Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Second Law of thermodynamics'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Second Law of thermodynamics.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Second Law of thermodynamics.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Barcellos, Ian Bernardes. "Black holes and the generalized second law of thermodynamics." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2018.
Find full textAbstract:
Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Gustavo Scagliusi LandulfoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Santo André, 2018.
Nas últimas décadas, pesquisas na área de física de buracos negros mostraram que existe uma relação profunda entre buracos negros, termodinâmica e mecânica quântica. Em particular, buracos negros em um contexto semiclássico parecem possuir uma temperatura TH=k/2p e uma entropia Sbh =A/4, proporcionais à sua gravidade superficial k e à sua área A, respectivamente. Essa surpreendente conexão é reforçada ao analisarmos a validade da chamada Segunda Lei Generalizada da Termodiâmica (SLG), que afirma que a entropia da matéria fora do buraco negro somada à entropia do buraco negro nunca decresce com o tempo. Este trabalho investiga provas gerais da validade da Segunda Lei Generalizada, já que tem um papel central na interpretação de buracos negros como entidadestermodinâmicas. Emseguida, é analisado como podemos usar a SLG para extender um teorema clássico de singularidade para um contexto semiclássico.
In the past few decades, research in black hole physics have shown a deep relation between black holes, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. In particular, blackholes in a semiclassical context appear to have a temperatureTH =k/2p and an entropy Sbh = A/4 proportional to its surface gravity k and area A,respectively. This striking connection is strengthened when one analyses the validity of the so called Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics (GSL), which states that the entropy of matter outside the black hole plus the black hole¿s entropy never decrease with time. This work investigate general proofsofthevalidityofGeneralizedSecondLaw,sinceitplaysacentralroleininterpreting black holes as thermodynamical entities. In addition, it is analyzed how the GSL can be used to extend a classical singularity theorem to a semiclassical context.
2
Tapia, Carlos F. "Second law and thermoeconomic aspects of heat exchanger design /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487267546984182.
Full text
3
Somayaji, Chandramohan 1980. "First and second law analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03102008-143144.
Full text
4
Cochran, Matthew. "Student understanding of the second law of thermodynamics and the underlying concepts of heat, temperature, and thermal equilibrium /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9632.
Full text
5
Christensen, Warren Michael. "An investigation of student thinking regarding calorimetry, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
Find full text
6
Fakhim, Babak. "Multifaceted Analysis of Data Centre Cooling Using CFD, Experiment and Second Law of Thermodynamics." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11430.
Full textAbstract:
The rapid growth in data centres has resulted in their consumption of up to 100 times more energy per square metre than office accommodation. IT equipment and systems, housed in data centres, consume a considerable amount of electricity. Energy consumption of data centres can be severely and unnecessarily high due to inadequate localised cooling and densely packed server rack layouts. To highlight the importance of cooling issues in data centres, operational data centres are studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Field measurements of temperature are performed. Numerical analysis of flow and temperature fields is conducted in order to evaluate the thermal behaviour of the data centre. A number of undesirable hotspots are identified. To rectify the problem, a few practical design and remedial solutions to improve the cooling effectiveness are proposed and examined to allow a reduced air-conditioning power requirement. Rack-level architecture and layouts have also been found to have a significant impact on the performance of server cooling systems. In this regard, semi-populated racks are modelled with various server arrangements and void positioning accommodated in a prototype data centre. In raised-floor data centres, the perforated tile flow rate distribution is fundamentally a fluid mechanics problem. The effects of position of the under-floor blockages and percentage opening of perforated tile are studied using CFD. Detailed thermodynamic analysis of air-cooled raised-floor data centres for exploring their optimised performance is performed in this thesis. Exergy based performance metric (EPM) is proposed to assess the irreversibilities in the data centre airspace. Detailed comparison is undertaken of the performance metrics based on the first and Second Laws of thermodynamics.
7
Shahvisi, Arianne. "On the nature and origins of thermodynamic asymmetry." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648799.
Full text
8
Campisi, Michele. "Microscopic Foundations of Thermodynamics and Generalized Statistical Ensembles." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6128/.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation aims at addressing two important theoretical questions which are still debated in the statistical mechanical community. The first question has to do with the outstanding problem of how to reconcile time-reversal asymmetric macroscopic laws with the time-reversal symmetric laws of microscopic dynamics. This problem is addressed by developing a novel mechanical approach inspired by the work of Helmholtz on monocyclic systems and the Heat Theorem, i.e., the Helmholtz Theorem. By following a line of investigation initiated by Boltzmann, a Generalized Helmholtz Theorem is stated and proved. This theorem provides us with a good microscopic analogue of thermodynamic entropy. This is the volume entropy, namely the logarithm of the volume of phase space enclosed by the constant energy hyper-surface. By using quantum mechanics only, it is shown that such entropy can only increase. This can be seen as a novel rigorous proof of the Second Law of Thermodynamics that sheds new light onto the arrow of time problem. The volume entropy behaves in a thermodynamic-like way independent of the number of degrees of freedom of the system, indicating that a whole thermodynamic-like world exists at the microscopic level. It is also shown that breaking of ergodicity leads to microcanonical phase transitions associated with nonanalyticities of volume entropy. The second part of the dissertation deals with the problem of the foundations of generalized ensembles in statistical mechanics. The starting point is Boltzmann's work on statistical ensembles and its relation with the Heat Theorem. We first focus on the nonextensive thermostatistics of Tsallis and the associated deformed exponential ensembles. These ensembles are analyzed in detail and proved (a) to comply with the requirements posed by the Heat Theorem, and (b) to interpolate between canonical and microcanonical ensembles. Further they are showed to describe finite systems in contact with finite heat baths. Their mechanical and information-theoretic foundation, are highlighted. Finally, a wide class of generalized ensembles is introduced, all of which reproduce the Heat Theorem. This class, named the class of dual orthodes, contains microcanonical, canonical, Tsallis and Gaussian ensembles as special cases.
9
Carpenter, Nolan A. W. "A study of exergy destruction and methods improving second law efficiency in common production engines using a thorough analysis of engine simulation results." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009m/carpenter.pdf.
Full text
10
Shyani, Rajeshkumar Ghanshyambhai. "Utilizing a cycle simulation to examine the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) for a spark-ignition engine: including the second law of thermodynamics." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86044.
Full textAbstract:
The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system has been widely used to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission, improve fuel economy and suppress knock by using the characteristics of charge dilution. However, previous studies have shown that as the EGR rate at a given engine operating condition increases, the combustion instability increases. The combustion instability increases cyclic variations resulting in the deterioration of engine performance and increasing hydrocarbon emissions. Therefore, the optimum EGR rate should be carefully determined in order to obtain the better engine performance and emissions. A thermodynamic cycle simulation of the four-stroke spark-ignition engine was used to determine the effects of EGR on engine performance, emission characteristics and second law parameters, considering combustion instability issues as EGR level increases. A parameter, called 'Fuel Fraction Burned,' was introduced as a function of the EGR percentage and used in the simulation to incorporate the combustion instability effects. A comprehensive parametric investigation was conducted to examine the effects of variations in EGR, load and speed for a 5.7 liter spark-ignition automotive engine. Variations in the thermal efficiencies, brake specific NOx emissions, average combustion temperature, mean exhaust temperature, maximum temperature and relative heat transfer as functions of exhaust gas recycle were determined for both cooled and adiabatic EGR configurations. Also effects of variations in the load and speed on thermal efficiencies, relative heat transfers and destruction of availability due to combustion were determined for 0% EGR and 20% EGR cases with both cooled and adiabatic configurations. For both EGR configurations, thermal efficiencies first increase, reach a maximum at about 16% EGR and then decrease as the EGR level increases. Thermal efficiencies are slightly higher for cooled EGR configuration than that for adiabatic configuration. Concentration of nitric oxide emissions decreases from about 2950 ppm to 200 ppm as EGR level increases from 0% to 20% for cooled EGR configuration. The cooled EGR configuration results in lower nitric oxide emissions relative to the adiabatic EGR configuration. Also second law parameters show the expected trends as functions of EGR. Brake thermal efficiency is higher for the 20% EGR case than that for the no EGR case over the range of load (0 to WOT) and speed (600 rpm to 6000 rpm).
Predictions made from the simulation were compared with some of the available experimental results. Predicted thermal efficiencies showed a similar trend when compared to the available experimental data. Also, percentage of unused fuel availability increases as the EGR level increases, and it can be seen as one of the effects of deteriorating combustion quality as the EGR level increases.
11
Oak, Sushil Shreekant. "Second law analysis of premixed compression ignition combustion in a diesel engine using a thermodynamic engine cycle simulation." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86040.
Full textAbstract:
A second law analysis of compression ignition engine was completed using a thermodynamic engine cycle simulation. The major components of availability destruction and transfer for an entire engine cycle were identified and the influence of mode of combustion, injection timing and EGR on availability balance was evaluated.
The simulation pressure data was matched with the available experimental pressure data gathered from the tests on the Isuzu 1.7 L direct injection diesel engine. Various input parameters of the simulation were changed to represent actual engine conditions.
Availability destruction due to combustion decreases with advanced injection timing and under premixed compression ignition (PCI) modes; but it is found to be insensitive to the level of EGR. Similarly, trends (or lack of trends) in the other components of availability balance were identified for variation in injection timing, EGR level and mode of combustion. Optimum strategy for efficient combustion processes was proposed based on the observed trends.
12
Coulter, John Edward. "Entropy Analysis of an Economic Activity: A Case Study of Simple Brickmaking in China." Thesis, Griffith University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367848.
Full textAbstract:
1. There is a crisis in economics. The discipline evolved in nineteenth century Europe and is difficult to adapt to modern conditions, even in the West, and particularly in alien cultures. Application of conventional economic analysis to economic activity in a culture as alien as traditional China highlights the biases in assumptions of the paradigm. 2. The concepts, models and vocabulary evolved over one hundred years ago predate important developments in the natural sciences. It is now necessary for economists to concede no goods can ever be 'produced', and they are not 'consumed' either. In clear terms matter is transformed, but is not created or destroyed (First Law of Thermodynamics). 3. When people transform matter, in lay language we say energy is 'used'. In a simple cottage industry, 'raw material' is transformed into a commodity in front of our eyes by the use of human energy and the release of energy from a 'fuel'. In modem complex economic activity, it is difficult or impossible to keep track of the processes from raw matter to transformed 'product' although the principle is the same. 4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in any transformation, energy is not created or destroyed, but becomes 'less available'. In short, entropy increases. This appears to work well for pure physics and chemistry, but its application to analysis of economic activity has only been notional. 5. There is a reason why economists borrowing terms from hard science experience difficulty. It is because physicists and chemists have addressed specific laboratory and engineering problems, but not the broader economic issues. The hypothesis gradually evolved in this research program that not only economic concepts and terms needed reworking, but those in physics as well. The definitions of energy as 'ability to do works and of entropy as 'unavailable energy' jar the logic of our commonsense. 6. The notion of 'available energy' was traced back to the phenomenon in physical chemistry known as exothermicity, or the release of energy during a chemical reaction. It was reasoned that while scientists had focussed on this phenomenon and measured it carefully they saw no need to ask where the energy came from, or to measure its transformation. From the perspective of analysing economic activity, the question was important. 7. It was hypothesised that the energy released from a fuel as electromagnetic radiation (mainly heat) was the residual of the set of coulombic forces within atoms that maintain the structure of shells of electrons around the protons. This idea in turn came from the presumption that molecular bonding is a residual of vectors of the set of coulombic forces within atoms, and the likelihood that in an exothermic reaction, after the reactants are said (by scientists) to 'seek equilibrium', product molecules have a portion of the coulombic forces 'left over' and not required to maintain their structures. An estimate was made of the coulombic forces extant in various fuels, and compared with the known data for their release of energy. 8. The idea was developed in detail. The concept we call in economics, 'production', and should call 'transformation' can only occur when forces locked within atoms are released as electromagnetic forces. (Gravitational forces exist because matter has been put 'there' by electromagnetic radiation). When 100 grams of dry grass fuel is burnt, about 2 megajoules of electromagnetic radiation are released. It was estimated that the coulombic forces between each electron and proton in that amount dry grass total 150 gigajoules (or giganewtons, since the reference is to forces). 9. Within the boundary of a simple economic activity, the ratio of aggregated coulombic forces locked up within atoms to the electromagnetic forces radiated out was estimated at the beginning of the activity, and then after a duration. The ratio of forces always tends towards 'evening out'. This measurement captures the entropy phenomenon which has been said by Georgescu-Roegen to be the basis of all economic activity. 10. At the roots of the economic paradigm founded by Adam Smith is the premise that the material world, as a set of substances, is a stage on which economic actors 'add value', bid prices up and down, and by their rational perception manage their livelihoods and surroundings well. From the findings of this research program it is contended that the surroundings of economic actors can be classed into two categories: locked up (coulombic) electromagnetic forces, and radiated electromagnetic forces. The former has a tendency to convert to the latter. All action, including all economic activity, and all life can be traced to a point in space and time where this conversion is (naturally) occurring. The phenomenon is analogous to a slope where water cascades, and gravitational potential energy converts to other (either useless or useful) forms of energy. To appreciate the nature of this phenomena, and to attempt to fathom its dimensions, sets our perceptions of ourselves as economic actors in a quite different and very humbling context.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Division of Asian and International Studies
Full Text
13
Coulter, John Edward, and n/a. "Entropy Analysis of an Economic Activity: A Case Study of Simple Brickmaking in China." Griffith University. Division of Asian and International Studies, 1993. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070410.170509.
Full textAbstract:
1. There is a crisis in economics. The discipline evolved in nineteenth century Europe and is difficult to adapt to modern conditions, even in the West, and particularly in alien cultures. Application of conventional economic analysis to economic activity in a culture as alien as traditional China highlights the biases in assumptions of the paradigm. 2. The concepts, models and vocabulary evolved over one hundred years ago predate important developments in the natural sciences. It is now necessary for economists to concede no goods can ever be 'produced', and they are not 'consumed' either. In clear terms matter is transformed, but is not created or destroyed (First Law of Thermodynamics). 3. When people transform matter, in lay language we say energy is 'used'. In a simple cottage industry, 'raw material' is transformed into a commodity in front of our eyes by the use of human energy and the release of energy from a 'fuel'. In modem complex economic activity, it is difficult or impossible to keep track of the processes from raw matter to transformed 'product' although the principle is the same. 4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in any transformation, energy is not created or destroyed, but becomes 'less available'. In short, entropy increases. This appears to work well for pure physics and chemistry, but its application to analysis of economic activity has only been notional. 5. There is a reason why economists borrowing terms from hard science experience difficulty. It is because physicists and chemists have addressed specific laboratory and engineering problems, but not the broader economic issues. The hypothesis gradually evolved in this research program that not only economic concepts and terms needed reworking, but those in physics as well. The definitions of energy as 'ability to do works and of entropy as 'unavailable energy' jar the logic of our commonsense. 6. The notion of 'available energy' was traced back to the phenomenon in physical chemistry known as exothermicity, or the release of energy during a chemical reaction. It was reasoned that while scientists had focussed on this phenomenon and measured it carefully they saw no need to ask where the energy came from, or to measure its transformation. From the perspective of analysing economic activity, the question was important. 7. It was hypothesised that the energy released from a fuel as electromagnetic radiation (mainly heat) was the residual of the set of coulombic forces within atoms that maintain the structure of shells of electrons around the protons. This idea in turn came from the presumption that molecular bonding is a residual of vectors of the set of coulombic forces within atoms, and the likelihood that in an exothermic reaction, after the reactants are said (by scientists) to 'seek equilibrium', product molecules have a portion of the coulombic forces 'left over' and not required to maintain their structures. An estimate was made of the coulombic forces extant in various fuels, and compared with the known data for their release of energy. 8. The idea was developed in detail. The concept we call in economics, 'production', and should call 'transformation' can only occur when forces locked within atoms are released as electromagnetic forces. (Gravitational forces exist because matter has been put 'there' by electromagnetic radiation). When 100 grams of dry grass fuel is burnt, about 2 megajoules of electromagnetic radiation are released. It was estimated that the coulombic forces between each electron and proton in that amount dry grass total 150 gigajoules (or giganewtons, since the reference is to forces). 9. Within the boundary of a simple economic activity, the ratio of aggregated coulombic forces locked up within atoms to the electromagnetic forces radiated out was estimated at the beginning of the activity, and then after a duration. The ratio of forces always tends towards 'evening out'. This measurement captures the entropy phenomenon which has been said by Georgescu-Roegen to be the basis of all economic activity. 10. At the roots of the economic paradigm founded by Adam Smith is the premise that the material world, as a set of substances, is a stage on which economic actors 'add value', bid prices up and down, and by their rational perception manage their livelihoods and surroundings well. From the findings of this research program it is contended that the surroundings of economic actors can be classed into two categories: locked up (coulombic) electromagnetic forces, and radiated electromagnetic forces. The former has a tendency to convert to the latter. All action, including all economic activity, and all life can be traced to a point in space and time where this conversion is (naturally) occurring. The phenomenon is analogous to a slope where water cascades, and gravitational potential energy converts to other (either useless or useful) forms of energy. To appreciate the nature of this phenomena, and to attempt to fathom its dimensions, sets our perceptions of ourselves as economic actors in a quite different and very humbling context.
14
Baloyi, Jeffrey. "Thermodynamic analysis of a circulating fluidised bed combustor." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61345.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of the world is on the reduction of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to the global warming currently experienced. Because most of the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere is from fossil fuel combustion, alternative energy sources were developed and others are currently under study to see whether they will be good alternatives. One of these alternative sources of energy is the combustion of wood instead of coal. The advantages of wood are that it is a neutral carbon fuel source and that currently installed infrastructure used to combust coal can be retrofitted to combust wood or a mixture of wood and coal in an attempt to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions.
Spent nuclear fuel has to be cooled so that the decay heat generated does not melt the containment system, which could lead to the unintentional release of radioactive material to the surroundings. The heat transfer mechanisms involved in the cooling have historically been analysed by assuming that the fluid and solid phases are at local thermal equilibrium (LTE) in order to simplify the analysis.
The exergy destruction of the combustion of pine wood in an adiabatic combustor was investigated in this thesis using analytical and computational methods. The exergy destruction of the combustion process was analysed by means of the second law efficiency, which is the ratio of the maximum work that can be achieved by a Carnot engine extracting heat from the combustor, and the optimum work of the combustor. This was done for theoretical air combustion and various excess air combustions, with varied inlet temperatures of the incoming air. It was found that the second law efficiency reached an expected maximum for theoretical air combustion, and this held true for all varying air inlet temperatures. However, it was found that as the air inlet temperature was increased more and more, the maximum second law efficiency was the same for all excess air combustions, including the theoretical air combustion. It was also found that the results of the analytical and commercial computational fluid dynamics code compared well.
Another analysis was conducted of irreversibilities generated due to combustion in an adiabatic combustor burning wood. This was done for a reactant mixture varying from a rich to a lean mixture. A non-adiabatic non-premixed combustion model of a numerical code was used to simulate the combustion process where the solid fuel was modelled by using the ultimate analysis data. The entropy generation rates due to the combustion and frictional pressure drop processes were computed to eventually arrive at the irreversibilities generated. It was found that the entropy generation rate due to frictional pressure drop was negligible when compared with that due to combustion. It was also found that a minimum in irreversibilities generated was achieved when the air-fuel mass ratio was 4.9, which corresponded to an equivalent ratio of 1.64, which was lower than the respective air-fuel mass ratio and equivalent ratio for complete combustion with theoretical amount of air of 8.02 and 1.
Studieswere conducted to numerically analyse irreversibilities generated due to combustion in an adiabatic combustor burning wood. The first study analysed the effect of changing the incoming air temperature from 298 K to 400 K. The second study analysed the effect of changing the wall condition of the combustor from adiabatic to negative heat flux (that is heat leaving the system) for an incoming air temperature of 400 K. The irreversibilities generated in the combustor were calculated by computing the entropy generation rates due to the combustion, heat transfer and frictional pressure drop processes. For the first part of the study, it was found that for the minimum irreversibilities generated in the adiabatic combustor, the optimal air-fuel ratio (AF) corresponding to minimum irreversibilities slightly reduced from 4.9 to 4.8. In the second part of the study, it was found that by changing the wall condition from adiabatic to heat flux on the combustor, the AF corresponding to the minimum irreversibilities increased from 4.8 to 6. For the third part of the study, the combustor with a heat flux wall condition and a wall thickness simulated at an AF of 6, the sum of twice the wall thickness and the optimum diameter always added up to 0.32 m, resulting in the minimum irreversibilities.
An analytical model was developed to minimise the thermal resistance of an air-cooled porous matrix made up of solid spheres with internal heat generation. This was done under the assumption of LTE. It was found that the predicted optimum sphere diameter and the minimum thermal resistance were both robust in that they were independent of the heat generation rate of the solid spheres. Results from the analytical model were compared with those from a commercial numerical porous model using liquid water and air for the fluid phase, and wood and silica for the solid phase. The magnitudes of the minima of both the temperature difference and the thermal resistance seemed to be due to equal contribution from the thermal conduction heat transfer inside the solid spheres and heat transfer in the porous medium. Because the commercial numerical porous model modelled only the heat transfer occurring in the porous medium, it expectedly predicted half of the magnitudes of the minima of the temperature difference and thermal resistance of those by the analytical model.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted
15
Argentieri, Giuseppe. "Fluctuations and entanglement in open quantum systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/9958.
Full textAbstract:
2012/2013The subject of this thesis is the study of the class of the Open Quantum Systems, i.e. quantum systems which are in weak interaction with an external environment, often acting as a reservoir, and whose evolution is consequently influenced by this interaction. Since the coupling of the system with the reservoir is weak, it makes sense to try to disentangle the dynamics of the system of interest from the global time-evolution. However, a particular attention must be taken in the derivation of the reduced evolution law, which is expressed by a Master Equation. When the reduced dynamics of the system has to be extracted from the dynamics of the compound system, different Master Equations can be obtained by the application of different kinds of Markovian approximations, which in turn give different evolution laws. In order to sort out the disparate often incompatible open quantum dynamics, a leading criterion is to ensure that they do not violate important physical properties that a proper reduced dynamics must fulfill. In primis the positivity requirement, that ensures that any physical initial state is mapped into another physical state at any later time. Secondly, the complete positivity condition, that guarantees that physical consistency is preserved also when dealing with open quantum systems which are entangled with other systems. Usually, complete positivity is justified in terms of the existence of entangled states of the open quantum system coupled to an arbitrary, inert ancilla. Complete positivity avoids the appearance of negative probabilities in the spectrum of the time-evolving states of system plus ancilla. The main bulk of this thesis work is to show that a non completely positive dynamics can lead to violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
L'argomento della presente tesi è lo studio della classe dei sistemi quantistici aperti, ovvero di quei sistemi quantistici che interagiscono debolmente con un ambiente esterno, generalmente un come bagno termico, e la cui evoluzione ne viene conseguentemente influenzata. Poiché l'accoppiamento del sistema con il bagno termico è debole, è possibile tentare di separare la sua dinamica dall'evoluzione temporale del sistema globale. E' tuttavia necessario porre particolare attenzione nella derivazione dell'evoluzione ridotta, che viene determinata da un'equazione differenziale detta Master Equation: infatti quando si cerca di estrarre la dinamica ridotta di un sistema dalla dinamica del sistema composto, applicando diversi tipi di approssimazioni markoviane si possono ottenere diversi tipi di Master Equation, le quali a loro volta determinano evoluzioni diverse. Al fine di mettere ordine tra le svariate e spesso mutuamente incompatibili dinamiche aperte possibili, un criterio guida è assicurarsi che esse non violino alcuni importanti proprietà fisiche che una dinamica ridotta dovrebbe soddisfare. Innanzitutto la condizione di positività, che assicura che la legge di evoluzione temporale mappi ogni possibile stato fisico iniziale in un altro stato fisico, ad ogni istante successivo. Secondo, la condizione di completa positività, che garantisce che lo stesso tipo di consistenza fisica sia preservata anche quando si ha a che fare con sistemi quantistici aperti accoppiati ad un arbitrario sistema "ancilla". La richiesta di completa positività, infatti, esclude l'eventualità che le matrici densità degli stati evoluti del sistema composto presentino autovalori, ovvero probabilità, negativi. Il nucleo centrale di questa tesi dimostra anche di più: ovvero che una dinamica non completamente positiva può condurre a importanti violazioni del Secondo Principio della Termodinamica.
XXV Ciclo
1975
16
Samiei, Kasra. "Entropy analysis as a tool for optimal sustainable use of biorefineries." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18679.
Full textAbstract:
The biorefinery concept is attractive. Increasing international concerns over issuessuch as climate change have led to political as well as social pressures for a shift fromfossil fuels to renewable resources and biomass is one abundant renewable resource.Biomass has the potential of supplying many of the fuels and chemicals which arecurrently dependent on petroleum. Much development is still needed in the field ofbiorefineries and a systematic approach to evaluate and compare process technologiesand to suggest optimizations seems necessary.The objective of this thesis is to develop entropy analysis as a possible evaluation toolfor optimization of biorefinery processes. This is a new application of entropyanalysis which is rarely discussed in the literature. The scientific basis of the entropyanalysis is described and the proposed methodology is explained. The position ofentropy analysis among other system analysis tools such as exergy analysis and lifecycle assessment is discussed along with entropy analysis earlier applications.A case study is introduced which is the IBUS (Integrated Biomass Utilization System)project in Denmark. The idea in IBUS is to integrate the biomass plant with a powerplant to utilize the surplus steam from the power plant for the internal use of thebiorefinery. The suggested method of entropy analysis is applied to this case study tocompare different processes for production of ethanol along with solid biofuel andanimal feed from Danish wheat straw. The evaluation is a gate to gate analysis inwhich production of energy carriers are also included in addition to biorefining ofwheat straw. A parallel life cycle assessment study with equivalent system boundariesis also carried out to compare the results with a conventional environmental systemsanalysis method.The results from the entropy analysis of the IBUS case study show that fermentationof C5 and C6 sugars by yeast is the most efficient process thermodynamically whilefermentation of only C6 sugars by yeast is the least efficient among the three casesstudied. Integration of the biorefinery with a coal fired CHP plant is identified as awise choice by the results of the entropy analysis method.For the IBUS process alternatives investigated in this study, the entropy results andthe LCA results (aggregated environmental load) are in correlation; entropy results areconsistent with weighting results based on two different weighting methods namelyEco indicator 99 and EPS 2000. Entropy generation is also in correlation withproduction cost for the processes analyzed in this evaluation. Another observation isthat cooling in the biorefining process contributes highly in the generation of entropy.This potential improvement option is not surfaced by the LCA conducted.The potential for further investigation and development of the tool is recognizedreflecting on some interesting observations in the results. Improvement of the tool ishighly possible for example by supplementing other implications of entropy inprocess design such as "waste potential entropy" concept which is developed as aneco-toxicity measure.Uppsatsnivå: D
17
Herpe, Julien. "Caractérisation des performances des surfaces d'échange basée sur l'évaluation numérique du taux de production d'entropie : Application aux échangeurs de chaleur d'automobiles." Valenciennes, 2007. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/3074eb79-699c-460a-8414-06d91163304f.
Full textAbstract:
Ce mémoire de thèse présente une méthode de caractérisation des performances des ailettes d’échangeurs de chaleur automobiles basée sur le second principe de la thermodynamique. Dans le cadre de la mise en place d’une plateforme d’optimisation des surfaces d’échanges, l’approche proposée s’appuie sur des outils de modélisation numérique. L’étude est en particulier consacrée à la détermination du nombre de production d’entropie N s1 = ƒ (S gen) et à son évolution en fonction de paramètres clés du dimensionnement des ailettes d’échangeurs. Les termes du taux de production d’entropie S gen sont modélisés par une approche RANS. Une attention particulière est portée à la modélisation en proche paroi. Des lois de paroi spécifiques aux termes de production d’entropie sont introduites et discutées. A partir des champs locaux du taux de production d’entropie, le critère N s1 est déterminé. La méthode est tout d’abord appliquée à une configuration d’ailette munie de promoteurs de tourbillons longitudinaux. L’angle d’incidence des promoteurs et la conductivité de l’ailette sont modifiés afin d’étudier l’influence du transfert conjugué sur le taux production d’entropie. Dans un second temps des ailettes à persiennes sont étudiées. Les influences sur N s1 du point de fonctionnement, de la résistance de contact thermique tube-ailette, et de paramètres géométriques sont examinées. Cette étude révèle l’existence d’un optimum thermodynamique qui est fonction de ces différents paramètres. Le critère qui lie les irréversibilités visqueuses et thermiques met en lumière la compétition entre ces deux phénomènes antagonistes et permet de définir une limite caractérisant la prépondérance de l’un par rapport à l’autreThis thesis presents a methodology for the characterization of automotive finned tube heat exchanger performances, which is based on the second law of thermodynamics. In order to integrate this methodology as a part of an optimization platform of finned surfaces, the proposed approach is based on the numerical tools. The study is focused on the estimation of the entropy production number N s1 = ƒ (S gen) and on the evolution of this criterion with respects to the key parameters of the fin surface design. A RANS approach is used to calculate each term of the entropy production rate S gen. We focus our attention on the entropy production rate near the wall and specific near wall treatments for the entropy production terms are introduced and discussed. With all local information obtained, the entropy production criterion is calculated. The methodology is first applied to a finned tube with longitudinal vortices generators. The angle of attack of the vortices generators and the fin material are modified in order to study the influence of the conjugated heat transfer on the entropy production rate. As a second step, louvered fins are examined. The influences on N s1 of the operating point, of the thermal contact resistance between the tube and the fin, and of geometrical parameters are examined. This study reveals the existence of a thermodynamic optimum which depends on these parameters. The entropy production number that links the viscous and thermal dissipation terms shows a competition between two antagonist phenomena and permits to determine the boundary that characterize the predominance of the one with respect to the other
18
Oliveira, F. Delly. "Electric energy system planning and the second principle of thermodynamics." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39976.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with the long-term planning of electric energy systems. Such systems are defined by complex interconnections of end-uses, energy conversion devices and natural resources. The planning process is usually guided by a number of design criteria, namely, economic, social and environmental impacts as well as system reliability and efficiency. The planning challenge is to find an acceptable compromise among these often conflicting objectives. System efficiency is a critical design criterion normally measuring the ratio of the system output and input energies. In electric energy systems, efficiency is normally defined according to the First Principle of Thermodynamics which states that energy cannot be destroyed. In this thesis, the definition of efficiency in electric energy system planning is broadened to include interpretations according to both the First and Second Principles of Thermodynamics. The Second Principle essentially states that the "quality" of energy decreases or, at best, remains constant in any conversion process where the quality of energy (denoted here by exergy) is a measure of the ability of a form of energy to be converted into any other form. Work, hydroelectric potential and electricity are examples of high quality energy sources while low temperatures heat end-use applications are at the low end of the quality scale. Since certain types of energy conversion processes may show high levels of exergy destruction, even though energetically efficient, it is important to design energy systems such that the energy quality of an end-use is matched as much as possible to that of the energy supply thus avoiding situation where a high quality supply is used for a low quality purpose.The electric energy industry has virtually ignored exergetic considerations in system planning due, to a large extent, to a lack of familiarity with the Second Principle and its implications. Nevertheless, exergy is an attribute which must be planned and conserved with at least the same priority as energy. It is demonstrated here that the planning of energy systems will be drastically affected when both energy and exergy are considered. However, to be able to rationally use the natural resources, exergetic analysis must become an integral part of system planning. This thesis analyses the application of the Second Principle of Thermodynamics in the planning of electric energy systems through theory, examples and case studies including economic considerations.
In order to achieve electric energy systems that are more exergetically efficient, a new type of electric energy tariff called type-of-use, is proposed. Analogous to the time-of-use rate that assigns different monetary values for the time of the day considered, the type-of-use tariff assigns a monetary value to the end-uses. Simulations are performed in different electric energy systems to demonstrate that type-of-use tariffs will indeed lead to more exergetically efficient systems.
The benefits of exergetic analysis are supported by a number of studies presented in this thesis. These studies analyse from the points of view of energetic and exergetic efficiency and cost the following: (i) A space heating system; (ii) The impact of a major introduction of electric vehicles in Canada and (iii) The long range planning of a regional electric power system consisting of two interconnected provinces.
19
Benelmir, Riad. "Second analysis of a cogeneration cycle." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20000.
Full text
20
Gleeson, David A. "A second law approach to aircraft conceptual design." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA356093.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998."September 1998". Thesis advisor(s): Conrad F. Newberry. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-56). Also available online.
21
Bulut, Basar. "Second Law Analysis Of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1219161/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, fuel cell systems are analysed thermodynamically and electrochemically. Thermodynamic relations are applied in order to determine the change of first law and second law efficiencies of the cells, and using the electrochemical relations, the irreversibilities occuring inside the cell are investigated. Following this general analysis, two simple solid oxide fuel cell systems are examined. The first system consists of a solid oxide unit cell with external reformer. The second law efficiency calculations for the unit cell are carried out at 1273 K and 1073 K, 1 atm and 5 atm, and by assuming different conversion ratios for methane, hydrogen, and oxygen in order to investigate the effects of temperature, pressure and conversion ratios on the second law efficiency. The irreversibilities inside the cell are also calculated and graphed in order to examine their effects on the actual cell voltage and power density of the cell. Following the analysis of a solid oxide unit cell, a simple fuel cell system is modeled. Exergy balance is applied at every node and component of the system. First law and second law efficiencies, and exergy loss of the system are calculated.
22
Roithmayr, Carlos. "Relating constrained motion to force through Newton's second law." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007, 2007. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-03302007-125659/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Bauchau, Olivier, Committee Member ; Hodges, Dewey, Committee Chair ; Singhose, William, Committee Member ; Costello, Mark, Committee Member ; Flannery, Raymond, Committee Member.
23
Didcott, J. M. "Salvaging the law: the second Ernie Wentzel memorial lecture." University of the Witwatersrand, Centre for Applied Legal Studies, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/73347.
Full textAbstract:
A budding author bold enough to have sent his manuscript to Dr Samuel Johnson for appraisal received a reply, so the story goes, in these terms: ‘Sir. Your work is both original and good. Unfortunately the part that is good is not original. And the part that is original is not good. I find it difficult to say anything new or original about the lovable man whose life we celebrate this afternoon and whose memory we thus keep alive. For so much has been said in the tributes previously paid to him, tributes testifying to the place he occupied in the hearts of countless South Africans. What is good should prove easier, however, when it is said of someone whom, at the ceremony held in court soon after his death, Ralph Zulman described, simply and truly, as a good man. So, be it said how it may, what I shall say today about Ernie Wentzel feels good to say. Unless someone who is now a lawyer was acquainted with Ernie during his childhood or schooldays, I can rightly claim, I believe, that none still around knew him for more years than I did. Our long friendship may explain why John Dugard honoured me with the invitation to deliver this lecture. It was certainly my reason for accepting the invitation with alacrity. Ernie and I first met each other 37 years ago, in 1951, when he entered the University of Cape Town, where I too was a student. I happened to be his senior by two years. But I soon got to know him well, for we had a lot in common. We were both enthusiastic student politicians. And we were in the same camp. Our time together on the campus was one of turmoil, not as acute as that which campuses have experienced subsequently, but intense nonetheless since, in addition to all the other strife of the period, the Universities of Cape T own and the W itwatersrand were under an attack that was constant and fierce for their policy of admitting students of every race, and they faced the threat of legislation forbidding them to accept any who was not white without official pennission.
24
Palmer, Sheila Carmody. "Dual-pressure absorption cycles : the second law and working fluids." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18389.
Full text
25
Gharibyan, Hrant. "The life of quanta : entanglement wormholes and the second law." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92702.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 105-111).
This thesis explores two different topics in physics. The first is related to the study of the ER = EPR conjecture that relates the entanglement entropy of a collection of black holes to the cross sectional area of Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridges (or wormholes) connecting them. We show that the geometrical entropy of classical ER bridges satisfies the subadditivity, triangle, strong subadditivity, and CLW inequalities. These are nontrivial properties of entanglement entropy, so this is evidence for ER = EPR. We further show that the entanglement entropy associated to classical ER bridges has nonpositive tripartite information. This is not a property of entanglement entropy, in general. For example, the entangled four qubit pure state IGHZ4) = (I0000) + (I1111))/[square root]2 has positive tripartite information, so this state cannot be described by a classical ER bridge. Large black holes with massive amounts of entanglement between them can fail to have a classical ER bridge if they are built out of IGHZ4) states. States with nonpositive tripartite information are called monogamous. We conclude that classical ER bridges require monogamous EPR correlations. The second is a generalization of the second law of thermodynamics. We prove a generalization of the classic Groenewold-Lindblad entropy inequality, combining decoherence and the quantum Bayes theorem into a simple unified picture where decoherence increases entropy while observation decreases it. This provides a rigorous quantum-mechanical version of the second law of thermodynamics, governing how the entropy of a system evolves under general decoherence and observation. The powerful tool of spectral majorization enables both simple alternative proofs of the classic Lindblad and Holevo inequalities without using strong subadditivity, and also novel inequalities for decoherence and observation that hold not only for von Neumann entropy, but also for arbitrary concave entropies.
by Hrant Gharibyan.
S.B.
26
Mistry, Karan H. (Karan Hemant). "Second law analysis and optimization of humidification-dehumidification desalination cycles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61911.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-143).
Humidification-Dehumidification (HD) desalination is a thermal distillation method that has the potential to be driven using solar heating. It is a promising technology that can potentially bring safe drinking water to people of the developing world. Surprisingly, few systematic efforts have been made to find the best HD cycles or to improve and optimize existing cycles. This thesis applies irreversibility analysis to characterize HD desalination cycles and to identify how to further improve cycles and components. It is shown that minimizing the specific entropy generation of the cycle maximizes the gained output ratio (GOR). It is also shown that each cycle has one limiting component that cannot be substantially improved and a second component that should be the target of efforts to minimize entropy generation. Finally, the failure of exergy analysis to yield conclusive results for on-design HD cycle analysis is discussed briefly. Following the Second Law analysis, an optimization effort is performed using nonlinear programming techniques in order to optimize HD desalination cycles for operating conditions that result in maximum GOR. Closed air, open water and open air, open water cycles with either air and water heating were considered in this analysis. Numerical optimization resulted in substantial improvement in GOR for all four cycle types considered. It was found that the GOR of the cycles decreases with increasing component terminal temperature difference (TTD) and that different cycles perform best at different temperature differences. Optimization also revealed that some counterintuitive design configurations can result in superior performance under the appropriate operating conditions. Other topics discussed include the behavior of exergy for pure substances and psychrometric mixtures as well as the effect of salinity on the performance of HD cycles.
by Karan H. Mistry.
S.M.
27
Shehata, Ahmed Samir. "Investigation and improvement of Wells turbine performance : fluid analysis & 2nd law of thermodynamics study." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27850.
Full textAbstract:
There have been several attempts to establish efficient methods to convert the energy of marine waves into electrical power. Wells turbine, with an Oscillating Water Column (OWC), is one of such methods. Wells turbine is the most common type of self-rectifying air turbine employed by OWC wave energy devices due to its technical simplicity, reliability, and design robustness. Because Wells turbine is subject to early stall, which negatively limits its performance, there were many endeavours to improve the energy extraction performance of Wells turbine within the stall regime. However,those endeavours were based only on the first law of thermodynamics analysis, without relying on the second law analysis. Since the second law of thermodynamics is concerned with the generation rate of entropy and accordingly the useful work, it is important to take the entropy generation rate into account while improve the performance of Wells turbine. The main objective of this thesis is to analyse and improve the performance of Wells turbine under sinusoidal wave based on the entropy generation minimization method for various passive flow control technique parameters. To achieve this purpose, two-dimensional numerical models for Wells turbine aerofoils under sinusoidal wave flow conditions were built and used to investigate the single and multi-slots as passive flow control means. Different operating conditions with various design parameters were investigated. Furthermore, the turbine blade with optimum slots number, location and angle were investigated using the oscillating water system based on the real data from the northern coast of Egypt. Firstly, in addition to the commonly used first law analysis, the present study utilized an entropy generation minimization method to examine the impact of the flow control method on the entropy generation characteristics around the turbine blade. The obtained results indicate that the global entropy generation rate has a different value according to the aerofoil design. It was determined that a certain aerofoil geometry always gives a global entropy generation rate less than that of other aerofoil geometries under sinusoidal inlet velocity. Furthermore, the angle of attack radically affects the second law efficiency. Subsequently, a comprehensive investigation was carried out on the passive flow control effect on the entropy generation as well as the torque coefficient. It was found that with the use of passive flow control, the entropy generation around the aerofoil section increases. On the other hand, torque coefficient of aerofoil increases before the stall happens and continues to increase within the stall regime. A significantly delayed stall is also observed with the use of the passive flow control. Moreover, aerofoils with two,three and four slots were investigated to improve the performance of Wells turbine in the stall regime. The optimum slots number and locations were determined based on minimizing the global entropy generation rate in addition to increasing the torque coefficient. Furthermore, the optimum angle for single slot aerofoil was confirmed to provide a lower global entropy generation rate as well as a higher torque coefficient than the zero angle slot before and after the stall. Finally, from the modelling results, it can be concluded that the operating conditions based on real data for the northern coast of Egypt are very suitable for the oscillating water column system with Wells turbine as a wave energy converter. Moreover, by adopting the optimum slots number, location, and angle, the performance of Wellsturbine can be significantly improved for a wide range of operating conditions.
28
van, der Ham Leen. "Improving the Second law efficiency of a cryogenic air separation unit." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kjemi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-14772.
Full textAbstract:
One-quarter of the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions is emitted by fossil fuel based power plants. In order to limit future climate changes caused by these emissions, several types of CO2-capturing power plants are currently being developed. An integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is one of the most promising alternatives. It is the mission of a European collaboration project called DECARBit to enable the commercial use of this type of power plant. One of themain process units of an IGCC is the air separation unit (ASU). It provides both oxygen and nitrogen to the gasifier, and nitrogen to the gas turbine. The main objective of this thesis is to improve the Second law efficiency of a cryogenic ASU, with a focus on the use of novel distillation concepts. Improving the Second law efficiency of a process is equivalent to improving its exergy efficiency. In this thesis, the exergy efficiency is defined as the desired change in exergy contents of the ASU products divided by the net amount of added work. Using exergy analysis, it is shown that the exergy efficiency of a state-of-the-art two-column ASU with a pumped liquid cycle is approximately 35%. Most of the exergy destruction is located in the compressor after-coolers, the distillation section, and the main heat exchanger. The irreversibilities in the compressor after-coolers are caused by the use of cooling water. They can almost completely be eliminated by transferring the heat of compression to the ASU products instead of to the cooling water. The achieved reduction in exergy destruction corresponds to almost 1% of the net electric efficiency of the IGCC and it increases the exergy efficiency of the ASU to approximately 70%. Two alternatives are presented that can improve the distillation section efficiency. The first one is the addition of a third distillation column; it can reduce the exergy destruction in the distillation section by approximately 30%. The second option is to improve the heat integration of the two distillation columns, by using heat-integrated distillation stages (HI stages). These HI stages are the basis of a relatively novel distillation column configuration called a heat-integrated distillation column (HIDiC). In an ASU, the use of HI stages enables a lower operating pressure in the high-pressure column, which reduces the required work input to ASU. Depending on the amount of heat-transfer capacity per HI stage, the exergy destruction in the distillation section can be reduced by 20 to 30% due to the use of HI stages. HI stages and HIDiCs are not yet in industrial use. So far, only two complete HIDiCs have been built, both using concentrically-integrated columns equipped with structured packing. They have proven the feasibility of the HIDiC concept, but detailed knowledge on the performance of the columns is still very scarce. As a result, simulations of packed concentric HIDiCs still involve several uncertainties. They are related to the achievable overall heat-transfer coefficient, to the performance of a ring-shaped distillation column, and to the effects that a radial heat flux has on the column performance. In order to obtain more insight into these phenomena, two research directions have been pursued: a theoretical one and an experimental one. The theoretical work concerns the further development of a model for the simultaneous transfer of mass and thermal energy, based on the theory of irreversible thermodynamics. The model describes the vapour–liquid interface region of a mixture as a series of connected control volumes that together represent a vapour film, the interface, and a liquid film. This interface region is located in between the bulk vapour and bulk liquid phases; the conditions at its boundaries are equal to the adjacent bulk phase conditions. A routine has been developed that calculates the thermal and molar fluxes through the interface region, based on input values for the boundary conditions, or driving forces. The film thicknesses ratio is found by requiring consistency between the entropy productions calculated using the entropy balance and using the product-sum of conjugate fluxes and driving forces. By applying this model to a nitrogen–oxygen mixture, it has been shown that the direct coupling between heat and diffusion fluxes has a considerable influence on the calculated values of the fluxes. The measurable heat flux is most sensitive to the coupling effect, which makes a correct description of the effect especially important when simulating a HIDiC. Another important model parameter is the number of control volumes that is used to represent the films. The effect of the interface resistances on the calculation results was relatively small. The experimental work concerns the development of a new experimental HIDiC. The designed set-up consists of a cylindrical inner column with a diameter of 14 cm that is surrounded by a ring-shaped outer column with a diameter of 22 cm. A difference in operating pressures causes thermal energy to be transferred from the high-pressure inner column to the low-pressure outer column. Both columns will be equipped with 1.6 m of structured packing and will operate at total reflux conditions. The set-up is designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures, elevated pressures, and high oxygen concentrations. At the top of the set-up, two copper-brazed plate heat exchangers will be used as condensers, using evaporating nitrogen as coolant. Electrical heaters with a maximum duty of 25 kW will be used as reboilers. Radial and angular temperature and composition gradients inside the columns will be measured directly at several height levels, in both the vapour and liquid phases. These measurements can also be used to determine the separation efficiency of the columns. The total amount of thermal energy transfer will be obtained based on two independent measurements of the condenser and reboiler duties of both columns. The set-up can also be used to assess the coupling between thermal and molar fluxes.
29
Zubair, Syed M. "Solar assisted heat pump : a thermoeconomic design based on second law." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17573.
Full text
30
Robinson, Emma Louise. "Liberty compromised? : George Orwell, English Law and the Second World War." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7329/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis considers George Orwell’s response to the emergency legislation of the Second World War. Considering legal and historical sources alongside his biography and corpus it reassesses the impact of Orwell’s works in the context of his patriotism, Englishness and views on the law. This thesis argues that Orwell’s experiences in Burma and Spain established his expectations – as an Englishman – for the law during a crisis. It juxtaposes Orwell’s pre-war anxiety regarding potentially ‘fascising measures’ to his relative silence when emergency powers were introduced in England, suggesting Orwell tacitly endorsed controversial measures, including internment, in the unique context of the early war. The thesis considers wartime compromises Orwell felt were necessary, noting his complicity in curtailing freedom of speech at the BBC, before his critical voice re-emerged regarding the normalisation of emergency powers. New readings of 'Animal Farm' and 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' highlight both their resonance with the English wartime regime and the dangers implicit in emergency legal systems, drawing out Orwell’s concern that eroding English values and legal traditions removed a bulwark against totalitarianism. Given his changing positions concerning individual freedoms this thesis consequently argues for a more nuanced appraisal of Orwell’s reputation as an unwavering defender of civil liberties.
31
Allbaugh, Alicia R. "The problem-context dependence of students' application of Newton's second law /." Search for this dissertation online, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
Full text
32
Terlizzese, Tiziano <1974>. "Second law analysis and simulation techniques for the energy optimization of buildings." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2743/1/terlizzese_tiziano_tesi.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The research activity described in this thesis is focused mainly on the study of finite-element techniques applied to thermo-fluid dynamic problems of plant components and on the study of dynamic simulation techniques applied to integrated building design in order to enhance the energy performance of the building. The first part of this doctorate thesis is a broad dissertation on second law analysis of thermodynamic processes with the purpose of including the issue of the energy efficiency of buildings within a wider cultural context which is usually not considered by professionals in the energy sector.
In particular, the first chapter includes, a rigorous scheme for the deduction of the expressions for molar exergy and molar flow exergy of pure chemical fuels. The study shows that molar exergy and molar flow exergy coincide when the temperature and pressure of the fuel are equal to those of the environment in which the combustion reaction takes place. A simple method to determine the Gibbs free energy for non-standard values of the temperature and pressure of the environment is then clarified. For hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and several hydrocarbons, the dependence of the molar exergy on the temperature and relative humidity of the environment is reported, together with an evaluation of molar exergy and molar flow exergy when the temperature and pressure of the fuel are different from those of the environment. As an application of second law analysis, a comparison of the thermodynamic efficiency of a condensing boiler and of a heat pump is also reported.
The second chapter presents a study of borehole heat exchangers, that is, a polyethylene piping network buried in the soil which allows a ground-coupled heat pump to exchange heat with the ground. After a brief overview of low-enthalpy geothermal plants, an apparatus designed and assembled by the author to carry out thermal response tests is presented. Data obtained by means of in situ thermal response tests are reported and evaluated by means of a finite-element simulation method, implemented through the software package COMSOL Multyphysics. The simulation method allows the determination of the precise value of the effective thermal properties of the ground and of the grout, which are essential for the design of borehole heat exchangers. In addition to the study of a single plant component, namely the borehole heat exchanger, in the third chapter is presented a thorough process for the plant design of a zero carbon building complex. The plant is composed of: 1) a ground-coupled heat pump system for space heating and cooling, with electricity supplied by photovoltaic solar collectors; 2) air dehumidifiers; 3) thermal solar collectors to match 70% of domestic hot water energy use, and a wood pellet boiler for the remaining domestic hot water energy use and for exceptional winter peaks. This chapter includes the design methodology adopted: 1) dynamic simulation of the building complex with the software package TRNSYS for evaluating the energy requirements of the building complex; 2) ground-coupled heat pumps modelled by means of TRNSYS; and 3) evaluation of the total length of the borehole heat exchanger by an iterative method developed by the author. An economic feasibility and an exergy analysis of the proposed plant, compared with two other plants, are reported. The exergy analysis was performed by considering the embodied energy of the components of each plant and the exergy loss during the functioning of the plants.
33
Terlizzese, Tiziano <1974>. "Second law analysis and simulation techniques for the energy optimization of buildings." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2743/.
Full textAbstract:
The research activity described in this thesis is focused mainly on the study of finite-element techniques applied to thermo-fluid dynamic problems of plant components and on the study of dynamic simulation techniques applied to integrated building design in order to enhance the energy performance of the building. The first part of this doctorate thesis is a broad dissertation on second law analysis of thermodynamic processes with the purpose of including the issue of the energy efficiency of buildings within a wider cultural context which is usually not considered by professionals in the energy sector.
In particular, the first chapter includes, a rigorous scheme for the deduction of the expressions for molar exergy and molar flow exergy of pure chemical fuels. The study shows that molar exergy and molar flow exergy coincide when the temperature and pressure of the fuel are equal to those of the environment in which the combustion reaction takes place. A simple method to determine the Gibbs free energy for non-standard values of the temperature and pressure of the environment is then clarified. For hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and several hydrocarbons, the dependence of the molar exergy on the temperature and relative humidity of the environment is reported, together with an evaluation of molar exergy and molar flow exergy when the temperature and pressure of the fuel are different from those of the environment. As an application of second law analysis, a comparison of the thermodynamic efficiency of a condensing boiler and of a heat pump is also reported.
The second chapter presents a study of borehole heat exchangers, that is, a polyethylene piping network buried in the soil which allows a ground-coupled heat pump to exchange heat with the ground. After a brief overview of low-enthalpy geothermal plants, an apparatus designed and assembled by the author to carry out thermal response tests is presented. Data obtained by means of in situ thermal response tests are reported and evaluated by means of a finite-element simulation method, implemented through the software package COMSOL Multyphysics. The simulation method allows the determination of the precise value of the effective thermal properties of the ground and of the grout, which are essential for the design of borehole heat exchangers. In addition to the study of a single plant component, namely the borehole heat exchanger, in the third chapter is presented a thorough process for the plant design of a zero carbon building complex. The plant is composed of: 1) a ground-coupled heat pump system for space heating and cooling, with electricity supplied by photovoltaic solar collectors; 2) air dehumidifiers; 3) thermal solar collectors to match 70% of domestic hot water energy use, and a wood pellet boiler for the remaining domestic hot water energy use and for exceptional winter peaks. This chapter includes the design methodology adopted: 1) dynamic simulation of the building complex with the software package TRNSYS for evaluating the energy requirements of the building complex; 2) ground-coupled heat pumps modelled by means of TRNSYS; and 3) evaluation of the total length of the borehole heat exchanger by an iterative method developed by the author. An economic feasibility and an exergy analysis of the proposed plant, compared with two other plants, are reported. The exergy analysis was performed by considering the embodied energy of the components of each plant and the exergy loss during the functioning of the plants.
34
Ruhl, Mary Louise. "The case for a second look at Canadian bank insolvency legislation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26146.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an analysis of the bank insolvency process in Canada. The phenomenon of bank bailouts is examined and three possible rationale for bailouts are put forth. The conclusion is reached that bank bailouts can be justified on the basis of these rationale, and, therefore, that bank insolvency legislation should recognize the bailout process and provide an adequate and appropriate framework for this process. Three recent bank failures, Canadian Commercial Bank, Northland Bank and the Bank of British Columbia, are discussed, with particular emphasis on the different bailout tools used by the government in each case. These case studies are used as a framework within which to assess current Canadian bank insolvency legislation. The conclusion is reached that the legislative framework is inadequate to deal effectively with bank insolvency.
By examining the American approach to bank insolvency and two recent Canadian studies on the subject, a model for reform is proposed. The model contemplates a more highly-structured legislative framework, with broad powers granted to the deposit insurer to implement a bailout in circumstances which justify this form of government intervention. Finally, this model is used as a basis on which to evaluate recent financial sector reform initiatives made by the federal government.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
35
Johnstone, Maria Julie Frances. "The first law of thermodynamics and 2d CFT descriptions for near-extremal and near-EVH black holes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8244.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis we investigate the quantum aspects of black holes near extremality. In particular we seek evidence that a near-extremal black hole has a microscopic description in terms of a two dimensional conformal field theory (CFT). We first demonstrate how the low temperature expansion of the first law of thermodynamics leads to an expression for the entropy of extremal black holes which can be recast as the Cardy formula for the entropy of a chiral two dimensional CFT, in agreement with the Extremal Black Hole/CFT correspondence. We apply Sen’s entropy function formalism to fortify this result by reproducing it in a gravitational setup. We extend our first law analysis to a class of near-Extremal Vanishing Horizon (near-EVH) black holes. These black holes have low entropy and temperature, and their geometries contain locally asymptotically AdS3 throats in the near horizon region. The low temperature expansion of the first law is compatible with the first law for a three dimensional BTZ black hole. As the BTZ black hole has an AdS/CFT description in terms of a non-chiral two dimensional CFT, our result can be viewed as thermodynamic evidence for the EVH/CFT correspondence, which states that gravity on the near horizon EVH geometry is described by a 2d CFT. A near-EVH black hole, or low energy excitation around an EVH black hole, is described by excitations of the dual 2d CFT. As case studies of our first law analysis and the EVH/CFT correspondence, we focus on two asymptotically AdS5× S5 classes of near-EVH black holes. The two cases have interesting individual properties and, by the AdS/CFT correspondence, dual descriptions as states in N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory . We can compare these (UV) pictures to the two dimensional descriptions that emerge from the near horizon, or low energy, dynamics. All EVH near horizon geometries have local AdS3 factors which become BTZ black holes when the configurations are excited from EVH to near-EVH. In the study of static black holes with three R-charges, we examine the non-BPS and near- BPS regimes separately. While the non-BPS near horizon limit is locally regular, in the near- BPS case the near horizon procedure requires focussing geometrically on a strip of the horizon, and the degrees of freedom of the dual CFT2 can be associated with stretched strings between giant gravitons in the transverse five-sphere. The near-EVH limit of non-BPS stationary charged black holes is obtained by taking the vanishing limit of one or both of the angular momenta. When one of the momenta is small, the AdS3 angle is a combination of azimuthal angles in the AdS5 and S5 regions of the geometry. Taking the vanishing limit of both of the angular momenta leads to a near horizon limit which contains a BTZ black hole that is non-trivially fibred by a three-sphere. For each of the case studies we use the AdS3/CFT2 dictionary to specify dual IR CFT2 descriptions of the black holes. We outline a map between the UV and IR near-EVH excitations and demonstrate how the first law reduces in the near-EVH limit to the first law of a BTZ black hole. As a consistency check we compare our results with those of the Kerr/CFT correspondence.
36
McCarthy, David Timothy. "The influence of the Second Vatican Council on the exceptions to the ordinary canonical form of marriage." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1993. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
37
Whitt, Dwight Reginald. "Personal particular churches in the antepreparatory stage of the Second Vatican Council." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1993. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
38
Bivona, Santo. "Adsorption Machine & Desiccant Wheel based SOLAR COOLING in a Second Law perspective." Thesis, Università degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/224.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis work is intended to investigate energy and exergy performance of a low power prototype solar air conditioning system based on sorption materials. Its performance is analyzed in the light of both the First and Second Law of Thermodynamics and compared with conventional HVAC systems as well as with a further solar cooling technology based on desiccant wheels (Solar DEC).
The adsorption machine based solar cooling plant was thoroughly designed and its thermal performance analysed in several operating conditions and then optimized according to a First Law and Second Law approach.
The sensitivity theory was also applied in order to investigate the system response to deviations of some state variables from their nominal values. In this context a number of sensitivity coefficients were determined in relation to the most relevant design parameters. That provided useful information for control strategies in dynamic regime and hints for systems design and optimization.
A general model was also developed and implemented in a computer code for the determination of the thermophysical properties of humid air streams when leaving a desiccant wheel, based on the Jurinak Method.
An important outcome of this research work is that solar energy, with its relatively low energy potential -when made available by a low-to-medium temperature collector, such as with adsorption machines or desiccant wheels-, is a more appropriate energy source to air-conditioning than conventional systems, from a true thermodynamic point of view. In this sense its technology should be developed and its use should be encouraged.
39
Seemann, Anika. "Law and politics in the Norwegian 'Treason Trials', 1941-1964." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289455.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a political history of the trials of wartime collaborators in Norway after 1945. It offers a first scholarly investigation into the central actors behind these trials, looking at the ways in which Norwegian authorities planned, implemented and interpreted the 'reckoning' with wartime collaborators between 1941 and 1964. In doing so, it evaluates the broader political purposes the trials served, how these changed over time, and the mechanisms that brought about these changes. The analysis distinguishes between 'internal' and 'external' influences on the trials. 'Internal' influences are understood to be both the inherent doctrinal and institutional limitations of the law, as well as the personal and political convictions found within the authorities that governed the trials. 'External' influences meanwhile constitute the broader public attitudes and debates surrounding the trials in politics, the media and civil society. This thesis therefore seeks to deepen our understanding of the trials in two ways. Firstly, it goes beyond existing scholarship by focusing not on questions of 'morality' and 'justice', but instead on competing institutional dynamics and political representations of legitimacy and authority. Secondly, unlike most previous scholarship, it provides an encompassing account of the policy decisions underlying the trials by looking at the full timespan of the Norwegian authorities' administrative engagement with them, from their initial conceptualisation to the handling of their legacy. Thereby, individual decisions and events can be seen in relation to one another, allowing us to understand what purposes the trials served at different stages of their implementation, and how legal and administrative measures related to their political purposes. In response to previous scholarship on the trials, this thesis argues that the driving agent of the trials was not the static agenda of any one institution or group, but that their final shape was the result of the complex interaction of demands for legal consistency with a rapidly changing political and social context, both at the national and the international level.
40
Overkamp, Robert J. "The minister of holy communion from Gratian through the Second Vatican Council." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
41
Aernie, Matt. "Paul's use of judicial language in Second Thessalonians chapter one and its affects on the meaning of the text." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2004. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
42
Anderson, Mindi Kvaal. "Comparing the Effectiveness of Three Unique Research Based Tutorials for Introducing Newton's Second Law." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/AndersonMK2009.pdf.
Full text
43
Du, Plessis James. "A comparison between the manner in which court will second-guess the exercise of a private contractual power, on the basis of public policy, and the manner in which court will second-guess the exercise of public power, on the basis of rationality." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33643.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis considers and compares the standards against which Courts in South Africa review the exercise of private contractual power, on the basis of public policy, and the standards against which Courts in South Africa review the exercise of public power on the basis on rationality. This thesis undertakes this task in four main parts. Firstly, this thesis outlines important theoretical distinctions between legal and nonlegal powers, and private and public legal powers. In this regard, it is argued that what distinguishes a legal power from a non-legal power is the ability of the exercise of a legal power to in and of itself change another person's legal situation. This differs from the exercise of a non-legal, or a "power of influence" which has natural, and no automatically legal consequences, and will only change another legal situation if other (natural) consequences come to bear first. In relation to the distinction between private and public powers, this thesis outlines the traditional justifications for the distinction drawn between private and public power. Drawing on Austin, this thesis proposes that a useful demarcation between public and private powers is that the latter, more peculiarly, regards persons determined specifically, while the former, more peculiarly, regards the public considered indeterminately. Secondly, this thesis unpacks and details the standard of rationality that a Court will hold the exercise of a public power to, and highlights how rationality in this respect is an objective standard that relates essentially to a power's objective and whether or not the exercise of that power is related to that objective. Thirdly, and drawing on the latest pronouncements of the Constitutional Court, this thesis details what public policy requires of the exercise of private contractual power and highlights how what it requires is a value laden and facts dependent inquiry. Fourthly, this thesis goes on to argue that the standard of public policy, to which exercises of private contractual power are held to, is a higher standard than the standard of rationality that the exercises of public power is held to. Furthermore, this thesis argues that while such a situation is justifiable, it may become unjustifiable should Courts begin to misconstrue the fundamental differences between a legal and non-legal, and private and public power. Finally, this thesis submits that another iv cornerstone of South Africa's contract law, namely, that of privity of contract, may be a useful tool that Courts can use to keep balanced, on what this thesis outlines is a tightrope, that Courts have to walk in both having to imbue South Africa's contract law with Constitutional values, while at the same time ensuring that the higher standard that private contractual power wielders are held to, does not become unjustifiable.
44
Helge, Kris. "Impetuses for First, Second, and Third Year Law Student Information Seeking Behavior, and Perception of Common Knowledge and Citation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849727/.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examined how previous information literacy training, law student gender, age, and previously obtained education affects first, second, and third year law students selection of information sources, their understanding of common knowledge, and their decision of whether or not to give attribution to these sources. To examine these factors, this study implemented a paradigm called the principle of least effort that contended humans in general tended to complete the least amount of work possible to complete presented tasks. This study sought to discover whether law students follow this same path of completing the least amount of work possible to finish presented tasks, and whether this behavior affects information source selection, citation, and understanding of common knowledge. I performed six focus groups and crafted and disseminated an online survey to examine these factors. Via this data collection, it was discovered that law students do exhibit some differences in understanding of citation and citation behavior based on age and their year in law school. They also exhibited some differences regarding common knowledge based on their year in law school, where they received their information literacy training, and where they attend law school. Yet, no statistically significant differences were discovered regarding where one attends law school and citation and source selection. Further this study revealed law students do follow this paradigm and seek the path of least resistance to accomplish law school assignments.
45
Wieners, Maryrita. "Toward a canonical definition of the lay person development from the 1917 Code of canon law through the Second Vatican Council /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1986. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
46
Tembani, Neliswa. "Teaching Newton's Second Law of Motion in Grade 11 Physical Sciences using a Conceptual Change Approach." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5986.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Educationis - MEd (Mathematics and Science Education)The purpose of this study was to investigate how the use of a conceptual change approach could contribute to enhance the teaching and learning of Newton's second law of motion in Grade 11 Physical Sciences. More specifically, the study attempted to answer the main research question namely, How can teaching using a conceptual change approach improve the learners' achievement in Newton's laws of motion? This study was underpinned by the theories of constructivism and conceptual change. The concept of effective teaching practice is based on approaches that promote conceptual change and provides learners with skills on learning how to learn and make meaning out of their learning - which is part of the constructivist view of learning. The sample of this research consisted of a single class in a school where the researcher is teaching. The class has 33 learners of mixed gender. The study adopted a single case study approach and was designed to allow for the use of multiple data collection methods. Data was collected through a pre- and post-tests, intervention lessons as well as semi-structured focus group interviews. The use of qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection provided useful and in-depth data and allowed for triangulation. The data was analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of the research showed that learners performed better in the post-test than in the pre-test. The learners mentioned the fact that the intervention lesson played an important role in making them understand the concepts better. The results also showed that, while the majority of the learners seemed to have made some progress in their conceptual development as a result of their exposure to conceptual change method of teaching, others struggled with the approach.
47
Bowman, Rebecca LeAnne. "When a law degree is not enough: the necessity of a second professional degree for lawyers." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/646.
Full textAbstract:
This research attempts to answer the question of why some attorneys obtain a second advanced degree after their law degree. That is, if a law degree is all that is needed to practice law, then why do some attorneys continue with their studies, especially since they lack an economic incentive to do so?
The research includes a literature review with background information on credentialism and human capital theory, on lawyers and law school, dissatisfaction, income and debt, alternatives to law, joint graduate degree programs, and gender. SPSS modeling is utilized to arrive at the conclusion that human capital theory and satisfaction account for lawyers' attainment of additional degrees.
48
Kwok, Wing-ying Joanne, and 郭詠瑩. "Effectiveness of smoke-free legislation on second hand smoke exposure of children : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206921.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The tobacco epidemic causes a major burden to long-term global public health. Second hand smoke is one of the modifiable exposures causing adverse health effects to children; 40% of children in the world are regularly exposed to second hand smoke and children account for more than a quarter of all deaths from second hand smoke exposure. The global burden highlights the importance of implementation and enforcement of comprehensive smoke-free legislation. Despite smoke-free legislation having been shown to have a positive effect in reducing the prevalence of tobacco consumption and second hand smoke exposure, displacement of smoking from enclosed public places to homes after implementation of smoke-free legislation might increase second hand smoke exposure in children.
Objectives: This systematic review aims to investigate the effect of smoke-free legislation on second hand smoke exposure in children and to explore the potential risk factors that may affect its effectiveness.
Methods: Studies were searched in online electronic databases, PubMed and EMBASE Classic+ EMBASE 1980-via Ovid (from 1980 to 2014) under the Library website of the University of Hong Kong, by keyword search, hand search of references and Google Scholar for relevant articles published from 2004 to present. Observational studies assessing the effect of smoke-free legislation on second hand smoke exposure in children assessed from cotinine measured before and after the introduction of smoke-free legislation were included.
Results: This systematic reviewed identified 8 relevant studies. 3 were assessed as good quality and 5 as average quality. All selected studies reported a decrease in the geometric mean of cotinine concentration after the implementation of smoke-free legislation, but only one of them showed that the reduction in cotinine concentration was significantly reduced from 0.3ng/ml to 0.2ng/ml. An increase in the percentage of cotinine concentrations below the limit of detection and a decrease in the percentage of harmful levels of cotinine concentration were also found. Lower socioeconomic status, more parental smokers and low level of home smoking restriction affected the reduction in second hand smoke exposure after implementation of smoke-free legislation.
Conclusion: Smoke-free legislation has a positive effect towards reduction in second hand smoke exposure in children. There is no evidence supporting the possibility that smokers displace tobacco consumption from public areas to their homes after implementation of smoke-free legislation in Western settings. Whether more effort to encourage smoking cessation among parents and other family members living with children would be particularly effective in reducing the public health burden of tobacco consumption should be investigated. Further tobacco control strategies are suggested to work comprehensively with smoke-free legislation to further reduce the global burden of tobacco epidemic.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
49
Ibrahim, Mustafa Mohamed. "The Impact of Computer Simulation on the Development of the Inquiry Skills of High School Students in Physics." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19796.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of visualization of natural phenomena via computer simulation and manipulations of concrete objects, in a physics laboratory, on the development of students’ inquiry skills in mechanics. A quasi-experimental method that employed the 2 Learning Tools x 2 Time of learning split-plot factorial design was applied in the study. The sample consisted of 54 Grade 11 students from two physics classes of the university preparation section in the Ottawa-Catholic School Board. One class was assigned to interactive computer simulations (treatment) and the other to concrete objects in physics laboratory (control) as learning tools. Both tools were embedded in the general framework of the guided-inquiry cycle approach. The results showed that the interaction effect of the Learning Tools x Time of learning was not statistically significant. However, the results also showed a significant effect on the development of students’ inquiry skills (indicated by the pre- and post-inquiry skills test) regardless of the type of learning tool they had used. The findings suggested that these two strategies are effective in developing students’ inquiry skills in mechanics.
50
Robidoux, Scott Andrew. "Changing the City Landscape: From Garages to Second Residential Units." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/539.
Full textAbstract:
The City of Santa Maria, located between San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara in California, is experiencing rapid population growth, cultural transformation, and growth in household size. The growth rate of the city has been a consistent 20% for the past 20 years. Culturally, more than 70% of the almost 100,000 city residents predominantly identified as Hispanic or Latino in the 2010 census. The household size has consistently increased for the past 20 years; currently it is 3.52 people per household.
An issue which is becoming a growing problem for the city is the prevalence of illegal housing in the form of garage conversions. Motivations for illegally converting are primarily centered on actual economic gain for the homeowner and affordable rent for the participant. Few cities allow for the construction of additional residential units on parcels which are zoned for single family, the majority prohibit additional units. The most prominent of these cities which allow for second units is Santa Cruz. The second unit program in the City of Santa Cruz allows for garage conversions and detached second units but on-site parking must be provided for the additional unit. Santa Cruz argues the second unit program provides affordable housing, prevents sprawl, and is a form of in-fill development.
The Santa Cruz second unit program is utilized as the framework for developing a second unit program for the City of Santa Maria which allows for garage conversions to occur. City records from 2000-2010 indicate that more than 1% of the total housing units were found to have an illegal garage conversion. The actual rate of active garage conversion is likely to be higher, more than likely in the neighborhood of 3% to 5%.The proposed ordinance is influenced at the Federal and State level by respective decisions by the Supreme Court and California Court on definition of what constitutes a family. California‘s Second Unit Law and legislative amendments establishing ministerial approval for affordable housing provides for legal options to increase the present housing supply.