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1
Bersani, Bianca E., and Adam W. Pittman. "Reassessing the Generational Disparity in Immigrant Offending: A Within-family Comparison of Involvement in Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56, no. 6 (July 9, 2019): 851–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427819850600.
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Objective:This study reassesses the generational disparity in immigrant offending. Patterns and predictors of offending are compared using traditional peer-based models and an alternative within-family (parent–child dyad) model.Method:The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979; NLSY79) and NLSY-Child and Young Adult (NLSY_CYA) data are merged to create an intergenerational data set to compare generational disparities in immigrant offending across peers and within families. Differences in self-reported offending (prevalence and variety) by immigrant generation are assessed using a combination of descriptive analyses (χ2and analysis of variance) and regression models.Results:While NLSY_CYA children generally are at a greater risk of offending compared with the NLSY79 mothers, the difference in offending is greatest between first-generation mom and second-generation child dyads. Disparities in offending are driven in large part by exceedingly low levels of offending among first-generation immigrants.Conclusion:Although the factors driving an increase in offending between parent–child generations are not unique to immigrants, they are amplified in immigrant families. Whereas the second generation is remarkably similar to their U.S.-born counterparts in terms of their involvement in crime, suggesting a high degree of swift integration, the greater involvement in crime among the children of immigrants compared to their foreign-born mothers suggests a decline in well-being across successive generations.
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Alivernini, Fabio, Sara Manganelli, Elisa Cavicchiolo, and Fabio Lucidi. "Measuring Bullying and Victimization Among Immigrant and Native Primary School Students: Evidence From Italy." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 37, no. 2 (September 26, 2017): 226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282917732890.
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Italy is a particularly interesting context in which to study the phenomenon of bullying given the steadily increasing number of immigrant students attending Italian primary schools. We examined the psychometric properties of a short self-report measure of bullying and victimization across groups of students with various migration backgrounds. We then estimated, by latent mean comparisons, the rates of prevalence of bullying and victimization among different generations of immigrants and native students. Results concerning the factor structure of the measure were consistent with studies in other cultural contexts and complete scalar measurement invariance was found across immigrant backgrounds. The analyses showed that both first- and second-generation immigrant pupils reported being victimized more frequently than their native peers. However, the incidence of victimization for second generations was lower than that for first generations. Finally, no differences across different generations of immigrants and native students were found in reported bullying behaviors.
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Choi, Jaeyong. "Comparing global and situational support for police use of force across immigrant generations and native-born Americans." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 6 (November 21, 2019): 1038–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2019-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine if global and situational support for police use of force vary across first-generation immigrants, second-generation immigrants and native-born Americans. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on data from the 2012 General Social Survey, multivariate logistic regression models are performed to predict each of the three binary outcome variables (e.g. support for police use of reasonable force or excessive force) depending on immigrant generation status. Findings Results indicate that, compared with native-born individuals, first-generation immigrants express less global support for police use of force and less support for police use of reasonable force. In contrast, the first-generation group is more supportive of police use of excessive force compared to the second-generation group and native-born group. Originality/value Much research on immigrants’ perceptions of the police has yielded conflicting findings. Part of the reason has been attributed to failure to distinguish first-generation immigrants from successive generations of immigrants. The present study fills a gap in this line of research by assessing the extent to which there is a disparity in support for police use of force between different generations of immigrants and native-born individuals.
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Bui, Laura, and David P. Farrington. "First-generation immigrants feel socially excluded and have greater pro-violence attitudes than the native population in England and Wales." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-08-2014-0134.
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Purpose – Studies examining immigrant generational status and violence have supported differences in the prevalence of violence between these groups. The purpose of this paper is to measure relevant risk factors for violence to focus on whether negative perceptions may contribute to understanding the between-generations differences in violence. Based on the literature, it is theorised that pro-violence attitudes would be related to and be higher in second-generation immigrants than first-generation immigrants, and that negative perceptions would mediate the relationship between pro-violence attitudes and violence. Design/methodology/approach – Data to answer the study’s key questions were taken from the 2010-2011 UK citizenship survey, where only the main sample was analysed. Findings – The findings reveal that first-generation immigrants have a higher prevalence of pro-violence attitudes than the native population. Originality/value – This suggests that there is an intergenerational transmission in violent attitudes, and this is a risk factor for actual violence in second-generation immigrants.
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Lim, Sokchea, and A. K. M. Mahbub Morshed. "Dynamics of immigrant assimilation: lessons from immigrants’ trust." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 518–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2018-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamics and persistence of interpersonal trust among immigrants in the USA. More specifically, the authors investigate the association between the levels of trust of US immigrants and the levels of trust in their home countries across different cohorts and generations of immigrants. Design/methodology/approach In order to quantify the extent of this relationship, the authors use two large sets of survey data, the General Social Survey and the World Value Survey, to construct the trust of immigrants in the USA and their levels of trust in their country of origin. The final sample size for the immigrants’ trust is 27,531 observations. Findings The examination of the two trust variables at different levels and for different cohorts show that there is an association between the levels of US immigrants’ trust and the levels of trust in the country of origin, suggesting that immigrants bring their culture with them and transmit it to the next generation. However, this association differs across various cohorts and generations of immigrants. The transmission of trust is strong in the second generation but becomes weaker in the third generation and seems to disappear in the fourth generation. Social implications Empirical estimates of how long the cultural traits embodied in a new immigrant are sustained in the newly adopted country are essential to the appraisal of the current apparent segregation of immigrants in the USA. Originality/value This paper focuses on the under-researched area of the dynamic properties of immigrants’ trust by using large data sets from social surveys. The authors examine this cultural assimilation across different cohorts and generations.
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Katz, Michael B., Mark J. Stern, and Jamie J. Fader. "The Mexican Immigration Debate." Social Science History 31, no. 2 (2007): 157–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013717.
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This article uses census microdata to address key issues in the Mexican immigration debate. First, we find striking parallels in the experiences of older and newer immigrant groups with substantial progress among second- and subsequent-generation immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Mexican Americans. Second, we contradict a view of immigrant history that contends that early–twentieth–century immigrants from southern and eastern Europe found well–paying jobs in manufacturing that facilitated their ascent into the middle class. Both first and second generations remained predominantly working class until after World War II. Third, the erosion of the institutions that advanced earlier immigrant generations is harming the prospects of Mexican Americans. Fourth, the mobility experience of earlier immigrants and of Mexicans and Mexican Americans differed by gender, with a gender gap opening among Mexican Americans as women pioneered the path to white–collar and professional work. Fifth, public–sector and publicly funded employment has proved crucial to upward mobility, especially among women. The reliance on public employment, as contrasted to entrepreneurship, has been one factor setting the Mexican and African American experience apart from the economic history of most southern and eastern European groups as well as from the experiences of some other immigrant groups today.
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Kasselstrand, Isabella, and Setareh Mahmoudi. "Secularization among immigrants in Scandinavia: Religiosity across generations and duration of residence." Social Compass 67, no. 4 (August 18, 2020): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768620948478.
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The integration of religious minorities within the secularized West has been a recurring topic of scholarly interest. Previous studies show that religious identities are shaped by family background and social context. Using data from the European Social Survey, this study turns to Scandinavia, the most secular region of the world, to examine religious salience among immigrants over time and across generations. The findings reveal that on most measures, second-generation immigrants are more secular than the first generation, but more religious than their native peers. However, individuals with one immigrant and one native parent are less likely to identify with a religion than other groups, including the native majority. Furthermore, among first-generation immigrants, there is a negative relationship between the duration of residence and religiosity. This study argues for the fluidity of religiosity among immigrants and the secularizing effect of structural agents on the salience of religious identities.
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Maskileyson, Dina, Moshe Semyonov, and Eldad Davidov. "In Search of the Healthy Immigrant Effect in Four West European Countries." Social Inclusion 7, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2330.
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The present research examines whether the ‘healthy immigrant effect’ thesis observed in the American context prevails also in the West European context. According to this thesis, immigrants are likely to be healthier than comparable nativeborn. Data for the analysis are obtained from the Generations and Gender Survey for the following countries: Austria, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Ordered logit regression models are estimated to compare the health of immigrants with the native-born population. The findings reveal that in all countries, immigrants tend to report poorer health than comparable third generation native-born Europeans, and that health disparities between second and third generation are smaller than health disparities between first-generation members and native-born regardless of second- or thirdgeneration membership. The findings in the West-European countries do not lend support to the healthy immigrant effect. We attribute the differences between the United States and the West European countries to differential selection processes and differences in healthcare policies.
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Figlio, David, and Umut Özek. "Cross-Generational Differences in Educational Outcomes in the Second Great Wave of Immigration." Education Finance and Policy 15, no. 4 (October 2020): 648–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00283.
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We use matched birth records and longitudinal student records in Florida to investigate whether first-, second-, and third-generation Asian and Hispanic immigrants have different educational success (measured by test scores, disciplinary problems, truancy, high school graduation, and college readiness). We find that, for both Asian and Hispanic students, early-arriving first generation immigrants perform better than do second-generation immigrants, who perform better than third-generation immigrants. The earlier the arrival, the better the students tend to perform. There is therefore a general pattern of successively reduced achievement in the generations following the generation that immigrated to the United States.
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Peguero, Anthony A., Jennifer M. Bondy, and Jun Sung Hong. "Social Bonds Across Immigrant Generations." Youth & Society 49, no. 6 (December 9, 2014): 733–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x14560335.
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The focus of this study is to investigate school bonding among adolescents in immigrant families using a segmented assimilation theoretical framework. Data are drawn from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, a nationally representative sample of 10th graders. We focus on a subsample consisting of 9,870 first- ( N = 1,170, 12 %), second- ( N = 1,540, 16 %), and third-plus-generation ( N = 7,160, 73%) students in 580 public schools. Our findings suggest that adolescents’ school bond seems to diminish or “decline” as the children of immigrants assimilate. Implications for research on racial/ethnic and immigrant generational disparities in adolescent social bonds to school are also discussed.
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Giuliani, Cristina, Semira Tagliabue, and Camillo Regalia. "Psychological well-being, multiple identities, and discrimination among first and second generation immigrant Muslims." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1434.
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Given the growing number of Muslim immigrants in Western countries, there is a need for research focusing on their psychological well-being and correlates. The present study investigated whether perceived discrimination is associated with depression and satisfaction with migration through the mediating role of several identity dimensions (ethnic, national, and religious) among 204 first and second generation adult Muslim immigrants living in Italy. They participated in structured interviews, and a multi-group path analysis model was conducted using Mplus. While the impact of perceived discrimination on psychological well-being was modest for first generation Muslims, in the case of second generation Muslims perceived discrimination was directly associated with lower psychological well-being (higher depression and lower satisfaction with the migration decision) and indirectly associated with satisfaction with migration through the mediation of national and religious identity. The higher the levels of discrimination that second generation Muslims perceived, the weaker their national (host country) identity and the greater their religious identification. In turn, national and religious identities were associated with respectively higher and lower levels of satisfaction regarding their migration decision. The findings showed clear differences between first and second generation immigrant groups, revealing that perceived discrimination represents an obstacle to integration processes more for second generation immigrants than for first generations.
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Chababi, Maria, Samia Chreim, and Martine Spence. "Are They Really Different: The Entrepreneurial Process from the Perspective of First and Second Generation Immigrant Entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Culture 25, no. 03 (September 2017): 263–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495817500108.
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There is limited research on similarities and differences in entrepreneurial experiences of first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs. Using in-depth interviews with Lebanese entrepreneurs in two Canadian cities, we analyze how entrepreneurs belonging to two different generations of immigrants experience and enact opportunity identification and assessment, and business development and operation. The analysis shows that first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs diverge in their views of macro-institutional structures (such as regulation), risk, trust, and the role of divine providence in the entrepreneurial venture. The findings highlight the importance of understanding how first generation immigrant entrepreneurs’ past frames — developed in the pre-migration context — interact with the environment in the country of settlement in shaping entrepreneurial undertaking. The study also highlights second generation immigrant entrepreneurs’ perceived similarities to and differences from mainstream entrepreneurs. Implications for research and policy are addressed.
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Soydas, Yasemin, and Torgeir Aleti. "Immigrant and second-generation Turkish entrepreneurs in Melbourne Australia." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 21, no. 2 (April 13, 2015): 154–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-11-2013-0185.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the key differences between first- and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurs in their path to entrepreneurship. The aim of the study is to better understand entrepreneurial motivations amongst immigrants by comparing first- and second-generation entrepreneurs in their motivation for business entry, reliance on co-ethnic market, use of social and financial capital, business planning and marketing practices. Design/methodology/approach – Using an interpretivist approach and a qualitative design, this study comprises 20 in-depth interviews with first- and second-generation Turkish entrepreneurs (TEs) in Melbourne, Australia. Turks in Australia were chosen because of their high level of entrepreneurial activity. In order to uncover deep-seeded motivations, participants were interviewed in a face-to-face format guided by a semi-structured interview guide. Findings – The second-generation TEs were distinctively different from their first-generation counterparts in motivation for business entry, business establishment and use of ethnicity. The analysis shows that although the generations differ in their approach to business establishment, they both appear to be drawn to entrepreneurship based on “pull factors”. This is in contrast with previous literature suggesting that first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs were motivated by “push factors”. Originality/value – This paper suggests that both first- and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurs are “pulled” into entrepreneurship voluntarily. While the first-generation entrepreneurs seem to be motivated/pulled by financial reasons, the second generation are motivated by opportunity recognition, status and ambition. Nevertheless, a lack of trust in government support agency is found within both generations. Thus, outreach activities towards entrepreneurial immigrant communities may have positive effects for the economy as well as in the integration of ethnic enclaves.
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Salerno, Stacy, John Taylor, and Quentin K. Kilpatrick. "Immigrant Generation, Stress Exposure, and Substance Abuse among a South Florida Sample of Hispanic Young Adults." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311984301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119843017.
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Existing research finds that succeeding immigrant generations are at greater risk for mental health problems as well as higher levels of substance use. Previous studies have attempted to unpack the role of acculturation stress, discrimination, and other factors in these outcomes. Using data from a community-based sample of Miami-Dade County young adults, we use an empirically and theoretically precise measurement of generational status, allowing us to better understand the process of acculturation and adaptation experienced by each generation. Our results are consistent with theories on the relationship between exposure to social stress and substance use. We find that first-generation immigrants have less exposure to social stress and as a consequence are at a decreased risk for involvement in substance use compared to second- and third-generation immigrants, who report being exposed to higher levels of social stress and higher levels of substance use.
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Saar, Ellu, Siim Krusell, and Jelena Helemae. "Russian-Speaking Immigrants in Post-Soviet Estonia: Towards Generation Fragmentation or Integration in Estonian Society." Sociological Research Online 22, no. 2 (May 2017): 96–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.4228.
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The disadvantages experienced by immigrants in education and labour markets have been of growing concern in many countries in recent years. However, little research has been undertaken on ethnic inequalities in labour markets in Eastern Europe, and especially in post-Soviet societies. This article considers the integration of the immigrant population into the labour market in post-Soviet Estonia, where the context and peculiarities of the arrived population are quite different from the assumptions of Western immigrant integration theories. The Russian-speaking population arrived in Estonia after World War II as internal migrants, because Estonia was part of the Soviet Union. A remarkably high proportion of them were well educated. After Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the context of integration changed radically, and the legal status of internal Soviet Union migrants was redefined. To account for these societal and political changes, we suggest making an analytical distinction between generations of immigrants in a demographic sense (being born in Estonia) and an integrational sense (becoming an integral part of the host society, in the labour market - having more similar patterns to those of the native population in the context of labour market outcomes). This distinction impacts differently on different age cohorts and we analysed outcomes of labour market integration alongside both nativity generations and age cohorts. Our analysis based on the 2011-2013 Labour Force Surveys shows that, while in most Western countries there are tendencies of convergence between natives and second-generation immigrants regarding structural integration, in Estonia the dynamics are different. The net disadvantage of young second-generation immigrants relative to their Estonian counterparts is either more pronounced compared to the disadvantage of their ‘parents’ age cohort relative to their Estonian peers (with regard to the risks of unemployment or chances of obtaining a high occupational position) or becoming less pronounced, but only for the highly educated portion of second generations (in terms of self-assessed over-education).
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Duncan, Brian, and Stephen J. Trejo. "Identifying the Later-Generation Descendants of U.S. Immigrants: Issues Arising from Selective Ethnic Attrition." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 677, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218763293.
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Evaluating the long-term socioeconomic integration of immigrants in the United States requires analyses of differences between foreign-born and U.S.-born residents, as well as analyses across generations of the U.S.-born. Regrettably, though, standard data sources used to study these populations provide very limited information pertaining to generation. As a result, research on the U.S.-born descendants of immigrants often relies on the use of subjective measures of racial/ethnic identification. Because ethnic attachments tend to fade across generations, these subjective measures might miss a significant portion of the later-generation descendants of immigrants. Moreover, if such “ethnic attrition” is selective on socioeconomic attainment, it can distort assessments of integration and generational progress. We discuss evidence that suggests that ethnic attrition is sizable and selective for the second- and third-generation populations of key Hispanic and Asian national-origin groups, and that correcting for the resulting biases is likely to raise the socioeconomic standing of the U.S.-born descendants of most Hispanic immigrants relative to their Asian counterparts.
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Catron, Peter. "The Melting-Pot Problem? The Persistence and Convergence of Premigration Socioeconomic Status During the Age of Mass Migration." Social Forces 99, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 366–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz146.
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Abstract long-standing debate is concerned over how long premigration socioeconomic differences persisted for immigrants and their descendants who entered at the turn-of-the-twentieth century. Some researchers argue that differences exist today, over one-hundred years after first arrival, while others argue that most differences disappeared after the third generation. However, none of this research has directly measured premigration socioeconomic status nor has it directly linked immigrants to their children. I create a new panel dataset that follows immigrants and their children from the sending country through settlement. Specifically, I link ship manifest records to census records to track how long premigration socioeconomic differences persist across generations. Passenger records provide a wealth of information of individuals including the occupation before arrival. I analyze how long premigration differences persist within and between groups. Although premigration socioeconomic status is associated with the first generation’s economic outcomes after settlement, many of these differences disappear by the second generation. These results suggest that background is not destiny for immigrant descendants. As scholars and politicians debate about whether countries should admit primarily high-skilled or low-skilled immigrants, the results from this article tell us whether such selection policies are necessary to ensure strong migrants’ performance in a period of open borders.
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ESHNAZAROVA, Aikanysh, and Beishenbek TOKTOGULOV. "Özgön’den Konya’ya Uzanan Göç: Tacigül Özgen Küntüz’un Kimlik ve Anavatana Dair Aidiyet Duygusunu İfade Etme Biçimi." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 7, no. 13 (July 10, 2021): 353–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.6.1.7.13.17.
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First generation diasporic immigrants, who have diasporic experience due to the trauma of forced migration, have a strong sense of belonging to the homeland. Even, they can transfer this sense of belonging to the next generations without losing its liveliness. In addition, the sense of belonging to the homeland is an important factor affecting the identity formation of the next generations. This study aims to investigate the second-generation member of the diasporic immigrant Özgen family, the painter Tacigül Özgen Küntüz's sense of belonging to the region of origin, her identity formation process and the way she expresses them. The study will deal with the works created by the painter in terms of identity and belonging.
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Furnham, Adrian, and Ying Har Li. "The Psychological Adjustment of the Chinese Community in Britain." British Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 1 (January 1993): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.1.109.
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The psychological health and adjustment to life in Britain of a sample of first- and second-generation Chinese immigrants were measured. It was predicted that problems with the English language, inadequate social support, value differences, and unfulfilled expectations would induce more symptoms of psychological distress and depression in first-generation than in second-generation Chinese immigrants. Overall psychological hearth, and hence adjustment, was good. There was evidence for language problems and unfulfilled expectations, but not social support and value differences, being linked to mental health in the second generation. Evidence linking mental health to other personal variables was found in both generations.
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Acolin, Arthur. "Housing trajectories of immigrants and their children in France: Between integration and stratification." Urban Studies 56, no. 10 (September 13, 2018): 2021–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018782656.
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Immigrants have been found to exhibit different housing tenure patterns from the rest of the population in a number of contexts. This article tests whether observed differences in tenure in France can be explained by differences in socio-demographic characteristics or whether unexplained differences might result from housing market mechanisms that affect immigrants differentially from the rest of the population, and extends this to the second generation. The article relies on data from TeO, a survey of 21,761 persons designed to oversample and identify immigrants and their children, providing information about the outcomes of children of immigrants that is otherwise lacking in French statistics. The results indicate that while immigrants are significantly less likely to be homeowners, even after controlling for compositional difference, the gap in homeownership between the second generation and the rest of the population is smaller and not statistically significant. This suggests a progressive integration in the housing market over time and over generations rather than overall stratified housing trajectories. Differences in terms of the share of social housing residents, the level of residential crowding, and housing and neighbourhood characteristics also decline across generations. However, children of immigrants from some non-European origins are experiencing higher levels of stratification than other groups, with continued significant differences in tenure.
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Portes, Alejandro, and Richard Schauffler. "Language and the Second Generation: Bilingualism Yesterday and Today." International Migration Review 28, no. 4 (December 1994): 640–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800402.
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The language adaptation of second generation children is explored in the context of the history of linguistic absorption and bilingualism in America. Strong nativist pressures toward monolingualism have commonly led to the extinction of immigrant languages in two or three generations. Contemporary fears of loss of English dominance are based on rapid immigration during recent decades and the emergence of linguistic enclaves in several cities around the country. This article explores the extent of language transition and the resilience of immigrant languages on the basis of data from south Florida, one of the areas most heavily affected by contemporary immigration. Results from a sample of 2,843 children of immigrants in the area indicate that: 1) knowledge of English is near universal; 2) preference for English is almost as high, even among children educated in immigrant-sponsored bilingual schools; 3) preservation of parental languages varies inversely with length of U.S. residence and residential locations away from areas of ethnic concentration. Hypotheses about other determinants of bilingualism are examined in a multivariate framework. The relationships of bilingualism to educational attainment and educational and occupational aspirations are also explored.
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Folmer, Jetske. "Dutch immigrants in New Zealand." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 15, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.15.2.01fol.
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Abstract This article contains a report of a case study on language shift and language loss in three generations of a Dutch immigrant family in New Zealand carried out in 1990/1991 (Folmer 1991). Language shift refers to the shift from Dutch to English and language loss to the loss of the mother tongue Dutch. In addition to language shift and loss, the personal linguistic history of the subjects and their (language) attitudes were examined; these topics are only discussed indirectly in this article. One first generation member, five members of the second generation and two third generation children took part in the investigation. The instruments used were an analysis of letters, an interview, a domain questionnaire, an editing test and a correction test. It was found that language shift increases with each generation. The factors education, exogamy, (language) attitudes and age also proved to be important. Furthermore, the type of domain or activity made a difference. In both the first and the second generation the degree of language loss in Dutch was rather low. Some trends in the loss process were established and certain word classes turned out to be more problematic than others.
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Baumann, Martin, and Rebekka Christine Khaliefi. "Muslim and Buddhist Youths in Switzerland: Individualising Religion and Striving for Recognition?" Social Inclusion 8, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i3.3071.
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Since the second half of the 20th century, immigrants and refugees from numerous countries have arrived in Switzerland. With their long-term settlement, the immigrant minorities have established cultural and religious associations to maintain their cultural and religious traditions and to teach their children the faith and religious practices from the country of origin. In contrast to the first immigrant generation, the second generation has had concurrent social influences from the Swiss ordinary school system and the cultural-religious traditions of their parents. This article asks to what extent the young generations have continued the religious traditions brought by their parents and what changes have occurred in adapting religious practices, ideas and collective forms to the new socio-cultural environment. In addition, we study whether and how the second generations have striven to move away from the often-marginalised social position of their parents and engage with social recognition in Swiss society. To provide answers to these pertinent questions, the article will draw on the examples of first and second-generation Muslims and Buddhists in Switzerland and refer to the theoretical model designed by the American scholars Fred Kniss and Paul Numrich. The article argues that not only outward changes of religiosity are observable among second-generation youths, but also that despite an intensified degree of individualisation, some of their newly founded youth associations strive for civic participation and social recognition in the public arena of Swiss civil society.
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Schnell, Philipp. "The social well-being of second-generation Turks in two Austrian cities." Migration Letters 11, no. 3 (September 18, 2014): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v11i3.225.
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The most recent Austrian Integration Report indicates that a substantial proportion of Turkish immigrants do not feel at home in Austria. Whether these lower levels of social well-being also apply to the Turkish first, second or follow-up generations in Austria is uncertain. This article aims to fill this gap by asking how the Turkish second generation perceives their social inclusion into Austrian society. Results based on the TIES survey reveal that social well-being is largely determined by immigrants’ socio-economic achievements as well as by experiences of discrimination in their educational and occupational trajectories and daily life. Intergenerational progress is also found to be positively related with social well-being but at a much lower level.
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Bélinki, Karmela. "Historic development in immigrant novels: the Jewish conflict in Anzia Yezierska's bread givers and Herman Wouk's Majorie Morningstar." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69470.
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The two novels of this paper, Anzia Yezierska’s Bread Givers and Herman Wouk´s Marjorie Morningstar, represent sequent generations in American Jewish immigrant literature. Bread Givers (1925) is partly an autobiographical novel, the story of an American Jewish immigrant girl in conflict with her traditional role as the servile daughter of a demanding father and the growing impact of American society. Marjorie Morningstar (1955) treats basically the same theme, the clash between tradition and transition, although from the point of view of second generation immigrants. The basic fears of assimilation and loss of identity in the Jewish sense are still there. Both novels also focus on the role of women and particularly the changing role of Jewish women.
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Zubair, Hassan Bin, and Nighat Ahmed. "Exploring Bicultural Ambivalence in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake: Representational Diasporic Identities in Indian Anglophone Fiction." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 6 (July 29, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n6p98.
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This paper explores the cultural ambivalence and bicultural identity issues in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. This Indian Anglophone novel carries different diasporic sensibilities. Issues of marriage and culture are very prominent with the importance of family relationships in the context of immigrant feelings and loss of identity. Unconditional love and acceptance of family relations emerge victorious at the end of the narrative. The writer shares the second generation migrant experience since they were born to parents who immigrated and settled to United States. While migrants from some of the Asian states, mainly those characterized by most recent immigrant waves, have really worse socio-economic situation than average immigrants; Indians people are rather prosperous minorities. Theories presented by Bhabha, Clifford and Appadurai about culture and diaspora support this research. Lahiri do not portray immigrants’ lives as a struggle to survive but rather concentrate on their affiliation to the country into which they arrived and also on their relationship with their American-born children. This research is helpful to know about the concerns associated with the liminal space and issues related to identity loss of first and second generations and living with a bicultural identity.
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Abada, Teresa, Feng Hou, and Bali Ram. "Ethnic Differences in Educational Attainment among the Children of Canadian Immigrants." Canadian Journal of Sociology 34, no. 1 (December 12, 2008): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs1651.
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Abstract
Using the 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey, this article examines the ethnic differences in university education attainment among the children of immigrants in Canada. We found that most groups achieve clear upward mobility across generations, while Blacks and Filipinos show signs of stagnation. Asians (with the exception of Filipinos) attain higher academic achievements than most groups of European origins even when accounting for group variations in family background, and social and ethnic capital. Parental education was important in explaining the relatively low university completion rates among the second generation Portuguese and Italians. Rural residence of the father’s generation was an important factor for the second generation Dutch and German youth, reflecting the different settlement patterns of these various groups. Our findings suggest that race/ethnicity has become a salient factor in educational stratification.
Keywords: ethnicity, mobility, education, second generation, immigrants
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Eseverri-Mayer, Cecilia. "Self-Identification in a Spanish barrio and a French banlieue: The Case of North African Second Generations." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 8, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/640.
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This comparative and qualitative research examines the types of ethnic, racial, religious, and social identification that North-African second generations adopted in a banlieue of Paris and a peripheral barrio of Madrid. Four types of self-identification were detected in the neighborhood of Les Bosquets (Paris) and three in the neighborhood of San Cristobal (Madrid). In Les Bosquets, isolation, Islamophobia and the relationships with the police give rise to a "reactive ethnicity"; a new conservative Islam gains many followers ("Muslim self-identification"); race appears for the first time as an element of self-identification ("indigenous self-identification”) and secularism has waned (“laïc self-identification”). In San Cristóbal, a significant share still feels like immigrants (“immigrant identification”); a new Spanish-Muslim generation (“hybrid self-identification”) is born, and the most vulnerable youth adopt a conservative Islam while simultaneously developing a sense of “neighborhood pride” and identification with the working class (“neighborhood identification”).
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Boyd, Monica, and Amanda Couture-Carron. "Cross-Nativity Partnering and the Political Participation of Immigrant Generations." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 662, no. 1 (October 11, 2015): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215594630.
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This article defines cross-nativity intermarriage in four generations of Canadians and explores whether cross-nativity partnering is associated with political assimilation—in this case, similarity in voting and political activities between immigrants with native-born partners and third-plus-generation immigrants. We find that foreign-born residents with Canadian-born partners do not differ from third-plus-generation residents who have Canadian-born partners in their propensities to vote or in the number of political activities in which they participate. Conversely, the foreign-born with foreign-born partners are less likely than the third-plus generation to have voted in a previous federal election; if the foreign-born immigrated later in adolescence or in adulthood, they also are less likely to participate in other political activities. Differences in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics underlie the greater likelihood that second and third-plus generations will engage in political activities.
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Bourque, F., E. van der Ven, and A. Malla. "A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 5 (July 21, 2010): 897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001406.
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BackgroundThere is increasing acceptance of migration as a risk factor for schizophrenia and related disorders; however, the magnitude of the risk among second-generation immigrants (SGIs) remains unclear. Generational differences in the incidence of psychotic disorders among migrants might improve our understanding of the relationship between migration, ethnicity and psychotic disorders. This meta-analysis aimed at determining the risk of psychotic disorders among SGIs in comparison with non-migrants and first-generation immigrants (FGIs).MethodMedline, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were searched systematically for population-based studies on migration and psychotic disorders published between 1977 and 2008. We also contacted experts, tracked citations and screened bibliographies. All potential publications were screened by two independent reviewers in a threefold process. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they reported incidence data, differentiated FGIs from SGIs and provided age-adjusted data. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted for each study.ResultsTwenty-one studies met all inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of 61 effect sizes for FGIs and 28 for SGIs yielded mean-weighted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of 2.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0–2.7] for FGIs and 2.1 (95% CI 1.8–2.5) for SGIs. There was no significant risk difference between generations, but there were significant differences according to ethno-racial status and host country.ConclusionsThe increased risk of schizophrenia and related disorders among immigrants clearly persists into the second generation, suggesting that post-migration factors play a more important role than pre-migration factors or migration per se. The observed variability suggests that the risk is mediated by the social context.
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Bhandari, Nagendra Bahadur. "The Cultural Negotiation: A Shift of Paradigm between First and Second Generation Immigrants in Lahiri’s The Namesake." Prithvi Academic Journal 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/paj.v1i1.25903.
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Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake explores the cultural negotiation of first and second generation Indian immigrants in America. They oscillate between two cultural spaces i.e. Indian and American searching cultural identity. This study makes an attempt to analyze the paradigm shift between the first and second generations in their cultural negotiation. Their experience of identity crisis, the process of assimilation in the host culture, the deculturation and acculturation processes, the reactions to the discriminatory practices and sense of belonging are examined. They are analyzed by using the theoretical concepts of Hall’s cultural identity and Bhabha’s third space. The cultural negotiation experienced by these two generations in diasporic hybrid cultural space renders fluid and unstable cultural identity. However, the differing approaches adopted by these two generations in their cultural negotiation results in diverse experiences.
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Hingorani, Anurag G., Lynne Freeman, and Michelle Agudera. "Impact of Immigration on Native and Ethnic Consumer Identity via Body Image." International Journal of Marketing Studies 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v9n1p27.
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This research focuses on consumer identity of two under-researched but growing immigrant communities in Australia via the lens of the body image construct. Consistent with an emerging stream of research, body image is viewed as a part of identity. Given the variety of goods and services that have an impact on consumers’ perceptions of their body, and because consumers use products to create and convey desired identities, body image is also viewed as a part of consumer identity. Considering literature on identity, body image, and acculturation, exploratory research was undertaken to determine the impact of immigration on the identities of both immigrants and natives. Specifically, focus groups were conducted on two generations of Filipino- and Indian-Australian women as well as Anglo-Australian women. It was found that second generation immigrants have dual consumer identities where they balance the values, attitudes and lifestyles of both their home (i.e., native or heritage) and host cultures whereas first generation immigrants tend to retain their native consumer identity even if they appear to adopt values, attitudes, and lifestyles of the host culture. The impact of immigrants on consumer identities of native residents who are typically in the majority (i.e., the Anglo group) was not evident. Theoretical and practical implications including recommendations for marketing practitioners are then discussed followed by suggestions for future research.
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Gillespie, Brian Joseph, Georgiana Bostean, and Stefan Malizia. "Timing of Departure From the Parental Home: Differences by Immigrant Generation and Parents’ Region of Origin." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 42, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986320916424.
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Drawing on immigrant adaptation and life course perspectives, this study explores reasons for differences in the timing of young adults’ departure from the parental home. We extend existing research by examining: (a) associations between home-leaving, and immigrant generation and parental region of origin, and (b) the role of parental language use in the home as a moderator of these associations. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 ( N = 5,994), we used Cox proportional hazard regressions to estimate the risk of home-leaving. Results revealed that 3+ generation immigrants are most likely to leave home, followed by second, 1.75, and 1.5 generation. Youth whose parents were from Latin America were least likely to leave compared with those with parents from other regions. Parental language spoken at home is a moderator such that, net of controls, youth with Latin American parents are less likely to leave the parental home than those with U.S.-born parents when their parents speak a language other than English at home. Findings contribute to the immigration literature by examining nuanced differences among immigrants of different generations and origins, and pointing to multiple factors that contribute to differences in the timing of the transition out of the parental home.
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Ruiz, Bienvenido, Ramon S. Guerra, Arlett S. Lomeli, Rolando R. Longoria, and Billy James Ulibarrí. "The Catholic Church and Mexican American Social Mobility in the Postwar Midwest: Evidence from Life and Family Histories." Social Currents 5, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496517704870.
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Religious affiliation has long been recognized as a relevant factor among the variables that intervene in the integration of immigrants to American society. While previous generations of many predominantly Roman Catholic ethnic groups are thought to have been helped along their way to assimilation by strong institutional support from American Catholic church institutions, Latinos, and in particular Mexican Americans, are considered an exception. This study examines the role that inclusion in Catholic institutions played in the social mobility experienced by multigenerational families of Mexican immigrant origin in the Midwest during the decades between 1945 and 1975. The analysis of life and family histories collected from in-depth interviews with older second- and third-generation Mexican Americans illustrates how integration into urban Catholic institutions and communities was instrumental in the upward social mobility observed in many of their family trajectories during the postwar decades. In particular, access to parochial schools and other institutions in the Catholic educational system once provided the children and grandchildren of Mexican immigrants the forms of human and social capital that allowed many in that generation to attain social mobility.
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Tezcan, Tolga. "First-generation circular migrants involved in the upbringing of their grandchildren: the case of Turkish immigrants in Germany." Ageing and Society 41, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000953.
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AbstractFollowing retirement, older immigrants increasingly tend to engage in circular migration. This back-and-forth movement introduces a variety of challenges affecting the nature of grandparenthood as well as grandparental involvement in the upbringing of grandchildren. For circular migrant grandparents, maintaining intergenerational relationships requires them to overcome not only geographic distances, but also linguistic and cultural differences. In families with circular migrant grandparents, intergenerational conflict often springs from disparate generational exposure to acculturation processes, producing divergent aspirations within the first and second generations regarding the upbringing of the third generation. This study explores how first-generation Turkish circular migrant grandparents attempt to raise grandchildren who reside in Germany by implementing ‘cultural and instrumental transfers’. This study undertakes a qualitative approach: semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of first-generation Turkish circular migrant grandparents (N = 40). The analysis finds that child-care assistance is characterised by intergenerational conflict – rather than solidarity or altruistic support – between the first and second generations. Moreover, through transnational arranged marriages, as a cultural transfer, and inter vivos gifts, as an instrumental transfer, grandparents encourage their grandchildren to return to Turkey permanently.
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Caron, Louise. "An Intergenerational Perspective on (Re)migration: Return and Onward Mobility Intentions across Immigrant Generations." International Migration Review 54, no. 3 (December 13, 2019): 820–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319885646.
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This article compares the prevalence and determinants of international mobility intentions across immigrant generations (G1, G1.5, G2, and G2.5), using French survey data. Two types of migration intentions are analyzed: (a) return to the (parents’) origin country and (b) onward migration to a third country. Results highlight migration intentions’ intergenerational variation and underlying logics. The probability to state return intentions is larger for G1 yet surprisingly similar to the stated return intentions for G2. By contrast, G2.5 (one immigrant and one French native parent) stand out as they are primarily characterized by onward migration intentions and are significantly less likely to consider “returning” to their sole immigrant parents’ origin country. Echoing the conceptual framework of “reactive transnationalism” or “reactive ethnicity,” the specific determinant of G2 return intentions appears to be their perception of discrimination. These findings show the value of (a) disaggregating the traditional first versus second generation dichotomy to understand the complexity of migration intentions and (b) including countries other than the parental homeland when studying second-generation transnational practices. More broadly, the article contributes to a better understanding of integration mechanisms by using migration intentions not only as proxies for population movements but also as a valuable framework providing empirical insights into immigrants’ personal relationship to both the country of residence and expected destination.
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Milewski, Nadja. "Erwerbsbeteiligung und Einstellungen zur Familie von türkischen Migrantinnen im Generationenvergleich." Journal of Family Research 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-163.
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The extent of labour force participation of women with a Turkish migration background in Germany is lower than that of women of other ethnic origins or that of non-migrant women. In this study, we focus on a within-group comparison of the labour force participation among Turkish women. Using data of the Generations and Gender Survey (2005/ 2006), we distinguish between first and second immigrant generations. The study pays special attention to both the human and social capital approach and aspects of intergenerational transmission and solidarity between generations. In line with the human capital theory, a strong increase in labour force participation can be noted among women belonging to the second migrant generation: Whereas only about 34 per cent of first generation immigrants participate in the workforce, the share among the second generation amounts to about 60 per cent. In addition to family status and education, mothers’ employment is found to increase the likelihood of the daughter’s participation in the workforce. Also, more egalitarian gender role attitudes favour a higher degree of employment.
Zusammenfassung
Die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland ist geringer als die anderer Migrantengruppen und als die von Frauen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Diese Studie untersucht mit Daten des Generations and Gender Survey (2005/2006), inwiefern sich Frauen der ersten und zweiten Migrantengenerationen hinsichtlich ihrer Erwerbsbeteiligung unterscheiden und welche Faktoren dafür ursächlich sind. In Einklang mit der Humankapitaltheorie lässt sich für die zweite Generation eine stark gesteigerte Erwerbsbeteiligung feststellen: Während in der ersten Generation nur etwa 34 Prozent der Frauen einer Beschäftigung nachgehen, beteiligen sich rund 63 Prozent in der zweiten Generation am Arbeitsmarkt. Besondere Berücksichtigung erfährt der Sozialkapitalansatz bzw. Aspekte intergenerationaler Transmission und Solidarität. Demnach übt – neben Bildung und Familienstand ? eine Erwerbstätigkeit der Mutter einen Einfluss auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Tochter aus, und stärker egalitäre Genderrolleneinstellungen begünstigen eine Erwerbstätigkeit.
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Becker, Charlotte Clara. "The Influence of a Migration Background on Attitudes Towards Immigration." Social Inclusion 7, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2317.
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Migration is an ever-increasing phenomenon that is unfailingly the topic of public discourse. Recently, empirical interest has expanded to include the study of attitudes towards immigration. However, the focus usually lies on the opinion of natives, that is, persons without a migration background. This is unfortunate, because in many countries the proportion of people with a migration background is quite high, and many of them hold the citizenship of the receiving country. I expect individuals with a migration background to have more favourable attitudes towards immigration than the general population because they can identify more strongly with other immigrants due to their own migration history. Furthermore, I expect this difference to decrease with each subsequent migrant generation, with earlier generations holding more positive attitudes than later generations. For the analyses, I pooled data from the 2008–2016 rounds of the American General Social Survey. The subsample used included 7,362 respondents, 2,811 of whom had a migration background. Moreover, the data set allowed the differentiation of three generations of migrants. The results support the theoretical expectations. Persons with a migration background had more favourable attitudes towards immigration compared to those without a migration background. However, a closer look revealed that this is the case only for first-generation immigrants. The attitudes of second- and third-generation immigrants differed from each other on the 5% level, but the attitudes of neither group differed from that of the general population when the migrants’ regional origins were controlled for.
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Razum, Oliver, Katharina Reiss, Jürgen Breckenkamp, Lutz Kaufner, Silke Brenne, Kayvan Bozorgmehr, Theda Borde, and Matthias David. "Comparing provision and appropriateness of health care between immigrants and non-immigrants in Germany using the example of neuraxial anaesthesia during labour: cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e015913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015913.
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ObjectiveResearch on health services for immigrants has mostly been concerned with access barriers but rarely with appropriateness and responsiveness of care. We assessed whether appropriateness and responsiveness of care depend on migration status, using provision of neuraxial anaesthesia (NA) during labour as indicator. In relation to their migration status, we analysed whether (1) women undergoing elective or secondary/urgent secondary caesarean sections (ESCS) appropriately receive NA (instead of general anaesthesia), (2) women delivering vaginally appropriately receive NA and (3) women objecting to NA, for example, for religious reasons, may deliver vaginally without receiving NA (provider responsiveness).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThree obstetric hospitals in Berlin, Germany.MethodsQuestionnaire survey covering 6391 women with migration history (first and second generations) and non-immigrant women giving birth; data linkage with routine obstetric data. We assessed the effects of migrant status, German language proficiency, religion and education on the provision of NA (primary outcome) after adjusting for other maternal and obstetric parameters.ResultsThe chance of receiving NA for elective/ESCS was independent of migrant status after controlling for confounding variables (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.93, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.33). In vaginal deliveries, first (but not second) generation women (aOR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.95), women with low German language skills (aOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.99) and women with low educational attainment (aOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.82) had lower chances of receiving NA; there was no evidence of overprovision among women with strong affinity to Islam (aOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.94).ConclusionsWe found evidence for underprovision of care among first-generation immigrants, among women with low German language proficiency and particularly among all women with low educational attainment, irrespective of migration status. There was no evidence for overprovision of care to immigrant women, either inappropriately (general anaesthesia for ESCS) or because of low provider responsiveness (no opt-out for NA in vaginal delivery).
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Pasamonik, Barbara. "Kultura i ekonomia w procesie integracji muzułmanów europejskich." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 54, no. 3 (August 20, 2010): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2010.54.3.8.
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The clash between the West and Islam in Western Europe has a double character: religious and sexual. A new World Value Survey shows that we differ extremely in attitudes toward gender equality and sexual liberalization. The sexual clash of civilizations appears not only inside the societies receiving immigrants but also within the immigrant societies and through immigrants’ children. The West and Islam are not monolithic opposite sides of conflict — Europeans and Muslims express a wide spectrum of attitudes on moral issues. Europeans and Muslims want democracy, but the Muslims want sharia as a source of legislation too. The clash of cultures in Europe is provoked by economic recession. The clash of values between the second and the third immigrant generations, and between man and woman is especially pronounced in French Muslim suburbs. Unemployed fathers have lost their position to “older brothers”, who imposed the specific “macho-culture” oppressive to young women, which are perceived to be too liberal.
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Alghaberi, Jameel, and Sanjay Mukherjee. "Identity and Diasporic Trauma in Mira Jacob's “The Sleepwalker's Guide to Dancing”." English Studies at NBU 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/esnbu.21.1.4.
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This article explores the assimilation politics in Mira Jacob’s Novel The Sleepwalker’s Guide to Dancing (2013). The intersection of memory, trauma, and mourning with reference to immigrant experience is discussed. In terms of assimilation, Barkan’s six stage model is critiqued, and diasporic ‘hybridity’ is proposed as an alternative to the notion of total assimilation. In the analysis of traumatic experience, the paper makes reference to Caruth’s formulations of the ‘abreactive model’. The Sleepwalker’s Guide to Dancing (2013) is a transcultural text that represents the gap that truly exists between the first-generation immigrants and their offspring. It is a typical trauma novel featuring timeless and unspeakable experiences. The novel does not present a postcolonial collective trauma but invariably an example of diasporic imagined trauma. By presenting two contrasting generations in her novel, Mira Jacob attempts to highlight the dilemmas that baffle diasporas in the United States particularly of those that resist assimilation. Much of the narrative projects the haunting presence of home, and the anguish of personal loss experienced by first generation immigrants. Moreover, the novel questions the nostalgic and romantic engagements with the past and it promotes a bold affirmation of the culture of the adopted land. In other words, Mira Jacob calls for more genuine engagements with the new culture that the second and the third-generation immigrants are more exposed to than their home culture because their in-between status leaves them with no choice.
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Ricucci, Roberta. "In the Shadow of Bell Towers: The Use of Religious Capital among Christian-Catholic Second Generations in Italy." Social Inclusion 4, no. 2 (April 19, 2016): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i2.496.
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Evidence from some contemporary ethnic groups suggests that ethnic religion may play a strong role in the lives of second generation members. This is evident in recent studies on Muslims living in Europe. But Europe's immigrant population is not just Muslim in origin. Migratory flows from Latin America, the Philippines and Eastern Europe (i.e. Romania or Ukraine) bring people from Catholic and Christian countries to Europe. And—as in the Italian case—these groups are now the majority among the whole immigrant population. Consequently, the almost exclusive focus on the Islamic component has allowed little investigation of the increase of the Christian-Catholic component. The paper describes and compares the religious paths of immigrants’ youth from Peru, the Philippines and Romania, considering the following questions: How do they interact with/develop their religious identity? Is this generation seeking less visible, less participatory means of contact with the church to better integrate with their peers? Or, on the contrary, do they choose, strategically, to reinforce the Catholic part of their identity in order to succeed better in the integration process in a Catholic country?
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Hall-Lew, Lauren, and Rebecca L. Starr. "Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area." English Today 26, no. 3 (August 24, 2010): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078410000155.
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The concept of immigrant generation is complex. Americans use the ordinal designations first-, second-, third-, even ‘1.5’-generation to refer to individuals' varying relationship to their family's moment of immigration. But these terms are much more fluid in practice than the rigidity of the numbers implies, and the nature of that fluidity is changing over time. Furthermore, different waves of immigration mean different experiences of generation identity; a first-generation immigrant in the 1880s entered an American community that was drastically different than the one a first-generation immigrant enters today.One example of these shifts in the meaning of immigrant generation is among Asian Americans across the country, particularly those in California. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between language and immigrant generation with respect to Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California, the region of the United States with the longest history of Chinese immigration and settlement. We focus in particular on the pronunciation of English, drawing on data collected in the Bay Area from 2008–2009 to argue that Chinese cultural and linguistic practices are gaining currency in the wider community. Our discussion looks at the experiences of third and higher immigrant generations, especially as they interact with more recent waves of immigrants, and the resulting dominance of Chinese and other Asian identities across the Bay Area. The layered and rapidly shifting Chinese American experience suggests potential future directions for the study of other immigrant communities in the United States.
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Sharma, Devyani, and Lavanya Sankaran. "Cognitive and social forces in dialect shift: Gradual change in London Asian speech." Language Variation and Change 23, no. 3 (October 2011): 399–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394511000159.
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AbstractThis study examines the retention of a non-native dialect feature by British Asians in London. We examine the use of one Punjabi feature (t-retroflexion) and one British feature (t-glottaling) across three groups: first-generation non-native immigrants and two age groups of second-generation British Asians. Cognitively oriented models predict that non-native features will either be innately blocked (Chambers, 2002) or reallocated by native generations. A socially oriented model allows for more gradual change. Contrary to the cognitive view, the older second generation neither blocks nor clearly reallocates use of t-retroflexion; they closely mirror the first generation's non-native use. However, they simultaneously control nativelike t-glottaling, reflecting a robust bidialectal ability. It is the younger second generation who exhibit focused reallocation in the form and function of t-retroflexion. This 20-year lag corresponds to major changes in demographics and race relations in the community over 5 decades. The study shows that acquisition of the local dialect and retention of exogenous features should be seen as independently constrained rather than as mutually exclusive.
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Brinbaum, Yaël. "Incorporation of Immigrants and Second Generations into the French Labour Market: Changes between Generations and the Role of Human Capital and Origins." Social Inclusion 6, no. 3 (July 30, 2018): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i3.1453.
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This article analyses the labour market incorporation of migrants and second-generation minorities in France. Using the 2013–2017 French Labour Surveys and the 2014 adhoc module, we focus on labour market outcomes—activity, employment, occupation and subjective overqualification—and measure the gaps between ethnic minorities and the majority group by origins, generation and by gender. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these gaps and explain ethnic disadvantages for immigrants, we take into account different factors, such as education, and factors linked to migration—duration of stay in France, language skills, foreign qualifications, nationality—with additional controls for family, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. We also investigate the returns to higher education among second-generation minority members compared to the majority population. We show large differences by country of origins, generation and gender. Across generations, most minority members have made clear progress in terms of access to employment and skilled jobs, but ethnic penalties remain for the descendants of North-Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey. In contrast, Asian second-generation men and women encounter slight advantages in attaining highly-skilled positions. Controlling for tertiary degrees even increases the gap with majority members mostly in access to highly-skills jobs.
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Shmelev, Dmitry. "Muslim Immigration to France in the 20th Century: Causes, Cycles, Problems." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015636-8.
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The article devoted to the problem of Muslim immigration in France in the 20th century. The focus is on the causes of Muslim immigration, its cycles, specificity and consequences for modern French society. Based on a comparison of various statistical data, it stated that Muslim immigration is an integral part of three large waves of immigration flows that took place from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries. The article notes the correlation of the number of Muslim immigrants in France with the global numbers of immigrant arrivals to the country. However, if in the first two waves their number depended on the economic needs of the French economy (Muslims came to earn money), then during the third wave other factors came into play — the creation of stable communities, family reunification, going on stage second and third generations of immigrants, social problems of their arrangement and adaptation to French legal norms and customs. The article notes the specificity of the geographical concentration of the Muslim population, which takes place either near large industrial centers and cities (which makes it easier to find work and social protection), or in places of proximity to their native countries (southern France). Special attention paid to the problem of the evolution of state policy in the admission and integration of immigrants, when various methods tired from assimilation, the adoption of quotas to the policy of flexible regulation of immigration and expulsion of illegal immigrants from the country. The article analyzes the position of the Muslim community in France, the role of Muslim associations in its life, the impact on the socio-cultural life of the French. It can stated that Islam has become the second religion in France, which determines its position — a stable presence in socio-economic life (employment, the spread of the social protection system to immigrants), political (the right to vote, the possibility of creating associations, manifestations), religious (the possibility of worship), cultural (the formation of a specific immigrant subculture).
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Figueiredo, Sandra. "Comparison of Cognitive Performance Between Two Generations of Immigrant School-Aged Children: Child Development Change Over Time." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 19, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 120–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcep-d-18-00033.
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The objective of this research is to comparatively analyze the performance of two generations of children (as first generation of immigrants) attending primary and secondary education in different geographical areas, evaluated in different decades but with equivalent age brackets. Two samples of 169 immigrant school populations in Portugal, with fair immigration criteria, were evaluated for the same verbal reasoning and auditory discrimination tasks in different periods (cohort 1—2001–2009 and cohort 2—2013–2017). The aim is to verify if age remains a differentiating variable of the performance and acuity, as maintained by the critical period hypothesis. That performance referring to two samples evaluated in second language decoding tasks, in different periods. Additionally, to evaluate the emergence of other factors that explain proficiency, cognitive and linguistic discrimination behaviors of two generations of immigrant students in Portugal. The results contribute to a new direction in the analysis and intervention for school groups that are highly diverse in terms of mother tongue and nationalities. The data point to a greater divergence of performance and difficulties not according only to the disparity of ages, but considering the nationality (country of origin and respective educational system). It is also clear, despite just the difference of a decade, how subjects are changing their immigration routes and their cognitive and social development.
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Uilenberg, Sarina. "Codewisseling in een Nederlandse Gemeenschap in Brazilie." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 57 (January 1, 1997): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.57.07uil.
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The present investigation was carried out in Holambra, a community of Dutch origin in Brazil. The goal was to analyze the codeswitching between Dutch and Portuguese practised by the immigrants in their everyday speech, taking into account both grammatical and functional aspects. Moreover, the codeswitching of the first and second generations were compared, focusing on the different motives, the size of switched constituents, and the type of codeswitching. Previous theories suggested a relationship between grammatical characteristics on the one hand, and functions of individual switches, attitudes towards the languages and communities involved, and language ability on the other hand. In this article, results of the three analyses are presented and the language use and codeswitching of the different generations in this community are described. The results show an intermediate generation consisting of the most balanced bilinguals, who codeswitch often and without difficulties, using the full range of both languages. The first and second generations, however, show less diversity in their codeswitching, mainly switching nouns. Finally, suggestions for future investigation are presented.
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HJERN, A., S. WICKS, and C. DALMAN. "Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants – a national cohort study in two generations of Swedish residents." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 6 (August 2004): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170300148x.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Recent reports have indicated that immigrants have an elevated risk of schizophrenia as well as an increasing tendency for social exclusion. The aim of this study was to compare rates of schizophrenia and other psychoses in immigrants and their children of different ethnic groups with the majority population in Sweden in relation to social adversity.Method. The study population consists of a national cohort of 1·47 million adults (born 1929–1965) and 1·16 million children and youth (born 1968–1979) in family households from the national census of 1985. Multivariate Cox regression analyses was used to study hospital discharge data during 1991–2000 in relation to socio-economic household indicators from 1985 and 1990 (single adult household, adults having received social welfare, parental unemployment, urban residency, housing and socio-economic status).Results. First as well as second generation immigrants had higher age and sex adjusted risk ratios for schizophrenia as well as for other psychoses (RRs 1·4–3·1 and 1·0–2·0 respectively) compared with the Swedish majority population. These risk ratios decreased considerably after adjusting for socio-economic indicators, for all groups, but particularly for the non-European immigrants. However, an elevated risk still remained in the Finnish and Eastern and Southern European study groups.Conclusions. A higher risk of schizophrenia and psychoses was found in two generations of immigrants of diverse ethnicity. The results indicate that social adversity contributes to the higher risk.
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Duncan, Brian, and Stephen J. Trejo. "The Complexity of Immigrant Generations: Implications for Assessing the Socioeconomic Integration of Hispanics and Asians." ILR Review 70, no. 5 (November 12, 2016): 1146–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793916679613.
Full textAbstract:
Because of data limitations, virtually all studies of later-generation descendants of immigrants rely on subjective measures of ethnic self-identification rather than arguably more objective measures based on the countries of birth of the respondent and his ancestors. In this context, biases can arise from “ethnic attrition” (e.g., U.S.-born individuals who do not self-identify as Hispanic despite having ancestors who were immigrants from a Spanish-speaking country). Analyzing 2003–2013 data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), the authors show that such ethnic attrition is sizeable and selective for the second- and third-generation populations of key Hispanic and Asian national origin groups. In addition, the results indicate that ethnic attrition generates measurement biases that vary across groups in direction as well as magnitude, and that correcting for these biases is likely to raise the socioeconomic standing of the U.S.-born descendants of Hispanic immigrants relative to their Asian counterparts.