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1
Vijay, Vallabhuni [Verfasser]. "Second Generation Differential Current Conveyor (DCCII) and its Applications / Vallabhuni Vijay." München : GRIN Verlag, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218597151/34.
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Yuan, Weijia. "Second-generation high-temperature superconducting coils and their applications for energy storage." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/229754.
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Since a superconductor has no resistance below a certain temperature and can therefore save a large amount of energy dissipated, it is a 'green' material by saving energy loss and hence reducing carbon emissions. Recently the massive manufacture of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials has enabled superconductivity to become a preferred candidate to help generation and transportation of cleaner energy. One of the most promising applications of superconductors is Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems, which are becoming the enabling engine for improving the capacity, efficiency, and reliability of the electric system. SMES systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil. SMES systems have many advantages compared to other energy storage systems: high cyclic efficiency, fast response time, deep discharge and recharge ability, and a good balance between power density and energy density. Based on these advantages, SMES systems will play an indispensable role in improving power qualities, integrating renewable energy sources and energizing transportation systems. This thesis describes an intensive study of superconducting pancake coils wound using second-generation(2G) HTS materials and their application in SMES systems. The specific contribution of this thesis includes an innovative design of the SMES system, an easily calculated, but theoretically advanced numerical model to analyse the system, extensive experiments to validate the design and model, and a complete demonstration experiment of the prototype SMES system. This thesis begins with literature review which includes the introduction of the background theory of superconductivity and development of SMES systems. Following the literature review is the theoretical work. A prototype SMES system design, which provides the maximum stored energy for a particular length of conductors, has been investigated. Furthermore, a new numerical model, which can predict all necessary operation parameters, including the critical current and AC losses of the system, is presented. This model has been extended to analyse superconducting coils in different situations as well. To validate the theoretical design and model, several superconducting coils, which are essential parts of the prototype SMES system, together with an experimental measurement set-up have been built. The coils have been energized to test their energy storage capability. The operation parameters including the critical current and AC losses have been measured. The results are consistent with the theoretical predictions. Finally the control system is developed and studied. A power electronics control circuit of the prototype SMES system has been designed and simulated. This control circuit can energize or discharge the SMES system dynamically and robustly. During a voltage sag compensation experiment, this SMES prototype monitored the power system and successfully compensated the voltage sag when required. By investigating the process of building a complete system from the initial design to the final experiment, the concept of a prototype SMES system using newly available 2G HTS tapes was validated. This prototype SMES system is the first step towards the implementation of future indsutrial SMES systems with bigger capacities, and the knowledge obtained through this research provides a comprehensive overview of the design of complete SMES systems.
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Drummond, Jose. "An analysis of new functionalities enabled by the second generation of smart meters in Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105604.
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It is commonly agreed among energy experts that smart meters (SMs) are the key component that will facilitate the transition towards the smart grid. Fast-peace innovations in the smart metering infrastructure (AMI) are exposing countless benefits that network operators can obtain when they integrate SMs applications into their daily operations. Following the amendment in 2017, where the Swedish government dictated that all SMs should now include new features such as remote control, higher time resolution for the energy readings and a friendly interface for customers to access their own data; network operators in Sweden are currently replacing their SMs for a new model, also called the second generation of SMs. While the replacement of meters is in progress, many utilities like Hemab are trying to reveal which technical and financial benefits the new generation of SMs will bring to their operations. As a first step, this thesis presents the results of a series of interviews carried out with different network operators in Sweden. It is studied which functionalities have the potential to succeed in the near future, as well as those functionalities that are already being tested or fully implemeneted by some utilities in Sweden. Furthermore, this thesis analyses those obstacles and barriers that utilities encounter when trying to implement new applications using the new SMs. In a second stage, an alarm system for power interruptions and voltage-quality events (e.g., overvoltage and undervoltage) using VisionAir software and OMNIPOWER 3-phase meters is evaluated. The results from the evaluation are divided into three sections: a description of the settings and functionalities of the alarm, the outcomes from the test, and a final discussion of potential applications. This study has revealed that alarm functions, data analytics (including several methods such as load forecasting, customer segmentation and non-technical losses analysis), power quality monitoring, dynamic pricing, and load shedding have the biggest potential to succeed in Sweden in the coming years. Furthermore, it can be stated that the lack of time, prioritization of other projects in the grid and the integration of those new applications into the current system seem to be the main barrier for Swedish utilities nowadays. Regarding the alarm system, it was found that the real benefits for network operators arrive when the information coming from an alarm system is combined with a topology interface of the network and a customer notifications server. Both applications could improve customer satisfaction by significantly reducing outage time and providing customers with real-time and precise information about the problems in the grid.
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Hudzik, Martin. "Návrh Rail-to-Rail proudového konvejoru v technologii CMOS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-242143.
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Master’s thesis deals with design of rail-to-rail second generation current conveyor in CMOS technology. Describes principles of function of different generations of current conveyors, as well as the basic principle of design of second generation current conveyor based on operational amplifier. Addresses circuit topology of input rail-to-rail stage and class AB output stage. The objective of this thesis is to design, characterize performance and create layout of second generation current conveyor with input common mode voltage rail-to-rail capability in ONSemi I3T25 technology.
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Chen, Chih-Wei, and 陳致瑋. "Low Voltage Wide Swing Second Generation Current Conveyor." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65168610546451334486.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>電機工程學系研究所<br>91<br>We developed low voltage wide swing second generation current conveyors(CCII) with the application to a insensitive Butterworth second-order low-pass filter. All circuits are designed using the parameters of TSMC 1P4M 0.35um process. The minimum supply voltage of CCII(1) circuit is |Vtp|+3Vod. The supply voltage of CCII(2) circuit is |Vtp|+2Vod. The voltage swing of the CCIIs are almost rail to rail.
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Ku, Yi-Tsen, and 古頤榛. "Design and Application of New Low-Voltage Second-Generation Current Conveyor." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/z3yje7.
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博士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>電腦與通訊研究所<br>102<br>The new low-voltage positive type second-generation current conveyor (CCII+), the negative type second-generation current conveyor (CCII-), their current feedback amplifier (CFA), the multi-output second-generation current conveyor (MOCCII), and the oscillator and filter applications suitable for portable instrument and measurement systems are proposed in the paper. The proposed current conveyors are based on an inverter-based low-voltage error amplifier, and a positive or negative current mirror. There are no on-chip capacitors in the proposed current conveyors, and can be designed with standard CMOS digital processes which will reduce the cost of chip fabrication. Moreover, the architecture of the proposed circuits without cascoded MOSFET transistors is easily designed and suitable for low-voltage operation. The CCII+/CCII- could be operated in a very low supply voltage such as ±0.5V. These proposed CCIIs have been fabricated with TSMC 0.18um CMOS processes and applied to low-voltage CCII oscillators and filters suitable for portable instrument and measurement systems.
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GANGWAR, SUMIT. "STUDY AND SIMULATION OF SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYOR AND ITS APPLICATION." Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19235.
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Low-power design for portable devices is becoming increasingly crucial in today's environment.
This entices researchers to seek for the best solution while minimising compromises with other
characteristics like as speed and area. Power consumption is becoming a critical aspect in chip
design as the density of transistors on a chip rises in order to meet high performance requirements.
Power dissipation is becoming a serious challenge as transistors are being scaled down.
In this project I am working upon “Second Generation Voltage Conveyor (VCII)”. VCII is based
upon dual concept of CCII block. VCII is a three terminal device. It provides voltage realization
atouput port. I am simulating a VCII Block using LTspice.We have used TSMC level 8, 180nm
node parameter in our simulation. This block comprises of 2 stages 1st one is current buffer stage
and 2nd one is voltage buffer stage. I have performed its DC analysis as current buffer and as a
voltage buffer. I have calculated its impedance at all three ports. In this report I will discuss its
functionality and and advantage over Op-Amp. and CCII block in detail.
In this report I will present the changes I have made, in current buffer stage, and in voltage buffer
stage. In the previous simulation I used the current buffer stage with single output, this time I will
use the differential current buffer stage and voltage buffer stage. These stage promises much
better bandwidth, stability, and low power results in comparision to previous one. I will also
implement application using this voltage conveyor. We will simulate the 1st order Low pass, High
pass and Band pass active filters, current to voltage converter, voltage to current converter,
voltage differentiator, voltage integrator,voltage buffer, current buffer, and perform AC
analysis,DC and transient analysis.
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Wang, Ching-Liang, and 王境良. "Design of Versatile Biquads with A Single Fully Differential Second-generation Current Conveyor and A Voltage Follow." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m9mr5p.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>91<br>Abstract
Two new simpler versatile current/voltage-mode biquads are proposed in this thesis.
First, a universal current-mode biquad with two inputs and three outputs or three inputs and one output using a single fully differential second-generation current conveyor (FDCCⅡ) and four grounded/virtually-grounded passive elements is proposed. Then, the other voltage-mode biquad with a single input and three outputs, and two differential-voltage outputs using one FDCCⅡ, one voltage-follower(VF), and four passive elements is proposed.
Both proposed circuits have the following advantageous features: simultaneous realization of five generic filter signals from the same configuration without any component matching conditions, no requirements of any cancellation constraints, orthogonal adjustment of ωo/Q and ωo through two separate resistors, employment of two grounded capacitors ideal for integrated circuit implementation, very low active and passive sensitivities, cascadability and simpler circuit structures.
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ANAND, ABHINAV. "STUDY AND DESIGN OF SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYER BASED ANALOG CIRCUITS." Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19146.
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Second generation voltage controlled conveyers is an active block that is being widely explored in the field
of analog electronics. Many exciting and wide range applications are being realized using second generation
voltage conveyers. The applications such as sensor read out circuits, amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers,
multivibrators, etc. The properties of VCII can be used to implement applications like current follower,
voltage follower, voltage to current converter, current to voltage converter, voltage differentiator, voltage
integrator, etc. The work done during the course of this project helps in realizing analog circuits based on
second generation voltage conveyer circuit. The analog circuits which have been implemented using VCII
in this project are voltage buffer, current buffer, current to voltage converter, voltage to current converter,
voltage differentiator, voltage integrator, Schmitt trigger, and Pulse Width Modulator.
The Schmitt Trigger and Pulse Width Modulator circuits that have been designed using VCII presents a
novel approach to realizing such non linear applications using active blocks. The circuits of Schmitt Trigger
and Pulse Width Modulator have been designed using CMOS technology of 180 nm. The operation of both
the circuits have been critically analyzed through mathematical computations and the feasibility of the
circuits have been validated using SPICE simulations.
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Ruoh-Fei, Chaw, and 趙若飛. "Design of active filters employing the second generation current conveyors, differential voltage current conveyors and voltage or current followers." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70905788768139095820.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>86<br>It has been verified that the circuits constructed by active current-mode elements have the advantage of higher signal bandwidths, larger dynamic range, greater linearity, less power dissipation and simpler circuit structure. So, the circuits which are designed by employing the current conveyor and the current feedback amplifier have been received considerable attention recently. In addition, the differential voltage curre-nt conveyor was presented by H. O. Elwan and A. M. Soliman in 1997. This active element is a powerful building block, especially for applica-tion demanding differential or floating inputs like impedance converters and current-mode instrumentation amplifiers.We proposed two filters using the second-generation current conve-yor, which are one multifunction voltage-mode filter with one input and three outputs and one universal current-mode filter with three inputs and one output, respectively.Comparing with the published paper, the proposed circuits offer the following advantageous features: use fewer active and passive components, suit for integration and enjoy low active and passive sensitivities.Moreover, we design a serial voltage-mode or current-mode filters employing the differential voltage current conveyor. We also discuss their characteristics and feasibilities.The last, we proposed a current-mode filter with one input and three outputs using the voltage follower and current follower which are with low tracking errors.The results of experiments and simulations using the IC-AD844 or the Design Center 6.1 are obtained to confirm the theoretical predictions.
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Chen-Yu-Chang and 張辰宇. "Universal biquadratic voltage-Mode filter with three inputs and a single output using second-generation current conveyors." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19022985391944430524.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>104<br>In this study, the main achievement of Universal biquadratic filter circuit. Analog filter circuit is simplified and accurate output signals for the design considerations, this study as a goal of the proposed design method, the first Universal biquadratic filter circuit matrix model representation and use initiative to complete the matrix element characteristic relationship.
The main active components in the circuit uses second-generation current conveyors , the use of two active components in the circuit design process, one grounded capacitance, one floating capacitance ,two floating resistance and one ground resistance, to complete the most simple circuit.
The circuit design is completed for the operating frequency of 100kHz and Hspice software uses TSMC035μm process for circuit simulation, and discuss circuit output signal is not precise factorsFinally, the sensitivity of the frequency response of passive components analysis and Monte Carlo analysis to in-depth research.
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Lin, Kai-Yao, and 林楷堯. "Low Voltage, High Performance First and Third-Generation Current Conveyor." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02724170053760439278.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>電子工程研究所<br>96<br>Current conveyor based current-mode circuits get lots of attention in analog signal processing applications, such as filter, oscillator and impedance function synthesis, etc. Besides these applications, the third-generation current conveyor (CCIII) as a result of its IY=-IX and virtual short circuit between X and Y input ports characteristics, is very suitable especially for the current sensing application. For most of the proposed CCIIIs, however, they suffered from can not be operated at low supply voltage due to their class-AB input stage topology.
Therefore, low voltage high performance first and third-generation current conveyor suitable for low voltage applications are presented in this thesis. The presented third-generation current conveyor (CCIII) is designed based on the proposed first-generation current conveyor (CCI) which consists of a “half” class-AB input stage and wide-swing current mirror.
Simulation results using TSMC 0.18µm CMOS process model show that proposed CCI and CCIII performs good accuracy and frequency response at 1.8V supply voltage. The simulated voltage (current) transfer accuracy (VX/VY, IZ+/IX and IZ-/IX) of the proposed CCI and CCIII is better than 0.96. The CCI Pre-simulation f-3dB frequencies for VX/VY, IZ+/IX and IZ-/IX are 2.34GHz, 212.67MHz, 167.7MHz. The CCIII Pre-simulation f-3dB frequencies for VX/VY, IZ+/IX and IZ-/IX are 2.34GHz, 212.56MHz and 100.55MHz, respectively.
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Chang, Hung-Ju, and 張弘儒. "The Design of Oscillators Using Generalized Second-Generation Current Conveyor." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73255938017859455804.
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Tang, Chih-Kai, and 唐之凱. "The Design of Universal Biquadratic Filter Using Generalized Second-Generation Current Conveyor." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32573182496464884571.
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Li, Chi-Hsuan, and 李其軒. "Universal biquadratic current-mode filter employing a single second-generation current conveyor." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70763913630572716748.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>104<br>In this thesis, using the second-generation current conveyor current formula to achieve universal active filter circuit. Analog filter circuit is simplified and accurate output signal design considerations, so the research objectives in this design method is proposed, the transfer function of the first second-order universal filter matrix model representation, and using an active element characteristics completion matrix relationship.
Active circuit element using a special current type active element: a second-generation current conveyor (Second-generation Current Conveyor, referred CCII), the circuit design process uses a total of active components, two capacitors connected in series and Three a series resistor, a capacitor to ground and two ground resistance, has completed the most simple circuit.
In this paper, the design of the circuit will be 1MHz operating frequency, use HSPICE and TSMC 0.35um process parameters 9 different analog measuring frequency response, power loss, Monte Carlo, sensitivity, stability, linearity and dynamic range, interactive modulation frequency, observe the simulation results and theoretical verification. Finally, this paper design a circuit using the data within the paper, which was offline circuit entities and future applications in the above practices.
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Tang, Mao Quan, and 湯懋泉. "Synthesis of an universal active filter using a single second generation current conveyor." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84163914651238997370.
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Liao, Lu-Po, and 廖律普. "The Design of New Second-Generation Current Conveyor Based Pipelined A/D Converter." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97378171533668435677.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>電腦通訊與控制研究所<br>92<br>Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is the fastest one among all the other ADC architectures. However, the power consumption and the chip size will become extremely large as the resolution increased. The pipelined architecture is more suitable for some applications with the requirements of high resolution and high speed than those flash architectures, due to its small size and low power consumption. The accuracy of the pipelined ADC architecture based on the operational amplifier (OPA) is always depended on the OPA performance. As the result, designers always focus on the design of the OPA for the pipelined ADC.
Unlike other designs, we use the second-generation current conveyor (CCII) as the core to design the pipelined ADC instead of the traditional operational amplifier. The new current conveyor based on sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit and MDAC circuit is employed for our design, and the digital error correction technique is applied to increase the performance of our pipelined ADC. The pipelined ADC is designed and implemented with TSMC 0.35μm 2P4M CMOS process. With the HSPICE simulation results, the resolution of the ADC is 8-bit, the sampling rate is 10MHz, and the power consumption is 29mW in 3.3V supply voltage. The DNL and INL are 0.5LSB and 0.7LSB, respectively. The core size is 0.85x0.85mm2. The chip have been sent to CIC for manufacturing.
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huang, tzu-hao, and 黃子豪. "Design of Universal Biquadratic Filters with a Single Second-Generation Current Controlled Conveyor." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91643325540301900726.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>96<br>In the past circuit to reach output signal accuracy, usually increase many element reduce the disadvantage in circuit original. This result cause the circuit become complex. The major problem of non-accuracy output signal is parasitic effect, it means that integrated circuit (IC) have parasitic capacitance and leak current in wire to wire. This thesis research is how to reduce parasitic effect to lowest.
There are active element, capacitance and inductance in present integrated circuit, although inductance in integrated has be researched, but its speed can not approach reduction in IC process. Today is how to reduce the parasitic effect of resistance, capacitance and active element. If active element have two input, but the design circuit only need one input, it have no need for two input element. Chose small active element can reduce parasitic effect. If resistance floating, two terminal have parasitic effect, ground resistance have parasitic effect in one terminal, capacitance are the same. Chose ground capacitance and ground resistance with parasitic capacitance and parasitic resistance in the same terminal can reduce parasitic effect. It have parasitic effect in circuit terminal, so design in a few terminal can get low parasitic effect. According to above, using a few element to achieve output signal accurate is the goal in this thesis.
In recent of years, using current conveyor design active filters have been attended and researched by international academician. In this is, design three input and one output universal active current-mode filter using second-generation current controlled conveyor (CCCII). This active element internal resistance, denoted by Rx, at the input terminal X can be varied by tuning its bias current. It can reduce area in integrated circuit implementation.
In three input and one output, we propose a single second-generation current controlled conveyor (CCCII), two grounded capacitors, and one resistor design current-mode universal biquadratic filter in this paper. This circuit has achieved the five following important advantages: (i) no component matching conditions, (ii) using least capacitance and resistance in biquadratic circuit, (iii) grounded capacitors have lowest noise, (iv)can realize on low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, band-reject, and all-pass filters in the same structure, (v) very low active and passive element sensitivity, (vi) orthogonal control of and Q, (vii) lowest power consumption, (viii) lowest noise, (ix) lowest area in integrated circuit implementation, (x) have good cost down.
Finally, the simulation results validate and the theory predictions of the proposed circuit are verified very well by using TSMC035 H-spice simulation with supply voltage ±1.65V.
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Wu, Hsing-Yen, and 巫興彥. "Design of New Fully Balanced Second-Generation Current Conveyor Based Pipelined A/D Converter." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rvg685.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>電腦與通訊研究所<br>94<br>Among all the ADC architectures, the flash ADC is the fastest one. However, chip area and power consumption grow exponentially as the resolution increases. The pipelined architecture is more suitable for high speed and high resolution applications than the flash architecture. The accuracy of the pipelined ADC greatly depends on OP Amp’s performance. As the result, OP Amp is the most critical circuit when engineers design a pipelined ADC. Unlike the conventional design of pipelined ADC, the sample-and-hold(S/H) circuit and multiplying DAC(MDAC) based on the second-generation current conveyor have been developed instead of the OP Amp. Fully differential architecture is commonly adopted to develop signal process system because of its merits, such as highly noise rejection and double signal swing. Thus, a fully-balanced second -generation current conveyor is adopted to design the pipelined ADC. Besides, a new MDAC is designed to eliminate the effect of charge injection. The pipelined ADC is designed and implemented with TSMC 0.18um 1P6M process. The resolution of the ADC is 7 bits, sampling rate is 12.5Mhz, INLMAX is 1.3LSB, and DNLMAX is 0.7LSB, and chip area is 1.5×1.4mm2.
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Yu, Chih-Chieh, and 游智傑. "Biquadratic current-mode band-pass, notch, and all-pass filter employing a single second-generation current conveyor." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93890957397373038489.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>104<br>This paper adopts single CCII(Second-generation Current Conveyor) is an active element , used four resistors and two grounded capacitors among cascades of one resistor and one capacitor especially, In this paper, design CCII(Second-generation Current Conveyor)using one input and one output filter, to achieve full(All-pass)filter signal丶bandpass(Band-Pass) filter signals丶Notch filter signals.
In this paper, after the most simplified circuit design as the goal, and the use of nodal analysis method to complete its matrix of relationships in the use of Cramer’s rule was deduced second order transfer function over the completion of the circuit design.
This article is designed to use H-SPICE circuit with TSMC 0.35UM process parameters, and to 1MHz operating frequency of the simulation and theoretical verification. Respectively using that Frequency Response丶Monte Carlo Method丶Noise丶Power Dissipation丶Stability丶 Sensitivity Using these simulations in this paper the design of circuits using RC series design retains characteristics of second-order filter at the output and tend to be accurate.
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Lin, Tzu-Wei, and 林子瑋. "Universal biquadratic current-mode filter with a feedback-loop capacitor employing a single second-generation current conveyor." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84748418120022481568.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>104<br>The theis propose a current second-order Butterworth filter Universal，Its active components using a single second-generation current conveyor and using feedback capacitor circuit design. In this paper, the design method of the second order mode is represented by a matrix million for the transfer function of the filter, using active element current transmitter characteristics and use of nodal analysis (Noldal Analysis) to complete the matrix relationship.
The second-generation current conveyor (Second-generation Current Conveyor, referred CCII) for the active circuit element, this element is a current type active element. In the current conveyor circuit design has the following advantages: (1) changing section passive components, can output an arbitrary waveform of the filter circuit (2) the capacitance to ground, reducing the parasitic capacitance and the circuit area reduced (3) The circuit inspiration degrees above low (4) without matching element, you can adjust the quality factor and the resonant frequency of the advantages of orthogonal mode.
Degree in accuracy, stability circuit, sensitivity, Monte Carlo, dynamic range and linearity, and other interactive modulation spectrum characteristics of the circuit using the TSMC 3.3-V 0.35-μm CMOS process parameters characteristic of the circuit simulation.