Relevant bibliographies by topics / Second level school

Academic literature on the topic 'Second level school'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Second level school"

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Hashim, Haida Umiera, and Melor Md Yunus. "English as a Second Language (ESL) Learning: Setting the Right Environment for Second Language Acquisition." Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Tarbiyah 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/tadris.v3i2.2941.

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Early exposure to English is very important as it is crucial for learners to acquire English language at early age as English is a global language that is used not only in the level of primary and secondary school but also in tertiary level of education. Schools can be one of the important roles in influencing second language acquisition, particularly English language. However, most schools did not consider acquiring English from the perspective of learners’ fluency and rarely consider movements or approaches that they can take to improve ESL learning among students. This study intended to investigate the influence of school settings and routines on ESL learning among secondary students. A qualitative method is used in this study as data were collected through the method of observation and interview. The observation period throughout the process of collecting data has been conducted based on a field note specifically prepared for this study. The participants involved in this study were all-girl school students located in Selangor. The gathered data were then interpreted in the findings analysis. Based on this study, it was proven that there are co-relations between the school settings and routines on ESL learning among secondary students. It was found that school settings and routines do influence ESL learning among secondary students. Discussion and recommendations are further explained in this study. Thus, it is hoped for future researchers to conduct further research on related factors that might help to contribute in ESL learning among ESL learners.
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Donlon, Máire, and Eabhnat Ní Fhloinn. "Mathematics support sessions for second-level students." MSOR Connections 15, no. 1 (September 5, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21100/msor.v15i1.348.

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This paper reports on a free drop-in mathematics support service offered to secondary school students by Dublin City University. Pre-service mathematics teachers volunteered as tutors in the scheme, which was available to students from 1st – 6th year. Both students and tutors were surveyed to ascertain the benefits of the scheme to all parties involved.
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Hewitt, Kimberly Kappler, and Mark A. Rumley. "Second Most Important Decision." Theory & Practice in Rural Education 12, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2022.v12n1p3-24.

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For principal preparation program success, the selection of an aspiring school administrator’s internship placement/mentor principal is second in importance only to the decision about whom to select into the program. In this article, we review the scant literature on internship placement assignment processes, none of which are specific to rural places. We then describe the Principal Preparation for Excellence and Equity in Rural Schools (PPEERS) program – a partnership of 12 rural districts and a large public university – and explain the process by which the partnership co-designed their internship placement protocol and Assignment of Internship Placements tool. We then introduce the protocol, which involves program leaders traveling to each rural partner district across a wide geographic area to meet with the superintendent and District Point Person – the cabinet-level administrator who is the lead district liaison for PPEERS – to consensually select a mentor principal/internship site for each Intern, using the internship tool, which identifies factors to select for and to avoid. After describing the protocol and introducing the tool, we outline our action research methods. Utilizing a two-phase reflective inquiry process, we drew on perceptions of leadership coaches, district partners, and program leaders to reflect on contextual considerations, the impact of the tool, and ways to improve our placement practice. Contextual considerations reflect realities of rural districts, including limited placement choices in small districts, limited number of principals who fit the mentor principal criteria, and micropolitical considerations. Improvements to our process include considering the entire leadership team of a school when selecting placements; including additions to the tool regarding consideration of equity, diversity, and inclusion, as well as addition of a “Goldilocks school” element; and ideas for increasing mentor principal readiness and intern knowledge of curriculum and pedagogy when placed in a school level that is unfamiliar to them. In these ways the partnership can leverage rural partner assets and address contextual challenges. We conclude with implications for rural school leader preparation programs.
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Apel, Kenn, and Linda K. Swank. "Second Chances." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 30, no. 3 (July 1999): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.3003.231.

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The case of a 29-year-old university student is used to discuss impairments in decoding skills in older students. Factors are reviewed that contribute to decoding unfamiliar words, such as phonological awareness skills, quality of visual orthographic images, type of decoding strategy used, and morphological awareness skills. The assessment and intervention procedures used with this student highlight the application of current literature when developing assessment and intervention programs for students from middle school and high school to the university level. Additionally, the need is emphasized to recognize and work with the special emotional needs of older students with reading impairments.
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Cho, Myeongsil. "Analysis of Character-related Research Trends according to School Level." Korean Association of General Education 16, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46392/kjge.2022.16.2.127.

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The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze whether there were differences in character-related research trends according to school level in order to find out the current status of character-related research, provide basic data for follow-up research, and to point out the direction of character-related research in the future. To this end, 1,057 papers on character published in Korea from 1995 to 2020 were used for analysis. The collected data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and using an x2-test. The major findings of this study were as follows. First, most studies were conducted at all school levels from 2016 to 2019, followed by kindergarten and university (graduate school) from 2014 to 2015, and elementary and secondary schools from 1995 to 2009. Second, as for the research topic, many studies were conducted in the area of character education effect analysis and character education programs in kindergarten, while in elementary, secondary, and university (graduate school), character education effect analysis and theoretical basic research were conducted. Third, regarding the educational method (whether or not class time is used), studies using class time were high in kindergarten and university (graduate school), whereas there was no significant difference between the two in elementary and secondary schools. The significance of this study is as follows. First, this study is the first study to compare and analyze character-related research trends according to school level. Second, significant differences were found in thesis types, research years, number of researchers, research topics, educational methods, and research methods by school level. Third, this study can be used as the basis for future quantitative meta-analyses or qualitative meta-analysis studies. Finally this study is significant in that it found that character-related studies revealed that curriculum changes and educational policies are influental.
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Lee, Mi Suk, and Jae Duck Lee. "Multi-Level Analysis of Factors Influencing Teacher Efficacy." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 13 (July 15, 2022): 495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.13.495.

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Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of teachers and schools for teacher efficacy using the muti-level analysis method. Methods In this study, elementary school data from the Korea Educational Development Institute's ‘School Education Status and Level Analysis Study 2014’ were used. A two-stage multi-level analysis was conducted on 250 school questionnaires and 6,060 teacher questionnaires in the data. Results First, In teacher background factors, it was found that position, homeroom teacher status, gender, educational background, and career had a positive effect on teacher efficacy. Second, In school background factors, it was found that the ratio of the budget for basic educational activities had a positive effect on teacher efficacy. Third, In teacher process factors, it was found that the degree of reflection of school education goals, the degree of participation in internal and external learning group of education, and spending time in class for teaching, the number of open classes, and preparing time for teaching had a positive effect on teacher efficiency. Fourth, in the school process factors, positive perceptions of fellow teachers, the degree of meetings for educational activities, the degree of cooperation with fellow teachers, and the degree of professional conversation with colleagues had a positive effect on teacher efficiency. However, it was found that the principal's interest in teacher participation had a negative effect. Conclusions These research results can provide implications for what efforts schools should make to improve teacher efficacy. Various efforts in schools will contribute to the improvement of teaching and changes in schools.
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Lussier, Denise, Carolyn E. Turner, and Suzanne Desharnais. "Measuring Second Language (L2) Proficiency in High School Level Exchange Students." Canadian Modern Language Review 49, no. 3 (April 1993): 526–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.49.3.526.

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Rosney, B. "Integration of Visually Impaired Students in an Irish Second–Level School." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 83, no. 1 (January 1989): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8908300115.

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At Rosmini Community School in Dublin, about 10 percent of the students, aged 12–18, are registered blind, and many have multiple handicaps. These students have been as fully integrated into regular classrooms as their abilities allow. Their successful social and academic integration is attributed to the flexibility of the staff and parents and the provision of appropriate resources to meet the students’ needs.
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Gottfried, Michael A. "Understanding the Institutional-Level Factors of Urban School Quality." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 114, no. 12 (December 2012): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811211401206.

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Background/Context This article addresses which school-level factors contribute to school quality. Previous research has focused on assessing the effects of school-level variables on student-level quality (e.g., achievement). However, the field has been limited in not evaluating the effects of school-level factors directly on measured school-level quality. This present study takes this next step. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine which school-level factors across three categories—schoolwide programs, school-level personnel, and institutional environment—are significant predictors of school quality. Population/Participants/Subjects Two data sets from the School District of Philadelphia are employed. The first data set is longitudinal and comprises elementary school student data linked to teachers, classrooms, and neighborhoods. The second data set, linked to the first by way of school and year data, is longitudinal and comprises school-level variables for all elementary schools within the district over 3 years. Research Design This investigation first derives four quantifiable measures of school quality based on the student- and classroom-level data set. These measures are based on student reading achievement scores, math achievement scores, yearly attendance, and behavior grades. In the main analyses, this study separately tests each measure of quality in an empirical model that relates school-level inputs to school-level outputs. Each model does so while holding constant student, teacher, classroom, and neighborhood covariates as well as principal and school budget data. Findings Looking across all four measures of school quality, the study finds school quality to be higher in schools with music and language programs, more disciplinary resources per student with a behavior problem and more special education resources per special education student, having a school nurse, being a smaller sized campus, and being K–5 (versus K–8). Although there is some consistency in the predictors of school quality, this research also indicates that differentiating between all four measures of quality is critical: School-level factors provide distinct outcomes depending on the measure of school quality itself. Conclusions By identifying those school-level factors that directly relate school quality to its programs, personnel, and environment, this study has differentiated between the particular institutional resources of urban elementary schools that can potentially influence schooling experiences, above and beyond student or classroom factors. As such, this study can be used to more effectively identify those significant institutional challenges faced by urban schools, how these challenges are actualized, and, moreover, the types and levels of resources necessary to enhance school quality.
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Hermans, Chris A. M. "The Challenges of Multiculturalism." International Journal of Education and Religion 1, no. 1 (July 24, 2000): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570-0623-90000010.

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This paper introduces this 'issue on the challenges of religiously affiliated schools within a multicultural society from two perspectives. The first is from the perspective of the philosophical debate on multiculturalism on the basis of Taylor’s “politics of recognition’’. The second perspective is the multi-level character of this multiculturalism debate regarding religiously affiliated schools. This debate touches all levels of the educational institution: the macro-level, such as national policy on education, law, legitimization of religiously affiliated schools, relation to the churches; the meso-level, such as identity of schools, school ethos, admission of pupils, normative school leadership, or parental influences on the school board; and the micro-level such as religious education or moral education.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Second level school"

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Kreamalmeyer, Corbin. "A Mixed-Method Study Evaluating English Second Language Student Classroom Placement at the Secondary Level in a Midwest Public School." Thesis, Lindenwood University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13863416.

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English second language (ESL) learners have been present in the United States public schools for decades. While the identification and procedures for entering students into an ESL program have improved throughout the years, there still seems to be a lack of understanding of academic backgrounds and program support for these students with unique educational backgrounds and languages. Instructional techniques for ESL students have varied widely, but there has not been a common consensus on which technique to utilize with secondary ESL students. Placement of ESL students has proved to be a difficult task in districts with limited options and often times the best placement for the ESL student is not an option. This mixed-methods study was designed to evaluate the English Second Language classroom placement at the secondary level in a Midwest public school. The evaluation was done using ACCESS English fluency testing scores and teacher, counselor, and administrator perspectives gathered through interviews, surveys, and a focus group.

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Lynas, John Robert. "From conception to fruition : a study of the creation of a second level grant maintained integrated school in Northern Ireland." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273657.

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Parry, Juliet M. "Academic content instruction and the high school English language learner : a series of lessons that model an approach to content instruction in science in a multi-level English as a second language high school classroom /." Click here to view full-text, 2006. http://sitcollection.cdmhost.com/u?/p4010coll3,302.

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Hishmeh, Amber Lee. "Neurolinguistic programming as observational and mediational strategies in teaching primary-level English as a second language." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2882.

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This project serves as a resource for kindergarten ESL educators to explore more creative multisensory teaching strategies. The five methodologies presented are Neurolinguistic Programming, Suggestopedia, music, storytelling and Total Physical Response.
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Sandage, Donna Lou. "Recall of visual and verbal information from authentic video by second, fourth, and sixth semester learners of German at the high school level /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148784937729641.

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Shak, Juliana. "Nudging young ESL writers : engaging linguistic assistance and peer interaction in L2 narrative writing at the upper primary school level in Brunei Darussalam." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7723ad72-5ccb-4933-b239-a21b33b053aa.

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Motivated primarily by a cognitive approach, with consideration of interactional processes from a sociocultural perspective, the present study examined the use of linguistic assistance and peer interaction to facilitate second language (L2) writing of young ESL learners. A total of 257 Year 5 children (age 10) from twelve intact classes (from six different schools) took part in this eight-week intervention-based study. Using a quasi-experimental design, the classes were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups or the control group. Pretests, interim tests, immediate posttests and delayed posttests were administered. As the study concerned both the processes and products of L2 development, peer interaction and children's written production were taken as the two primary sources of data for this study. For the written production, four criteria were used to rate learners’ writings: Quality of ideas, Story shape and structure, Vocabulary and spelling and Implicit grammar. Partial correlation was employed to examine if there were any statistical relationships between treatment and learners’ written performance while controlling for prior attainment. Results show that the provision of enhanced and basic linguistic assistance may have a positive influence on only certain aspects of L2 writing, while opportunities for peer interaction does not appear to have an impact on learners’ L2 performance. For peer interaction, a subset of 60 learners were selected from the two treatment groups which received basic and enhanced linguistic assistance, to compare their dialogic performance. Based on quantitative analyses of their recorded interactions, the findings suggest that the provision of varying degrees of linguistic assistance may affect, not the content of peer discussions, but how peer assistance is given during task. The results also show that through the provision of linguistic assistance, peer interaction mediates the participants’ performance on Quality of ideas, Story shape and structure and Implicit grammar in their subsequent individual writing.
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Byrne, Delma V. "The influence of early work experiences undertaken before leaving second level education on the socio-economic outcomes of school leavers in the Republic of Ireland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24010.

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Young people increasingly engage in work opportunities while still in second level education, and these ‘early work experiences’ can be acquired through part time job holdings or as school organised work experiences as part of a wider programme of studies. This dissertation examines the characteristics of a representative sample of second level education school leavers who participate (or not) in early work experiences in terms of gender, and an array of socio-economic family and parental background factors as well as a measure of socio-economic disadvantage in the area in which they live. The influence of early work experiences on socio-economic outcomes relating to participation in further/higher education and participation in the labour market are then examined. Two main approaches are considered: human capital and social capital. The first approach emphasises the role of early work experiences as a source of human capital that adds to the productivity of young people and which would be recognised in the labour market. The second approach emphasises the role of factors such as family background, school type attended and regional both in determining participation in and outcomes of early work experiences. Based on this theoretical framework, a number of hypotheses are tested. The dominant statistical methodologies used to analyse the data from the 2003 School Leaver Survey were formations of generalised linear models. The results indicate that both human and social capital approaches are useful for examining the influence of early work experience on later outcomes, but that selection into these types of early work experience have the greatest influence on socio-economic outcomes.
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Greenfield, Roseanne. "A collaborative e-mail exchange for teaching English as a second language to intermediate-level ESL students : a case study in a Hong Kong secondary school." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30972.

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Haapala, Brundin Daniel. "Likvärdighet, i vilket syfte för vem och när? : En idéanalys av likvärdigheten i utbildningssystemet från grundskola till gymnasiet utifrån frihetsbegreppet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44015.

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In which purpose, for who and when does equality get fullfilled in the education system? This studie takes aim on the upper level and second upper level school system to study what the curriculum says on the one hand and what the system brings out on the other. With critical theory as method, with Herbert Tingsten as founder, this studie analyzes the logic of the education system to set out if the pupils choice of education, after the upper level lower secondary school, in second upper level is legit with democratic principles such as freedom (of choice). The theory, used to analyze the individuals progress to be autonomous, uses Adam Swifts definition of freedom as an individual being autonomous. The findings of the study shows that what politicians chases as equality really i´snt equality. What sets out be a guarantee in the upper level lower secondary schools official documents, that every student are concerned by the goals of the school, really don’t apply to all students. Equality is withheld, politicians have put forward, when every student gets at least the grade E. This stands against that the grade E as it is graded by the Swedish school department “Skolverket” and so by the teachers in local schools doesn’t reach to the goals outlined in the official documents. Equality as it is defined in earlier studies is partly confirmed by this study, partly redefined as it shows that equality in the education system don’t seem have anything to do with the opportunities or possibilities of the pupils in the school system.
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O'Higgins-Norman, James. "Exploring homophobia and homophobic bullying in Irish second-level schools." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020511/.

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Books on the topic "Second level school"

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Ireland. Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General. Planning of second level school accommodation. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1996.

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Richard, Wynne. Second-level teachers working hours. Dublin: Association of Secondary Teachers, Ireland, 1992.

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Kearns, Una M. Job stress in second level teaching. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.

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Catherine, KilBride, ed. Choosing a school: Second-level education in Ireland. Cork: Mercier Press, 2007.

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Association, of Secondary Teachers Ireland. ASTI submission on discipline in second-level schools. (Dublin?): Association of Secondary Teachers, Ireland, 1996.

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Kavanagh, Padraic. The role of the Vice-Principal in Irish Second Level Schools. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Quartet: English as a second language, elementary school level, cycle three. Laval, Québec: Éditions HRW, 2003.

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Pender, Patrick. Vocational trends in second-level education in Ireland: Participation in and valuation of the Leaving Certificate Applied at four second-level schools : participation in the Leaving Certificate Applied in four second-level school. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Association of Secondary Teachers, Ireland. Staffing, funding and facilities in Irish second level schools: Survey. (Dublin?): Association of Secondary Teachers, Ireland, 1996.

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D'Arcy, Madeline. The management education needs of school principals in second level schools in the Republic of Ireland. [s.l: The Author], 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Second level school"

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Gurr, David, Daniela Acquaro, and Lawrie Drysdale. "The Australian Context: National, State and School-Level Efforts to Improve Schools in Australia." In Evidence-Based School Development in Changing Demographic Contexts, 133–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76837-9_10.

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AbstractAustralia, like many countries, has a history of colonisation and extensive controlled and humanitarian immigration, with this shifting from an Anglo-Celtic emphasis to include, in succession, an emphasis on migrants from Europe, Asia and Africa. This chapter provides several perspectives on evidence-based school development in this changing context. The first focus is on national school-wide improvement initiatives: IDEAS (Innovative Designs for Enhancing Achievements in Schools), which utilises professional learning communities to improve student outcomes; and PALL (Principals as Literacy Leaders) which provides principals with literacy and leadership knowledge to support teachers to improve student reading performance. The second perspective explores the state level through considering work at the Melbourne Graduate School of Education in terms of evidence-based teacher training through the development of a clinical teaching model, and evidence-based school improvement through the Science of Learning Schools Partnership. The final perspective is at the school level, where the development of two schools in challenging contexts are described: the first a school formed from the closure of three failing schools; the second a school that was at the point of closure when the current principal was appointed to turn-it-around.
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Cantarini, Marco, and Rita Polenta. "Good Educational Robotics Practices in Upper Secondary Schools in European Projects." In Makers at School, Educational Robotics and Innovative Learning Environments, 323–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77040-2_43.

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AbstractIn the fields of MINT (mathematics, ICT, natural sciences, technology), there is an increasing lack of young talent throughout Europe. It is clear that early exposure to scientific experiences is the key to motivating young people, especially girls, to develop an interest in these fields. The Erasmus + MINT “Kits for Kids” project is a current initiative for the design and production of integrated learning units as open educational resources for primary school students, of which there is a real demand. The main themes are learning media for primary education, such as simple mechanical machines, computer software, electrical appliances and related learning material. Our product, R4G—Robot for Geometry, is a device that can be used to teach mathematics, geometry and fractions. The aim is to improve performance and motivation from primary school level, using interactive and innovative teaching methods and tools. A second project, named EUWI—European Waste Investigation, is currently in progress, whose aim is to investigate water and pollution in the countries involved in the partnership.
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Pohlmann, Markus, and Elizangela Valarini. "The Fight Against Corruption in Brazil: A Case of Good Governance?" In Knowledge for Governance, 225–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_10.

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AbstractThe “Operation Carwash” is so far the biggest corruption scandal in Brazilian history. It did spoil a major part of the political system, and some of the established governance practices in Brazil. In this article, we are taking a closer look into the big corruption case, analyzing the unlawful practices of the Brazilian construction companies, and their relationship with the public sector more thoroughly. By carrying out content analyses of court files, we reveal the systemic corrupt pattern behind by connecting the level of regulations with the level of organizational crime. Furthermore, we ask, if the recent changes in law enforcement are accompanied by a changing environment of good governance? Our answer presented in the second part of the article is no. The political reactions to the “operation carwash” revealed in fact, how many of the “old-school” governance practices survived in Brazil.
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Cunnion, Janna, Feifei Hua, Maureen McNicholl, and Sandra Ospina. "Middle School Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Curriculum in the United States: Peers Lead Peers Through Change and Action." In Education to Build Back Better, 145–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93951-9_7.

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AbstractWhile the previous chapters of this book tackle reforms in existing, established national programs, this chapter is an emergent proposition to a change in policy at local school district levels in the United States. Change is dependent on and influenced by the educational ecosystem around the student which includes such stakeholders as parents, teachers, teacher preparation programs, community groups, curriculum and textbook developers, businesses, universities, local and federal agencies, and policy leaders. The criteria for what makes a climate change curriculum “effective” are difficult to name: first, because the subject itself is divisive, and second because humankind has not yet fully understood all there is to know about tackling climate change. Thus, in this chapter, a normative pro stance is taken in support of climate change education, as the need to implement climate change education in school echoes UNESCO's notion that climate education “is crucial to promote climate action. It helps people understand so they can address the impacts of the climate crisis, empowering them with the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes needed to act as agents of change (Education for climate action, 2021). In Orange County, California—like many places in the United States—climate change is a politically charged and controversial topic. When 20 states adopted the well-regarded Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) in 2014, it was hoped that schools across the country would improve climate change education. However, we found that adopting new science standards does not necessarily mean that teaching and learning about climate change has improved in general, and this is made more complex by the fact that each state determines its own education system, and little can be mandated at a national level. Many factors contribute to inadequate student learning about the causes, impact, and especially the strategies to mitigate climate change among Orange County middle school students. We aim for education leaders to understand these best practices and encourage them to apply these to their contexts. We offer a curriculum based on best practices, one that is peer-led and garners hope. We wish for students to see themselves as agents of change and leaders of the not-so-distant tomorrow who become inspired to mitigate, adapt, and reverse climate change.
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Byrne, Gareth. "Religious education in Catholic second-level schools in Ireland today." In Does Religious Education Matter?, 114–29. 1 [edition]. | New York : Routledge, 2016.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315577883-10.

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Piechurska-Kuciel, Ewa. "Language Anxiety Levels in Urban, Suburban and Rural Secondary Grammar School Students." In Second Language Learning and Teaching, 169–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20850-8_11.

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Dervis, Oana-Alexandra, Elena Trifan, and Gabriela Jitaru. "The Socio-Economic Challenges in Access to Romanian Higher Education. Student Perception and Funding Policy Directions." In Higher Education in Romania: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Opportunities, 71–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94496-4_5.

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AbstractAccess to education, specifically in relation to socio-economic background, is one of the enduring issues in educational research. The theme is particularly salient for the Romanian case from a policy perspective, given the increase in social polarisation specific to the post-communist transition and its effect on access to higher education. Recent reforms in university funding have started to address this issue, with the inclusion of several mechanisms that allocate financial resources according to university efforts towards social equity. The main objective of our research is to provide an overview of the policies concerning the inclusion of students from low socio-economic backgrounds and assess the degree to which progress has been made towards reaching current national targets regarding access to higher education. We argue that although significant improvements have been made at the level of policy initiative, more precise targeting is needed in order to meet labour market demands, given that most current efforts are directed either at fresh high school graduates or at diminishing the dropout rate. These efforts, even if 100% successful, will not prove sufficient given current demographic trends. Therefore, we consider another potential avenue for increasing student numbers, suggesting that an orientation towards non-traditional students (adult students) might be beneficial. With this in mind, in the second half of the paper, we explore the main characteristics and trends concerning Romanian mature students using the results from the EUROSTUDENT VI and EUROSTUDENT VII studies, with the goal of formulating policy proposals that aim to unlock the potential of this demographic.
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Byrne, Gareth. "Religious Education in Catholic Second-Level Schools in Ireland: Drawing on Our Heritage, Living in the Present, Anticipating New Directions." In Researching Catholic Education, 205–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7808-8_16.

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Araújo, Luisa, Patrícia Costa, and Nuno Crato. "Assessment Background: What PISA Measures and How." In Improving a Country’s Education, 249–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59031-4_12.

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AbstractThis chapter provides a short description of what the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) measures and how it measures it. First, it details the concepts associated with the measurement of student performance and the concepts associated with capturing student and school characteristics and explains how they compare with some other International Large-Scale Assessments (ILSA). Second, it provides information on the assessment of reading, the main domain in PISA 2018. Third, it provides information on the technical aspects of the measurements in PISA. Lastly, it offers specific examples of PISA 2018 cognitive items, corresponding domains (mathematics, science, and reading), and related performance levels.
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Winton, Harold R. "The Air Corps Tactical School and the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies." In Educating Air Forces, 153–66. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180243.003.0009.

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This chapter explores the evolution of Canadian staff colleges from their inception during the Second World War to their integration into the Canadian Forces College (CFC) in 1966. In their first years, the Canadian services largely based their own staff college curricula on their British counterparts. The Canadian Army Staff College (CASC) and the RCAF Staff College differed, however in the focus of their content. While the CASC emphasized the tactical level, the RCAF Staff College focused on the nature of air power during the Second World War stressed joint and combined operations at an operational and strategic tier, more in keeping with the model of the USAF Air University. This broader higher-level approach meant that ultimately the RCAF Staff College would serve as blueprint of the joint programme of the CFC.
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Conference papers on the topic "Second level school"

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Zhang, Xu, Yu Pang, and Xiaohui Du. "The Multi-media Teaching of County-level High School in Hebei Province." In 2010 Second International Conference on Multimedia and Information Technology. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmit.2010.131.

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Vilinová, Katarína, and Veronika Kabátová. "Inquiry-based learning and its using in geography at the second level of primary schools." In 27th edition of the Central European Conference with subtitle (Teaching) of regional geography. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9694-2020-18.

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Current social needs emphasize the education of a person with creative thinking, capable of not only finding problems but also solving them. Different strategies are applied in the educational process according to the society's requirements for an educated individual. On this basis, the appropriate content of education, organizational forms, didactic methods and the use of the latest didactic techniques are also determined. One way to achieve this is to introduce other teaching methods, such as inquiry-based teaching, into the teaching process. Inquiry-based learning aims to make science lessons more effective, especially at primary schools, and at the same time seeks to attract students to study them. It has an irreplaceable role in new, modern and successful ways of teaching science. The aim of the paper is to design methodological sheets in the 5th year of elementary school in terms of inquiry-based learning and their application to the teaching process.
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Mukherjee, Anirban, and Utpal Garain. "Intelligent Tutoring of School Level Geometry Using Automatic Text to Diagram Conversion Utility." In 2011 Second International Conference on Emerging Applications of Information Technology (EAIT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eait.2011.16.

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Seprilia, D., P. W. Handayani, and A. A. Pinem. "User acceptance factors affecting the usage of mobile learning in enriching outside classroom learning at high school level." In 2017 Second International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iac.2017.8280629.

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Graham, Marien Alet. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL CLIMATE AND SOUTH AFRICAN GRADE 9 LEARNER ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v2end042.

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"School climate has become a staple of organisational-educational research and is considered here in relation to learner academic achievement. In South Africa, poor learner achievement in mathematics and science has occupied the centre stage with the release of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Studies (TIMSS) 2019 results. At Grade 9 level, 39 countries participated, and South Africa was very last and second from the last in science and mathematics achievement, respectively. We used a quantitative design with a positivist philosophical stance. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs was used as theoretical framework, as learners attending a school with a negative climate cannot devote their full attention to learning. We analysed cross-sectional TIMSS 2019 South African data by considering two models: one with the dependent variable being mathematics achievement and the other with it being science achievement. For both models, gender and socio-economic status were included as control variables, the sense of belonging scale was included as a predictor at learner-level, and nine predictors relating to school climate were considered at school-level. The multi-level analysis using HLM software showed that learners with a high sense of belonging, schools with sufficient instructional materials, and technologically competent staff are significant predictors of both mathematics and science achievement. We recommend that South African schools with insufficient instructional materials be prioritised for receiving the necessary material and that all South African teachers be trained in the use of technologies, as these are significant predictors of learner achievement. This will, in turn, enhance learners’ sense of belonging, which is also a significant predictor. Another recommendation is that stakeholders invest in school climate surveys and other interventions supporting a healthy school environment, as many researchers, including this study, have shown that a healthy school climate is a significant predictor of learner achievement. Additional research is encouraged to establish the nature of the impact that a healthy school climate has on learner achievement through longitudinal studies where causation can be proven."
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Sun, Zhong, and Xianmin Yang. "The Design Application of a Software: Promoting Deep-Level Reading in the Web-Based Classroom in Chinese Primary School." In 2008 Second International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application (IITA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iita.2008.366.

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Berzina, Sabine, and Baiba Martinsone. "Changes in Teachers and Students’ Perceived School Climate Through the Implementation of the Social Emotional Learning Program: A Longitudinal Study." In 79th International Scientific Conference of University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2021.03.

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The aim of the study is to investigate changes in teachers’ perceived school climate in the first and second years of implementing the social emotional learning (SEL) program in schools, as well as to investigate differences in 3rd- to 6th-grade students’ perceived school climate. In the two years of this study, 64 teachers participated in the SEL program alongside a control group. In the first year, teachers received training on the implementation of school-level SEL and received ready-made lesson plans for the direct practice of social and emotional skills in the classroom. In the second year, the SEL teachers were divided into two subgroups, where 32 teachers received additional supervision during the implementation. In the first year, 138 students from 3rd to 6th grade participated in the SEL program alongside a control group. In the second year of SEL implementation, 223 3rd to 6th grade students participated in the program where teachers received regular supervision, and 244 students continued the SEL implementation process without changes. Georgia School Climate Survey Suite personnel, elementary and middle/high school forms were used to measure teachers’ and students’ perceived school climate. The results show that in both the first and second years, overall perceived school climate results were higher for both SEL teacher groups compared to the control teacher group. After the first year, students in grades 5 to 6 showed better mental health results. In the second year, only those 5th to 6th grade students whose teachers received regular supervision showed better mental health results. Starting from the second SEL year, both SEL 3rd- to 4th-grade student groups showed higher perceived school climate compared to the control group. The results did not change during the second year, which indicates that the Latvian SEL primarily improves mental health results for 5th- to 6th-grade students and overall perceived school climate for 3rd to 4th-grade students starting from the second SEL year. Ongoing support for teachers also stimulates better outcomes in mental health.
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Caredda, Carla, and Maria Puxeddu. "The Classic Definition of Probability and Fractions: Difficulties and Possibilities as the Primary School Level." In Proceedings of the First Scientific Meeting of the IASE. International Association for Statistical Education, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.93103.

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The concept of fraction represents, a moment of difficulty both for teachers, from which it requires adequate teaching abilities, and for children, who must be highly motivated to understand it. It is not rash to state that even the scholastic stages following the primary school level the approach to fractions requires special attention of the part of teachers and students. Fractional notation expresses different "mathematical moments" which obviously go beyond the traditional teaching concept of the whole to the part. The educative process at the primary school level traditionally starts from this approach and with this content, with the idea of latest broadening its fields of application. in some of these the same notation is subsequently used, In Italian primary school syllabuses for 1985, the girls outlined for the first cycle (first and second years) call explicitly for the use of the fraction symbol in the classic terms of the concept of whole/part: "... with the aid of an adequate number of objects, calculate the reciprocal connection double/ha.f, triple/thrid, quadruple/fourth, and so on..." Amount the goals of the second cycle (3rd, 4th and 5th years) pupils must: "... find the fractions representing parts of suitable geometrical figures, set of objects or numbers; conversely, given a fraction, find the corresponding part in appropriate geometric figures, set of objects or numbers, paying special attention to decimal places. Compare and out in order the simplest fractions, using properly the number-line...".
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Bush, Tamara Reid, Sam Leitkam, and Craig Gunn. "Supplementing Basic Graduate Level Courses With Conference-Based Research Communication Experiences." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14766.

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Two difficulties are commonly identified for early graduate-level students that hinder their growth in the academic community. First, students in graduate school engineering courses find the basic material difficult to relate to real-life problems. Second, early career graduate students have little practice at presenting research in a professional format (e.g. ASME conference).
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Dolezal, Dominik, Alexandra Posekany, Lisa Vittori, Gottfried Koppensteiner, and Renate Motschnig. "Fostering 21st Century Skills in Student-Centered Engineering Education at the Secondary School Level: Second Evaluation of The Learning Office." In 2019 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie43999.2019.9028646.

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Reports on the topic "Second level school"

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Smyth, Emer, Joanne Banks, Adele Whelan, Merike Darmody, and Selina McCoy. Review of the School Completion Programme. ESRI, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs44.

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The School Completion Programme (SCP) aims to have a significant positive impact on levels of student retention in primary and second-level schools. This report draws on a survey of SCP coordinators and chairpersons, in-depth case-studies of local clusters and interviews with key stakeholders to review the programme in terms of the students targeted, the kinds of activities offered, governance and funding, and perceived effects at the school level.
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Martyniuk, Oleksandr O., Oleksandr S. Martyniuk, and Ivan O. Muzyka. Formation of informational and digital competence of secondary school students in laboratory work in physics. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4446.

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The article deals with the formation of informational and digital competence of high school students. First and foremost, the existing digitalization strategies for society already approved in the world and in Ukraine, including the implementation of STEM education and the Digital Agenda, are considered. On the other hand, attention is paid to the inconsistency of the level of ownership and frequency of use of digital technologies with the requirements of these initiatives. The concept of informational and digital competence is analyzed in detail. Existing publications identify key components, skills and competencies required to achieve this competence. A survey is conducted to better understand the current situation. One of the tasks is to determine the level of use of digital information in the classroom by teachers and in students’ preparation at home. The second task was to show how developing students’ informational and digital competence can be done by active introduction of existing software and hardware in the educational process in physics, in particular, a laboratory workshop. The example of laboratory work carried out in educational institutions shows how modern software can be used to analyze the movement of bodies and determine the physical characteristics of this movement. The concrete ways of performing laboratory work, analyzing its results and drawing conclusions are given. It is in the combination of existing teaching practices with modern gadgets, specialized and general programs that the basic way of forming informational and digital competence is seen. Further ways of modernization and improvement of described methods for increasing the level of information and digital competence are proposed.
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Araya, Mesele, Caine Rolleston, Pauline Rose, Ricardo Sabates, Dawit Tibebu Tiruneh, and Tassew Woldehanna. Understanding the Impact of Large-Scale Educational Reform on Students’ Learning Outcomes in Ethiopia: The GEQIP-II Case. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2023/125.

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The Ethiopian education system has been very dynamic over recent years, with a series of large-scale education program interventions, such as the Second Phase of General Education Quality Improvement Project (GEQIP-II) that aimed to improve student learning outcomes. Despite the large-scale programs, empirical studies assessing how such interventions have worked and who benefited from the reforms are limited. This study aims to understand the impact of the reform on Grade 4 students’ maths learning outcomes over a school year using two comparable Grade 4 cohort students from 33 common schools in the Young Lives (YL, 2012-13) and RISE (2018-19) surveys. We employ matching techniques to estimate the effects of the reform by accounting for baseline observable characteristics of the two cohorts matched within the same schools. Results show that the RISE cohort started the school year with a lower average test score than the YL cohort. At the start of Grade 4, the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) is lower by 0.36 SD (p<0.01). In terms of learning gain over the school year, however, the RISE cohort has shown a modestly higher value-added than the YL cohort, with ATT of 0.074 SD (p<0.05). The learning gain particularly is higher for students in rural schools (0.125 SD & p<0.05), which is also stronger among rural boys (0.184 SD & p<0.05) than among rural girls. We consider the implications of our results from a system dynamic perspective; in that the GEQIP-II reform induced unprecedented access to primary education, where the national Net Enrolment Rate (NER) rose from 85.7 percent in 2012-13 to 95.3 percent in 2019-20, which is equivalent to nearly 3 million additional learners to the primary education at a national level. This shows that learning levels have not increased in tandem with enrolment, and the unprecedented access for nearly all children might create pressure on the school system. Current policy efforts should therefore focus on sustaining learning gains for all children while creating better access.
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Leaver, Clare, Owen Ozier, Pieter Serneels, and Andrew Zeitlin. Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/048.

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This paper reports on a two-tiered experiment designed to separately identify the selection and effort margins of pay-for-performance (P4P). At the recruitment stage, teacher labor markets were randomly assigned to a pay-for-percentile or fixed-wage contract. Once recruits were placed, an unexpected, incentive-compatible, school-level re-randomization was performed, so that some teachers who applied for a fixed-wage contract ended up being paid by P4P, and vice versa. By the second year of the study, the within-year effort effect of P4P was 0.16 standard deviations of pupil learning, with the total effect rising to 0.20 standard deviations after allowing for selection.
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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McCoy, Selina, and Georgiana Mihut. Examining the experiences of students, teachers and leaders at Educate Together second-level schools. ESRI, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs113.

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Barjum, Daniel. PDIA for Systems Change: Tackling the Learning Crisis in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/046.

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Indonesia is facing a learning crisis. While schooling has increased dramatically in the last 30 years, the quality of education has remained mediocre (Rosser et al., 2022). Teacher capability is an often cited weakness of the system, along with policies and system governance. Approaches focused primarily on adding resources to education have not yielded expected outcomes of increased quality. “It is a tragedy that in the second decade of the twenty-first century, some children in Indonesia are not completing primary school and are turned out into the workforce as functional illiterates.” (Suryadarma and Jones, 2013; Nihayah et al., 2020). In the early 2000s, Indonesia began a process of decentralising service delivery, including education, to the district level. Many responsibilities were transferred from the central government to districts, but some key authorities, such as hiring of civil service teachers, remained with the central government. The Indonesian system is complex and challenging to manage, with more than 300 ethnic groups and networks of authority spread over more than 500 administrative districts (Suryadarma and Jones, 2013). Niken Rarasati and Daniel Suryadarma researchers at SMERU, an Indonesian think tank and NGO, understood this context well. Their prior experience working in the education sector had shown them that improving the quality of education within the classroom required addressing issues at the systems level (Kleden, 2020). Rarasati noted the difference in knowledge between in-classroom teaching and the systems of education: “There are known-technologies, pedagogical theories, practices, etc. for teaching in the classroom. The context [for systems of education] is different for teacher development, recruitment, and student enrollment. Here, there is less known in the public and education sector.” Looking for ways to bring changes to policy implementation and develop capabilities at the district level, SMERU researchers began to apply a new approach they had learned in a free online course offered by the Building State Capability programme at the Center for International Development at Harvard University titled, “The Practice of PDIA: Building Capability by Delivering Results”. The course offered insights on how to implement public policy in complex settings, focused on using Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA). The researchers were interested in putting PDIA into practice and seeing if it could be an effective approach for their colleagues in government. This case study reviews Rarasati and Suryadarma’s journey and showcases how they used PDIA to foster relationships between local government and stakeholders, and bring positive changes to the education sector.
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Bolton, Laura. The Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Colombia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.073.

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Available data provide a picture for the macro-economy of Colombia, agriculture, and infrastructure. Recent data on trends on public procurement were difficult to find within the scope of this rapid review. In 2020, macro-level employment figures show a large drop between February and April when COVID-19 lockdown measures were first introduced, followed by a gradual upward trend. In December 2020, the employment rate was 4.09 percentage points lower than the employment rate in December 2019. Macro-level figures from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) show that a higher percentage of men experienced job losses than women in November 2020. However, the evidence presented by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia based on the DANE great integrated house survey shows that a higher proportion of all jobs lost were lost by women in the second quarter. It may be that the imbalance shifted over time, but it is not possible to directly compare the data. Evidence suggests that women were disproportionately more burdened by home activities due to the closure of schools and childcare. There is also a suggestion that women who have lost out where jobs able to function during lockdowns with technology are more likely to be held by men. Literature also shows that women have lower levels of technology literacy. There is a lack of reliable data for understanding the economic impacts of COVID-19 for people living with disabilities. A report on the COVID-19 response and disability for the Latin America region recommends improving collaboration between policymakers and non-governmental organisations. Younger people experienced greater job losses. Data for November 2020 show 3.3 percent of the population aged under 25 lost their job compared to 1.8 percent of those employed between 24 and 54. Agriculture, livestock, and fishing increased by 2.8% in 2020 compared to 2019. And the sector as a whole grew 3.4% between the third and fourth quarters of 2020. In terms of sector differences, construction was harder hit by the initial mobility restrictions than agriculture. Construction contracted by 30.5% in the second quarter of 2020. It is making a relatively healthy recovery with reports that 84% of projects being reactivated following return to work. The President of the Colombian Chamber of Construction predicting an 8.4% growth in the construction of housing and other buildings in 2021.
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Bertoni, Eleonora, Gregory Elacqua, Carolina Méndez, and Humberto Santos. Teacher Hiring Instruments and Teacher Value Added: Evidence from Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003123.

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In this article, we explore whether the evaluation instruments used to recruit teachers in the national teacher hiring process in Peru are good predictors of teacher effectiveness. To this end, we estimate teacher value-added (TVA) measures for public primary school teachers in 2018 and test for their correlation with the results of the 2015 and 2017 national evaluations. Our findings indicate that among the three sub-tests that comprise the first, centralized stage of the process, the curricular and pedagogical knowledge component has the strongest (and significant) correlation with the TVA measure, while the weakest correlation is found with the reading comprehension component. At the second, decentralized stage, we find no significant correlation with our measures of TVA for math, as well as non-robust correlations for the professional experience and classroom observation evaluation instruments. A positive and significant correlation is found between the classroom observation component and TVA for reading. Moreover, we find correlations between our measure of TVA and several teacher characteristics: TVA is higher for female teachers and for those at higher salary levels while it is lower for teachers with temporary contracts (compared to those with permanent positions).
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.

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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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