will demonstrate how liminality works at a variety of levels and it will identify some of the specific features characterizing transmodern war narratives. Then, the female bonds represented will be examined to prove that War on the Margins relies on female solidarity when it comes to finding resilient attitudes to confront war. Finally, this article will elaborate on how Cone uses these liminal features to voice the difficult experiences that Jewish and non-Jewish women endured during the Second World War, echoing similar conflictive situations of other women in our transmodern era.
20
Antoniuk, Yaroslav, Volodymyr Trofymovych, and Liliya Trofymovych. "OUN(M) SECURITY BODIES DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1940 – 1944)." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 30 (November 30, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-30-29-35.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the activities of the security bodies of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists of the Melnyk direction during the Second World War. It was proven that the bodies were created by some former OUN intelligence officers, who were led by Yaroslav Haivas, in February 1940 on the territory of the General Government. In March 1941, the counterintelligence group, which was involved in identifying Bandera’s agents, of the sub-unit was separated. In the summer of 1941, the development of the OUN(M) security bodies network had begun on the territory of Western Ukraine. They resembled the OUN intelligence of the 1930-s by their structure. They reached the greatest development in southern Volyn. In the autumn of 1941, Melnyk security bodies extended their influence on Ukrainian lands to the east of Zbruch. Faced with German repression, they did not dare to confront the armed resistance, considering it was hopeless. Melnyk’s security bodies had high hopes for achieving strong positions in the occupation administration. They primarily focused on the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police. The development of the OUN(M) cells was slow even in the Western Ukraine. It mostly occured in the towns controlled by Germans. The article clarified that Melnyk’s counterintelligence forces sometimes managed to identify and even eliminate individual Bandera agents. However, they could not effectively resist the much stronger OUN (Bandera) Security Service. In the summer of 1943, Melnykivtsi were finally defeated in that confrontation. Banderites surrounded a few armed formations of the OUN(M) and attached them to the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. After those events the Melnyk movement started to decline. The last OUN(M) security service boivka operated until the autumn of 1944 in the Drohobych region.
21
Djordjevic, Dimitrije. "The Austro-Hungarian occupation regime in Serbia and its break-down in 1918." Balcanica, no. 46 (2015): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1546107d.
Full textAbstract:
This paper discusses the occupation of Serbia during the First World War by Austro-Hungarian forces. The first partial occupation was short-lived as the Serbian army repelled the aggressors after the Battle of Kolubara in late 1914, but the second one lasted from fall 1915 until the end of the Great War. The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone in Serbia covered the largest share of Serbia?s territory and it was organised in the shape of the Military Governorate on the pattern of Austro-Hungarian occupation of part of Poland. The invaders did not reach a clear decision as to what to do with Serbian territory in post-war period and that gave rise to considerable frictions between Austro-Hungarian and German interests in the Balkans, then between Austrian and Hungarian interests and, finally, between military and civilian authorities within Military Governorate. Throughout the occupation Serbia was exposed to ruthless economic exploitation and her population suffered much both from devastation and from large-scale repression (including deportations, internments and denationalisation) on the part of the occupation regime.
22
Robben, Antonius C. G. M. "The co-constitution of violent death: bombs, civilian victims and material destruction in Rotterdam during the Second World War." Human Remains and Violence 5, no. 2 (October 2019): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/hrv.5.2.6.
Full textAbstract:
Thousands of people died in Rotterdam during the Second World War in more than 300 German and Allied bombardments. Civil defence measures had been taken before the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940 and these efforts were intensified during the country’s occupation as Allied bombers attacked Rotterdam’s port, factories, dry docks and oil terminals. Residential neighbourhoods were also hit through imprecise targeting and by misfired flak grenades. Inadequate air raid shelters and people’s reluctance to enter them caused many casualties. The condition of the corpses and their post-mortem treatment was thus co-constituted by the relationship between the victims and their material circumstances. This article concludes that an understanding of the treatment of the dead after war, genocide and mass violence must pay systematic attention to the materiality of death because the condition, collection and handling of human remains is affected by the material means that impacted on the victims.
23
Shkandrij, Myroslav. "Dokia Humenna’s Depiction of the Second World War and the OUN in Khreshchatyi iar: How Readers Responded." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/t27g6m.
Full textAbstract:
<p class="EW-abstract"><strong>Abstract:</strong> When Dokia Humenna’s novel depicting the Second World War, <em>Khreshchatyi iar</em> (Khreshchatyk Ravine), was published in New York in 1956, it created a controversy. Readers were particularly interested in the way activists of the OUN were portrayed. This article analyzes readers’ comments and Humenna’s responses, which are today stored in the archives of the Ukrainian Academy of Science in New York. The novel is based on a diary Humenna kept during the German occupation of Kyiv in the years 1941-1943.</p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Dokia Humenna, <em>Khreshchatyi iar</em>, Second World War, OUN, Émigré Literature, Reader Response
24
Renders, Hans. "Book Production and Its Regulation during the German Occupation of the Netherlands." Quaerendo 40, no. 3-4 (2010): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006910x537691.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDuring the occupation of the Netherlands in the Second World War, the country’s book industry was subjected to control by a number of official bodies, both German and Dutch, in addition to which the German Sicherheitsdienst (SD) was also prone to interfering with the production and distribution of printed matter. In contrast to the sanctions imposed on the journalistic press, book production was censored preventively by a specially established reading panel called the Lectoraat. In reality, however, at least as effective an instrument of censorship was the government department responsible for allocating paper supplies. The article presents an overview of the legislation and regulations to which booksellers, writers and publishers had to adhere in the successive phases of the occupation.
25
Leibold, Stefan. "Il welfare tedesco: un compromesso confessionale?" SOCIOLOGIA E POLITICHE SOCIALI, no. 3 (January 2013): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sp2012-003004.
Full textAbstract:
From the end of the 19th century to the present, six political regimes followed one another in Germany: from the monarchy to the Weimar Republic, the national socialist dictatorship, the occupation by the allies after the Second World War, East Germany under Soviet influence, the new established capitalist West Germany and the reunified Germany (the "Berlin Republic" after 1990). Nevertheless, surprisingly enough, the structure of the German welfare state has shown a steady continuity over such a long span of time: Germany is a very prominent example of "path dependency" in matter of welfare state. This direction is characterized by a corporative stance in social policy and it involves economic associations, Unions, private welfare organizations and mainstream Churches as leading actors of this process. The article discusses whether or not the influence of religion is a cause for the distinct features of the German welfare state. It briefly draws on current analysis and a research project in Münster (Germany); it investigates the historical and ideological roots of the typical German welfare model, and the role religion played in that respect. Finally, it focuses upon the German welfare-state model from 1945 to the present.
26
Lund, Joachim. "Building Hitler's Europe: Forced Labor in the Danish Construction Business during World War II." Business History Review 84, no. 3 (2010): 479–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000768050000221x.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines how Danish cement factories and building contractors, in particular F. L. Smidth & Co. A/S and its business partner Højgaard & Schultz A/S, used forced and slave labor in Estonia, the Polish General Government, and Serbia as they worked for the German authorities during the Second World War. The article presents new evidence on the use of forced and slave labor inside the European “New Order” and emphasizes the willingness of the companies to expand and engage in morally questionable behavior. The findings illuminate the close connection between political and economic collaboration and contribute to the discussion about the relationship between business and politics during dictatorship, war, and occupation.
27
Kranz, Jerzy. "Wollt ihr den totalen Krieg? Legal, Political, and Moral Aspects of the Resettlement of German Population." Polish Review of International and European Law 7, no. 2 (August 17, 2020): 9–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2018.7.2.01.
Full textAbstract:
Germany had started the Second World War in an intentional and conscious manner, obviously being aware that every action can have unpredictable and unwanted consequences. The Potsdam decisions were taken by the Great Powers after assuming supreme authority in Germany. They constituted a manifestation of the Allies’ rights and responsibilities. The territorial changes of Germany and the transfer of population were part of the general regulation of the effects of the Second World War. These decisions were not a simple matter of revenge. They must be perceived in a wider political perspective of European policy. The resettlement by Germany of ethnic Germans to the Reich or to the territories it occupied constituted an instrument of National Socialist policy. This German policy turned out in 1945 to be a tragic irony of fate. The resettlement decided in Potsdam must be perceived in the context of German legal responsibility for the war’s outbreak. The individual perception of the resettlement and individual guilt are different from the international responsibility of the state and from the political-historical responsibility of the nation. In our discussion we made the distinction between the individual and the collective aspect as well as between the legal and historical/political aspect. We deal with the guilt of individuals (criminal, political, moral), the international legal responsibility of states, and the political and historical responsibility of nations (societies). For the difficult process of understanding and reconciliation between Poles and Germans, the initiatives undertaken by some social circles, and especially the church, were of vital importance. The question of the resettlement became a theme of numerous publications in Poland after 1989. In the mid 1990s there was a vast debate in the media with the main question of: should we apologize for the resettlement? Tracing a line from wrongdoing/harm to unlawfulness is not easy. In 1945 the forcible transfer of the German population was an act that was not prohibited by international law. What is significant is that this transfer was not a means of war conduct. It did not apply to the time of a belligerent occupation, in terms of humanitarian law, but to a temporary, specific, international post-conflict administration. Maybe for some people Potsdam decisions will always be seen as an illegal action, for others as an expression of strict international legal responsibility, for some as a kind of imperfect justice, and still for others as an opening of a new opportunity for Europe.
28
Kowalska, Joanna Regina. "Władysław Dziadoń, the Kraków ‘King of Shoes’." Costume 53, no. 1 (March 2019): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2019.0096.
Full textAbstract:
The Kraków shoemaker Władysław Dziadoń was called the king of shoes among citizens of Kraków. He worked in shoemaking between the years 1920 and 1955. His dream was to create a company of comparable significance to the Czechoslovakian Bata shoe company. During the years of the German occupation in the Second World War, he provided support to the resistance movement, without giving up the business of producing shoes. While he was hopeful that after the war he would be able to realize his dreams and aspirations, the conditions of a totalitarian state and the communist economy meant that these plans were never able to materialize. He was persecuted by the communist state, and in 1955 he had to close his shoe company. In the collections of the National Museum in Kraków there are thirty pairs of shoes made by his company, another three pairs are preserved in a private collection. This high-quality footwear is the only material legacy of Władysław Dziadoń's skills as a producer of shoes. This article illustrates the fate of a shoemaker and entrepreneur in the era of the German occupation (1939–1945) and Stalinism (1945–1955).
29
Nefedov, Vyacheslav. "The influence of Soviet Union on the post-war culture development of Eastern Germany (1945–1949)." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 178 (2019): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-178-175-181.
Full textAbstract:
The study of cultural problems in the countries of the socialist community has acquired considerable relevance in historical research recently. At the same time there are considerable gaps in the study of culture of German Democratic Republic. For the period from 1945 to 1949 it is especially true. Appeal to the sources of the Soviet period can make it partly up. Nevertheless, this is insufficient. A modern view of the culture of East Germany after Second World War is ne-cessary. The policy of Socialist Unified Party of Germany at the socialist culture formation period is the subject of this research. The consideration of the influence of Soviet Union and ideas of Oc-tober Revolution on the postwar cultural development of East Germany (1945–1949) is the aim of this research. The realization of research tasks based on the using of Soviet and German books, newspapers and magazines is achieved. Sociopragmatic method, that allows to objectively investigate the processes in Soviet occupation zone of German is the main in this work. Social processes that occurred from 1945 to 1949 in East Germany are investigated. The degree of influence of Soviet Union and the ideas of October Revolution on the cultural policy of Socialist Unified Party of Germany is determined. The study of the Soviet influence on the cultural policy of Socialist Unified Party of Germany in the German society allowed to determinate its level as quite high. The study confirms the conclusions of researchers that party persons of SUPG sought to conduct cultural policy in East Germany based on the Soviet sample.
30
Bant, Willem. "“It Is Really a Big Achievement for a Small Community Like the One of Curaçao.” Jan Greshoff (1888–1971) and De Stoep (1940–1951): An Exploration." Werkwinkel 11, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/werk-2016-0010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract During the Second World War, both in the Dutch East Indies and in Curaçao, journals were published in which Dutch authors could publish their works unhampered by German censorship. In addition, literary works in Dutch were published in the Dutch East Indies, South Africa and New York. A man involved in all these initiatives was Jan Greshoff, an author who had played an important role in Dutch literature during the time between the two world wars. In this article, the role of Greshoff in relation to the literary journal De Stoep, which originated in Curaçao after the German occupation of Holland in 1940, will be explored. Although he never went to Curaçao and never met the journal’s founder, Luc. Tournier, in person, Greshoff played an important role in the history of De Stoep during the years of the war, and thus indirectly in the development of Dutch literature in Curaçao.
31
Balyshev, M. "Kharkiv astronomical observatory at the time of the German occupation (1941–1943) during the Second World War years." History of Science and Biographical Studies, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/istnauka202003-05.
Full text
32
Lak, Martijn. "“A Chinese Wall along our Eastern Border” – Allied Occupation Policy in Germany and its Consequences for Dutch-German Trade Relations, 1945-1949." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 59, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 215–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2018-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract After the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich in May 1945, Germany no longer existed as a sovereign, independent nation. It was occupied by the four Allied powers: France, Great Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union. When it came to the postwar European recovery, the biggest obstacle was that the economy in Germany, the dominant continental economic power before the Second World War, was at an almost complete standstill. This not only had severe consequences for Germany itself, but also had strong economic repercussions for surrounding countries, especially the Netherlands. As Germany had been the former’s most important trading partner since the middle of the nineteenth century, it was clear that the Netherlands would be unable to recover economically without a healthy Germany. However, Allied policy, especially that of the British and the Americans, made this impossible for years. This article therefore focuses on the early postwar Dutch-German trade relations and the consequences of Allied policy. While much has been written about the occupation of Germany, far less attention has been paid to the results of this policy on neighbouring countries. Moreover, the main claim of this article is that it was not Marshall Aid which was responsible for the quick and remarkable Dutch economic growth as of 1949, but the opening of the German market for Dutch exports that same year.
33
Antić, Ana. "Living in the Age of Axis Internationalism: Imagining Europe in Serbia Before and During the Second World War." European History Quarterly 48, no. 1 (January 2018): 61–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691417743621.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores how ‘European civilization’ was imagined on the margins of Europe in the first half of the twentieth century, and how Balkan intellectuals saw their own societies’ place in it in the context of interwar crises and World War II occupation. It traces the interwar development and wartime transformation of the intellectual debates regarding the modernization of Serbia/Yugoslavia, the role of the Balkans in the broader European culture, and the most appropriate path to becoming a member of the ‘European family of nations’. In the first half of the article, I focus on the interwar Serbian intelligentsia, and their discussions of various forms of international cultural, political and civilizational links and settings. These discussions centrally addressed the issue of Yugoslavia’s (and Serbia’s) ‘Europeanness’ and cultural identity in the context of the East–West symbolic and the state’s complex cultural-historical legacies. Such debates demonstrated how frustrating the goal of Westernization and Europeanization turned out to be for Serbian intellectuals. After exploring the conundrums and seemingly insoluble contradictions of interwar modernization/Europeanization discussions, the article then goes on to analyse the dramatic changes in such intellectual outlooks after 1941, asking how Europe and European cultural/political integration were imagined in occupied Serbia, and whether the realities of the occupation could accommodate these earlier debates. Serbia can provide an excellent case study for exploring how the brutal Nazi occupation policies affected collaborationist governments, and how the latter tried to make sense of their troubled inclusion in the racial ideology of the New European Order under the German leadership. Was Germany’s propaganda regarding European camaraderie taken seriously by any of the local actors? What did the Third Reich’s dubious internationalism mean in the east and south-east of Europe, and did it have anything to offer to the intelligentsia as well as the population at large?
34
Dobrochynska, Valentyna. "«Women's Service tо Ukraine» in Organization of Volynian Private Institutions in the Period of the Second World War." Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 2, no. 46 (December 20, 2017): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2017.46.100-104.
Full textAbstract:
During World War the Ukrainian population had intensified around the developmentof a nationalstateontheoccupiedterritoryofWesternUkraine.Forthispurpose, thelocalUkrainianauthoritieshad agreedtocooperatewiththeNazioccupiers. The cultural and educational societies had resumed their work in Lviv, and their activities had been extended to Volyn.One of these associations was the «Women's Service to Ukraine», which had inherited the organizational foundations, goals and objectives of the previous «Union of Ukrainians», which hadoperated in the interwar period.In the military environment the association hadchanged the name, which has updated the new program of action. The womenʼs movement hadcovered various sections of civil labor, overcoming the challenges of the war age.
The purpose of the study is to integrate the activities of the «Women's Service to Ukraine»according to the introduction of national preschool education and the peculiarities of training of pedagogical staffon the background of the «new order»of the occupation regime.The educational activity of the women's institution with the Volyn population regarding the establishment of kindergartens has been analyzed.
For a short period of time, the «Women's Service to Ukraine»had organized several dozen of preschool institutions with the national education system and hadprovided them with the staff. However, the kindergartens had been seasonal in nature, when the parents had been busy with the agricultural work. Prohibitionof the German authorities of the association’s activity had stopped the national women's movement.
Keywords: «Women's service to Ukraine», Volyn, preschool establishments, Nazi occupation, cultural and educational work, national consciousness
35
MOORE, BOB. "Louis de Jong: Writing the History of Occupied Europe." Contemporary European History 14, no. 3 (August 2005): 415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002535.
Full textAbstract:
Louis de Jong, who died on 15 March 2005, held a unique position as the official historian for the Netherlands during the Second World War. As head of the Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (RIOD), de Jong effectively came to dictate the research agenda on his country’s recent history for more than forty years after the conflict was over. For the Dutch, his name was synonymous not only with RIOD but also with the history of the German occupation from May 1940 to the final liberation in May 1945.
36
Bryan, Ian, and Peter Rowe. "The Role of Evidence in War Crimes Trials: the Common Law and the Yugoslav Tribunal." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2 (December 1999): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000477.
Full textAbstract:
With the passing into law of the War Crimes Act of 1991, the United Kingdom joined common law states such as Canada and Australia in conferring upon its domestic courts jurisdiction to try individuals suspected of having committed war crimes in Europe during the Second World War. Under the 1991 Act, proceedings for murder, manslaughter or culpable homicide may be brought, with the consent of the Attorney-General, against any person who, on 8 March 1990 or later, became a British citizen or resident in the United Kingdom, providing that the offence charged is alleged to have been committed between 1 September 1939 and 4 June 1945 in a place which was, at the material time, part of Germany or under German occupation. The Act further provides that the offence charged must have constituted a violation of the laws and customs of war under international law at the time it was committed. In addition, the Act stipulates that the nationality of the alleged offender at the time the alleged offence was committed is immaterial.
37
Belukhin, Nikita Evgen'evich. "Historical patterns of foreign policy of Denmark: the reason for abandoning neutrality after the World War II?" Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 5 (May 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.5.35633.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the historical analysis, this article attempts to give a detailed and comprehensive answer to the question about the reasons that forced Denmark to abandon the policy of neutrality after the World War II and become the member of the North Atlantic Alliance. The object of this research is the foreign policy of Denmark in the XV – XX centuries, while the subject is the balancing strategy of Denmark in the conditions of transition from the status of regional power to the status of second-order power, and ultimately, to the status of a small European state that seeks to ensure the own neutrality. Special attention is given to the analysis of strategic foreign policy decisions of Denmark in the conditions of major regional and European conflicts, such as the Dano-Swedish War of the XVII century, Great Northern War (1700-1721), Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815), First Schleswig War (1848-1850) and Second Schleswig War (1864), World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945). The conclusion is made that reaching the actual neutral status for Denmark throughout its foreign policy history was virtually impossible due to the fact that conventional neutrality acquired either a pro-German or pro-British orientation, and in reality represented an attempt to find a complex balance between the interests of the great powers. The need for balancing overlapped the historical vulnerability of Northern European region to external influence. Since the great powers using bilateral diplomacy did allow close rapprochement countries between Nordic countries, the common defense alliance projects both prior to the World War II and after the World War II failed to implement A crucial point in evolution of the foreign policy strategy of Danish politicians became the negative experience of the World War II, when strict conformity to the policy of neutrality did not prevent the German occupation of the country.
38
Poprawa, Marcin. "Prasa konspiracyjna w służbie kontrpropagandy — funkcje, cele, zjawiska językowe na przykładzie gazet podziemnych 1939–1945." Oblicza Komunikacji 10 (November 15, 2018): 57–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.10.3.
Full textAbstract:
Underground press in the service of counterpropaganda — functions, goals, linguistic phenomena as seen in underground newspapers of 1939–1945In the article the author examines the most important strategies of the linguistic fight against the Nazi propaganda employed by the underground press published by political parties active in the Polish Underground State during the Second World War. A theoretical introduction contains an outline of the model of political communication under German occupation 1939–1945 as well as the most important functions of articles that could be placed between political propaganda and wartime propaganda.
39
Haska, Agnieszka. "Discourse of Treason in Occupied Poland." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 25, no. 3 (July 11, 2011): 530–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411401382.
Full textAbstract:
During the Second World War, Polish underground organizations created a catalogue of behaviors that qualified as treason against the Polish nation. The rules covered everyday behaviors as well as boycotts of the press, cinema, theater, and the German language. These guidelines—appearing in both codified form and as articles and judgments printed in the underground press—constituted the discourse on treason in occupied Poland. The article presents this discourse, describing its main problems and modifications during the occupation period in an attempt to encompass all spheres of social, cultural, and economic life.
40
Jakubowska, Natalia. "Między Usznią a Domaniowem. Przesiedleńcy z Kresów Wschodnich osiedleni na Ziemiach Zachodnich." Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej 4 (October 30, 2014): 129–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26774/wrhm.70.
Full textAbstract:
Domaniów is a small town in the Oławski region in Lower Silesia. After the Second World War a large group of former residents of Usznia, a small village in the Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic, settled down in Domaniów. The author presents the accounts of five people who participated in the relocation process. The memories also include the time of their childhood and teenage years. The interviewees described how they remembered their family village, the most significant events from the time of war (German and Russian occupation), the preparation for relocation and the journey to the West – into the unknown. The accounts also show why Domaniów, which was known as Domajewice at that time, was selected as the settlement place, how it looked and what were the relationships with the Germans who still lived there. The author also describes the culture and traditions brought from the East and how they are continued to this day. The memories were set in a historical context based on the subject literature and archival materials.
41
Sliužinskas, Rimantas. "Folklore Life in Multicultural City of Klaipeda (1990-2015)." English version, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 200–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.51515/issn.2744-1261.2018.10.200.
Full textAbstract:
The fatal social disasters have taken place in the city of Klaipėda by the end of the Second World War. After 1945, very few local bilingual (Lithuanian and German speaking) people could be found in Klaipėda. Almost all of the survivors had moved to Germany to escape the Soviet occupation. Soviet authorities created favourable social conditions for skilled volunteers, who came to deserted city from other regions of Lithuania, and from all over the Soviet Union, to work in Klaipėda port and to restore the entire marine industry in the 1950s–1960s period. The Russian, Belorussian, German, Jewish, Ukrainian, Polish, Latvian, Tartar, Armenian, Azerbaijani, and other national minorities have become an integral part of the social and cultural life in contemporary Klaipėda. In the light of these historical facts, the goal of the article is to discuss the possibilities of the most representative national societies to maintain and promote their ethnic roots, traditions and the authentic folklore in the city at present times.
42
Selimović, Sead. "Exploitation and destruction of economy Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War." Historijski pogledi 3, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 176–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2020.3.3.176.
Full textAbstract:
Bosnia and Herzegovina was a distinctly agrarian country before World War II. As many as 84.10% of the population lived from agriculture, forestry and fishing. From industry, mining and crafts, 6.70% lived, trade, loans and traffic 3.10%, public services, the liberal professions and the military 3.60%, and other occupations 2.50% population. In World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina suffered enormous human and material losses. The economy was almost completely destroyed. During the war, 130 major industrial enterprises and 24 mines, 95 sawmills that had 209 gaters were destroyed or damaged, and almost all traffic communications. Most of the agricultural inventory was destroyed and the livestock stock reduced by more than 70%. The school buildings were also spared no destruction. As many as 904, out of 1,043 school buildings, were destroyed and ineligible for teaching. Economic goods destroyed and exploited all military formations, but most of all the German and Italian armies.
43
Mielnik, Hubert. "Obraz sądownictwa i adwokatury w generalnym gubernatorstwie w okresie II wojny światowej w twórczości Karola Pędowskiego." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 19, no. 2 (2020): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2020.19.02.07.
Full textAbstract:
Karol Pędowski was an attorney who, apart from his professional, social, and political activities, also published several historical works. During the Second World War, he passed the official attorney exam and worked as an attorney, especially in the charity organization that helped prisoners. His publications contain many themes about the Warsaw judiciary and attorneys during the German occupation. These themes are shown directly, as a main topic, and indirectly in the Karol Pedowski works. The purpose of the article will be to present the image of the judiciary and attorneys in the General Government during the Second World War, which Karol Pędowski made in his publications. To achieve this purpose articles, books, and stories that contained descriptions and memories of real and fictionalized events in the history of the judiciary and attorneys during World War II were analyzed. In the article assumption was made that even in fictionalized events the author shown real and truth background, important for the topic of the article. The article, devoted to the issues of law and judiciary presented in the literature, pretends to be a study in the field of "law and literature". The issues of the judiciary and advocacy in the General Government, primarily about the Polish (non-German) judiciary, are still an undeveloped and therefore unknown research area. The assessment of the image presented by Karol Pędowski in his work shows that it has a credible character, thanks to which it complements known historical facts.
44
Gajownik, Tomasz. "Polityka państw bałtyckich wobec Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i III Rzeszy na przełomie marca i kwietnia 1939 roku w ocenie wileńskiej ekspozytury oddziału II Sztabu Głównego Wojska Polskiego." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3450.
Full textAbstract:
Polish military intelligence had prepared a lot of analysis about political and military situations in the countries around the Republic of Poland. It was a kind of belaying towards potential Polish-German conflict. The issues of the Baltic States were interested a military intelligence’s field station in Vilnius. A few months before the Second World War has begun, Vilnius’s station prepared some analysis of domestic and foreign policy of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. One of them had discussed most important consequences of occupation of Klaipeda by German’s Wehrmacht. Additionally, in these documents, one can be read about multilateral policy of the Baltic Entente.
45
Emmer, Pieter. "Regimes of Memory: the Case of the Netherlands." European Review 21, no. 4 (October 2013): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279871300046x.
Full textAbstract:
The Netherlands is not known for its opposing regimes of memory. There are two exceptions to this rule: the history of the German Occupation during the Second World War and the Dutch participation in the Atlantic slave trade and slavery. The relatively low numbers of survivors of the Holocaust in the Netherlands, as well as the volume and the profitability of the Dutch slave trade and slavery, and the importance of slave resistance in abolishing slavery in the Dutch Caribbean have produced conflicting views, especially between professional historians and the descendants of slaves living in the Netherlands.
46
Kimura, Konosuke. "Incentive to Finance under the Shoup Corporate Income Tax Concept—Focus on Shoup Semi-Imputation Credit Method." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 4, no. 4 (July 1992): 341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9200400405.
Full textAbstract:
Reform of the Japanese tax system was undertaken after the second World War and was greatly influenced by Carl Shoup, then Professor at Columbia University. Shoup’s recommendations were made during a unique historical period which allowed for an experimental designing of tax reform in Japan to occur under occupation. In this article we review and criticize Shoup’s recommendations and explain the problems inherent in their implementation. Cultural transference problems such as attempted imputation of corporate tax to individual income tax based on the theory of net asset increases tax are discussed. Comparisons are also made with French and German imputation credit methods.
47
Bieber, Florian. "Building Yugoslavia in the Sand? Dalmatian Refugees in Egypt, 1944–1946." Slavic Review 79, no. 2 (2020): 298–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2020.85.
Full textAbstract:
During the last years of the Second World War, some 30,000 Yugoslav refugees found shelter in the Egyptian desert from the German occupation of Dalmatia. In the camp El Shatt, the Partisan movement, the nascent UN, western aid groups, and the British Army worked together to take care of the refugees and also to negotiate future relations. The Communist Party, with victory in Yugoslavia in sight, sought to showcase its ability to organize and motivate its future citizens. Thus, the camps in Egypt became a testing ground for state-building back home. The article will explore the tensions that emerged between the self-confident Partisans, the suspicious British and UN officials, and the refugees, who experienced the end of the war in the Egyptian desert.
48
Kashevarova, N. "Ukrainian libraries during the occupation of the Second World War times (based on reports of a German librarian Alexander Himpel)." Rukopisna ta knižkova spadŝina Ukraïni, no. 20 (November 30, 2016): 294–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rksu.20.294.
Full text
49
Hagen, Joshua. "Bertram M. Gordon. War Tourism: Second World War France from Defeat and Occupation to the Creation of HeritageJulia S. Torrie. German Soldiers and the Occupation of France, 1940–1944." American Historical Review 125, no. 4 (October 2020): 1522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz993.
Full text
50
Cohen, Erik. "Surviving the NDH." Journal of Autoethnography 1, no. 4 (2020): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/joae.2020.1.4.323.
Full textAbstract:
This autoethnography is an account of the survival of a Mischling (half-Jew) of the genocidal NDH (Independent State of Croatia) Ustasha regime, against the background of the persecution of Jews during the Second World War. It dwells upon the collapse of a young Jew’s world with the German occupation and the creation of that regime, his religious conversion, and his and his family’s precarious daily life under the latent existential threat posed by the regime. It stresses the tensions between external conformity and internal resistance against the regime, dwells upon the author’s liminal state of suspension between worlds, and asserts that the wartime experience left lasting marks on his sense of personal identity: he remained a partial outsider, never fully identified with, or belonging to a group, but able to adapt to wherever he lived, resembling in many respects Simmel’s “stranger.” The author believes that his experience of suspension between cultures reflect those of other adolescent Michlinge in the War, but the absence of similar autoethnographies precludes a confirmation of this assumption.