Academic literature on the topic 'Second order transport'
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Journal articles on the topic "Second order transport"
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Megías, Eugenio, and Manuel Valle. "Anomalous transport in second order hydrodynamics." EPJ Web of Conferences 126 (2016): 04032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201612604032.
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Yates, S. R., and C. G. Enfield. "Transport of dissolved substances with second-order reaction." Water Resources Research 25, no. 7 (July 1989): 1757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr025i007p01757.
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Zhang, Hua, and H. Magdi Selim. "Second-order modeling of arsenite transport in soils." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 126, no. 3-4 (November 2011): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.08.002.
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Cosner, Chris, Suzanne M. Lenhart, and Vladimir Protopopescu. "Transport Equations with Second-Order Differential Collision Operators." SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 19, no. 4 (July 1988): 797–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/0519055.
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Shalchi, A. "Second-order quasilinear theory of cosmic ray transport." Physics of Plasmas 12, no. 5 (May 2005): 052905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1895805.
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Megías, Eugenio, and Francisco Pena-Benitez. "Fluid/Gravity Correspondence, Second Order Transport and Gravitational Anomaly,." EPJ Web of Conferences 66 (2014): 04018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20146604018.
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Jiang, Yuchen, Ruo Li, and Shuonan Wu. "A Second Order Time Homogenized Model for Sediment Transport." Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 14, no. 3 (January 2016): 965–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/15m1041778.
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Keanini, Russell G. "Structure and particle transport in second-order Stokes flow." Physical Review E 61, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 6606–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.61.6606.
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Sandu, Adrian, and Lin Zhang. "Discrete second order adjoints in atmospheric chemical transport modeling." Journal of Computational Physics 227, no. 12 (June 2008): 5949–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2008.02.011.
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Ryblewski, Radoslaw. "Transport coefficients in second-order non-conformal viscous hydrodynamics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 612 (May 19, 2015): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/612/1/012058.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Second order transport"
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Welch, James. "Isogeometric analysis for second-order forms of the neutron transport equation with applications to reactor physics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/58858.
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Development of computational methods to solve reactor physics and shielding problems has been a constant area of research since the 1940s and the Manhattan project. As technology and improved methods have been developed more detailed simulations have been possible. However, solving the neutron transport equation for full-core heterogeneous problems is still a challenging proposition, even for modern numerical methods and petaflop high performance computers. The high dimensionality of the physical problem combined with the complex geometries of reactor cores and their shields has meant that approximations in all dimensions have to be made in order to make finding a solution tractable. Such approximations include using a simple diffusion approximation and coarse geometric approximations typically discretised with polygonal finite elements. This thesis details the investigation into the application of Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) to second-order forms of the neutron transport equation with application to reactor physics and the development of a new parallel reactor physics code PIRANA. Isogeometric Analysis is a generalisation of the finite element method which uses the mathematical basis of computer aided design (CAD) for numerical analysis. By using the CAD model directly in analysis the geometry is modelled exactly with no approximation. The results of this study have found that the exact geometric representation of the IGA method can significantly improve the accuracy of solutions to the neutron transport equation compared to the finite element method. Additionally, the exact geometric representation has allowed for local refinement to be performed for non-Cartesian geometries within the analysis program which can result in a significant reduction of the computational cost. Finally, IGA allows for optimisation of the multigroup form of the neutron transport equation by solving each group on a uniquely refined spatial mesh significantly reducing the total number of spatial degrees-of- freedom for the same overall solution accuracy.
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Lambrechtsen, Frans Joseph. "Second-Order Perturbation Analysis of the St. Venant Equations in Relation to Bed-Load Transport and Equilibrium Scour Hole Development." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4274.
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This analysis is an expansion of research done by Rollin Hotchkiss during his Ph.D work. The research uses fluid flow, sediment transport, and perturbation theory to predict where scour will occur in a variable-width channel. The resulting equations also determine equilibrium scour depth based upon the stream bed elevation derived from a dimensionless bed slope equation. Hotchkiss perturbed the width of the channel using a second order Taylor Series perturbation but neglected second order terms. The present work follows the same procedures as Hotchkiss but maintains the second order terms. The primary purpose is to examine how the additional terms impact the final equilibrium scour depth and location results. The results of this research show a slight variation from the previous work. With respect to a hypothetical case, there was not a significant amount of change, thereby verifying that scour migrates downstream with an increase in discharge. Interestingly, the comparison shows a slight increase in sediment discharge through the test reach analyzed. Supplementary to previous research, values of scour depth and location in terms of distance from the start of channel-width perturbation are provided; at the lowest discharge maximum scour occurs 4% of a wavelength upstream of the narrowest portion, and at the highest discharge maximum scour occurs at the narrowest point. Additionally, a one-dimensional HEC-RAS sediment transport model and a two- dimensional SRH flow model were compared to the analytical results. Results show that the model output of the HEC-RAS model and the SRH model adequately approximate the analytical model studied. Specifically, the results verify that maximum scour depth transitions downstream as discharge increases.
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BARBARINO, ANDREA. "Numerical Methods for Neutron Transport Calculations of Nuclear Reactors." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2561774.
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The objective of this thesis, which in clearly inspired by an industrial framework, is to try and narrow the gap between theoretical neutron modelling and application in the context of nuclear reactor design. This thesis is divided into three main chapters, preceded by a general overview. This structure reflects the three main topics which were chosen for this research project.
The first topic develops the Spectral Element Method (SEM) approach and its use in conjunction with transport approximations. As it is documented in the specialized numerical analysis handbooks and in previous works by the author, the method has an excellent convergence rate which outperforms most classical schemes, but it has also some important drawbacks which sometimes seem to discourage its use for linear transport problems applied to nontrivial benchmarks. In order to elaborate the methodology of the specific problems encountered in reactor physics, three aspects are addressed looking for improvements. The first topic analyzed is related to the convergence order, whose value is less straightforward to define a priori by means of functional analysis than other numerical schemes. The adjective “spectral” refers in fact to the maximum order claimed, exponential with respect to the average size of the mesh. A comprehensive set of convergence tests is carried out applying SEM to a few transport models and with the aid of manufactured solutions, thus isolating the numerical effects from the deviations which are due only to modelling approximations. The hypothesis of grid conformity is also relaxed, replacing the classical Galerkin variational formulation with the Discontinuous Galerkin theory, characterized by a more flexible treatment of the mesh interfaces; this scheme allows local grid refinement and opens the way, in perspective, to mesh adaption. Finally, a simple and sufficiently flexible technique to deform the boundaries of each mesh is introduced and applied, in order to adapt the grid to curved geometries. In this way, the advantages of SEM can be applied to a vast class of common problems like lattice calculations. Moreover, thanks to a change of the basis functions used in SEM, it is possible to obtain elements with three sides (straight or deformed), that are a typical war horse of the Finite Element approach.
The second topic is essentially devoted to the most “industrial” part of the thesis, developed entirely during the stay of the author in the AREVA NP headquarters in Paris. In AREVA, and in all other nuclear engineering enterprises, neutron diffusion is still the preferred neutronic model for full-core studies. Better approximations are reserved for library preparation, fuel studies and code validation, none of these being typically too much time or budget-constrained. Today needs start to require a certain level of improvement also in full-core analyses, trying to fitly model localized dis-homogeneities and reduce the penalizing engineering margins which are taken as provisions. On the other hand, a change in the model does not mean only an effort to write a new code, but has huge follow-ups due to the validation processes required by the authorities. Second-order transport may support the foreseen methodology update because it can be implemented re-using diffusion routines as the computational engine. The AN method, a second-order approximation of the transport equation, has been introduced in some studies, and its effect is discussed. Moreover, some effort has been reserved to the introduction of linear anisotropy in the model.
The last topic deals with ray effects; they are a known issue of the discrete ordinate approach (SN methods) which is responsible for a reduction in the accuracy of the solution, especially in penetration problems with low scattering, like several shielding calculations performed for operator safety concerns. Ray effects are here characterized from a formal point of view in both static and time dependent situations. Then, quantitative indicators are defined to help with the interpretation of the SN results. Based on these studies, some mitigation measures are proposed and their efficacy is discussed.
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Hejazi, Hala Ahmad. "Finite volume methods for simulating anomalous transport." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/81751/1/Hala%20Ahmad_Hejazi_Thesis.pdf.
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In this thesis a new approach for solving a certain class of anomalous diffusion equations was developed. The theory and algorithms arising from this work will pave the way for more efficient and more accurate solutions of these equations, with applications to science, health and industry. The method of finite volumes was applied to discretise the spatial derivatives, and this was shown to outperform existing methods in several key respects. The stability and convergence of the new method were rigorously established.
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RUFFIN, EMMANUEL. "Etude de jets turbulents a densite variable a l'aide de modeles de transport au second ordre." Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX22097.
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Dans cette these, on etudie la modelisation au second-ordre des jets turbulents a densite variable en moyenne de favre et en moyenne de reynolds. Tout d'abord, les problemes relatifs a la modelisation des jets a densite constante sont abordes. Ensuite, les modelisations des phenomenes physiques engendres par les variations de densite sont etudiees. Pour chaque approche statistique, un modele est mis au point a partir des mesures obtenues dans les jets axisymetriques etudies a l'i. M. S. T. Les comparaisons entre les calculs et l'experience sont satisfaisantes pour les deux approches, de meilleurs resultats etant toutefois obtenus avec le modele en moyenne de reynolds, du fait de l'adjonction de termes dans l'equation du taux de dissipation de l'energie cinetique de la turbulence. Enfin, cet outil numerique a ete utilise pour etudier les echelles caracteristiques de la turbulence dans la zone de pseudo-similitude des jets plan et axisymetrique a densite variable. Des relations analytiques ont d'abord ete developpees, puis comparees aux previsions numeriques et aux quelques mesures disponibles. Cette etude a permis de montrer clairement que le parametre principal qui gouverne ces echelles est le flux de quantite de mouvement impose dans la section d'ejection de ces jets
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Chen, Xiaobo. "Etude des reponses du second ordre d'une structure soumise a une houle aleatoire." Nantes, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NANT2040.
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En utilisant la methode de perturbation, le probleme non-lineaire de diffraction-radiation est decompose en premier et second ordre. Les efforts complets du second ordre sont evalues pour une houle bichromatique. La fonction de transfert des efforts du second ordre est calculee et representee graphiquement
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Bonneu, Florent. "Processus ponctuels spatiaux pour l'analyse du positionnement optimal et de la concentration." Phd thesis, Toulouse 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465270.
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Les processus ponctuels spatiaux forment une branche de la statistique spatiale utilisée dans des domaines d'application variés (foresterie, géo-marketing, sismologie, épidémiologie...) et développée par de récents travaux théoriques. Nous nous intéressons principalement dans cette thèse à l'apport de la théorie des processus ponctuels spatiaux pour des problèmes de positionnement optimal, ainsi que pour la définition de nouveaux indices de concentration basés sur les distances en économétrie. Le problème de positionnement optimal s'écrit souvent comme un problème d'optimisation prenant en compte des données geo-référencées auxquelles peuvent être associées des caractéristiques. Pour prendre en compte l'aléa, nous considérons ces données issues d'un processus ponctuel spatial pour résoudre un problème de positionnement stochastique plus réaliste qu'un modèle déterministe. A travers l'étude du positionnement optimal d'une nouvelle caserne de pompiers dans la région toulousaine, nous développons une méthode de résolution stochastique permettant de juger de la variabilité de la solution optimale et de traiter des bases de données volumineuses. L'approche implémentée est validée par des premiers résultats théoriques sur le comportement asymptotique des solutions optimales empiriques. La convergence presque sure des solutions optimales empiriques de l'étude de cas précédente est obtenue dans un cadre i.i.d. en utilisant la théorie de Vapnik-Cervonenkis. Nous obtenons aussi la convergence presque sure des solutions optimales empiriques, dans un cadre plus général, pour un problème de positionnement dérivé du problème de transport de Monge-Kantorovich. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à des indices de concentration basés sur des distances en économétrie. Ces indices de concentration peuvent s'écrire comme des estimateurs de caractéristiques du second ordre de processus ponctuels marqués. Nous définissons ensuite un estimateur non-paramétrique d'une nouvelle caractéristique d'un processus ponctuel spatial marqué définissant ainsi un nouvel indice de concentration améliorant ceux déjà existants. Dans un cadre asymptotique avec fenêtre d'observation bornée, notre estimateur est asymptotiquement sans biais.
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Ducroquetz, Anne-Lise. "L'expulsion des étrangers en droit international et européen." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00196312.
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La matière de l'expulsion évolue fréquemment tant dans les ordres juridiques nationaux qu'internationaux. L'internationalisation du droit, et plus particulièrement celle des droits de l'Homme, a modifié la nature de la problématique de l'expulsion et a permis le développement de règles de plus en plus protectrices des personnes expulsées. En effet, le droit international, et notamment le droit européen, tendent à encadrer progressivement cet acte éminemment politique qu'est l'expulsion. Ainsi, la motivation et la mise en oeuvre de mesures d'éloignement doivent être conciliées avec le respect des droits individuels et des libertés fondamentales. Cependant, cette conciliation apparaît instable : les changements d'ordre essentiellement sécuritaire, constatés dans les législations nationales et communautaire depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, montrent que cette matière est particulièrement sensible aux évolutions des contextes socio-politiques.Le phénomène de l'expulsion est, par définition, transnational et pousse à une coopération accrue des Etats. Dès lors, la mise en place d'un corpus minimal de droits, assorti des garanties procédurales permettant d'en assurer l'effectivité, est une nécessité d'autant plus pressante. Les organes internationaux de contrôle, à l'instar de la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme, cherchent ainsi à interpréter favorablement les conventions applicables à cette matière afin de répondre à ce besoin.
Un dépassement de cette approche initiale, attachée au concept de nationalité, semble toutefois aujourd'hui nécessaire. A cet égard, l'Union européenne pourrait constituer un cadre juridique idéal pour la création d'un statut de “quasi-national” et l'autonomisation de la notion de citoyenneté européenne.
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Forrester, Charles James. "Great captains and the challenge of second order technology :." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18045.
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Bielen, Andrew Scott. "Spherical harmonics solutions to second order forms of the Boltzmann transport equation using particle transport code sceptre." 2008. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-2713/index.html.
Full textBooks on the topic "Second order transport"
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Speziale, Charles G. A preliminary compressible second-order closure model for high speed flows. Hampton, Va: ICASE, 1989.
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Nordquist, Bruce O. The theory of turbulent transport via second order energy diffusion. Troy, Ohio: Lost Creek, 1990.
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Britain, Great. Transport for Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Second City Crossing) Order 2013. Stationery Office, The, 2013.
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Office, Stationery, Great Britain: Parliament: Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments, and George Mudie. Twenty-Second Report of Session 2012-13: Drawing Special Attention to, Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2013 ; Misuse of Drugs Order 2013 ; Rights of Passengers in Bus and Coach Transport Regulations 2013. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2013.
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Bailey, Matthew A. An overview of tubular function. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0020.
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This chapter provides an overview of transport processes, describing both the membrane proteins that effect transepithelial solute flux and the systems that allow integrated regulation of electrolyte transport. The emphasis is on the physiological mechanisms but links to human diseases are made in order to illuminate fundamental principles of control. The key transport proteins and encoding genes are listed. First, the major transport pathways and regulatory features for each nephron segment are described. The focus here is on the transepithelial flux of sodium, potassium, and water. In the second part, other important aspects of renal homeostasis, including urine concentration and acid–base balance, are summarized.
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. The bioenergetics of living cells. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0024.
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Living systems create order, and appear to break the Second Law. This chapter explains, and resolves, this apparent paradox, drawing on the concept of coupled reactions (as introduced in Chapters 13 and 16), as mediated by ‘energy currencies’ such as ATP and NADH. The chapter then examines the key energy-capturing systems in biological systems – glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and also photosynthesis. Topics covered include how energy is captured in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, the mitochondrial membrane, respiration, electron transport, ATP synthase, chloroplasts and thylakoids, photosystems I and II, and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
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Shengelia, Revaz. Modern Economics. Universal, Georgia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/rsme012021.
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Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.
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Zydroń, Tymoteusz. Wpływ systemów korzeniowych wybranych gatunków drzew na przyrost wytrzymałości gruntu na ścinanie. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-46-5.
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The aim of the paper was to determine the influence of root systems of chosen tree species found in the Polish Flysch Carpathians on the increase of soil shear strength (root cohesion) in terms of slope stability. The paper's goal was achieved through comprehensive tests on root systems of eight relatively common in the Polish Flysch Carpathians tree species. The tests that were carried out included field work, laboratory work and analytical calculations. As part of the field work, the root area ratio (A IA) of the roots was determined using the method of profiling the walls of the trench at a distance of about 1.0 m from the tree trunk. The width of the. trenches was about 1.0 m, and their depth depended on the ground conditions and ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 m below the ground level. After preparing the walls of the trench, the profile was divided into vertical layers with a height of 0.1 m, within which root diameters were measured. Roots with diameters from 1 to 10 mm were taken into consideration in root area ratio calculations in accordance with the generally accepted methodology for this type of tests. These measurements were made in Biegnik (silver fir), Ropica Polska (silver birch, black locust) and Szymbark (silver birch, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, sycamore maple, Scots pine, European spruce) located near Gorlice (The Low Beskids) in areas with unplanned forest management. In case of each tested tree species the samples of roots were taken, transported to the laboratory and then saturated with water for at least one day. Before testing the samples were obtained from the water and stretched in a. tensile testing machine in order to determine their tensile strength and flexibility. In general, over 2200 root samples were tested. The results of tests on root area ratio of root systems and their tensile strength were used to determine the value of increase in shear strength of the soils, called root cohesion. To this purpose a classic Wu-Waldron calculation model was used as well as two types of bundle models, the so called static model (Fiber Bundle Model — FIRM, FBM2, FBM3) and the deformation model (Root Bundle Model— RBM1, RBM2, mRBM1) that differ in terms of the assumptions concerning the way the tensile force is distributed to the roots as well as the range of parameters taken into account during calculations. The stability analysis of 8 landslides in forest areas of Cicikowicleie and Wignickie Foothills was a form of verification of relevance of the obtained calculation results. The results of tests on root area ratio in the profile showed that, as expected, the number of roots in the soil profile and their ApIA values are very variable. It was shown that the values of the root area ratio of the tested tree species with a diameter 1-10 ram are a maximum of 0.8% close to the surface of the ground and they decrease along with the depth reaching the values at least one order of magnitude lower than close to the surface at the depth 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. Average values of the root area ratio within the soil profile were from 0.05 to 0.13% adequately for Scots pine and European beech. The measured values of the root area ratio are relatively low in relation to the values of this parameter given in literature, which is probably connected with great cohesiveness of the soils and the fact that there were a lot of rock fragments in the soil, where the tests were carried out. Calculation results of the Gale-Grigal function indicate that a distribution of roots in the soil profile is similar for the tested species, apart from the silver fir from Bie§nik and European hornbeam. Considering the number of roots, their distribution in the soil profile and the root area ratio it appears that — considering slope stability — the root systems of European beech and black locust are the most optimal, which coincides with tests results given in literature. The results of tensile strength tests showed that the roots of the tested tree species have different tensile strength. The roots of European beech and European hornbeam had high tensile strength, whereas the roots of conifers and silver birch in deciduous trees — low. The analysis of test results also showed that the roots of the studied tree species are characterized by high variability of mechanical properties. The values Of shear strength increase are mainly related to the number and size (diameter) of the roots in the soil profile as well as their tensile strength and pullout resistance, although they can also result from the used calculation method (calculation model). The tests showed that the distribution of roots in the soil and their tensile strength are characterized by large variability, which allows the conclusion that using typical geotechnical calculations, which take into consideration the role of root systems is exposed to a high risk of overestimating their influence on the soil reinforcement. hence, while determining or assuming the increase in shear strength of soil reinforced with roots (root cohesion) for design calculations, a conservative (careful) approach that includes the most unfavourable values of this parameter should be used. Tests showed that the values of shear strength increase of the soil reinforced with roots calculated using Wu-Waldron model in extreme cases are three times higher than the values calculated using bundle models. In general, the most conservative calculation results of the shear strength increase were obtained using deformation bundle models: RBM2 (RBMw) or mRBM1. RBM2 model considers the variability of strength characteristics of soils described by Weibull survival function and in most cases gives the lowest values of the shear strength increase, which usually constitute 50% of the values of shear strength increase determined using classic Wu-Waldron model. Whereas the second model (mRBM1.) considers averaged values of roots strength parameters as well as the possibility that two main mechanism of destruction of a root bundle - rupture and pulling out - can occur at the same. time. The values of shear strength increase calculated using this model were the lowest in case of beech and hornbeam roots, which had high tensile strength. It indicates that in the surface part of the profile (down to 0.2 m below the ground level), primarily in case of deciduous trees, the main mechanism of failure of the root bundle will be pulling out. However, this model requires the knowledge of a much greater number of geometrical parameters of roots and geotechnical parameters of soil, and additionally it is very sensitive to input data. Therefore, it seems practical to use the RBM2 model to assess the influence of roots on the soil shear strength increase, and in order to obtain safe results of calculations in the surface part of the profile, the Weibull shape coefficient equal to 1.0 can be assumed. On the other hand, the Wu-Waldron model can be used for the initial assessment of the shear strength increase of soil reinforced with roots in the situation, where the deformation properties of the root system and its interaction with the soil are not considered, although the values of the shear strength increase calculated using this model should be corrected and reduced by half. Test results indicate that in terms of slope stability the root systems of beech and hornbeam have the most favourable properties - their maximum effect of soil reinforcement in the profile to the depth of 0.5 m does not usually exceed 30 kPa, and to the depth of 1 m - 20 kPa. The root systems of conifers have the least impact on the slope reinforcement, usually increasing the soil shear strength by less than 5 kPa. These values coincide to a large extent with the range of shear strength increase obtained from the direct shear test as well as results of stability analysis given in literature and carried out as part of this work. The analysis of the literature indicates that the methods of measuring tree's root systems as well as their interpretation are very different, which often limits the possibilities of comparing test results. This indicates the need to systematize this type of tests and for this purpose a root distribution model (RDM) can be used, which can be integrated with any deformation bundle model (RBM). A combination of these two calculation models allows the range of soil reinforcement around trees to be determined and this information might be used in practice, while planning bioengineering procedures in areas exposed to surface mass movements. The functionality of this solution can be increased by considering the dynamics of plant develop¬ment in the calculations. This, however, requires conducting this type of research in order to obtain more data.
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Sobczyk, Eugeniusz Jacek. Uciążliwość eksploatacji złóż węgla kamiennego wynikająca z warunków geologicznych i górniczych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/onermin/0222.
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Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.
Book chapters on the topic "Second order transport"
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Lewis, E. E. "Second-Order Neutron Transport Methods." In Nuclear Computational Science, 85–115. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3411-3_2.
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De Philippis, Guido. "Second order stability for the Monge-Ampère equation and applications." In Regularity of Optimal Transport Maps and Applications, 73–80. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-7642-458-8_4.
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Pepper, D. W., and D. E. Stephenson. "Calculation of Three-Dimensional Groundwater Transport Using Second-Order Moments." In Groundwater Contamination: Use of Models in Decision-Making, 313–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2301-0_29.
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Cacuci, Dan Gabriel. "Application of the 2nd-ASAM for Computing Sensitivities of Detector Responses to Uncollided Radiation Transport." In The Second-Order Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Methodology, 193–214. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2018.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315120270-6.
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Agarwal, Ramesh K. "BGK-Burnett Equations: A New Set of Second-Order Hydrodynamic Equations for Flows in Continuum-Transition Regime." In Transport in Transition Regimes, 1–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0017-5_1.
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Skiadas, Christos H., and Charilaos Skiadas. "The Fokker-Planck Equation and the First Exit Time Problem. A Fractional Second Order Approximation." In Fractional Dynamics, Anomalous Transport and Plasma Science, 67–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04483-1_3.
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"Second-Order Transport Modeling." In Transport & Fate of Chemicals in Soils, 157–90. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17405-7.
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Silebi, C. A., and W. E. Schiesser. "Systems Modeled by Second Order Partial Differential Equations." In Dynamic Modeling of Transport Process Systems, 324–97. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-092582-0.50011-5.
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Silebi, C. A., and W. E. Schiesser. "Systems Modeled by First/Second Order, Multidimensional and Multidomain Partial Differential Equations." In Dynamic Modeling of Transport Process Systems, 398–461. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-092582-0.50012-7.
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"Three-Diagonal Method of Gauss Elimination Techniques for the Differential Third- and Second-Order Equations." In Unified Non-Local Theory of Transport Processes, 561–66. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63478-8.09991-7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Second order transport"
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"The Second-order Voronoi of Roundabout Cairo Since 1867." In International Conference on Urban Planning, Transport and Construction Engineering. Universal Researchers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/ur.u0116320.
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Kohno, Y., Masayuki Asakawa, Masakiyo Kitazawa, and Chiho Nonaka. "Lattice study of transport coefficients in second order dissipative hydrodynamics." In The XXVIII International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.105.0194.
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Zhang, Xi, Hsiao-Hwa Chen, and Mohsen Guizani. "Second-Order Rate-Control Based Transport Protocols Over Mobile Wireless Networks." In 2007 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2007.681.
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Ayed, H., J. Chahed, and V. Roig. "First and second order modelling of turbulent scalar transport in homogeneous turbulence." In Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 5. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer. New York: Begellhouse, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.2006.turbulheatmasstransf.730.
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Horinouchi, Suguru, Hiroaki Imai, Hiroshi Hirashima, Keiichi Mito, and Keisuke Sasaki. "Second order nonlinearity in glass film waveguides." In Nonlinear Guided Waves and Their Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlgw.1996.fd.17.
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To date a lot of work1 has been carried out to understand the mechanism of second order nonlinearity in glass materials, but it has not been fully elucidated yet. Myers et al., who first reported2 a permanent second order nonlinearity of a poled bulk fused silica glass, explained the origin3 by a simple ionic charge transport model in combination with bond reorientation. Our group demonstrated phase-matched second harmonic generation (SHG) in corona-poled glass film waveguides4,5. The waveguide structure is essential for the further applications in integrated optics. Nevertheless the study on the quadratic nonlinearity in glass waveguides has not attracted much attention. In this article studies on the second order nonlinearity in corona-poled Coming 7059 glass film waveguides are reported.
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David, Obembe Abiola, M. Enamul Hossain, and Sidqi A. Abu-Khamsin. "VARIABLE-ORDER ANOMALOUS HEAT TRANSPORT MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN DISORDERED AND HETEROGENEOUS POROUS MEDIA." In Second Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfec2017.prm.017616.
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Wang, Ming, Anna Mujal Colilles, and Climent Molins i Borrell. "Numerical investigation of nonlinear diffraction wave loads on a suspended cylinder." In Maritime Transport Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Iniciativa Digital Politècnica, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/mt.10864.
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Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) interact with waves in complex sea conditions, inparticular wave-induced nonlinear diffraction wave loads can excite the resonant response of FOWTs in the low frequency range. In this paper, a fixed rigid suspended cylinder (considereda simplification of the support columns of a complex structure) is analyzed for nonlinear waveloads under regular waves using OpenFOAM, an open-source Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) software, to obtain nonlinear hydrodynamic load characteristics of a simple structurein regular waves. Results are compared with experimental and potential flow analysis with theCFD model yielding better estimates of first, second and third order wave diffraction loads than the engineering model using potential flow theory. Engineering models based on second-order potential flow theory are not effective in predicting the second and third order wave
diffraction loads.
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Pasmore, Tom A., J. Daniel Harper, Julian Talbot, and Hilary S. Lackritz. "Monte Carlo Simulations of Charge Transport in Polymers for Second Order Nonlinear Optics." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.10.
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In order to obtain sufficient noncentrosymmetric Chromophore orientation to achieve second order nonlinear properties in a molecularly doped polymer, a very strong field must be applied during poling. The resultant charge transfer induced by the strong field behaves very differently from currents found in semiconductors or metals. A Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to model charge carriers moving through a poled polymer single layer film. The program consists of a lattice containing 36,000 hopping sites with a Gaussian distribution of site energies. The hopping behavior can be manipulated by changing input variables including the temperature, magnitude of the applied field, concentration of the chromophores, overlap parameter, and the Gaussian width of the distribution of site energies. We have also developed a simulation based a random distribution of sites instead of the lattice configuration, and are currently examining the relationship between energetic and positional disorder. We have constructed a preliminary charge transport model which can predict current as a function of the inputs, positional disorder and energetic disorder. Thus far, models available in the literature consider only charge migration in lattice based, semi-infinite crystals, which are not suitable for polymeric materials.
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Kovárnová, A., and M. Isoz. "Model Order Reduction for Particle-Laden Flows: Systems with Rotations and Discrete Transport Operators." In Topical Problems of Fluid Mechanics 2023. Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; CTU in Prague Faculty of Mech. Engineering Dept. Tech. Mathematics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/tpfm.2023.014.
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In the present work, we concentrate on particle-laden flows as an example of industry-relevant transport-dominated systems. Our previously-developed framework for data-driven model order reduction (MOR) of such systems, the shifted proper orthogonal decomposition with interpolation via artificial neural networks, is further extended by improving the handling of general transport operators. First, even with intrusive MOR approaches, the underlying numerical solvers can provide only discrete realizations of transports linked to the movement of individual particles in the system. On the other hand, our MOR methodology requires continuous transport operators. Thus, the original framework was extended by the possibility to reconstruct continuous approximations of known discrete transports via another artificial neural network. Second, the treatment of rotation-comprising transports was significantly improved.
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Myers, R. A., N. Muhkerjee, and S. R. J. Brueck. "Large Second-Order Nonlinearity in Poled Fused Silica*." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.pd24.
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We report the first observation of a permanent second-order nonlinearity in the near surface region of commercially available bulk fused SiO2 induced by a combined temperature / static electric field poling process. The observed χ(2) is three to four orders of magnitude larger than found in fiber experiments and approaches that of LiNbO3. The preparation process for generating the χ(2) nonlinearity involves heating to 250-325°C, in laboratory ambient, while applying a DC bias of 3-5 kV across the nominally 1.6-mm thick samples. After approximately 15 minutes the sample is allowed to cool with the bias still applied. Once cooled, a permanent nonlinearity is observed without any bias by second- harmonic generation (SHG) experiments. The nonlinearity can be erased by heating alone and reestablished by repeating the poling procedure. Poled samples kept at room temperature for almost a year without any special precautions show no noticeable degradation of the nonlinearity. The depth profile of the nonlinearity, probed with a chemical etching process, was found to be exponential with a characteristic decay length of a few μm's. The χ(2) coefficient, measured by comparing the SHG power generated in LiNbO3, was χ(2)33 ≈ 1x10-12 m/V. Additional measurements suggest that the nonlinearity is associated with a strong electric field frozen into the near surface region of the SiO2 by electrons in deep traps associated with impurities and by charge transport of mobile ions such as Na+ under the applied field. Because of the ready manufacturability of silica and its established integration with semiconductor electronics and optoelectronics, this nonlinearity will have important applications.
Reports on the topic "Second order transport"
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Cloutman, L. D. Compressible turbulence transport equations for generalized second order closure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/9097.
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FAN, WESLEY C., CLIFTON R. DRUMM, and JENNIFER L. POWELL. Discrete Ordinates Approximations to the First- and Second-Order Radiation Transport Equations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/800996.
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Sharif, M. A., and R. D. Bowersox. Influence of Surface Roughness on the Second Order Transport of Turbulence in Non-Equilibrium Boundary Layers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada456899.
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Heningburg, Vincent. Hybrid Discrete Ordinates Solver for the Radiative Transport Equation using Second Order Finite Volume and Discontinuous Galerkin. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1467230.
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Bowersox, Rodney D. Influence of Surface Roughness and Freestream Turbulence on the Second Order Transport of Turbulence in Non-Equilibrium Boundary Layers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407911.
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Kolb, Eugenia. Does the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) of the European Union guarantee successful citizen participation? Goethe-Universität, Institut für Humangeographie, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.51592.
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The Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) is a concept of the European Union. The non-binding guidelines formulated within this framework aim to help municipalities and cities to strategically define a local and long term transport and mobility plan. From the European Union's point of view, citizen participation plays a pivotal role during all phases – from the development of the plan until its implementation. This intends to achieve greater support and acceptance from the community for the plan, and to facilitate its implementation. This paper investigates whether the planning and political SUMP approach guarantees successful participatory processes, and what conclusions can be drawn to amend the SUMP process and general transport planning practice. It discusses how citizen participation is defined in the SUMP guidelines and how these elements are reflected in the SUMP guidelines of 2013 and 2019. In a second step, this paper shows how successful citizen participation is defined in an academic context and to what extent the SUMP reflects these findings. The findings derived from the academic context are then applied to the case studies of Ghent and Limburg in order to evaluate how successfully participation procedures were implemented in these SUMP processes. Finally, the question - what conclusions can be drawn from this to improve the SUMP process and general transport planning practice - is assessed.
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Libertun de Duren, Nora Ruth, Benigno López Benítez, Juan Pablo Bonilla, Ferdinando Regalia, Usama Bilal, Ana María Ibáñez, Norbert Schady, et al. Inclusive Cities: Healthy Cities for All. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004459.
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This publication reports on some of the health challenges facing cities. It aims to serve as a guide for public managers and decision makers optimize the great potential of cities to improve the well-being of those who reside in the cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. It is organized in two parts. The first part, Health Inequalities in Latin American Cities, focuses on identifying the ways in which social inequality has led to negative health outcomes, in order to make visible the relevance of the challenge of inequality and the urgency to grapple with it. The second part, Urban Policies for Healthy Cities, focuses on how cities can contribute to improving the health standards in their population. The publication addresses critical issues for urban health, such as the interdependence between physical-social factors and health, the relationship between urban characteristics and the incidence of COVID-19, the connections between social inequality and exposure to pollution environment, the relationship between urban planning and gender violence, the power of urban interventions -such as public transport and social housing- to improve health indicators, and the relevance of having good data to improve the accessibility of health systems. All the contributions in this book are based on data and rigorous research, and present real cases of the cities of the region.
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Zhang, Renduo, and David Russo. Scale-dependency and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587220.bard.
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Water resources assessment and protection requires quantitative descriptions of field-scale water flow and contaminant transport through the subsurface, which, in turn, require reliable information about soil hydraulic properties. However, much is still unknown concerning hydraulic properties and flow behavior in heterogeneous soils. Especially, relationships of hydraulic properties changing with measured scales are poorly understood. Soil hydraulic properties are usually measured at a small scale and used for quantifying flow and transport in large scales, which causes misleading results. Therefore, determination of scale-dependent and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties provides the essential information for quantifying water flow and chemical transport through the subsurface, which are the key processes for detection of potential agricultural/industrial contaminants, reduction of agricultural chemical movement, improvement of soil and water quality, and increase of agricultural productivity. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales at large fields; 2. to develop scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties; and 3. to determine spatial variability and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties as a function of measurement scales. The US investigators conducted field and lab experiments to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales. Based on the field and lab experiments, a well-structured database of soil physical and hydraulic properties was developed. The database was used to study scale-dependency, spatial variability, and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. An improved method was developed for calculating hydraulic properties based on infiltration data from the disc infiltrometer. Compared with the other methods, the proposed method provided more accurate and stable estimations of the hydraulic conductivity and macroscopic capillary length, using infiltration data collected atshort experiment periods. We also developed scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties using the fractal and geostatistical characterization. The research effort of the Israeli research team concentrates on tasks along the second objective. The main accomplishment of this effort is that we succeed to derive first-order, upscaled (block effective) conductivity tensor, K'ᵢⱼ, and time-dependent dispersion tensor, D'ᵢⱼ, i,j=1,2,3, for steady-state flow in three-dimensional, partially saturated, heterogeneous formations, for length-scales comparable with those of the formation heterogeneity. Numerical simulations designed to test the applicability of the upscaling methodology to more general situations involving complex, transient flow regimes originating from periodic rain/irrigation events and water uptake by plant roots suggested that even in this complicated case, the upscaling methodology essentially compensated for the loss of sub-grid-scale variations of the velocity field caused by coarse discretization of the flow domain. These results have significant implications with respect to the development of field-scale solute transport models capable of simulating complex real-world scenarios in the subsurface, and, in turn, are essential for the assessment of the threat posed by contamination from agricultural and/or industrial sources.
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Guidati, Gianfranco, and Domenico Giardini. Joint synthesis “Geothermal Energy” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.4.en.
Full textAbstract:
Near-to-surface geothermal energy with heat pumps is state of the art and is already widespread in Switzerland. In the future energy system, medium-deep to deep geothermal energy (1 to 6 kilometres) will, in addition, play an important role. To the forefront is the supply of heat for buildings and industrial processes. This form of geothermal energy utilisation requires a highly permeable underground area that allows a fluid – usually water – to absorb the naturally existing rock heat and then transport it to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually permeable by nature, whereas for granites and gneisses permeability must be artificially induced by injecting water. The heat gained in this way increases in line with the drilling depth: at a depth of 1 kilometre, the underground temperature is approximately 40°C, while at a depth of 3 kilometres it is around 100°C. To drive a steam turbine for the production of electricity, temperatures of over 100°C are required. As this requires greater depths of 3 to 6 kilometres, the risk of seismicity induced by the drilling also increases. Underground zones are also suitable for storing heat and gases, such as hydrogen or methane, and for the definitive storage of CO2. For this purpose, such zones need to fulfil similar requirements to those applicable to heat generation. In addition, however, a dense top layer is required above the reservoir so that the gas cannot escape. The joint project “Hydropower and geo-energy” of the NRP “Energy” focused on the question of where suitable ground layers can be found in Switzerland that optimally meet the requirements for the various uses. A second research priority concerned measures to reduce seismicity induced by deep drilling and the resulting damage to buildings. Models and simulations were also developed which contribute to a better understanding of the underground processes involved in the development and use of geothermal resources. In summary, the research results show that there are good conditions in Switzerland for the use of medium-deep geothermal energy (1 to 3 kilometres) – both for the building stock and for industrial processes. There are also grounds for optimism concerning the seasonal storage of heat and gases. In contrast, the potential for the definitive storage of CO2 in relevant quantities is rather limited. With respect to electricity production using deep geothermal energy (> 3 kilometres), the extent to which there is potential to exploit the underground economically is still not absolutely certain. In this regard, industrially operated demonstration plants are urgently needed in order to boost acceptance among the population and investors.
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Clausen, Jay, Richard Hark, Russ Harmon, John Plumer, Samuel Beal, and Meghan Bishop. A comparison of handheld field chemical sensors for soil characterization with a focus on LIBS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43282.
Full textAbstract:
Commercially available handheld chemical analyzers for forensic applications have been available for over a decade. Portable systems from multiple vendors can perform X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, and recently laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Together, we have been exploring the development and potential applications of a multisensor system consisting of XRF, Raman, and LIBS for environmental characterization with a focus on soils from military ranges. Handheld sensors offer the potential to substantially increase sample throughput through the elimination of transport of samples back to the laboratory and labor-intensive sample preparation procedures. Further, these technologies have the capability for extremely rapid analysis, on the order of tens of seconds or less. We have compared and evaluated results from the analysis of several hundred soil samples using conventional laboratory bench top inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for metals evaluation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Raman spectroscopy for detection and characterization of energetic materials against handheld XRF, LIBS, and Raman analyzers. The soil samples contained antimony, copper, lead, tungsten, and zinc as well as energetic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), nitroglycerine (NG), and dinitrotoluene isomers (DNT). Precision, accuracy, and sensitivity of the handheld field sensor technologies were compared against conventional laboratory instrumentation to determine their suitability for field characterization leading to decisional outcomes.