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Dault, Alex, and Liam Karry. "Second Person, Singular." Canadian Theatre Review 173 (January 2018): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.173.013.
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Brillman, Ruth. "Second person agreement allomorphy in Masarak." Studies in African Linguistics 42, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v42i2.107271.
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Masarak (also known as Masalit, sometimes spelled Massaleit), an endangered Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Darfur, is characterized by complex agreement patterns, particularly in the second person. This article outlines Masarak agreement patterns in the declarative, imperative and prohibitive verb forms, paying particular attention to second singular declarative allomorphy. In addition, this article describes a series of verb root-form alternations. Understanding these alternations is necessary in understanding the interpretation of different declarative, imperative and prohibitive verb forms.
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Muhidin, Rahmat. "PRONOMINA BAHASA KOMERING." Kibas Cenderawasih 17, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/kc.v17i1.261.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk pronomina persona, pronomina penunjuk, dan pronomina penanya dalam bahasa Komering. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan melalui metode simak, cakap, dan intropeksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga pronomina bahasa Komering di Baturaja Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu (1) pronomina persona; (2) pronomina penunjuk; dan (3) pronomina penanya. Pronomina persona dalam bahasa Komering adalah (a) pronomina persona pertama tunggal (b) pronomina persona pertama jamak (c) pronomina persona kedua tunggal, (d) pronomina persona kedua jamak, (e) pronomina persona ketiga tunggal, dan (f) pronomina persona ketiga jamak. Sedangkan Pronomina penunjuk dalam bahasa Komering adalah (a) pronomina penunjuk umum, (b) pronomina penunjuk tempat, (c) pronomina penunjuk ihwal.Kata Kunci: Pronomina, deskriptif, dan bahasa Komering AbstractThis research aims to describe personal pronouns, indifinite pronouns, and interrogative pronouns in Komering language. This research used descriptive method. The data were collected through listening, speaking, and instrospection method. The result of the research shaws that these are three pronouns in Komering language in the Baturaraja Ogan Komering Ulu Regency (1) personal pronouns, (2) indefinite pronouns, (3) interrogativa pronouns. Personal pronouns in Komering language are (a) first person singular, (b) first person plural, (c) second person singular, (d) second person plural, (e) third person singular, and (f) third person plural indefinite pronouns in Komering language are (a) common indifinite pronouns, (b) place indefinite .pronouns, (c) interpretation pronouns.Keywords: Pronouns, decsriptive, Komering language.
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Hamzah, Aryati, William I. S. Mooduto, and Imam Mashudi. "ANALISIS DEIKSIS DALAM BAHASA GORONTALO." Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 22, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v22i1.9873.
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This research aims to describe the use of deixis in Gorontalo Language. This research was conducted in two stages namely the stage of preparation and implementation of the research. This research was conducted for 1 year. The result of the research showed that the form and meaning of deixis are person deixis, time and place. Persona deixis is divided into several types is deixis of first-person singular (wa’u ‘1sg’, watiya ‘1sg’), deixis of the first person plural (ami ‘1pl.excl’), deixis of the second person singular (yi’o ‘2sg’, tingoli ‘2sg’), deixis of the second person plural (tingoli ‘2pl’, timongoli ‘2pl’), and deixis of the third person singular (tio ‘3sg’) and timongolio ‘3pl’ as a deixis of the third person plural. Whereas, deixis of place are teye, teyamai ‘here’, tetomota ‘there’ this means to show the location of the room and the place of conversation or interlocutor. Deixis time among others yindhie ‘today’, lombu ‘tomorrow’, olango ‘yesterday’, dumodupo ‘morning’, mohulonu ‘afternoon’, hui ‘night’ which have the meaning to show the time when the speech or sentence is being delivered.
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Tío Sáenz, Marta. "The lemmatization of Old English Verbs from the second weak class on a lexical database." Journal of English Studies 13 (December 15, 2015): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.2861.
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This article compiles a list of lemmas of the second class weak verbs of Old English by using the latest version of the lexical database Nerthus, which incorporates the texts of the Dictionary of Old English Corpus. Out of all the inflecional endings, the most distinctive have been selected for lemmatization: the infinitive, the inflected infinitive, the present participle, the past participle, the second person present indicative singular, the present indicative plural, the present subjunctive singular, the first and third person of preterite indicative singular, the second person of the preterite indicative singular, the preterite indicative plural and the preterite subjunctive plural. When it is necessary to regularize, normalization is restricted to correspondences based on dialectal and diachronic variation. The analysis turns out a total of 1,064 lemmas of weak verbs from the second class.
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Fahrunisa, Nida, and Asep Purwo Yudi Utomo. "DEIKSIS PERSONA DALAM FILM DUA GARIS BIRU KARYA GINA S. NOER PRODUKSI STARVISION DAN WAHANA KREATOR." SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra dan Linguistik 21, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/semiotika.v21i2.19763.
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Person deixis can be found in various speeches, both located in everyday speech and dialogue between characters in a film, including Dua Garis Biru. This study aims to classify and analyze the kinds of person deixis and their functions in the movie Dua Garis Biru. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data analysis in this study used a pragmatic approach. They are collecting data using the observation method with note-taking techniques. The results showed that the types of personal deixis used in the film Dua Garis Biru are single and plural form. They are singular and plural first person deixis, singular and plural second-person deixis, and third single and plural third person deixis. Each type of person deixis has a different function according to its context and reference. The singular first-person deixis is saya, aku (English: I/me),gue and gua (English:I/me in informal style),-ku (English: my). The first person deixis in the plural is kita and kami (English: we/us). The single second person deixis used in the film Dua Garis Biru is kamu (English: you), -mu (English: your), loe and lu (English: you), while the second person plural deixis is kalian (English: you). The third person deixis consists of singular third-person deixis, namely he/her or his/her, and the plural third-person deixis, namely they/their/them and everybody. The use of deixis is influenced by familiarity, age, social status, and speech situation.
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SriAgung, Winantu Kurnianingtyas. "PERSONAL DEIXIS AS ADDRESSING SYSTEM TO EXPRESS SOLIDARITY AT CAMPUS COMMUNITY." JL3T ( Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching) 3, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v3i1.332.
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This research investigates personal deixis that indicate solidarity in campus environment. Students and lecturers conversation transcription were collected and analyzed by the researcher to identify the types of personal pronoun that commonly used to pointer the participants. The result showed that there were three kinds of pronoun used commonly by the participants and those indicate close relationship among others such as first person singular, second person singular, and third person plural. The finding revealed that the second person singular of bro, sist, and jeng are common in pointing speakers’ audience. Eventhough, those become slang language in society. The implication of this research suggested for other types of pronoun to be exist in campus environment and indicate power.
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Alber, Jennifer, Daniel C. O’Connell, and Sabine Kowal. "Personal perspective in TV news interviews." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.12.3.01alb.
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Two interviews by Christiane Amanpour televized September 8, 2000 on CNN, one with Ehud Barak and one with Yasser Arafat were analyzed for indicators of personal perspective. Generally, use of the same indicators as in Suleiman, O’Connell, & Kowal (2002) was confirmed: Number of syllables spoken; use of first-person singular and plural pronominals and second-person pronominals; hesitations; smooth and interruptive turn transitions; and questions posed by interviewees. The interview with Arafat was extraordinarily agonistic, as manifested in his excessive use of first-person singular and second-person pronominals, hesitations, questions, and interruptions. For her part, Amanpour incited the shift to agonism with her provocative questioning. She then moved toward a more personal perspective by speaking proportionally more and by using more first-person singular pronominals and hesitations, all the while still maintaining her professional style of smooth turn transition. The dialogical character of personal perspective is discussed.
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Chacon, Thiago Costa, and Lev Michael. "The evolution of subject-verb agreement in Eastern Tukanoan." Journal of Historical Linguistics 8, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 59–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.16024.cha.
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Abstract This article describes the evolution of past/perfective subject-verb agreement morphology in the Tukanoan family, reconstructing relevant aspects of Proto-Tukanoan verbal morphology and delineating the subsequent diachronic development of verbal subject agreement morphology in the Eastern branch of the family. We argue that suffixes that cumulatively expone past/perfective and person, number, and gender (png) subject agreement resulted from the fusion of post-verbal demonstratives/pronouns expressing png information with suffixes expressing past/perfective tam information. We propose that different png agreement categories developed at successive stages in the diversification of the family, with third person masculine singular subject agreement emerging before other png categories, followed by animate plural agreement, then finally by the development of third person feminine agreement. The result in Eastern Tukanoan was a cross-linguistically unusual agreement system that contrasts four agreement categories: (i) first and second person singular and third person inanimate (singular and plural); (ii) third person animate masculine singular; (iii) third person animate feminine singular; and (iv) third animate plural.
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Serrano, María José, and Miguel Ángel Aijón Oliva. "Discourse objectivization, social variation and style of Spanish second-person singular tú." Folia Linguistica 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 225–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2014.007.
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Abstract This investigation aims to uncover the variation of the Spanish second-person singular subject pronoun tú ‘you.sg’ when it displaces its content away from the particular circumstances of the speaker and changes its deictic meaning to a resource for the objectivization of the utterance. The multiple repercussions of the formal variation (expression and omission) of this subject on internal and external levels of meaning will be explored. Essential to understanding this case of variation is the consideration of prominent features of the communicative situation, as well as the social identities and roles assumed by the speakers within it (including professional affiliation, transactional vs. interpersonal communicative stance and gender). The results of the analysis allow us to sketch basic interactional and discursive tendencies governing objectivizing uses of the second-person singular tú along the oral-written continuum
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WILLIAMS, LAWRENCE, and RÉMI A. VAN COMPERNOLLE. "Second-person pronoun use in French language discussion fora." Journal of French Language Studies 19, no. 3 (September 28, 2009): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269509990044.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines the use of second-person pronouns in on-line French language discussion fora, with specific focus on Doctissimo and Meilleur du chef, two fora from which approximately 400,000 words were collected for this corpus. Two hundred discussion threads (i.e., series of linked postings), with a minimum of fifteen postings (i.e., messages) and a maximum of twenty per thread, were analysed in three different ways in order to determine whether tu, vous-singular, or neither could be considered the default address pronoun. The results of the analysis suggest that while tu is clearly preferred in many cases, its use has not become systematic.
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SHALA, Flamur, and Xhafer BEQIRAJ. "The Use of Contracted Forms of Albanian Language in Electronic Media Texts." PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v4i3.182.
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The contracted forms of literary Albanian are of dative case of all persons singular and plural and of the accusative case in the third person singular and plural. In certain syntactic constructions they merge and thus form connected contracted forms. When used near each other, the first is dative, while the second is accusative. Their use according to the norm are correct. Their topic in the sentence is arranged and a linguist or a lecturer should not miss the omissions in texts with short, separate, or connected forms. On the contrary, we encounter misuses of short forms of Albanian in texts of published and electronic media. They are incorrectly used in some syntactic constructions, marked by case in case, one by one. Contracted form locations and their referral to a different pronoun or name as a repetition of an object appear to be harmonized with the respective forms as an object or its repetition. They are placed in front of the verb forms of each tense. Except in imperative they have a double topic. The contracted forms during usage in the dative and accusative cases directly mark direct or indirect object. The contracted forms of the first and second person singular and plural, in the dative case, are often used to mark directly the indirect object. (p. 226) The misuse of the contracted forms is more common in the third person of the dative case when i.e. singular (i) is used instead of plural (u). We also encounter the incorrect use of the contracted forms of the second person plural of the dative case (juve) you instead of (atyre u). This research reveals the wrong use of contracted forms in the texts of some electronic media (portals) in Pristina and Tirana.
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Zobel, Sarah. "A pragmatic analysis of german impersonally used first person singular ‘ICH’." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 379–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.26.3.03zob.
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The German first and second person singular pronouns ich and du allow for a referential use and an impersonal use. In their impersonal use, both pronouns behave like the impersonal pronoun man (Engl. one) in generic sentences. I argue that the aspect of impersonally used singular personal pronouns that distinguishes them (i) from each other, (ii) from impersonal pronouns, and (iii) from “ordinary” generic sentences is their pragmatic effects. The semantic contribution of the three pronouns and their containing utterances is discussed before a comparative analysis of the pragmatic effects of impersonally used ich and du and impersonal man is given. The analyses are illustrated with naturally occurring data from a self-compiled data collection. Turning to a more practical topic in the second part of the paper, I discuss a methodological issue regarding corpus-based analyses of low-frequency phenomena, such as impersonally used ich in the second part of this paper by reporting a small-scale corpus study.
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Lia, Elkana April. "Pronomina Persona dalam Bahasa Dayak Benuaq di Kecamatan Muara Lawa Kabupaten Kutai Barat." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v1i1.6.
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This study aims to describe the pronoun of Dayak Benuaq language charm and its use in the community in Kecamatan Muara Lawa. In addition, this research is also a step to preserve one of Indonesia’s wealth of language, especially the Dayak language Benuaq. It is hoped that this research can explore and explore local wisdom values in the Dayak Benuaq community. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research, that is research based on existing fact or phenomenon that empirically use Dayak Benuaq language. The technique of provision of data used is the technique of fishing rod, technique, skillful technique of advance, technological skill tansemuka, record recording technique. In the analysis of data used the method of agih or distributional, that is analyzing the language system or the whole rules that are set in the language based on the behavior or the characteristics of grammar on certain lingual units The results showed that the pronoun persona of the Dayak Benuaq language consists of three self-referential pronouns (1) the first single pronoun and the first plural pronoun consisting of ap, aqq, aweq, kaiq, and takaq, referring to the person to whom; (2) the pronouns of the second person singular and the pronouns of the second plural person consisting of aweq, ko, and ka, and referring to the person in question; (3) The third singular pronoun Persona and the third plural pronoun consisting of uhak, ongan, mali, and ulutn. The use of pronoun persona in Dayak Benuaq language is in accordance with the role of social factors (age, social status, and familiarity) on the use of pronouns persona, the use of pronouns persona in Dayak language Benuaq is adapted to the circumstances in communication, ie in terms of age, respected person or people who have a relationship of intimacy or kinship.
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Kepping, Ksenia Borisovna. "The conjugation of the Tangut verb." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57, no. 2 (June 1994): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00024903.
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The data and analyses of Tangut verbal morphology which I have presented (1979b, 1981, 1982, 1985) represent the cumulative result of more than twenty years of research of Tangut texts. It is with great regret that I saw my analyses misunderstood (LaPolla, 1992). In order to clarify my view on the Tangut verbal agreement, I feel compelled to give a succinct account of the phenomena causing so much controversy in the Tibeto-Burman linguistic literature.The Tangut verb shows agreement for person and number of actant. The three overt agreement morphemes are <-ŋa2> (first person singular), <-na2> (second person singular) and <-ni2> (first and second person plural). The Tangut verb shows overt agreement only with first and second person actant. Third person involvement is marked by zero. A Tangut intransitive verb agrees with the subject, i.e. the ‘intransitive subject’. The two rules for the distribution of the overt agreement markers in the transitive verb as formulated in my Tangut grammar (Kepping, 1985: 233–4) are: (1) If one and no more than one of the actants is a first or second person, then the verb will overtly agree with that actant regardless of its syntactic role, and (2) if a transitive verb has two non-third person actants, the verb will agree with the grammatical patient or ‘transitive object’.
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Uusitupa, Milla. "When Finnish and Karelian person systems come together: Comparing open person constructions in Border Karelian dialects." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 12, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 397–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2021.12.1.11.
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Abstract. This article is a contribution to the recent discussion on open reference and especially on open second-person singular usage in Finnish and other European languages. The article focuses on four referentially open person constructions – namely the zero construction, the necessive construction, the second-person singular construction, and the imperative construction – and their interplay and variation in spoken discourse in Border Karelian dialects. The aim of this article is three-fold. First and foremost, it argues that the aforementioned open person constructions are fundamentally four separate types. Second, it aims to expand the on-going discussion on open reference in Finnish by introducing the person system of its closely related but highly endangered cognate language, Karelian. Third, it raises the following question: In a wider Finnic context, is the zero construction, above all, a Finnish way of leaving the reference open and unspecified?
Kokkuvõte. Milla Uusitupa: Kui soome ja karjala isikusüsteemid kohtuvad: avatud isikukonstruktsioonide võrdlus piiriala karjala murretes. Artikkel on täiendus hiljutisele diskussioonile avatud viitesuhtest ja eriti avatud ainsuse teise isiku kasutusest soome keeles ja teistes Euroopa keeltes. Artikkel keskendub neljale avatud viitesuhtega isikukonstruktsioonile – nullkonstruktsioon, netsessiivkonstruktsioon, ainsuse teise isiku ja imperatiivkonstruktsioon – ning nende vastastikusele mõjule ja varieerumisele piiriala karjala murrete suulises diskursuses. Artiklil on kolm eesmärki. Esimene ja peamine eesmärk on osutada, et eelmainitud avatud isikukonstruktsioonid moodustavad neli põhitüüpi. Teiseks, artikkel laiendab käimasolevat diskussiooni avatud viitesuhtest soome keeles, tutvustades ohustatud lähisugulaskeele, karjala keele isikusüsteemi. Kolmandaks tõstatab artikkel küsimuse, kas läänemeresoome keelte kontekstis on nullkonstruktsioon just soome keelele omane viis jätta viitesuhe avatuks ja täpsustamata.
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Callaghan, Matthew, and Catherine E. Travis. "Priming as a Diagnostic of Grammatical Constructions: Second-Person Singular in Chilean Spanish." Languages 6, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010001.
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Structural priming has been described as a measure of association between constructions. Here, we apply priming as a diagnostic to assess the status of the Chilean second-person singular (2sg) voseo, which exists in variation with the more standard tuteo. Despite being the majority variant in informal interactions, Chileans are reported to have little metalinguistic awareness of voseo and they avoid the vos pronoun, in some cases using the tú pronoun with voseo verb forms, leading to proposals that tuteo and voseo are conflated into a single mixed form. The patterning for priming, however, indicates otherwise. Analyses of some 2000 2sg familiar tokens from a corpus of conversational Chilean Spanish reveal that a previous tuteo or voseo favors the repetition of that same form, indicating that speakers do treat these forms as distinct. We also observe that invariable forms with historically tuteo morphology are associated with neither voseo nor tuteo, while the invariable voseo discourse marker cachái ‘you know’ retains a weak association with voseo. Furthermore, while tuteo is favored with a tú subject pronoun, this effect does not override the priming effect, evidence that, even with a tú pronoun, voseo and tuteo are distinct constructions in speakers’ representations.
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Biq, Yung-O. "The multiple uses of the second person singular pronoun ni in conversational Mandarin." Journal of Pragmatics 16, no. 4 (October 1991): 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(91)90084-b.
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Baechler, Raffaela. "Humanness in the 3rd Person Singular Personal Pronoun in Alemannic Dialects." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 30, no. 4 (December 2018): 307–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542717000150.
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This paper surveys the emergence of the categoryhumannessin the 3rd person singular personal pronoun in Alemannic (southwest German) dialects. The first part shows that some Alemannic dialects have developed a human/nonhuman distinction in the 3rd person singular neuter personal pronoun: a marked form encoding the human direct object has emerged. The emergence of this form can be explained by the differential object marking hypothesis. The second part reports on a pilot study of the 3rd person singular personal pronoun in Sense Alemannic on the basis of new data. In this dialect, humanness is distinguished not only in the neuter but also in the masculine and feminine. Additionally, some instances are observed that violate the differential object marking principle. Thus, both principles (humanness marking and the differential object marking) form part of the grammar, but the latter one may be violated.*
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Ebileeni, Maurice. "Literary Trespassing in Susan Abulhawa's Mornings in Jenin and Sayed Kashua's Second Person Singular." Comparative Literature 69, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-3865413.
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Long, Michael H. "First Person Singular: Building the road as we travel." Language Teaching 48, no. 4 (September 8, 2015): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444815000282.
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After completing a law degree at the University of Birmingham when I was 20 and not really knowing what I wanted to do, except that it was not law, I became an English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher accidentally through signing up as a volunteer with the British United Nations Association (BUNA), roughly equivalent to the US Peace Corps. Instead of being dispatched to assist starving people through a remote third-world community development project, as I had naively expected, I was sent on a fast-paced, two-week English as a second language (ESL) teacher-training course at a well-known private language school, International House, on Shaftesbury Avenue, in the heart of London's West End. Then came a one-week BUNA ‘orientation’ course in the suburbs. A hundred-plus neophyte volunteers were lectured on how to deliver a baby, how to deal with snake bites, how to remove leeches using gasoline or matches (but not both), the importance of taking anti-malaria pills daily without fail (pills subsequently found to be 100% ineffective), and how to avoid schistosomiasis (snail fever). On the last day, I was informed that, contrary to what I had first been told, I would not after all be going to Afghanistan, but to Peru. A week later, I arrived in Lima, a bustling Latin-American metropolis with no shortage of mid-wives, no malaria, no snakes, no snails and not a leech in sight. In the face of pervasive poverty, corruption, violence, and illiteracy, I had been sent several thousand miles, with absolutely no understanding of how people learn languages and minimal understanding of how to teach them, to provide free English classes for the relatively wealthy, mostly middle-class faculty and students in the Faculty of Law of Peru's leading university, the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
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Walková, Milada, and Alexandra Brestovičová. "Longitudinal case study of child-directed speech in Slovak from the perspective of acquisition of personal pronouns." Ceskoslovenska psychologie 65, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51561/cspsych.65.2.255.
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Objectives. Previous research has shown that the acquisition of personal pronouns benefits from input with higher amounts of stable reference. This paper aims to provide more evidence of how input is structured. The language under study is Slovak, a pro-drop language, allowing to extend the study of input to verb marking. Participants and setting. The longitudinal study follows speech directed to three children in two families from the age 1;9 to 3;0. Hypotheses. It was hypothesised that the incidence of the first and second person singular pronouns and verb marking as expressions with shifting reference grows with the child’s age while the incidence of proper names and category names as expressions with stable reference decreases with the child’s age. Statistical analysis. Occurrences of first and second person singular pronouns and verb marking as expressions with shifting reference as well as proper names and category names referring to the speaker and addressee as expressions with stable reference were found and analysed. Simple regression analysis testing was conducted on the data. Results. The results confirm the hypothesis, showing an increase in the first and second person singular pronouns and verb marking over time, at the expense of proper names and category names referring to the speaker and the addressee. Study limitations. The study is limited by the size of the sample
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Walková, Milada, and Alexandra Brestovičová. "Longitudinal case study of child-directed speech in Slovak from the perspective of acquisition of personal pronouns." Ceskoslovenska psychologie 65, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51561/cspsych.65.3.255.
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Objectives. Previous research has shown that the acquisition of personal pronouns benefits from input with higher amounts of stable reference. This paper aims to provide more evidence of how input is structured. The language under study is Slovak, a pro-drop language, allowing to extend the study of input to verb marking. Participants and setting. The longitudinal study follows speech directed to three children in two families from the age 1;9 to 3;0. Hypotheses. It was hypothesised that the incidence of the first and second person singular pronouns and verb marking as expressions with shifting reference grows with the child’s age while the incidence of proper names and category names as expressions with stable reference decreases with the child’s age. Statistical analysis. Occurrences of first and second person singular pronouns and verb marking as expressions with shifting reference as well as proper names and category names referring to the speaker and addressee as expressions with stable reference were found and analysed. Simple regression analysis testing was conducted on the data. Results. The results confirm the hypothesis, showing an increase in the first and second person singular pronouns and verb marking over time, at the expense of proper names and category names referring to the speaker and the addressee. Study limitations. The study is limited by the size of the sample.
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Shin, Naomi Lapidus. "Grammatical complexification in Spanish in New York: 3sg pronoun expression and verbal ambiguity." Language Variation and Change 26, no. 3 (October 2014): 303–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095439451400012x.
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AbstractThis study provides evidence of grammatical complexification, operationalized as the emergence of a significant linguistic constraint on the use of a linguistic structure, in Spanish spoken in New York City. Analyses of 4276 third-person singular verbs produced in sociolinguistic interviews with first-generation Latin American immigrants and second-generation US-born Latinos demonstrate that third-person singular subject pronoun expression (ella canta ~ canta ‘she sings ~ sings’) is constrained by tense/mood/aspect in the second generation, but not the first. Further analysis shows that this effect reflects a strategy aimed at clear referent identification. I conclude by suggesting that the increase in attention to ambiguous verb morphology, that is, the complexification, is related to other, concomitant changes in pronoun expression patterns in Spanish in New York City.
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Khan, Saltanat, and Dr. Dost Muhammad. "Rhetorical interpreting from singular to plural & from plural to singular in Quran kareem." Journal of Islamic Civilization and Culture 3, no. 01 (July 17, 2020): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46896/jicc.v3i01.100.
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The most eloquent book of Allah is the Holy Quran is. The Quranic Scholars have served its eloquent points, since its very beginning, because of their insist interpretation of and love with the Quranic language Arabic. So Quran is in the focus and epicenter of many rhetorical discourses discussed by the rhetoricians, and "iltifat" is one of these. The word "iltifat" means interpreting from one perspective or style or focus of meaning to another perspective or style or focus of meaning i.e. from first person to second or third person, or vice versa, similarly, from plural to singular, or vice versa, and from past to future, or vice versa, and from feminine to masculine or vice versa etc.
By an adequate understanding of Topic:"iltifat inter singular and plural, and its eloquent points in the Holy Quran ", we can easily infer that the Holy Quran is very eloquent and the most rhetorical book in all over the Arabic books. In this research paper the researcher has given eleven examples for this kind of “iltifat” from the Holy Quran, and proved that Quran is the very eloquent statements, through this rhetorical discourse "iltifat from singular to plural or vice versa ".
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Aci, Aslina. "ANALISIS DEIKSIS PADA NOVEL SANG PEMIMPI KARYA ANDREA HIRATA." sarasvati 1, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/sv.v1i2.734.
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This study attempts to describe deiksis, persona deiksis, place deiksis, time deiksis discourse and deiksis socially on a novel Sang Pemimpi created by Andrea Hirata. The research is qualitative study. Data collection method used is a technique read and write down. Data in this study of novel titled Sang Pemimpi created by Andrea Hirata. Analysis technique is using a technique deskriptf analysis. From the data analysis, deiksis in a novel Sang Pemimpi. Persona deiksis having six part including; the first single pronouns (i), the second person single pronouns (you), demonstrative the third person singular (he), pronouns (we first plural, we), second plural pronouns (you), third plural pronouns (they). Deiksis place found in this experiment in which; here, there, in the market. Deiksis time found in the study of them now, now, last, first. Deiksis discourse found of them anaphora and katafora. While social deiksis found in the study is among them mrs, and b.a.
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Gast, Volker, Lisa Deringer, Florian Haas, and Olga Rudolf. "Impersonal uses of the second person singular: A pragmatic analysis of generalization and empathy effects." Journal of Pragmatics 88 (October 2015): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.12.009.
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Posio, Pekka. "You and we: Impersonal second person singular and other referential devices in Spanish sociolinguistic interviews." Journal of Pragmatics 99 (July 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.04.014.
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Kluge, Bettina. "Generic uses of the second person singular – how speakers deal with referential ambiguity and misunderstandings." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 501–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.26.3.07klu.
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The present contribution examines how interlocutors resolve reference problems concerning the second singular person (2sg) in ongoing conversation. Apart from its ‘normal’ reading as a term of address, generic and also speaker-referring uses have been documented and studied for a variety of languages. However, there are amazingly few documented cases of interlocutors who openly display having problems of disambiguation between forms of address and reference to a larger entity ‘anybody in this particular situation’. A sequential analysis shows that interlocutors tend not to ask for further specification of reference in a possibly ambiguous situation, most likely for face reasons: Instead, they tend to rely on contextualization in later conversational development and on all available conversational resources. Ambiguous reference that leads to misunderstandings only becomes a topic once serious conversational problems arise and the need for disambiguation becomes more important than interlocutors’ face needs.
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Serrano, María José. "Gradual objectivity. Variation in the use of the objectivizing second-person singular tú in Spanish." Journal of Pragmatics 176 (April 2021): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.01.029.
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PINE, JULIAN M., GINA CONTI-RAMSDEN, KATE L. JOSEPH, ELENA V. M. LIEVEN, and LUDOVICA SERRATRICE. "Tense over time: testing the Agreement/Tense Omission Model as an account of the pattern of tense-marking provision in early child English." Journal of Child Language 35, no. 1 (January 3, 2008): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000907008252.
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ABSTRACTThe Agreement/Tense Omission Model (ATOM) predicts that English-speaking children will show similar patterns of provision across different tense-marking morphemes (Rice, Wexler & Hershberger, 1998). The aim of the present study was to test this prediction by examining provision rates for third person singular present tense and first and third person singular forms of copula BE and auxiliary BE in longitudinal data from eleven English-speaking children between the ages of 1 ; 10 and 3 ; 0. The results show, first, that there were systematic differences in the provision rates of the different morphemes; second, that there were systematic differences in the rate at which all of the three morphemes were provided with pronominal and lexical subjects; and, third, that there were systematic differences in the rate at which copula BE and auxiliary BE were provided with the third person singular pronominal subjects It and He and the first person singular subject pronoun I. These results replicate those of Wilson (2003), while controlling for some possible objections to Wilson's analysis. They thus provide further evidence against the generativist view that children's rates of provision of different tense-marking morphemes are determined by a single underlying factor, and are consistent with the constructivist view that children's rates of provision reflect the gradual accumulation of knowledge about tense marking, with much of children's early knowledge being embedded in lexically specific constructions.
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Gafos, Adamantios I., and Angela Ralli. "Morphosyntactic features and paradigmatic uniformity in two dialectal varieties of the island of Lesvos." Journal of Greek Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2002): 41–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jgl.2.03gaf.
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This paper discusses data from the nominal paradigms of two dialectal varieties of East Lesvos, those of Thermi and Pamfila. It is shown that there is abundant evidence for the key role of the paradigm in the phonological realization of the [noun-clitic] clusters. We argue that the grammars of these dialectal varieties must crucially include constraints that require identity between related surface forms in the [noun-clitic] paradigm. This proposal has received considerable support by independent work, carried out mainly within Optimality Theory, in various languages. The Lesvian dialectal varieties, however, allow us to probe deeper into the precise statement of such intra-paradigmatic identity constraints. We show, first, that the identity constraints holding among various surface forms must have a limited domain of application, circumscribed by the forms of the paradigm and only those. Second, we show that intra-paradigmatic identity constraints do not require identity uniformly among all surface forms of the paradigm. Rather, distinct identity constraints hold between distinct forms. For instance, the identity constraint between the {+first person, +singular} and the {+third person, +singular} is different from that holding between the {+first person, +singular} and the {+first person, +plural}. We argue, specifically, that the network of such intra-paradigmatic identity constraints is projected on the basis of shared morphosyntactic features along the dimensions of Person and Number that enter into the construction of the paradigm.
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Zonneveld, Wim. "Dutch 2nd Singular Prosodic Weakening: Two Rejoinders." Linguistic Inquiry 38, no. 4 (October 2007): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2007.38.4.737.
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This article examines the arguments for, and rejects, the proposal by Ackema and Neeleman (2003) that the behavior of the Dutch 2nd person singular pronoun jij in inverted structures should be explained as morphosyntactic allomorphy, conditioned by “initial” prosodic phrasing prior to Spell-Out. First, by neutralizing (under inversion) the distinction between 2sg. and 1sg. present tense verb forms, the proposal makes an incorrect prediction for a well-known class of “strong” verbs. Second, “initial” prosody does not appear to condition the process. Benmamoun and Lorimer's (2006) “overapplication” data for this phenomenon are shown to result from an incorrect interpretation of “d-weakening” verbs.
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ZEIJLSTRA, HEDDE. "Let's talk about you and me." Journal of Linguistics 51, no. 2 (December 2, 2014): 465–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226714000474.
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A recent development in Dutch concerns the deictic interpretation of the second-person singular pronoun je, which may refer to the speaker only. In such examples the subject refers to the speaker – not the hearer – but at the same time, these examples come along with an implicature stating that the hearer would have done the same thing if s/he were in the speaker's situation. Why is it the case that a second-person singular pronoun may refer to the speaker only? And why is it that when speaker-referring je is used, it always comes along with an implicature of the kind described above? In this article I argue that this behavior of Dutch je is a consequence of its semantically unmarked status with respect to the first-person singular pronoun ik. Along the lines of Sauerland (2008), I propose that Dutch je only carries one feature, [PARTICIPANT], whereas ik carries two features: [SPEAKER] and [PARTICIPANT]. Consequently, je may in principle refer to all participants in the conversation, enabling je to refer to the speaker as well. The fact that je does not normally refer to the speaker but to the hearer only then follows as some kind of blocking effect resulting from application of the principle of Maximize Presupposition. The paper concludes by spelling out the predictions that this analysis makes for the cross-linguistic variation with respect to the readings that participant and other pronouns may yield.
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Willis, David. "Investigating geospatial models of the diffusion of morphosyntactic innovations: The Welsh strong second-person singular pronounchdi." Journal of Linguistic Geography 5, no. 1 (April 2017): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2017.1.
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Morphosyntactic dialect variation, once a neglected area of dialect research, has recently witnessed a large growth in interest. Various methods from geospatial data analysis have been applied to morphosyntactic data. To date, the focus has largely been on analyzing the distribution of stable patterns of variation. This article extends this work to examine patterns of ongoing change. It uses a body of data from the Syntactic Atlas of Welsh Dialects and the Siarad Corpus of spoken Welsh to examine the innovation and diffusion of a new second-person singular pronoun,chdi, testing the usefulness of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) as a method for identifying and modeling patterns of ongoing syntactic change. It is shown that GWR provides plausible models of the diachronic development of changes that are still in progress. Furthermore, it allows us to test whether rates of change are constant across geographical space, allowing us to test whether the Constant Rate Hypothesis (that diffusion of change proceeds at the same rate in different environments) holds between dialects.
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Helsinger, Elizabeth. "Review: Second Person Singular: Late Victorian Women Poets and the Bonds of Verse by Emily Harrington." Nineteenth-Century Literature 70, no. 4 (March 1, 2016): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2016.70.4.538.
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Indrawati, NFN. "ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN KOHESI REFERENSI PADA NASKAH DRAMA SISWA SMAN 2 KANDANGAN." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 12, no. 2 (December 22, 2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v12i2.557.
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Abstrak: Penelitian Analisis Penggunaan Kohesi Referensi pada Naskah Drama Siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan penggunaan kohesi referensi pada naskah drama siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Populasi data dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan. Objek siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan yang dipilih adalah siswa jurusan IPA dan IPS kelas XI. Teknik penentuan subjek didasarkan pada pengambilan sampel yang dilakukan secara random sampling. Adapun objek penelitian ini adalah penggunaan peranti kohesi referensi dalam naskah drama siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan. Data diperoleh dengan metode membaca dan teknik mencatat. Metode analisisnya menggunakan metode analisi deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dideskripsikan penggunaan peranti kohesi referensi pada naskah drama siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan, yaitu (1) kohesi referensi pronomina persona adalah pronomina yang dipakai untuk mengacu pada orang. Pronomina persona terdiri atas persona orang pertama tunggal dan jamak, pronomina orang kedu tunggal dan jamak, dan pronomina orang ketiga tunggal dan jamak; (2) kohesi pronomina demonstratif adalah pronomina penunjuk umum, pronomina penunjuk tempat, dan pronomina penunjuk hal ikhwal; (3) kohesi referensi komparatif adalah kohesi referensi yang menyatakan perbandingan unsur yang satu dibandingkan dengan unsur yang lain. Kohesi referensi komparatif terdiri atas kohesi referensi komparatif yang menyatakan kurang, kohesi referensi komparatif yang menyatakan sama, dan kohesi referensi komparatif yang menyatakan lebih.Kata kunci: Kohesi, referensi, naskah drama Abstract: This study Analisis Penggunaan Kohesi Referensi pada Naskah Drama Siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan is descriptive study. The aim of this study is to describe the using of reference cohesion in drama script by SMAN 2 Kandangan student. This is descriptive qualitative study. The data population is the student of SMAN 2 Kandangan. The object of this study is SMAN 2 Kandangan from Science and Social class of second grade. Subject determination technique is based on random sampling.The data are gained through reading and writing. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The object of this study is the using of reference cohesion instrument in drama script of SMAN 2 Kandangan’ students. The result shows that the using of reference cohesion instrument in drama script by the student of SMAN 2 Kandangan are (1) pronomen reference cohesion is pronomen refers to a person. Person pronomen consist of singular and plural of first person. Pronomen singular and plural of second person, and pronomen singular and plural of third person; (2) demonstrative pronomen cohesion is general instruction pronomen, place instruction pronomen, cause instruction pronomen, occurances instruction pronomen; (3) comparative reference cohesion is reference cohesion that stating comparation of one component to the other one. Comparative reference cohesion consists of comparative reference cohesion that stating inefficient, comparative reference cohesion that stating equality, and comparative reference cohesion that stating more.Key words: cohesion, reference, drama script
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Milyanniarti, Binta, Charlina Charlina, and Mangatur Sinaga. "Pronomina Persona Bahasa Talang Mamak Kecamatan Rakit Kulim Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu." SASTRANESIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 9, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32682/sastranesia.v9i1.1802.
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AbstractThe aims of this research is to explain use of pronouns Talang Mamak Language, Rakit Kulims District, Indragiri Hulu Regency. This is a qualitative descriptive research. The methods of data collection were the observation process followed by the tapping technique, the skillful listening techhique involved, the listening technique free of charge, the recording technique, and technique of note taking. The technique of analyze the data starting by transcribe data after that data data checking and then classify, select, group, analyze, describe, and the last is concluded into a result of the research. On Talang Mamak Language, Rakit Kulim District, Indragiri Hulu Regency there a three design specifically singular first person pronouns aku, jaku, jawak. First person plural pronouns kami, kita. Second person plural pronouns kamu, kau. Third person singular pronoun liau and nyanya. Third person plural pronouns orang itu. The using of pronouns based on age and social status. Keyword: personal pronouns, form and use, Talang Mamak Language. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan pronomina persona Bahasa Talang Mamak Kecamatan Rakit Kulim Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data yaitu metode simak yang diikuti teknik sadap, teknik simak libat cakap, teknik simak bebas libat cakap, teknik rekam dan teknik catat. Teknik analisis data diawali dengan mentranskripkan data, setelah dilakukan transkip data lalu pengecekan data, setelah data dicek tahap selanjutnya ialah mengklasifikasi, menyeleksi, mengelompokkan, menganalisis, mendeskripsikan lalu terakhir disimpulkan menjadi laporan hasil penelitian. Pada Bahasa Talang Mamak Kecamatan Rakit Kulim Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu terdapat tiga bentuk pronomina persona yaitu kata ganti orang pertama tunggal yaitu aku, jaku, dan jawak, kata ganti orang pertama jamak yaitu kami dan kita. Kata ganti orang kedua tunggal yaitu kamu dan kau, kata ganti orang kedua jamak yaitu mika. Kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal yaitu liau dan nyanya, kata ganti orang ketiga jamak yaitu orang itu. Penggunaan pronomina tersebut berdasarkan usia, dan status sosial. Kata kunci: Pronomina persona, bentuk dan penggunaan, Bahasa Talang Mamak.
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Holtzman, Nicholas S., Allison M. Tackman, Angela L. Carey, Melanie S. Brucks, Albrecht C. P. Küfner, Fenne Große Deters, Mitja D. Back, et al. "Linguistic Markers of Grandiose Narcissism: A LIWC Analysis of 15 Samples." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 38, no. 5-6 (September 11, 2019): 773–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x19871084.
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Narcissism is unrelated to using first-person singular pronouns. Whether narcissism is linked to other language use remains unclear. We aimed to identify linguistic markers of narcissism. We applied the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count to texts ( k = 15; N = 4,941). The strongest positive correlates were using words related to sports, second-person pronouns, and swear words. The strongest negative correlates were using anxiety/fear words, tentative words, and words related to sensory/perceptual processes. Effects were small (each | r| < .10).
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Zürrer, Peter. "Genus-Zuweisung bei der Pronominalisierung von Personen in den Südwalser Dialekten." Linguistik Online 107, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.107.7694.
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The Alemannic dialects in linguistic islands in Northern Italy have been undergoing strong changes since the second half of the 20th century. One of these changes concerns the assignment of gender with persons. Generalized neuter abolishes the coupling of gender with male/female and transfers both female and male persons into neuter. This in turn has its effect on verbal inflection. The post-verbal subject clitics mutate in the 3rd person singular to verb endings void of male/female connotations. This change, as it is now spreading, is not in itself a recent phenomenon. In early written dialectal records it already occurs in single documents even at the beginning of the 19th century.
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Cristofaro, Sonia. "Typological explanations in synchrony and diachrony: on the origins of third person zeroes in bound person paradigms." Folia Linguistica 55, s42-s1 (August 1, 2021): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2021-2013.
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Abstract A well-known cross-linguistic pattern in bound person paradigms is for zero marking to be restricted to third person forms, particularly third person singular subjects. This has been explained in terms of general language preferences for third person zeroes, possibly determined by principles of iconicity or economy. This paper discusses several diachronic phenomena that result in third person zeroes cross-linguistically, and argues that these phenomena pose two challenges for this type of explanations. First, several phenomena do not appear to be related to general language preferences for third person zeroes. Second, different phenomena are a result of different causal factors, meaning that third person zeroes are not amenable to a unified explanation. This calls for a source-oriented approach to third person zeroes and recurrent cross-linguistic patterns in general, one where these patterns are accounted for in terms of the properties of different diachronic phenomena that shape the pattern over time, rather than synchronic properties of the pattern in itself.
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Fitria, Tira Nur. "Analysis of Deixis in the Subtitle Movie of “First Kiss”." LET: Linguistics, Literature and English Teaching Journal 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/let.v10i1.3582.
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The objective of this research is to analyze the type and its examples of deixis found in the subtitle movie of “First Kiss”. This research method of this method is qualitative methodology. In data collection, the research use document analysis in this research. The result of this research shows that three types of deixis found in the subtitle movie of “First Kiss” movie such as a person, time, and place deixis. In-person deixis, the deictic expressions are the personal pronoun “I” as a singular subject pronoun, ‘Me” as singular object pronoun, “My” as a possessive adjective, “We” as a plural subject pronoun, “Us” as object pronoun, “Our” as a possessive adjective. In the second person, they are “You” as a subject and object pronoun, and “Your” as an object pronoun. The third person “He” as a subject pronoun, “Him” as object pronoun, and “His” as a possessive adjective, ‘She” as a subject pronoun, “Her” as object pronoun and as possessive adjective, “It” as subject and object pronoun. In space/spatial/place deixis, the deictic expressions are “here” and “there”. While in the temporal/time deixis, the deictic expressions are “now” and “tomorrow”.
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Alibašić Ciciliani, Tamara, and Ronnie B. Wilbur. "Pronominal system in Croatian Sign Language." Investigating Understudied Sign Languages - Croatian SL and Austrian SL, with comparison to American SL 9, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2006): 95–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.9.1.07ali.
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In this article we present some fundamental properties of the Croatian Sign Language (Hrvatski Znakovni Jezik, HZJ) pronominal system. The most common functions of pointing in HZJ are pronominal, demonstrative, locative, possessive and reflexive. Examination of the first person pronoun shows that the signer uses nonmanuals to indicate that she has taken the role of another person. Thus, the signer points to herself, but the intended reference is to a character in the story and not to the signer. These findings are used to provide evidence for grammatical first person. Viewed from Berenz’s (2002) perspective, grammatical second and third person pronouns show some degree of consistency within each category and differences across categories. When reference to the second person is intended, the characteristics hand orientation, eyegaze and the head will usually line up. In contrast, when reference to third person is intended, disjunction of some of these features occurs. Thus, the distinction between second and third person pronoun is linguistically marked in HZJ. Therefore we argue against Liddell (1995, 2003), who treats pointing as deictic, gestural, hence nonlinguistic. Furthermore we argue with Berenz against Meier (1990), who claims that at least for ASL there is no distinction between second and third person reference. Our morphological analysis reveals no gender distinction in the pronoun system, but there are distinctions between singular, plural, inclusive and exclusive pronouns. No correlation between spoken Croatian case marking and either HZJ handshape choice or systematic mouthing was found.
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Ngo, Huu-Huy, Feng-Cheng Lin, Yang-Ting Sehn, Mengru Tu, and Chyi-Ren Dow. "A Room Monitoring System Using Deep Learning and Perspective Correction Techniques." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 4423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134423.
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Studies on room monitoring have only focused on objects in a singular and uniform posture or low-density groups. Considering the wide use of convolutional neural networks for object detection, especially person detection, we use deep learning and perspective correction techniques to propose a room monitoring system that can detect persons with different motion states, high-density groups, and small-sized persons owing to the distance from the camera. This system uses consecutive frames from the monitoring camera as input images. Two approaches are used: perspective correction and person detection. First, perspective correction is used to transform an input image into a 2D top-view image. This allows users to observe the system more easily with different views (2D and 3D views). Second, the proposed person detection scheme combines the Mask region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) scheme and the tile technique for person detection, especially for detecting small-sized persons. All results are stored in a cloud database. Moreover, new person coordinates in 2D images are generated from the final bounding boxes and heat maps are created according to the 2D images; these enable users to examine the system quickly in different views. Additionally, a system prototype is developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system. Experimental results prove that our proposed system outperforms existing schemes in terms of accuracy, mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean squared error (RMSE).
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Marnetti, Marnetti. "DEIKSIS DALAM NOVEL ELENA KARYA ELLYA NINGSIH." GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 4, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47269/gb.v4i2.63.
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This research focuses on the deixis of persona, place, and time contained in Elena by Ellya Ningsih’s novel published in July 2018. This paper aims to describe the forms and intentions of the use of the persona, place, and time existed in the novel. This research type is qualitative using descriptive methods. Data were analyzed by applying some steps; reducing, classifying, and interpreting. The results of this study indicate that the form and meaning of deixis used is the form of the first single person deixis in the form of the words aku and saya, the first plural persona deviation in the form of our word, kami and kita and the meaning of the role as speaker. The second single person deixis is the word kau, kamu, and anda, the second person person is the deixis, the meaning of the role as the other person. Deixis of the third singular person are ia and dia, the third plural person is mereka, the meaning of the role is what is discussed. Deixis of a place in the form of phrases here and there and their meaning to find out where the speaker is. Time deviation is in the form of phrases this weekend and two more years and their meaning is to show the distance of time when a speaker says. AbstrakPenelitian ini difokuskan pada deiksis persona, tempat, dan waktu yang terdapat pada Novel Elena karya Ellya Ningsih yang diterbitkan pada Juli 2018. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk-bentuk dan maksud pemakaian deiksis persona, tempat, dan waktu yang terdapat dalam novel tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data dianalisis dengan langkah-langkah; mereduksi, mengklasifikasi, dan menginterpretasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bentuk dan makna deiksis yang digunakan berupa bentuk deiksis persona pertama tunggal berupa kata aku dan saya, deiksis persona pertama jamak berupa kata kami, kita, dan makna perannya sebagai pembicara. Deiksis persona kedua tunggal berupa kata kau, kamu, dan anda, deiksis persona kedua jamak adalah kalian, makna perannya sebagai lawan bicara. Deiksis persona ketiga tunggal adalah ia dan dia, deiksis persona ketiga jamak adalah mereka, makna perannya adalah yang dibicarakan. Deiksis tempat berupa frasa di sini dan di sana, dan maknanya untuk mengetahui tempat pembicara. Deiksis waktu berupa frasa akhir pekan ini dan dua tahun lagi, dan maknanya untuk menunjukkan jarak waktu pandang saat seorang penutur berujar.Kata Kunci: deiksis, bentuk deiksis, makna deiksis, novel Elena
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Manzini, M. Rita, and Leonardo M. Savoia. "From Latin to Romance: case loss and preservation in pronominal systems." Probus 26, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 217–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2014-0008.
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Abstract The evolution from Latin into Romance is marked by the loss of case in nominal declensions. In most Romance varieties, however, pronouns, specifically in the 1st/2nd person singular, keep case differentiations. In some varieties 1st/2nd singular pronouns present a three-way case split, essentially the same reconstructed for proto-Romance (De Dardel and Gaeng 1992, Zamboni 1998). We document and analyze the current situation of Romance in the first part of the article (section 1). In the second part of the article we argue that the Dative Shifted distribution of loro in modern Italian, accounted for by means of the category of weak pronoun in Cardinaletti and Starke (1999), is best construed as a survival of oblique case in the 3rd person system (section 2). This casts doubts on the weak pronoun category, as applied to Old Italian as well (Egerland and Cardinaletti 2010).
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Serrano, María José. "Shaping identities in interaction by cognitive meanings." International Review of Pragmatics 12, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 80–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-01201100.
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Abstract This is not an address forms research. The purpose of this paper is to study the variation of the Spanish singular and plural second-person object usted (es) (SPU object) by means of the cognitive properties of salience and informativeness. Each variant of the second-person object constitutes a meaningful possibility used by speakers to define their particular position in relation to the communicative situation where they participate, tightly connected to their communicative purposes during interaction. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of SPU object variation in a corpus of Contemporary Spanish (Corpus Interaccional del Español) show that variants are unevenly distributed across textual genres and socioprofessional affiliations of speakers and contribute to shape communicative styles based on the continuum of objectivity-subjectivity.
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ANTÓN-MÉNDEZ, INÉS. "Whose? L2-English speakers' possessive pronoun gender errors." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 3 (November 15, 2010): 318–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000325.
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This article reports the results of an experiment on production of his/her in English as a second language (L2) by proficient native speakers of Italian, Spanish, and Dutch. In Dutch and English, 3rd person singular possessive pronouns agree in gender with their antecedents, in Italian and Spanish possessives in general agree with the noun they accompany (possessum). However, while in Italian the 3rd person singular possessives overtly agree in gender with the possessums, in Spanish they lack overt morphological gender marking. Dutch speakers were found to make very few possessive gender errors in any condition, Spanish and Italian speakers, on the other hand, behaved like Dutch speakers when the possessum was inanimate, but made more errors when it was animate (e.g., his mother). Thus, even proficient L2 speakers are susceptible to the influence of automatic processes that should apply in their first language alone. The pattern of results has implications for pronoun production and models of bilingual language production.
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Stewart, Miranda. "‘Pragmatic weight’ and face: pronominal presence and the case of the Spanish second person singular subject pronoun tú." Journal of Pragmatics 35, no. 2 (February 2003): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(02)00083-8.
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Mohammadkhani, Amirali, Samaneh Eslamdoost, and Sepideh Gholamreza’i. "An investigation of the role of instruction in second language production: A case of third person singular -s." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 29 (2011): 910–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.321.
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