Academic literature on the topic 'Second World War; German occupation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Second World War; German occupation"
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MESSENGER, DAVID A. "Beyond War Crimes: Denazification, ‘Obnoxious’ Germans and US Policy in Franco's Spain after the Second World War." Contemporary European History 20, no. 4 (September 23, 2011): 455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777311000488.
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AbstractThis work links the western Allies’ policy of denazification in occupied Germany to efforts to repatriate German intelligence agents and Nazi Party officials – so-called ‘obnoxious’ Germans – from the neutral states of Europe after the Second World War. Once on German soil, these individuals would be subject to internment and investigation as outlined in occupation policy. Using the situation in Franco's Spain as a case study, the article argues that new ideas of neutrality following the war and a strong commitment to the concept of denazification led to the creation of the repatriation policy, especially within the United States. Repatriation was also a way to measure the extent to which Franco's Spain accepted the Allied victory and the defeat of Nazism and fascism. The US perception was that the continued presence of individual Nazis meant the continued influence of Nazism itself. Spain responded half-heartedly, at best. Despite the fact that in terms of numbers repatriated the policy was a failure, the Spanish example demonstrates that the attempted repatriation of ‘obnoxious’ Germans from neutral Europe, although overlooked, was significant not only as part of the immediate post-war settlement but also in its bearing on US ideas about Nazism, security and perceived collaboration of neutral states like Spain.
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Höhn, Maria. "Frau im Haus und Girl im Spiegel: Discourse on Women in the Interregnum Period of 1945–1949 and the Question of German Identity." Central European History 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019968.
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Defeat after the Second World War was complete for Germany, and life for the civilian population was grim. In one of Erich Kästner's poems, read at a 1947 theater production, a war widow laments that “ganz Deutschland ist ein Wartesaal mit Millionen von Frauen.” Indeed, in 1945 there were approximately seven million more women in Germany than men. More than three million German soldiers were killed in the war. Seven million German soldiers were still prisoners of war, leaving their wives and families to fend for themselves in the rubble heaps of the German cities. Adding to the hardship of the rural areas were the twelve million refugees who had been expelled from the territories conquered by the Soviet army and then had streamed into the American and British zones of occupation to resettle. Defeated Germany was split into four zones of occupation ruled by military governments. German men who had been promised the conquest of the world returned from the war and found their treasured patriarchy undermined in the home and in the state.
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Belukhin, Nikita. "The Taste of War: the Danish Collaborationism under the German Occupation in 1940—1945." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016460-5.
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The article deals with the phenomenon of the Danish economic collaboration during the German occupation of Denmark in 1940—1945. The occupation of Denmark is a unique case among other occupied European countries such as France, Belgium and the Netherlands during the Second World War where Germany openly pursued the policy of economic exploitation and introduced strict rationing practices. The peculiar “soft” conduct of the Danish occupation is mainly attributed to the special role Denmark’s agricultural exports played in the German war economy. Under the occupation the efficient system of production and food consumption control was devised in Denmark which met the interests and needs of both the Danish population and Germany’s economy. The article highlights the specific mechanisms of economic coordination between Denmark and the German occupation authorities within industry and agriculture, and reveals Denmark’s role in the German military and economic plans.
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Djatej, Arsen, and Robert Sarikas. "The Second World War and Soviet accounting." Accounting History 14, no. 1-2 (January 20, 2009): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373208098551.
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This article examines the rapid changes to Soviet accounting practice during World War II. The adaptation of the pre-war accounting system was required to meet the extraordinary demands of a conflict that saw as much as 40 percent of the national population under German occupation. Many large production facilities were rapidly relocated out of the war zone to the Urals, Central Asia, and the Far East. Soviet wartime accounting was focused only on contributing to victory. Sometimes this meant establishing extremely simplified allocation procedures; sometimes this meant creating new accounts for enterprise assets temporarily under enemy control, and sometimes this meant extensive and thorough procedures to safeguard economic resources and military property. For scholars the war provided an example of how accounting can rapidly evolve to meet changing national priorities.
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NACHUM, IRIS, and SAGI SCHAEFER. "The Semantics of Political Integration: Public Debates about the Term ‘Expellees’ in Post-War Western Germany." Contemporary European History 27, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731700042x.
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In the immediate period following the Second World War the Western occupation zones of Germany received eight million ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe. Initially these newcomers were lumped in Western German discourse under the term ‘refugees’. Yet, within less than a decade, the term ‘expellees’ emerged as a more popular denotation. Scholarship has offered two explanations for this semantic change, emphasising the political influence of both the Allies and the ‘expellee’ leadership. This article presents a complementary reason for this discursive shift. We argue that ‘expellees’ marked the symbolic weight that the ethnic Germans offered as expulsion victims in order to balance out German guilt for Nazi crimes.
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de Keizer, Madelon. "Memory as Rite de Passage. Towards a Postmoralistic Historiography of the Second World War." Itinerario 20, no. 2 (July 1996): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007026.
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As a native of the Netherlands, I have been imbued with an awareness of the history of the Second World War in both Europe and the Pacific ever since I was a child, though I must admit that the Japanese occupation of the Dutch colony in the Dutch East Indies from 1942 to 1945 plays a less important part in my imagination than thefiveyears of German occupation of the Netherlands. My parents and brothers can directly recollect the latter dark period, and I see it vividly in my mind's eye, born (in 1948) and bred as I was in Rotterdam, the city whose centre was razed to the ground by the German air raid in May 1940. The effects of the bombs were still clearly visible during the years in which I was growing up there. Given this double Dutch memory – memory of the hostilities in Europe, and memory of South-East Asia – it hardly seems fortuitous that the Dutch scholar Ian Buruma chose the German and Japanese memory of the Second World War and of the War in the Pacific as the theme for his 1994 publication The Wages of Guilt.
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Коrzun, Оlena. "ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH WORK ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REICHSKOMMISSARIAT «UKRAINE»." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 40 (2019): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2019.40.14.
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Agricultural research as a system of permanent research institutes for agricultural needs during the Second World War on the territory of Ukraine has proved to be a remarkable period in the study of the history of science. Within 6 years it changed its structure several times to meet the needs of the party that captured Ukrainian territories: in Western Ukraine from the Polish model to the Soviet one; under fascist occupation - to meet the needs of the Germans and Romanians; evacuation and re-evacuation, which also required reorganization, re-institutionalization of the institutions to new climatic conditions in the critical situation of the war time. A separate aspect of the research is an analysis of changes in the organizational structure of the agrarian research institutes during the German occupation. This article is aimed at analyzing the organizational structure of agricultural research in the period of the German occupation during World War II on the territory of the Reichskommissariat «Ukraine» on the basis of original sources. The analysis of these issues will allow us to reflect on the events of the World War II more closely, better understand the plans of Nazi Germany on the development of Ukrainian lands meant for the prospective settlement of the Germans, the organizational drawbacks of the Soviet agricultural research and Nazi’s attempts to overcome them. Utilization of the Ukrainian arable farm lands became a major geostrategic and military aspect German invasion plans. For the effective exploitation of this territory, all German scientific forces were united to study the agricultural potential of the occupied lands. With the establishment of new occupation authorities in Ukraine, their primary actions were to collect maximum information from scientific documentation and materials on breeding, to involve the best local scientists to projects aimed at deep study of the occupied territories for the prospective German settlers. The main organization responsible for the collection and export of scientific material from the occupied territories was the Rosenberg Operational Headquarters, which collaborated with the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories. The departments of this ministry belonged to the Central Research Service of the East, under supervision of all German scholars who came for scientific work on the territory of the Reichscommissariat «Ukraine». In order to study the scientific potential of the agricultural sector in the autumn of 1941, the Center for Research of Agriculture and Forestry for Northwestern Ukraine was created. During 1942-1943 agricultural scientific institutions accounted to the Institute of Local Lore and Economic Research, and later to the National Research Center with the allocation of a separate Special Group on Agricultural Research. This structure allowed the occupational authorities to control the institutional, financial, personnel and scientific issues of the institutions and integrate domestic agricultural research with the German science management. Despite the presence of the Ukrainian administration representatives in each agricultural research institute, all issues were resolved solely by the German authorities subordinated to the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories The occupation authorities planned to use the scientific potential of these institutions for better development of the invaded territories. This issue was in the center of attention, both for economic, scientific and ideological benefits of the new government. With approaching military actions, German curators were ordered to export scientific records, elite seed funds and valuable literature. At the beginning of 1945, researchers of agricultural research institutes and scientific documentation were scattered among different German institutions in Poland and Germany. Thus, despite numerous difficulties caused on the territory of Ukrainian lands by the Second World War and German interference into the organizational framework of agricultural science, this situation proved to have a positive turn, because Ukrainian scientists never ceased their work, managed to preserve the agricultural potential of Ukraine.
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Begović, Boris. "Ekonomske odredbe Versajskog mirovnog ugovora: preispitivanje nakon jednog veka." Novi arhiv za pravne i društvene nauke Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, no. 1/2021 (May 11, 2021): 67–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/novi_arhiv_pfub_21105a.
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Contrary to widespread belief, reparations imposed on Germany by the economic provisions of the Treaty of Versailles did not undermine the German economy, nor push it into a vicious cycle of crises and backwardness, from which emerged National Socialism and Adolf Hitler’s power takeover. In the first decade after the conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany’s economy prospered, with high growth rates. In the same decade, German National Socialists managed to win over only a negligible segment of the constituency, and Franco-German relations even improved. The turn took place with the Great Depression, which was, however, not related to the Treaty of Versailles whatsoever. Thus, it is a myth that the Treaty, predominantly through its economic provisions, led to the Second World War. The shortcomings of the Treaty of Versailles, with regard to providing sustainable peace in Europe, should be sought in the framework of the outcome of the First World War, which ended in an armistice, not German surrender. It was only after the Second World War that German unconditional surrender, full occupation of the country and dismemberment of German militarism created the grounds for political stability and sustainable peace in Europe.
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RÖGER, MAREN. "The Sexual Policies and Sexual Realities of the German Occupiers in Poland in the Second World War." Contemporary European History 23, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000490.
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AbstractSexual policies were a core component of the National Socialist racial policies, both in the Altreich (territories considered part of Nazi Germany before 1938), as well as in the occupied territories. In occupied Poland the Germans imposed a ‘prohibition of contact’ (Umgangsverbot) with the local Polish population, a restriction that covered both social as well as sexual encounters. But this model of absolute racial segregation was never truly implemented. This paper attempts to show that there existed a wide range of sexual contacts between the occupiers and the local inhabitants, with the focus here being on consensual and forced contacts (sexual violence) as seen against the backdrop of National Socialist policies. This article positions itself at the intersection of the history of everyday life (Alltagsgeschichte), the history of sexuality and the gender history of the German occupation of Poland – perspectives that have rarely been used with regard to this region.
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Łazowska, Bożena. "Polish statistical research during the Second World War." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 4 (April 28, 2017): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0894.
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The aim of this article is to present the research conducted by the Polish statisticians within 1939—1945. The paper was prepared on the basis of the query in the Central Statistical Archive of CSO and the State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw, as well as German statistical sources, reports, memoirs, chronicles, press articles, biographies and historical monographs. It presents the work of the Polish statisticians employed by the Statistical Office of General Government in Cracow and the underground statistical research conducted mainly by the Institute of Social Economy under the name of the Central Welfare Council in Warsaw, including especially the effort of Ludwik Landau and Jan Piekalkiewicz. Also, the illegal statistical education and activity of the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile relating to the statistics were discussed. The study shows that under the Nazi occupation Polish statisticians conducted underground statistical research mainly in Cracow and Warsaw and their results were delivered to the structures of the Polish Underground State and to the Polish Government in exile in London.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Second World War; German occupation"
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Van, der Meij L. P. J. "The SS in the Netherlands, 1940-1945 : the #Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer Nordwest'." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320981.
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Doney, Keith. "Freemasonry in France during the Nazi occupation and its rehabilitation after the end of the Second World War." Thesis, Aston University, 1993. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14856/.
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This thesis examines the involvement of the French Freemason movement in the Resistance during the Occupation of France by the Germans 1939-1945, its relationship with the Vichy government and the effect the 'Nouvelle Révolution' had on the lives of individual Masons. To set the scene and to put the role of Freemasonry into perspective in the life of France and the French political system, the origins of French Freemasonry are examined and explained. The main French Masonic obediences are discussed and the differences between them emphasised. The particular attributes of a Freemason are described and the ideals and ethos of the Order is discussed. From its earliest days, Freemasonry has often been persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church or by extreme Right-wing movements. The history of this persecution is reviewed and the reasons for its persistence noted, with especial emphasis on the treatment of Freemasons under the fascist regimes of Italy and Germany. The fate of Freemasonry in countries under German control is also briefly examined. With the occupation of France by the Germans, the differences and similarities of the treatment of French and German Freemasons are discussed. The processes and legislation of this ban are closely examined and the part played by the Vichy government in the persecution of French Freemasonry is discussed. The effects of this persecution and the consequences for individuals are examined and the Freemason's role in the emerging Resistance movement is reviewed. The contribution of many lodges to the Resistance movement is examined and the sacrifice of many Freemasons for their ideals is emphasised.
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Fenwick, Luke Peter. "Catholic and Protestant faith communities in Thuringia after the Second World War, 1945-1948." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2784.
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In 1945, many parts of Germany lay in rubble and there was a Zeitgeist of exhaustion, apathy, frustration and, in places, shame. German society was disorientated and the Catholic and Protestant churches were the only surviving mass institutions that remained relatively independent from the former Nazi State. Allowed a general religious freedom by the occupying forces, the churches provided the German population with important spiritual and material support that established their vital post-war role in society. The churches enjoyed widespread popular support and, in October 1946, over 90 percent of the population in the Soviet zone (SBZ) claimed membership in either confession. This thesis is a social history that examines the position of the churches in Thuringia, as a case study, between 1945 and 1948 and aims to evaluate their social and moral influence on the population. It seeks to readdress the considerable dearth of historiographical attention given to the role of the churches in people's everyday lives. In summary, despite a general religious revival in 1945, the popularity of the churches was both short-lived and superficial. Although the churches were industrious in attempting to provide for everybody, the acute destitution encountered by the Thuringian population in 1945 was a chronic problem that undermined the authority of the churches. This was revealed in the inability of the churches to influence faith communities to regularly attend church, to welcome refugees and to feel some responsibility for the Nazi past. Meanwhile, by 1948, the dominant political party, the Socialist Unity Party (SED), had tightened its control over social life in the SBZ. Instead of heeding the voice and dictates of the churches, the population fell into an ideological apathy that favoured the SED, despite the party's own widespread unpopularity. The result was the almost unchallenged, increasing power of socialism in the SBZ that ultimately led to the establishment of the German Democratic Republic under the aegis of the SED with the churches' acquiescence.
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Bauer, Raimund. "A 'New Order' : National Socialist notions of Europe and their implementation during the Second World War." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21828.
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The term Europe was omnipresent in the Third Reich during the Second World War. An abundance of primary sources attests to the German interest in a new European order. Nevertheless, historiography is in disagreement on the Europeanness of this New Order and on its actual relevance for National Socialist policies. This study argues that these differing appraisals are the result of a mistaken understanding of the National Socialist New Order. National Socialist Germany did not pursue a single, stable, and clear-cut notion of Europe-to-be, but constantly kept negotiating its war aims and the future of Europe under the heading New Order. By means of a discourse-analytical approach, this thesis reconstructs this New Order and shows that its defining dimensions were long-standing and well-established knowledge and belief systems: the idea of European economic cooperation and völkisch beliefs. Depending on the military situation and the scope of the German sphere of influence, the discursive weight of these interpretive frames varied during the war. Nevertheless, they produced temporarily stable visions of Europe-to-be. Contrasted with this development, an analysis of German policies clearly demonstrates that the New Order discourse did matter. A hermeneutical approach which draws on discourse-analytical concepts of power relations makes clear that the New Order discourse was powerful. It defined the permissible ways of thinking and speaking about the future of Europe and it endowed the activities of German occupation authorities and private companies with meaning. Thus, this study and its innovative perspective shed new light on the New Order and broaden our understanding of National Socialist wartime policies. Its findings suggest that the National Socialist Europe must not be dismissed as anti-European. National Socialist Germany discursively constructed and realised its own ideals of Europe-to-be. This völkisch and economic reorganisation not only guided the policies of German occupation policies and informed the actions of private businesses, but it also fits well into the German tradition of European thinking.
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Berry, Dawn Alexandrea. "The North Atlantic Triangle and the genesis and legacy of the American occupation of Greenland during the Second World War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8dfcb09d-955e-4d43-a43d-6c7c26f5ef1d.
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On April 9, 1940, Germany invaded Denmark. Instantly, the fate and status of Greenland, a Danish colony, was thrust into limbo. During the war, Greenland’s vital mineral resources and location made it significant for the warring parties on both sides of the Atlantic. However, conflicting international corporate and political interests made any act to defend the island on the part of the Allies, or the officially neutral Americans, problematic. Within a year of the Danish occupation, the American government had signed an agreement for the defense of Greenland, extending the protection of both the Monroe Doctrine and the American military to the island. This action was an important step in the formal expansion of American influence in the Western Hemisphere that occurred during the Second World War. This thesis argues that global economic, political, and technological changes led to Greenland’s increased geopolitical significance and set the stage for a shift in the balance of power within the North Atlantic Triangle. It demonstrates how decisions relating to the security of the island came to be made and how conflicting interests within and between governments affected the genesis of the occupation. It explores how Winston Churchill’s decision to mine the North Sea led to the American occupation of Greenland and examines the ways in which the effects of Churchill’s actions raised concerns in Canada about the possibility of a British defeat, which in turn led Mackenzie King, the Canadian Prime Minister, to align his foreign policy closer to that of the United States’ President Roosevelt. This thesis also asserts that Roosevelt successfully used the potential foreign occupation of Greenland to demonstrate to the American public the dangers of foreign conflicts to the United States and to further his hemispheric security objectives both domestically and abroad. These events had a profound and lasting impact on the relationships within the North Atlantic Triangle and on political identity in Greenland, and signalled an important shift in the foreign policy of the United States toward greater American involvement in world affairs.
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Grillere-Lacroix, Diane. "L’occupation italienne face à l’occupation allemande. Analyse et enjeux de l’autre occupation en France métropolitaine 1938-1943." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040197.
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De 1938 à 1940, l’existence d’un programme de revendications territoriales de l’Italie fasciste sur la France et le renforcement de l’Axe Rome-Berlin rendent impossible une entente réelle franco-italienne et conduisent au contraire à l’entrée en guerre de l’Italie contre la France le 10 juin 1940. Malgré une bataille des Alpes peu couronnée de succès mais grâce à la signature d’une convention d’armistice, l’Italie de Mussolini peut occuper de facto une partie du territoire métropolitain français. Quoique limitée dans sa superficie du 25 juin 1940 au 11 novembre 1942, l’occupation italienne se développe avec ses propres caractéristiques et s’inscrit dans une configuration géopolitique nouvelle. L’occupation incarne ainsi la revendication fasciste d’une place privilégiée au sein du nouvel ordre européen mais aussi la réalisation possible des ambitions territoriales énoncées depuis 1938, les deux au détriment de la France. L’extension de l’ « occupation », du 11 novembre 1942 au 8 septembre 1943, semble accentuer dans un premier temps cette emprise italienne sur la France et son territoire, mais la politique souveraine de l’occupant italien est éphémère puisque deux mois à peine après la chute du gouvernement fasciste, le 25 juillet 1943, l’Italie signe l’armistice avec les Alliés mettant fin à la domination italienne sur la FranceFrom 1938 to 1940, the existence of a territorial claims program by Fascist Italy on France and the reinforcement of the Rome-Berlin Axis make a real agreement between Italy and France impossible and lead on the contrary to the Italian declaration of war against France on June 10th 1940. In spite of a battle in the Alps quite unsuccessful but thanks to the conclusion of an armistice convention, Mussolini’s Italy can occupy de facto a part of French metropolitan territory. Although a limited area is occupied from June 25th 1940 to 11th November 1942, the Italian occupation is developing with its own characteristics in a new geopolitical configuration. Thus the occupation illustrates the Fascist claim of a privileged position into the New European Order but also the possible realization of territorial ambitions stated for 1938, both to the detriment to France. The extension of the “occupation” from November 11th 1942 to September 8th 1943, seems to increase firstly the Italian “control” on France and its southeastern territory, but the sovereign policy of the occupying power don’t last since hardly two months after the fall of Fascist government, on July 25th 1943, Italy signs an armistice with the Allies which puts an end to the Italian domination on France
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Alquier, Alain. "L’occupation allemande dans le département de l’Hérault : 11 novembre 1942-23 août 1944." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MON30009.
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Le 11 novembre 1942, jour du vingt-quatrième anniversaire de la signature de l’armistice de 1918, le plan Anton II est déclenché par Hitler. L’armée allemande, aidée de l’armée italienne, envahit la zone sud de la France. Plusieurs dizaines de milliers de soldats de l’Axe traversent brutalement les frontières fixées par les armistices de 1940 et se partagent en deux zones les territoires qui étaient, jusqu’alors, sous le contrôle du gouvernement de Vichy. Les militaires ont un seul objectif : atteindre au plus vite le littoral méditerranéen devenu vulnérable par suite du débarquement anglo-américain dans les territoires français d’Afrique du Nord, le 8 novembre précédent (opération Torch). La zone sud, qui accueillait jusqu’alors de nombreux réfugiés de l’exode de 1940, ainsi que des Juifs et autres pourchassés du régime nazi, devient désormais un territoire sous contrôle. Alors qu’ils subissent avec résignation et fatalisme la défaite de 1940, et que leur quotidien est lourdement impacté par les pénuries, les Héraultais doivent accueillir une dizaine de milliers de soldats allemands qu’il faut loger et avec lesquels il faut cohabiter. C’est ici que débute notre étude dont l’objectif est de reconstruire, au plus près, le quotidien des Héraultais durant les vingt-deux mois de présence allemande, ainsi que de démontrer le fonctionnement de l’occupation à l’échelon départemental. Au-delà des difficultés quotidiennes liées à la guerre, vivre sous la botte allemande, c’est aussi vivre sous la contrainte, à la fois de l’occupant qui est le maître, mais également du gouvernement de Vichy qui agit en étroite collaboration avec lui. Il en découle des difficultés pour les Héraultais qui se manifestent sous diverses formes que nous tenterons de présenter. Enfin, nous nous intéresserons également aux luttes violentes qui émergent entre la Résistance, les collaborateurs, les collaborationnistes et l’occupant, ainsi qu’aux raisons de la retraite allemande qui amènent à la Libération du département, avec ses conséquences sur les hommes et le territoireOn November 11, 1942, the twenty-fourth anniversary of the signing of the 1918 armistice, the Anton II plan was triggered by Hitler. The German army, with the help of the Italian army, invaded the South of France. Tens of thousands of Axis soldiers ruthlessly crossed the borders set by the 1940 armistices and divided the territories, so far under the control of the Vichy government, into two separate areas. The soldiers were given a single objective: reach as quickly as possible the Mediterranean coast, which had become vulnerable since the Anglo-American landing in the French territories of North Africa on 8 November (Torch Operation). At that point, the Southern area which until then had been home to many 1940 exodus refugees, as well as Jews and others who were hunted down by the Nazi regime became a territory under control. While they had resignedly and fatalistically endured the 1940 defeat, and their daily life was heavily affected by shortages, the Hérault people also had to take in, accept to cohabit with and provide accommodation to around ten thousand German soldiers. This is the point in time when our study begins. Our aim is to reconstruct, as accurately as possible, the daily life of the Hérault inhabitants during twenty-two months of German presence, as well as to show and tell how the occupation functioned at department level. Beyond war-generated daily difficulties, living under the German boot also meant living under constraint, both from the occupier who was the master, but also from the collaborating Vichy government. For the Hérault population, this situation created a range of difficulties which took the different forms we will attempt to present in this study. Finally, we will also focus on the violent fights that occurred between the Resistance, collaborators, collaborationists and the occupier, as well as on the reasons for the German retreat that led to the Liberation of the department, with its consequences on the people and the territory
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Théofilakis, Fabien. "Les prisonniers de guerre allemands en mains françaises (1944-1949) : captivité en France, rapatriement en Allemagne." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100184/document.
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Entre fin 1944 et fin 1948, près d’un million de prisonniers de guerre allemands a été détenu en France métropolitaine par les nouvelles autorités. Figure honnie de l’occupation allemande et de la défaite nazie, ces soldats de Hitler désormais vaincus deviennent un enjeu majeur de la sortie de guerre, ou plutôt des sorties de guerre, tant les temporalités et les modalités diffèrent, parfois divergent selon les nombreux acteurs. Les autorités du GPRF sont tout de suite confrontées à un gigantesque défi logistique : prendre en charge une masse de prisonniers, alors que la France de la Libération peine à subvenir aux besoins de sa propre population. Or ces prisonniers sont avant tout réclamés et gardés comme une main-d’œuvre pour la reconstruction de la France. De militaire, la captivité allemande en mains françaises devient économique et pose avec urgence le problème de l’entretien de cette force de travail. La sortie hors du camp offre certes des solutions, mais diffuse progressivement la gestion à l’ensemble de la société : employeurs, maires, mais aussi populations locales et opinions publiques entrent en contact avec cette nouvelle présence allemande. Et la « question PGA » de devenir une affaire de politique intérieure qui fait rejouer la diversité discordante des vécus de guerre : où se situe la limite entre le traitement économiquement rentable mais politiquement peu patriotique ? Qui doit être prioritaire dans l’affectation de la main-d’œuvre prisonnière ? Le travail de celle-là doit-il revenir à l’employeur ou bénéficier à l’ensemble de la nation ? Les réponses engagent une certaine idée de la Reconstruction. Cette question du traitement des PGA dépasse le cadre national pour devenir un enjeu des relations franco-américaines de l’après-guerre et de facto de la politique allemande des deux alliés au statut si inégal : 70% des prisonniers gérés par les Français ont été cédés par les Américains qui entendent conserver leur responsabilité de puissance détentrice. Avec la fin du conflit, puis le début de la guerre froide, qui bouleverse les priorités américaines, la gestion des PGA à l’échelle internationale permet d’observer comme le bilatéralisme transatlantique est progressivement intégré dans le cadre européen qui lui impose son calendrier. Comment les Français entendent-ils ainsi répondre aux demandes de libération à partir de 1946 sans contrarier le plan Monnet ?Between the end of 1944 and the end of 1948, almost one million German prisoners of war were detained in metropolitan France by the new authorities. As hated figures of the German occupation and the Nazi defeat, Hitler’s soldiers, henceforth vanquished, became a main issue of how to get out of the war, which involved a large number of actors. The authorities of the provisional government of the French republic were immediately confronted with a huge logistical challenge: to take care of a mass of prisoners, whereas France at the time of Liberation already had some difficulties to provide for its own population. Whereas German prisoners had been claimed and kept above all as labor to rebuild France. From being military in nature, the German captivity in French hands became an economic phenomenon and posed the question of the maintenance of this labor force. Removing the prisoners from camps presented some solutions, but spread progressively the management to the whole society: employers, mayors, but also local populations and public opinions who came in contact with this new German presence. The “German POWs question” became an issue of domestic policy, which made the conflicting diversity of war experiences resonate: Where is the line between the economically profitable treatment, but politically not so patriotic? Who must have priority in the allocation of POW labor? Must the work of this latter be due to the employer or to benefit the whole nation? Answers to these problems defined a certain idea of the reconstruction. This question of the treatment of POWs exceeds the national framework to become an issue of the Franco-American relationships in the after-war period and, de facto, of German policy - decided by two allies with such unequal status: 70% of the prisoners managed by the French had been transferred by the Americans who wanted to keep the responsibility as the detaining power. With the end of the conflict, then the beginning of the Cold War, which changed American priorities, the management of the German POWs at the international scale gives the opportunity to observe how the transatlantic bilateralism was progressively integrated into the European framework which set its own agenda. How could the French authorities meet the claims for liberation from 1946 without thwarting the Monnet plan?
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Xu, Zhikai. "Les employés allemands du Gouvernement Militaire Français (1945 - 1949)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLN015/document.
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Après la seconde guerre mondiale et suite à sa défaite, l'Allemagne fut divisée en quatre zones d'occupation par les forces alliées. Sous le contrôle général du CONL (Conseil de Contrôle Interallié), les Allemands durent alors obéir aux ordres des quatre occupants alliés qui, chacun dans leur zone respective, cherchèrent de mener à bien leurs propres projets d'occupation. Pour des raisons diplomatiques et géopolitiques, les autorités françaises de la ZFO (zone française d’occupation) maintinrent une position plus indépendante, afin de non seulement garantir la sécurité géopolitique de la France, mais aussi s’assurer de pouvoir se procurer les moyens nécessaires à la reconstruction de la France -- à travers la réparation économique que l’Allemagne s’était vue imposer --, et enfin de lui permettre la décentralisation de l'Allemagne. Ainsi, une série de décisions sur l'utilisation directe ou indirecte des ressources humaines allemandes locales seront prises par le GMF (Gouvernement Militaire Français) pour faciliter l'administration de la zone française et assurer les intérêts français en Allemagne. Dans ce modèle représentatif de l’utilisation française du personnel allemand, trois groupes particuliers d’employés allemands directs ou indirects du GMF existèrent et aidèrent ainsi les occupants français à réaliser efficacement les objectifs qu’ils s’étaient fixés concernant l'occupation de l’Allemagne : les employés allemands relevant directement du GMF, les fonctionnaires et enfin, les légionnaires allemands. En raison de différentes décisions interalliées du CONL, d’événements historiques cruciaux et de mouvements populaires en Allemagne dans l’immédiat après-guerre – tels que par exemple, la dénazification, la démocratisation, la rééducation et la démilitarisation --, tous ces groupes d’employés allemands du GMF connurent des destins différents pendant la période d’occupation. Leurs sorts furent le reflet direct et concret du changement d’attitude des Français envers le peuple allemand ainsi que l’évolution des principes français relatifs à l’occupation de l’Allemagne dans l’après-guerreAfter the Second World War, defeated Germany was divided into four zones occupied by allied force. Under the general control of ACC (Allied Control Council), Germans had to obey the rule of Allied occupants and the four allied powers sought to carry out their own plans of occupation in their zones. Due to the reasons diplomatic and geostrategic, the French authorities maintained a more independent position to pursue the geopolitical security of France, the economic reparation for the reconstruction and the decentralization of Germany. Hence, a series of decisions about the direct or indirect use of local German human resource were adopted by the FMG (French Military Government) to simplifier the administration of the zone and ensure the realization of French interests in Germany. In this typical model of the French employ of German personnel, three major special germen groups existed; they supported French occupants to achieve efficiently their objectives of occupation in Germany: the germen employees relevant directly to FMG, the functionaries and the legionnaires. With the allied decisions of ACC, the crucial events and the popular movements in Germany, such as denazification, democratization, reeducation, and demilitarization, these typical groups of the employees of FMG have experienced the different situations during the occupation period and their fates reflect directly and deeply the change of French attitude toward the Germen people and the evolution of French principles of occupation in Germany in the postwar period
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Clemence, Paul Christopher. "German underground factories of the Second World War: an essential folly." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493643.
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This thesis examines the topic of the underground factories that Germany constructed during the Second World War. These factories were primarily built as a response to the Allied bombing campaign that was increasing in intensity from 1943 onwards and the entire programme stretched across much of Europe. Encompassing at least nine occupied countries, as well as Germany itself, the programme was composed of hundreds of factories ranging from gigantic tunnel-systems and structures to small scale facilities in basements and cellars. It is the intention of this dissertation to provide an in-depth overview of the complete underground programme, something that has not previously been done at an academic level.
Books on the topic "Second World War; German occupation"
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Davies, Peter. France and the Second World War: Resistance, Occupation and Liberation. London: Routledge, 2000.
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France and the Second World War: Occupation, collaboration, and resistance. London: Routledge, 2001.
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Watervliet, Jean-Michel Veranneman de. Belgium in the Second World War. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2014.
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France during World War II: From defeat to liberation. New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 2005.
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The forgotten battle: Overloon and the Maas salient, 1944-45. New York: Sarpedon, 1995.
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Altes, A. Korthals. The forgotten battle: Overloon and the Maas salient, 1944-45. Staplehurst: Spellmount, 1995.
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La vie musicale à Nantes pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Paris: Harmattan, 2014.
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Barrett, Litoff Judy, ed. An American heroine in the French Resistance: The diary and memoir of Virginia d'Albert-Lake. New York: Fordham University Press, 2005.
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Simon, Adams. World War Two: Timeline of the Second World War. London: Franklin Watts, 2015.
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Jones, Simon R. H. The German occupation of the Channel Islands. [Guernsey: Guernsey Herald, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Second World War; German occupation"
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Garliński, Józef. "The Underground under German and Soviet Occupation." In Poland in the Second World War, 40–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09910-8_4.
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Machcewicz, Paweł. "Poles under German and Soviet occupations." In The Routledge History of the Second World War, 303–19. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429455353-25.
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Wright, Jonathan. "Preparing for War: From Rhineland Occupation to Anschluss." In Germany and the Origins of the Second World War, 73–110. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10380-2_6.
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Traynor, John. "the Second World War, 1939–45." In Mastering Modern German History, 265–95. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07221-4_12.
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Fortin, Joshua. "Western Europe under occupation." In The Routledge History of the Second World War, 479–94. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429455353-38.
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Traynor, John. "the origins of the Second World War." In Mastering Modern German History, 234–64. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07221-4_11.
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Atack, Margaret. "A nation united? The impossible memory of war and occupation in France." In Remembering the Second World War, 11–29. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315178905-2.
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Vickers, Edward. "Remembering and forgetting war and occupation in the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan." In Remembering the Second World War, 46–67. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315178905-4.
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Jones, Helen. "Aimée, Jaguar and Sophie Scholl: Women on the German Home Front." In Repicturing the Second World War, 83–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592582_7.
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Barta, Tony. "Downfall and Other Endings: German Film and Hitler’s War after Sixty Years." In Repicturing the Second World War, 192–204. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592582_15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Second World War; German occupation"
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Saenko, A. "The problem of the development of the historical and cultural heritage of the Returned Lands (Poland) on the pages of the Osadnik magazine: the experience of content analysis." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1800.978-5-317-06529-4/134-139.
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After the Second World War the former eastern provinces of Germany, called the Recovered Territories, were joined to Poland. The purpose of the study is to identify the main approaches to the development of the historical and cultural heritage of new territories, presented on the pages of the Polish magazine “Osadnik” (1946–1948), using the methods of computerized text analysis. It is concluded that two interrelated tendencies were the main ones in the policy of the state – the removal from the cultural landscape German features and the return of its Polish appearance.
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Saenko, A. "The problem of the development of the historical and cultural heritage of the Returned Lands (Poland) on the pages of the Osadnik magazine: the experience of content analysis." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1800.978-5-317-06529-4/134-139.
Full textAbstract:
After the Second World War the former eastern provinces of Germany, called the Recovered Territories, were joined to Poland. The purpose of the study is to identify the main approaches to the development of the historical and cultural heritage of new territories, presented on the pages of the Polish magazine “Osadnik” (1946–1948), using the methods of computerized text analysis. It is concluded that two interrelated tendencies were the main ones in the policy of the state – the removal from the cultural landscape German features and the return of its Polish appearance.
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Meher-Homji, Cyrus B. "The Development of the Junkers Jumo 004B: The World’s First Production Turbojet." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-457.
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This paper describes the pioneering work of Anslem Franz who, while working for the Junkers Engine company in Germany designed and made operational the world’s first production jet engine the Junkers Jumo 004 which was the powerplant for the formidable Messerschmitt ME 262 fighter. The paper covers the historical background of jet engine development in Germany during the Second World War and discusses design details of this remarkable axial flow, 1980 Lbs (900 Kg) thrust engine. The development represented a historic achievement for Anslem Franz and his design team at Junkers. Approximately 6,000 engines were built at the end of the second world war in the face of acute shortages and damage to German industry. The Jumo was brought from conceptual design to production in a span of four years. Franz joined Avco Lycoming in 1952 and worked for 16 years. He retired as Vice President in 1968 after making prolific contributions to the development of several Avco engines including the T53. the T55 and the AGT-1500. Anslem Franz passed away at the age of 94 in Stratford, Connecticut. This paper is a modest tribute to a jet engine pioneer who, in spite of his extensive contributions to gas turbine technology, will always be remembered as the man who designed the world’s first production turbojet.
Reports on the topic "Second World War; German occupation"
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Prysyazhnyi, Mykhaylo. UNIQUE, BUT UNCOMPLETED PROJECTS (FROM HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN EMIGRANT PRESS). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11093.
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In the article investigational three magazines which went out after Second World war in Germany and Austria in the environment of the Ukrainian emigrants, is «Theater» (edition of association of artists of the Ukrainian stage), «Student flag» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Young friends» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth). The thematic structure of magazines, which is inferior the association of different on age, is considered, by vital experience and professional orientation of people in the conditions of the forced emigration, paid regard to graphic registration of magazines, which, without regard to absence of the proper publisher-polydiene bases, marked structuralness and expressiveness. A repertoire of periodicals of Ukrainian migration is in the American, English and French areas of occupation of Germany and Austria after Second world war, which consists of 200 names, strikes the tipologichnoy vseokhopnistyu and testifies to the high intellectual level of the moved persons, desire of yaknaynovishe, to realize the considerable potential in new terms with hope on transference of the purchased experience to Ukraine. On ruins of Europe for two-three years the network of the press, which could be proud of the European state is separately taken, is created. Different was a period of their appearance: from odnogo-dvokh there are to a few hundred numbers, that it is related to intensive migration of Ukrainians to the USA, Canada, countries of South America, Australia. But indisputable is a fact of forming of conceptions of newspapers and magazines, which it follows to study, doslidzhuvati and adjust them to present Ukrainian realities. Here not superfluous will be an example of a few editions on the thematic range of which the names – «Plastun» specify, «Skob», «Mali druzi», «Sonechko», «Yunackiy shliah», «Iyzhak», «Lys Mykyta» (satire, humour), «Literaturna gazeta», «Ukraina і svit», «Ridne slovo», «Hrystyianskyi shliah», «Golos derzhavnyka», «Ukrainskyi samostiynyk», «Gart», «Zmag» (sport), «Litopys politviaznia», «Ukrains’ka shkola», «Torgivlia i promysel», «Gospodars’ko-kooperatyvne zhyttia», «Ukrainskyi gospodar», «Ukrainskyi esperantist», «Radiotehnik», «Politviazen’», «Ukrainskyi selianyn» Considering three riznovektorni magazines «Teatr» (edition of Association Mistciv the Ukrainian Stage), «Studentskyi prapor» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Yuni druzi» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth) assert that maintenance all three magazines directed on creation of different on age and by the professional orientation of national associations for achievement of the unique purpose – cherishing and maintainance of environments of ukrainstva, identity, in the conditions of strange land. Without regard to unfavorable publisher-polydiene possibilities, absence of financial support and proper encouragement, release, followed the intensive necessity of concentration of efforts for achievement of primary purpose – receipt and re-erecting of the Ukrainian State.