Relevant bibliographies by topics / SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYOR

Academic literature on the topic 'SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYOR'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYOR"

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Barile, Stornelli, Ferri, Safari, and D’Amico. "A New Rail-to-Rail Second Generation Voltage Conveyor." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111292.

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In this paper, a novel low voltage low power CMOS second generation voltage conveyor (VCII) with an improved voltage range at both the X and Z terminals is presented. The proposed VCII is formed by a current buffer based on a class AB regulated common-gate stage and a modified rail-to-rail voltage buffer. Spice simulation results using LFoundry 0.15 μm low-Vth CMOS technology with a ±0.9 V supply voltage are provided to demonstrate the validity of the designed circuit. Thanks to the class AB behavior, from a bias current of 10 µA, the proposed VCII is capable of driving 0.5 mA on the X terminal, with a total power consumption of 120 µW. The allowed voltage swing on the Z terminal is at least equal to ±0.83 V, while on the X terminals it is ±0.72 V. Both DC and AC voltage and current gains are provided, and time domain simulations, where the voltage conveyor is used as a transimpedance amplifier (TIA), are also presented. A final table that summarizes the main features of the circuit, comparing them with the literature, is also given.
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Horng, Jiun-Wei, Chun-Yang Tsai, Te-Chi Chen, and Chang-Ming Wu. "High Input Impedances Voltage-mode First-order Filters with Grounded Capacitors using CCIIs." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213111607666190617150053.

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Background: Three high input impedances voltage-mode first-order filters are presented. Methods: The first proposed circuit uses one multi-output second-generation current conveyor, two resistors and one grounded capacitor. The second proposed circuit uses two second-generation current conveyors, three resistors and one grounded capacitor. The third proposed circuit uses one multi-output second-generation current conveyor, one resistor and two grounded capacitors. Results: First-order lowpass and allpass filters can be simultaneously obtained in the first proposed circuit. First-order lowpass, highpass and allpass filters can be simultaneously obtained in the second proposed circuit. The third proposed circuit can realize first-order allpass filter. Conclusion: All the proposed circuits have the advantages of high input impedances and using only grounded capacitors.
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Yesil, Abdullah, and Shahram Minaei. "New simple transistor realizations of second‐ generation voltage conveyor." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 48, no. 11 (September 27, 2020): 2023–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2879.

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Pullano, Salvatore A., Antonino S. Fiorillo, Gianluca Barile, Vincenzo Stornelli, and Giuseppe Ferri. "A Second-Generation Voltage-Conveyor-Based Interface for Ultrasonic PVDF Sensors." Micromachines 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12020099.

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Exploiting the transmission and reception of low frequency ultrasounds in air is often associated with the innate echolocating abilities of some mammals, later emulated with sophisticated electronic systems, to obtain information about unstructured environments. Here, we present a novel approach for the reception of ultrasounds in air, which exploits a piezopolymer broadband sensor and an electronic interface based on a second-generation voltage conveyor (VCII). Taking advantage of its capability to manipulate both voltage and current signals, in this paper, we propose an extremely simple interface that presents a sensitivity level of about −100 dB, which is in line with commercially available references. The presented results are obtained without any filtration stage. The second-generation voltage conveyor active device is implemented through a commercially available AD844, with a supply voltage of ±15 V.
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Al-Absi, M. A. "Realization of inverse filters using second generation voltage conveyor (VCII)." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 109, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-021-01874-3.

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Safari, Leila, Erkan Yuce, Shahram Minaei, Giuseppe Ferri, and Vincenzo Stornelli. "A second‐generation voltage conveyor (VCII)–based simulated grounded inductor." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 48, no. 7 (February 25, 2020): 1180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2770.

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MANHAS, PARSHOTAM S., and K. PAL. "REALIZATION OF LOW-VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE CURRENT CONVEYOR." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 04 (June 2012): 1250031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612500314.

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This paper presents floating gate MOSFET (FGMOS)-based second generation differential voltage current conveyor (DVCCII) at low voltage levels. In analog circuit design, the FGMOS transistors are very often used in low voltage circuits, where the reduction obtained in the transistor apparent threshold voltage is of great importance. The given circuit provides very high input impedance at its Y-terminals, low output impedance at X-terminal and high impedance at Z-terminals and consumes less power. This circuit is a powerful building block, especially for applications demanding differential or floating inputs. The circuit behavior has been verified using PSpice simulations for 0.5 μm technology and indicates the excellent performance.
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Stornelli, Vincenzo, Leonardo Pantoli, Gianluca Barile, Alfiero Leoni, and Emanuele D’Amico. "Silicon Photomultiplier Sensor Interface Based on a Discrete Second Generation Voltage Conveyor." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 5, 2020): 2042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072042.

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This work presents the design of a discrete second-generation voltage conveyor (VCII) and its capability to be used as electronic interface for silicon photomultipliers. The design addressed here exploits directly at the transistor level, with commercial components, the proposed interface; the obtained performance is valuable considering both the discrete elements and the application. The architecture adopted here realizes a transimpedance amplifier that is also able to drive very high input impedance, as usually requested by photons detection. Schematic and circuital design of the discrete second-generation voltage conveyor is presented and discussed. The complete circuit interface requires a bias current of 20 mA with a dual 5V supply voltage; it has a useful bandwidth of about 106 MHz, and considering also the reduced dimensions, it is a good candidate to be used in portable applications without the need of high-cost dedicated integrated circuits.
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Kumngern, Montree, Usa Torteanchai, and Fabian Khateb. "LOW-VOLTAGE LOW-POWER SECOND-GENERATION CURRENT CONVEYOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS." Far East Journal of Electronics and Communications 18, no. 4 (May 1, 2018): 489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/ec018040489.

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Pantoli, Leonardo, Gianluca Barile, Alfiero Leoni, Mirco Muttillo, and Vincenzo Stornelli. "A Novel Electronic Interface for Micromachined Si-Based Photomultipliers." Micromachines 9, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9100507.

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In this manuscript, the authors propose a novel interface for silicon photomultipliers based on a second-generation voltage conveyor as an active element, performing as a transimpedance amplifier. Due to the absence of internal feedback, this solution offers a static bandwidth regardless of the tunable gain level. The simulation results have shown good performances, confirming the possibility of the proposed interface being effectively used in different scenarios. A preliminary hybrid solution has also been developed using second-generation current conveyors and measurements conducted on an equivalent discrete-elements board, which is promising.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYOR"

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Vijay, Vallabhuni [Verfasser]. "Second Generation Differential Current Conveyor (DCCII) and its Applications / Vallabhuni Vijay." München : GRIN Verlag, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218597151/34.

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Yuan, Weijia. "Second-generation high-temperature superconducting coils and their applications for energy storage." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/229754.

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Since a superconductor has no resistance below a certain temperature and can therefore save a large amount of energy dissipated, it is a 'green' material by saving energy loss and hence reducing carbon emissions. Recently the massive manufacture of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials has enabled superconductivity to become a preferred candidate to help generation and transportation of cleaner energy. One of the most promising applications of superconductors is Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems, which are becoming the enabling engine for improving the capacity, efficiency, and reliability of the electric system. SMES systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil. SMES systems have many advantages compared to other energy storage systems: high cyclic efficiency, fast response time, deep discharge and recharge ability, and a good balance between power density and energy density. Based on these advantages, SMES systems will play an indispensable role in improving power qualities, integrating renewable energy sources and energizing transportation systems. This thesis describes an intensive study of superconducting pancake coils wound using second-generation(2G) HTS materials and their application in SMES systems. The specific contribution of this thesis includes an innovative design of the SMES system, an easily calculated, but theoretically advanced numerical model to analyse the system, extensive experiments to validate the design and model, and a complete demonstration experiment of the prototype SMES system. This thesis begins with literature review which includes the introduction of the background theory of superconductivity and development of SMES systems. Following the literature review is the theoretical work. A prototype SMES system design, which provides the maximum stored energy for a particular length of conductors, has been investigated. Furthermore, a new numerical model, which can predict all necessary operation parameters, including the critical current and AC losses of the system, is presented. This model has been extended to analyse superconducting coils in different situations as well. To validate the theoretical design and model, several superconducting coils, which are essential parts of the prototype SMES system, together with an experimental measurement set-up have been built. The coils have been energized to test their energy storage capability. The operation parameters including the critical current and AC losses have been measured. The results are consistent with the theoretical predictions. Finally the control system is developed and studied. A power electronics control circuit of the prototype SMES system has been designed and simulated. This control circuit can energize or discharge the SMES system dynamically and robustly. During a voltage sag compensation experiment, this SMES prototype monitored the power system and successfully compensated the voltage sag when required. By investigating the process of building a complete system from the initial design to the final experiment, the concept of a prototype SMES system using newly available 2G HTS tapes was validated. This prototype SMES system is the first step towards the implementation of future indsutrial SMES systems with bigger capacities, and the knowledge obtained through this research provides a comprehensive overview of the design of complete SMES systems.
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Drummond, Jose. "An analysis of new functionalities enabled by the second generation of smart meters in Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105604.

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It is commonly agreed among energy experts that smart meters (SMs) are the key component that will facilitate the transition towards the smart grid. Fast-peace innovations in the smart metering infrastructure (AMI) are exposing countless benefits that network operators can obtain when they integrate SMs applications into their daily operations.  Following the amendment in 2017, where the Swedish government dictated that all SMs should now include new features such as remote control, higher time resolution for the energy readings and a friendly interface for customers to access their own data; network operators in Sweden are currently replacing their SMs for a new model, also called the second generation of SMs. While the replacement of meters is in progress, many utilities like Hemab are trying to reveal which technical and financial benefits the new generation of SMs will bring to their operations.    As a first step, this thesis presents the results of a series of interviews carried out with different network operators in Sweden. It is studied which functionalities have the potential to succeed in the near future, as well as those functionalities that are already being tested or fully implemeneted by some utilities in Sweden. Furthermore, this thesis analyses those obstacles and barriers that utilities encounter when trying to implement new applications using the new SMs. In a second stage, an alarm system for power interruptions and voltage-quality events (e.g., overvoltage and undervoltage) using VisionAir software and OMNIPOWER 3-phase meters is evaluated. The results from the evaluation are divided into three sections: a description of the settings and functionalities of the alarm, the outcomes from the test, and a final discussion of potential applications. This study has revealed that alarm functions, data analytics (including several methods such as load forecasting, customer segmentation and non-technical losses analysis), power quality monitoring, dynamic pricing, and load shedding have the biggest potential to succeed in Sweden in the coming years. Furthermore, it can be stated that the lack of time, prioritization of other projects in the grid and the integration of those new applications into the current system seem to be the main barrier for Swedish utilities nowadays. Regarding the alarm system, it was found that the real benefits for network operators arrive when the information coming from an alarm system is combined with a topology interface of the network and a customer notifications server. Both applications could improve customer satisfaction by significantly reducing outage time and providing customers with real-time and precise information about the problems in the grid.
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Hudzik, Martin. "Návrh Rail-to-Rail proudového konvejoru v technologii CMOS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-242143.

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Master’s thesis deals with design of rail-to-rail second generation current conveyor in CMOS technology. Describes principles of function of different generations of current conveyors, as well as the basic principle of design of second generation current conveyor based on operational amplifier. Addresses circuit topology of input rail-to-rail stage and class AB output stage. The objective of this thesis is to design, characterize performance and create layout of second generation current conveyor with input common mode voltage rail-to-rail capability in ONSemi I3T25 technology.
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Chen, Chih-Wei, and 陳致瑋. "Low Voltage Wide Swing Second Generation Current Conveyor." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65168610546451334486.

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碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
91
We developed low voltage wide swing second generation current conveyors(CCII) with the application to a insensitive Butterworth second-order low-pass filter. All circuits are designed using the parameters of TSMC 1P4M 0.35um process. The minimum supply voltage of CCII(1) circuit is |Vtp|+3Vod. The supply voltage of CCII(2) circuit is |Vtp|+2Vod. The voltage swing of the CCIIs are almost rail to rail.
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Ku, Yi-Tsen, and 古頤榛. "Design and Application of New Low-Voltage Second-Generation Current Conveyor." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/z3yje7.

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博士
國立臺北科技大學
電腦與通訊研究所
102
The new low-voltage positive type second-generation current conveyor (CCII+), the negative type second-generation current conveyor (CCII-), their current feedback amplifier (CFA), the multi-output second-generation current conveyor (MOCCII), and the oscillator and filter applications suitable for portable instrument and measurement systems are proposed in the paper. The proposed current conveyors are based on an inverter-based low-voltage error amplifier, and a positive or negative current mirror. There are no on-chip capacitors in the proposed current conveyors, and can be designed with standard CMOS digital processes which will reduce the cost of chip fabrication. Moreover, the architecture of the proposed circuits without cascoded MOSFET transistors is easily designed and suitable for low-voltage operation. The CCII+/CCII- could be operated in a very low supply voltage such as ±0.5V. These proposed CCIIs have been fabricated with TSMC 0.18um CMOS processes and applied to low-voltage CCII oscillators and filters suitable for portable instrument and measurement systems.
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GANGWAR, SUMIT. "STUDY AND SIMULATION OF SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYOR AND ITS APPLICATION." Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19235.

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Low-power design for portable devices is becoming increasingly crucial in today's environment. This entices researchers to seek for the best solution while minimising compromises with other characteristics like as speed and area. Power consumption is becoming a critical aspect in chip design as the density of transistors on a chip rises in order to meet high performance requirements. Power dissipation is becoming a serious challenge as transistors are being scaled down. In this project I am working upon “Second Generation Voltage Conveyor (VCII)”. VCII is based upon dual concept of CCII block. VCII is a three terminal device. It provides voltage realization atouput port. I am simulating a VCII Block using LTspice.We have used TSMC level 8, 180nm node parameter in our simulation. This block comprises of 2 stages 1st one is current buffer stage and 2nd one is voltage buffer stage. I have performed its DC analysis as current buffer and as a voltage buffer. I have calculated its impedance at all three ports. In this report I will discuss its functionality and and advantage over Op-Amp. and CCII block in detail. In this report I will present the changes I have made, in current buffer stage, and in voltage buffer stage. In the previous simulation I used the current buffer stage with single output, this time I will use the differential current buffer stage and voltage buffer stage. These stage promises much better bandwidth, stability, and low power results in comparision to previous one. I will also implement application using this voltage conveyor. We will simulate the 1st order Low pass, High pass and Band pass active filters, current to voltage converter, voltage to current converter, voltage differentiator, voltage integrator,voltage buffer, current buffer, and perform AC analysis,DC and transient analysis.
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Wang, Ching-Liang, and 王境良. "Design of Versatile Biquads with A Single Fully Differential Second-generation Current Conveyor and A Voltage Follow." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m9mr5p.

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碩士
中原大學
電機工程研究所
91
Abstract Two new simpler versatile current/voltage-mode biquads are proposed in this thesis. First, a universal current-mode biquad with two inputs and three outputs or three inputs and one output using a single fully differential second-generation current conveyor (FDCCⅡ) and four grounded/virtually-grounded passive elements is proposed. Then, the other voltage-mode biquad with a single input and three outputs, and two differential-voltage outputs using one FDCCⅡ, one voltage-follower(VF), and four passive elements is proposed. Both proposed circuits have the following advantageous features: simultaneous realization of five generic filter signals from the same configuration without any component matching conditions, no requirements of any cancellation constraints, orthogonal adjustment of ωo/Q and ωo through two separate resistors, employment of two grounded capacitors ideal for integrated circuit implementation, very low active and passive sensitivities, cascadability and simpler circuit structures.
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ANAND, ABHINAV. "STUDY AND DESIGN OF SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYER BASED ANALOG CIRCUITS." Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19146.

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Second generation voltage controlled conveyers is an active block that is being widely explored in the field of analog electronics. Many exciting and wide range applications are being realized using second generation voltage conveyers. The applications such as sensor read out circuits, amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers, multivibrators, etc. The properties of VCII can be used to implement applications like current follower, voltage follower, voltage to current converter, current to voltage converter, voltage differentiator, voltage integrator, etc. The work done during the course of this project helps in realizing analog circuits based on second generation voltage conveyer circuit. The analog circuits which have been implemented using VCII in this project are voltage buffer, current buffer, current to voltage converter, voltage to current converter, voltage differentiator, voltage integrator, Schmitt trigger, and Pulse Width Modulator. The Schmitt Trigger and Pulse Width Modulator circuits that have been designed using VCII presents a novel approach to realizing such non linear applications using active blocks. The circuits of Schmitt Trigger and Pulse Width Modulator have been designed using CMOS technology of 180 nm. The operation of both the circuits have been critically analyzed through mathematical computations and the feasibility of the circuits have been validated using SPICE simulations.
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Ruoh-Fei, Chaw, and 趙若飛. "Design of active filters employing the second generation current conveyors, differential voltage current conveyors and voltage or current followers." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70905788768139095820.

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碩士
中原大學
電機工程研究所
86
It has been verified that the circuits constructed by active current-mode elements have the advantage of higher signal bandwidths, larger dynamic range, greater linearity, less power dissipation and simpler circuit structure. So, the circuits which are designed by employing the current conveyor and the current feedback amplifier have been received considerable attention recently. In addition, the differential voltage curre-nt conveyor was presented by H. O. Elwan and A. M. Soliman in 1997. This active element is a powerful building block, especially for applica-tion demanding differential or floating inputs like impedance converters and current-mode instrumentation amplifiers.We proposed two filters using the second-generation current conve-yor, which are one multifunction voltage-mode filter with one input and three outputs and one universal current-mode filter with three inputs and one output, respectively.Comparing with the published paper, the proposed circuits offer the following advantageous features: use fewer active and passive components, suit for integration and enjoy low active and passive sensitivities.Moreover, we design a serial voltage-mode or current-mode filters employing the differential voltage current conveyor. We also discuss their characteristics and feasibilities.The last, we proposed a current-mode filter with one input and three outputs using the voltage follower and current follower which are with low tracking errors.The results of experiments and simulations using the IC-AD844 or the Design Center 6.1 are obtained to confirm the theoretical predictions.
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Book chapters on the topic "SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYOR"

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Sharma, Dhanuj Kumar, Shweta Kumari, and Maneesha Gupta. "Low-Voltage Low-Power DTMOS Based Second Generation Voltage Conveyor: Features and Design." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 469–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7993-4_39.

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Barile, G., M. Scarsella, S. A. Pullano, A. S. Fiorillo, and C. D. Critello. "Exploiting Wideband Ultrasonic Signal Reception Trough Spiral-Shaped PVDF Sensors and Second Generation Voltage Conveyors." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 350–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08136-1_53.

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Nayler, Winifred G. "The Molecular Biology of the Voltage-Dependent, Calcium Antagonist-Sensitive Calcium Channels." In Second Generation of Calcium Antagonists, 25–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02720-2_3.

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Farag, Fathi A. F., Renato Faustino, Sidnei Noceti Filho, Carlos Galup-Montoro, and Marcio C. Schneider. "A Programmable Second Generation SI Integrator for Low-Voltage Applications." In VLSI: Integrated Systems on Silicon, 129–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35311-1_11.

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Chaturvedi, Bhartendu, Jitendra Mohan, and Jitender. "A Novel Digitally Controllable Variant of Extra-X Second Generation Current Conveyor and Its Filter Application Suitable for Biomedical Signal Processing." In Opto-VLSI Devices and Circuits for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications, 63–78. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003431138-6.

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"High Performance Second Generation Current Conveyor Circuit and Multiplier Applications." In Sensors, Circuits & Instrumentation Systems, 65–80. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110448375-005.

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Kemp, Mark I. "Structural Trends among Second-Generation Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers." In Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, 81–111. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6468(10)49003-7.

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"A Novel Multi-Input Single-Output Mixed-Mode Universal Filter Employing Second Generation Current Conveyor Circuit." In Sensors, Circuits & Instrumentation Systems, 53–64. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110448375-004.

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Kwaśnicki, Paweł. "IIIrd Generation Solar Cell." In Solar Cells [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95289.

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Light harvesting for generation of electric energy is one of the most important research topics in applied sciences. First, for an efficient harvesting one needs a material with a broad light absorption window having a strong overlap with the sunlight spectrum. Second, one needs an efficient conversion of photoexcited carriers into produced current or voltage which can be used for applied purposes. The maximum light conversion coefficient in semiconductor systems is designated by so called Shockley-Queisser law, which is around 32% for an optimal bandgap value of 1,2–1,3 eV. However the efficiency may be increased using a solutions based on semiconductor nano materials such as quantum dots. Solar cells based on such a structures are included in the group of 3rd generation solar sell. 3rd generation solar cell encompasses multiple materials as a base of cell, such as: perovskite, organic, polymers and biomimetics. The most promising and in the same time most discussed are quantum dots and perovskite. Both material has a potential to revolutionize the solar cell industry due to their wide absorption range and high conversion coefficient. Nonetheless before the most common used material in photovoltaic namely silicon is replace one must overcome few major issues such as: stability and lifetime for at least 5 to 10 years or more, manufacturing process for a large surfaces and low production cost as well as recycling after the time of optimal use.
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Koch, Christof. "Beyond Hodgkin and Huxley: Calcium and Calcium-Dependent Potassium Currents." In Biophysics of Computation. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104912.003.0015.

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The cornerstone of modern biophysics is the comprehensive analysis by Hodgkin and Huxley (1952a,b,c,d) of the generation and propagation of action potentials in the squid giant axon. The basis of their model is a fast sodium current INa and a delayed potassium current IK (which here we also refer to as IDR)- The last 40 years of research have shown that impulse conduction along axons can be successfully analyzed in terms of one or both of these currents. Nonetheless, their equations do not capture—nor were they intended to capture—a number of important biophysical phenomena, such as adaptation of the firing frequency to long-lasting stimuli or bursting, that is, the generation of two to five spikes within 5-20 msec. Moreover, the transmission of electrical signals within and between neurons involves more than the mere circulation of stereotyped pulses. These impulses must be set up and generated by subthreshold processes. The differences between the firing behavior of most neurons and the squid giant axon reflect the roles of other voltage-dependent ionic conductances than the two described by Hodgkin and Huxley. Over the last two decades, more than several dozen membrane conductances have been characterized (Hagiwara, 1983; Llinás, 1988; Hille, 1992). They differ in principal carrier, voltage, and time dependence, dependence on the presence of intracellular calcium and on their susceptibility to modulation by synaptic inputs and second messengers. Our knowledge of these conductances and the role they play in impulse formation has accelerated rapidly in recent years as a result of various technical innovations such as single-cell isolation, patch clamping, and molecular techniques. We will here describe the most important of these conductances and briefly characterize each one. In order to understand more completely the functional role of these conductances in determining the response of the cell to input, empirical equations that approximate their behavior under physiological conditions must be developed and compared against the physiological preparations. In a remarkable testimony to the power and the generality of the Hodgkin-Huxley approach, the majority of such phenomenological models has used their methodology of describing individual ionic conductances in terms of activating and inactivating particles with first-order kinetics (see Chap. 6).
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Conference papers on the topic "SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYOR"

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Kumngern, Montree, Usa Torteanchai, and Fabian Khateb. "CMOS Class AB Second Generation Voltage Conveyor." In 2019 IEEE International Circuits and Systems Symposium (ICSyS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsys47076.2019.8982420.

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Pathak, Samvandha Dev, Ankit Luitel, Siddharth Singh, and Rajeshwari Pandey. "Second Generation Voltage Conveyor II based Shadow Filter." In 2021 2nd International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incet51464.2021.9456370.

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Kumngern, Montree, and Fabian Khateb. "Differential second-generation current conveyor for ultra-low voltage applications." In 2014 International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ICSE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isce.2014.6884497.

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Ettaghzouti, Thouraya, Nejib Hassen, and Kamel Besbes. "Novel second generation current conveyor and voltage mode universal filter application." In 2015 12th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssd.2015.7348265.

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Barile, Gianluca, Salvatore A. Pullano, Antonino S. Fiorillo, and Giuseppe Ferri. "Bioinspired Transducer and Second-Generation Voltage Conveyor for a SONAR System." In 2022 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ius54386.2022.9958114.

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Soliman, Eman A., and Soliman A. Mahmoud. "Voltage-mode Field Programmable Analog Array using Second Generation Current Conveyor." In 2012 IEEE 55th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2012.6292119.

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Ashenafi, Emeshaw, and Masud H. Chowdhury. "Active on-chip voltage regulator based on second generation current conveyor." In 2013 IEEE 20th International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2013.6815487.

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Minhaj, Nigar. "Multioutput Second-Generation Current Conveyor-Based Voltage-mode Eight-Phase Sinusoidal Oscillator." In 2009 International Conference on Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/artcom.2009.241.

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Tonk, Anu, and Neelofer Afzal. "Bulk Driven Second Generation Current Conveyor based All-Pass Section for Low Voltage Operation." In 2018 International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gucon.2018.8674887.

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Soliman, A. A., S. A. Mahmoud, and T. M. Hassan. "Low voltage DC-DC converter controller based on CMOS rail-to-rail second generation current conveyor." In 2007 International Conference on Microelectronics - ICM. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icm.2007.4497682.

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