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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Second Variation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Second Variation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Second Variation"

1

Giménez, José, Lorena López, N. Merentes, and J. L. Sánchez. "On Bounded Second Variation." Advances in Pure Mathematics 02, no. 01 (2012): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/apm.2012.21005.

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Massa, Enrico, Danilo Bruno, Gianvittorio Luria, and Enrico Pagani. "Geometric constrained variational calculus. II: The second variation (Part I)." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 13, no. 01 (January 2016): 1550132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887815501327.

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Within the geometrical framework developed in [Geometric constrained variational calculus. I: Piecewise smooth extremals, Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 12 (2015) 1550061], the problem of minimality for constrained calculus of variations is analyzed among the class of differentiable curves. A fully covariant representation of the second variation of the action functional, based on a suitable gauge transformation of the Lagrangian, is explicitly worked out. Both necessary and sufficient conditions for minimality are proved, and reinterpreted in terms of Jacobi fields.

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Agrachev, A. A. "Spectrum of the Second Variation." Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 304, no. 1 (January 2019): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0081543819010036.

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Lê, Hông Vân, and Jiří Vanžura. "McLean’s second variation formula revisited." Journal of Geometry and Physics 113 (March 2017): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2016.10.002.

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Upton, C. J. F. "A generalization of second variation." Analysis Mathematica 11, no. 3 (September 1985): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01907420.

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IOFA, MIKHAIL Z. "SECOND VARIATION OF INDUCED CURVATURE TERM IN BRANE-WORLD ACTION." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 06 (February 28, 2010): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310032512.

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In a 5D spacetime with a 3-brane embedded we calculate the second variation of the scalar 4D curvature term on the brane under variations of the 5D metric. It is shown that the second variation of the 4D scalar curvature term in adapted coordinates is expressed only through variations of the components of the 5D metric with 4D indices.

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Li-Jost, Xianqing. "Bifurcation near solutions of variational problems with degenerate second variation." Manuscripta Mathematica 86, no. 1 (December 1995): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02567974.

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Massa, Enrico, Gianvittorio Luria, and Enrico Pagani. "Geometric constrained variational calculus. III: The second variation (Part II)." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 13, no. 04 (March 31, 2016): 1650038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887816500389.

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The problem of minimality for constrained variational calculus is analyzed within the class of piecewise differentiable extremaloids. A fully covariant representation of the second variation of the action functional based on a family of local gauge transformations of the original Lagrangian is proposed. The necessity of pursuing a local adaptation process, rather than the global one described in [1] is seen to depend on the value of certain scalar attributes of the extremaloid, here called the corners’ strengths. On this basis, both the necessary and the sufficient conditions for minimality are worked out. In the discussion, a crucial role is played by an analysis of the prolongability of the Jacobi fields across the corners. Eventually, in the appendix, an alternative approach to the concept of strength of a corner, more closely related to Pontryagin’s maximum principle, is presented.

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Lee, Nala H. "Style variation in the second formant." Language Ecology 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.00012.lee.

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Abstract Baba Malay speakers perceive words ending with [al], [aɾ], and [as] as kasar ‘coarse’, and their counterparts ending with [ɛ] as halus ‘refined’. The contrast is neither phonetic, phonological or morphological. Instead, it may be mitigated by sound symbolism operationalized by F2. The frontness of [ɛ] is associated with a smaller articulatory space in the oral cavity, and hence refinedness, as compared to the more backwards coarse forms. This study employs a matched-guise perceptual task. Refined forms are elicited from speakers. The F2 in the relevant endings is adjusted twice upwards and twice downwards in steps of 100Hz. Listeners rate these guises on a scale of 1 to 5, 5 being most associated with ‘refined’ values. Results show that the higher F2 is, the more likely listeners are to associate the guise with ‘refined’ values.

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박인규. "Second Language Variation: Optimality Theoretic Analyses." Studies in English Language & Literature 38, no. 4 (November 2012): 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21559/aellk.2012.38.4.014.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Second Variation"

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Lin, Yuhan. "Stylistic Variation and Social Perception in Second Dialect Acquisition." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1532059573668516.

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Sheikh, Christine. "Religious and Ethnic Variation Among Second-Generation Muslim Americans." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194730.

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The research question for this study is: how do religious and ethnic identities intersect for second-generation Americans? Is religious identification consistently coupled with strong ethnic identity among second-generation Americans, as posited by the current literature on is this issue, or are there other extant patterns that need to be further examined? I considered this question by comparing religious and non-religious second-generation Americans from Muslim-origin families from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. I interviewed 44 individuals across a range of religious and ethnic identification, and found six main patterns in how ethno-religious identities do and do not map on to one another. I titled these six patterns thusly: "Religion > Ethnicity; Higher Religion, Higher Ethnicity," "Religion > Ethnicity; Higher Religion, Lower Ethnicity," "Religion = Ethnicity," "Religion < Ethnicity," "Somewhat Ethnic, Somewhat Religious," and "Critics of Religion and Ethnicity."The case of second-generation Muslim Americans is particularly interesting, given that what may actually be occurring is the growing importance of a "pan-religious" identity, rather than the continued dominance of specific ethnic identities at the group level. Indeed, the primary function of the congregation vis-Ã -vis ethnicity may not be to maintain the ascendancy of a particular ethnic identity, as the sociology of religion literature claims; rather, for second-generation Muslims, religiosity may encourage a "pan-ethnicity" based on shared religious identity. This is borne out in the presence of two forms of the "Religion > Ethnicity" category, and the differentiation in how segmented assimilation occurs between the highly religious and the less religious.

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Jenkins, Jennifer. "Variation in phonological error in interlanguage talk." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10019151/.

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The research begins with an examination of the problems attending the growth in the use of English as a lingua franca between non-native speakers. It is argued that vanable first-language specific phonological 'errors' generate much of the miscommunication that is a characteristic of such interlanguage talk (ILT), original support for this claim being provided by a pilot study involving non-native speaker postgraduate students. Following a brief reappraisal of the place of language transfer in second language acquisition, its role in interlanguage (IL) phonology is examined in detail. Phonological transfer is revealed as a central and complex feature of the developing IL The theoretical position is exemplified by a selection of phonological transfer errors drawn from ILT classroom observation, such errors being redefmed in seriousness according to a taxonomy of new criteria based essentially on their effects on ILT communication. The extensive variation to which these taxonomic errorS are subject is discussed in the light of current theories of IL variation, and Accommodation Theory is concluded to have the greatest potential to account for phonological transfer or variation in ILT. The motivations underlying the accommodative processes of convergence and divergence are discussed and the framework is then extended to a motivation considered more salient in ILT: that of interlocutor comprehensibility. Two empirical studies investigate phonological variation in ILT from an accommodation perspective, the findings leading to the conclusion that while accommodation has an essential role in determining phonological error in ILT, its linguistic manifestation is usually one of suppression and non-suppression rather than of traditional convergence and divergence. Pedagogical implications of the research include the benefits of pair and smallgroup work, thus supporting previous research, and the need for classroom exposure to IL varieties of English.

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Dzacka, Charles Nunya. "A Variation of the Carleman Embedding Method for Second Order Systems." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1877.

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The Carleman Embedding is a method that allows us to embed a finite dimensional system of nonlinear differential equations into a system of infinite dimensional linear differential equations. This technique works well when dealing with first-order nonlinear differential equations. However, for higher order nonlinear ordinary differential equations, it is difficult to use the Carleman Embedding method. This project will examine the Carleman Embedding and a variation of the method which is very convenient in applying to second order systems of nonlinear equations.

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Biberauer, Mary Theresa. "Verb second (V2) in Afrikaans : a minimalist investigation of word order variation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615733.

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Dyson, Bronwen Patricia, University of Western Sydney, and of Arts Education and Social Sciences College. "Developmental style in second language processing : a study of inter-learner variation in the acquisition of English as a second language." THESIS_CAESS_XXX_Dyson_B.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/817.

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Research into how learners acquire second language has established that there are developmental stages but has not established the nature of variation within these stages. On the basis of a longitudinal study of the speech of six learners acquiring English as a Second Language (ESL), this thesis investigates the proposals which have been made about variation in stages within the paradigm established by the Multidimensional Model (MDM). Of particular interest is the variational option hypothesis in Processability Theory (PT), the theoretical framework of this thesis. The findings indicate that these variational options and the variational features are not satisfactory in three main respects. They are based on a theoretical construct which makes problematic assumptions about the learner’s knowledge of the second language, they do not reliably predict variation and they exclude important aspects of variation. This thesis proposes a new approach termed ‘developmental style’ which suggests that learner orientation at each stage can be defined in terms of a learner’s lexical or grammatical orientation. The findings demonstrate support for the developmental hypothesis and show that learners are consistent in their particular developmental style at the different stages investigated. The results indicate that learners vary in terms of their general grammatical development at any stage. This study also finds that language background, gender and task are variables which need to be controlled (informally) in order to demonstrate developmental styles.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Dyson, Bronwen Patricia. "Developmental style in second language processing a study of inter-learner variation in the acquisition of English as a second language /." View thesis, 2004. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20050729.140020/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2004.
A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliography.

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Gonzalez, Johnson Aracelis Maydee. "Dialectal Allophonic Variation in L2 Pronunciation." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/783.

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This thesis investigated the realization of the English voiceless post-alveolar affricate and the voiceless post-alveolar fricative in native Panamanian speakers learning English as a second language. The Spanish of Panama has a typical deaffrication process where the post-alveolar affricate phoneme is mostly pronounced as a fricative; as a result, the Spanish affricate has two allophones, the voiceless post-alveolar affricate and the voiceless post-alveolar fricative that occur in free variation in the Spanish of Panama. The word positions tested were word initially and finally only. Thus, the purpose of the study was to determine the dominant sound in the Spanish of Panama, to identify dialectal allophonic transfer from the Spanish of Panama, and to verify the accomplishment of the phonemic split in English through the frequency of usage of the target sounds. Subsequently, in order to exemplify the deaffrication phonological process of Panama, I developed and discussed a Feature Geometry of the Spanish language along with the Underspecified consonants of the Spanish language. In addition, I tested three main theories about acquisition of contrastive target sounds, Markedness, and similarity and dissimilarity of sounds. The results showed that these Panamanian learners of English produced the English voiceless post-alveolar fricative significantly more target appropriately than the English voiceless post-alveolar affricate. This indicates that the dominant sound in the Spanish of Panama is the dialectal allophone, the voiceless post-alveolar fricative, which I suggest may become the default post-alveolar phoneme in the Spanish of Panama. Subsequently, the high frequency of the voiceless post-alveolar fricative also indicates that the participants transferred their Panamanian Spanish dialectal allophone, the voiceless post-alveolar fricative, into English and more importantly, they have not reached the phonemic split for these two English target sounds. Taking the dialectal allophone, the voiceless post-alveolar fricative, as the default post-alveolar phoneme in the Spanish of Panama, The Markedness Differential Hypothesis (Eckman, 1977) accounts for the observed trends described as follows: the learning of the less marked sound (English voiceless post-alveolar fricative) was easier to acquire and the learning of the more marked sound (English voiceless post-alveolar affricate) was difficult to acquire.

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Austen, Martha. "The Role of Listener Experience in Perception of Conditioned Dialect Variation." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu159532560325774.

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Fisher, Isaac W. "Transfer of stylistic phonetic variables indexing sexuality in second language contexts." Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32676.

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Master of Arts
Department of Modern Languages
Earl K. Brown
This paper reports on a study that analyzes how a sequential bilingual speaker (L1 Mexican Spanish, L2 American English) uses stylistic phonetic variation in different speech types during an interview (short answer, spontaneous speech, dramatic anecdote, reading) to construct a dynamic gay persona. There are many stylistic variables that can interact when an individual is creating a persona in an interaction, and this becomes even more complex when analyzing L1 speech as well as L2 speech as there are two collections of stylistic phonetic variables (indexical fields) interacting from two different cultural ideologies available to the interlocutors. It is problematic to assign one distinct variable to an identity, such as gay, as it homogenizes a diverse social group of individuals and underestimates members' ability to manage perceptual salience of their identity as a gay individual based on context and social pressure(s). While the field of Lavender Linguistics (language use associated with the LGBTQ community) has shown that there are many resources that can be used to "sound gay," this case study focuses on how a speaker stylistically creates a gay persona throughout the interview through stylistic variation of two principle variables: 1) word-final /s/ duration, and 2) center of gravity of word-final /s/.

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Books on the topic "Second Variation"

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M, Gass Susan, and Conference on Applied Linguistics (11th : 1987 : University of Michigan), eds. Variation in second language acquisition. Clevedon, Avon, England: Multilingual Matters, 1989.

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Bayley, Robert, Dennis R. Preston, and Xiaoshi Li, eds. Variation in Second and Heritage Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.28.

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Bayley, Robert, and Dennis R. Preston, eds. Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.10.

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Adamson, Hugh. Variation theory and second language acquisition. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI, 1988.

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Variation theory and second language acquisition. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 1988.

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1943-, Bayley Robert, and Preston Dennis Richard, eds. Second language acquisition and linguistic variation. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1996.

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Tarone, Elaine. Variation in interlanguage. London: E. Arnold, 1988.

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Young, Richard. Variation in interlanguage morphology. New York, N.Y: P. Lang, 1991.

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Félix-Brasdefer, J. César, and Dale A. Koike, eds. Pragmatic Variation in First and Second Language Contexts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/impact.31.

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Variation in interlanguage morphology. New York, N.Y: P. Lang, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Second Variation"

1

Locatelli, Arturo. "Second variation methods." In Optimal Control, 221–48. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8328-3_7.

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Kot, Mark. "The second variation." In A First Course in the Calculus of Variations, 139–70. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/stml/072/06.

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Giaquinta, Mariano, and Stefan Hildebrandt. "Second Variation, Excess Function, Convexity." In Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, 217–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03278-7_4.

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Lu, Xiaofei. "Variation in Second Language Use." In Corpus Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition, 8–45. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003054948-2.

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Rickford, John R. "Variation theory." In Cross Currents in Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory, 225. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lald.2.13ric.

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Schmidt, Lauren B., Bret Linford, and Stephen Fafulas. "Regional Variation." In The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Sociolinguistics, 126–37. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003017325-12.

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Cook, Vivian. "Pidgins, Creoles, and Variation." In Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition, 69–92. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22853-9_4.

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Preston, Dennis R., Robert Bayley, and Chelsea Escalante. "Chapter 1. Variation and second language acquisition." In Studies in Language Variation, 1–14. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.28.01pre.

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Geeslin, Kimberly L., and Stephen Fafulas. "Chapter 7. Linguistic variation and second language Spanish." In Studies in Language Variation, 159–98. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.28.07gee.

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Bilger, Mireille, and Henry Tyne. "Variation in first and second language French." In Sociolinguistic Variation in Contemporary French, 121–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/impact.26.10bil.

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Conference papers on the topic "Second Variation"

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Balusu, Murali Raghu Babu, Taha Merghani, and Jacob Eisenstein. "Stylistic Variation in Social Media Part-of-Speech Tagging." In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-1602.

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Ono, Shunsuke, and Isao Yamada. "Second-order total Generalized Variation constraint." In ICASSP 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854541.

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Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania. "Stylistic variation over 200 years of court proceedings according to gender and social class." In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-1601.

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Hu, Hai, Wen Li, and Sandra Kübler. "Detecting Syntactic Features of Translated Chinese." In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-1603.

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Potash, Peter, Alexey Romanov, and Anna Rumshisky. "Evaluating Creative Language Generation: The Case of Rap Lyric Ghostwriting." In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-1604.

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Rangel, Francisco, Paolo Rosso, Julian Brooke, and Alexandra Uitdenbogerd. "Cross-corpus Native Language Identification via Statistical Embedding." In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Stylistic Variation. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-1605.

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Cox, David R. "The human genetic variation (abstract)." In the second annual international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/279069.279088.

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D'SOUZA, CHRISTOPHER, and DAVID HULL. "Second variation conditions for problems with parameterized control." In Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-4452.

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Agrachev, A., G. Stefan, and P. Zezza. "The second variation at a bang-bang extremal." In 2001 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2001.7076168.

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D'Souza, Christopher N., and David G. Hull. "Second Variation Conditions for Optimal Control Problems with Parameters." In 1992 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.1992.4792051.

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Reports on the topic "Second Variation"

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Garcia, Pedro L. Cartan Forms and Second Variation for Constrained Variational Problems. GIQ, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/giq-7-2006-140-153.

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Sweetman, Bert, Alok K. Jha, and Steven R. Winterstein. Second-Order Random Ocean Waves: Prediction of Temporal and Spatial Variation. The Routine Wavemaker. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390457.

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Sweetman, Bert, and Steven R. Winterstein. Second-Order Random Ocean Waves: Prediction of Temporal and Spatial Variation from Fixed and Moving References. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390585.

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Guzzo, Karen. Unintended Births: Variation Across Social and Demographic Characteristics. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-21-02.

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Disparities in unintended childbearing remain a public health concern (Healthy People 2030). Using the 2015-19 cycle of the National Survey of Family Growth, we examine sociodemographic variation in birth intendedness, looking at births occurring between 2014-2018 to women aged 15-49. Birth intendedness is based on a series of questions in which women are asked to characterize each birth as on time, mistimed (wanted but occurring earlier than desired), or unwanted (the respondent did not want any births at all, or any additional births). When births are reported as too early, women were then asked how much earlier than desired the birth occurred. We categorize mistimed births into two groups: slightly mistimed (less than two years earlier than desired) or seriously mistimed (two or more years too early). This profile is an update of FP-17-09(1) and the second in a series on unintended childbearing in the U.S.

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Dunn, T. L. Anisotropy and spatial variation of relative permeability and lithologic character of Tensleep Sandstone reservoirs in the Bighorn and Wind River Basins, Wyoming. Second quarterly, second year, technical progress report, January 1, 1995--March 31, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/83854.

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Lutz, Carsten. PDL with Intersection and Converse is Decidable. Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.148.

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In its many guises and variations, propositional dynamic logic (PDL) plays an important role in various areas of computer science such as databases, artificial intelligence, and computer linguistics. One relevant and powerful variation is ICPDL, the extension of PDL with intersection and converse. Although ICPDL has several interesting applications, its computational properties have never been investigated. In this paper, we prove that ICPDL is decidable by developing a translation to the monadic second order logic of infinite trees. Our result has applications in information logic, description logic, and epistemic logic. In particular, we solve a long-standing open problem in information logic. Another virtue of our approach is that it provides a decidability proof that is more transparent than existing ones for PDL with intersection (but without converse).

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Morwinsky, Saskia, Natalie Nitsche, and Enrique Acosta. Additional information for “COVID-19 fatality in Germany: demographic determinants of variation in case-fatality rates across and within German federal states during the first and second waves”. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-tr-2021-002.

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Bain, Luchuo Engelbert, and Darja Dobermann. Malaria, HIV and TB in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Epidemiology, Disease Control Challenges and Interventions. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.034.

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Malaria, human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) are leading causes of death and public health threat to millions in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The DRC is the second most malaria affected sub-Saharan African country after Nigeria, with malaria being the leading cause of death in children under 5 years (Lechthaler et al., 2019). The HIV prevalence in the country in the adult population stands at 1%, with extensive variations by region (UNAIDS, 2021c). The DRC is considered a high burden country for TB and HIV infection (Linguissi et al., 2017). This rapid review emphasizes significant elements of the epidemiology of malaria, HIV, and TB in DRC, as well as limitations in prevention, detection, and treatment, and examines a few interventions that aim to address these limitations. Evidence utilised is a mixture of the most recent grey literature NGO (programme reports and related documents) literature supplemented by peer reviewed academic literature from the past five years and national survey data when available. Although the clinical disease aspects of malaria, HIV and TB are well-researched there is less research available on socio-demographic variation, disease control challenges and interventions targeting these in the DRC. This is part of a series of reports looking into Epidemiology of Malaria, human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) across a set of African Nations.

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Bohorquez-Penuela, Camilo, and Mariana Urbina-Ramirez. Rising Staple Prices and Food Insecurity: The Case of the Mexican Tortilla. Banco de la República de Colombia, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1144.

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We study the relationship between rising prices of tortillas---the Mexican staple par excellence---and household food insecurity between 2008 and 2014, a period in which global food prices experienced dramatic increases. The use of a unique combination of household-level data and official state-level information on prices allows us exploit signi cant variation in prices across the Mexican states. Since households cannot be tracked across time, we follow Deaton (1985) by constructing a series of pseudo-panels to control for time- invariant unobserved heterogeneity and measurement error. The regression estimates suggest that increasing tortilla prices affected food insecurity rates in Mexico. More speci cally, households with children or those in the second or third income quintile are more likely to be affected.

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Andrabi, Tahir, Natalie Bau, Jishnu Das, and Asim I. Khwaja. Heterogeneity in School Value-Added and the Private Premium. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/116.

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Using rich panel data from Pakistan, we compute test score based measures of quality (School Value-Addeds or SVAs) for more than 800 schools across 112 villages and verify that they are valid and unbiased. With the SVA measures, we then document three striking features of the schooling environment. First, there is substantial within-village variation in quality. The annualized difference in learning between the best and worst performing school in the same village is 0.4 sd; compounded over 5 years of primary schooling, this difference is similar in size to the test score gap between low- and high-income countries. Second, students learn more in private schools (0.15 sd per year on average), but substantial within-sector variation in quality means that the effects of reallocating students from public to private schools can range from -0.35sd to +0.65sd. Thus, there is a range of possible causal estimates of the private premium, a feature of the environment we illustrate using three different identification approaches. Finally, parents appear to recognize and reward SVA in the private sector, but the link between parental demand and SVA is weaker in the public sector. These results have implications for both the measurement of the private premium and how we design and evaluate policies that reallocate children across schools, such as school closures and vouchers.

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