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Journal articles on the topic 'Second 19th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Abdimavlyanovich Usarov, Umidjon. "Irrigation System Of Turkestan In The Second Half Of 19th Century And Early 20th Century." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 06 (June 17, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue06-01.

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This article describes the state of irrigated agriculture in Turkestan, water sources, classification of major rivers and their tributaries, geographical location, irrigation system, sources of water supply, types of traditional irrigation methods used by the local population in the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, an attempt is made to reveal the participation of local people in the construction, repair, cleaning of irrigation facilities, the implementation of centuries-old rules of irrigation, the rights of local people to use water through a number of sources, statistical collections, scientific literature and research works in the article.

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Ochildiyev, Fayzulla B. "SOCIO-POLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE BUKHARA EMIRATE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX-EARLY XX CENTURIES." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 03, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-03-03-03.

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This article discusses the second half of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, issues such as the socio-political situation in the Emirate and the role of the principalities in local government were studied. He also covered the deployment of Russian citizens and troops in the Emirate of Bukhara, as a result of which a new system of governance was introduced in the Sherabad principality.

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3

Koumar, Jan. "Aristocratic Widowhood in the Second Half of 19th Century." Historický časopis 69, no. 5 (December 20, 2021): 863–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/histcaso.2021.69.5.4.

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Ochildiev, Fayzulla Boboqulovich. "TRADE RELATIONS OF THE BUKHARA EMPIRE WITH RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY - THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue02-05.

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In the article, the intensive trade relations of the Bukhara kingdom with Russia in the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century are highlighted. It was also analyzed that there was a high demand for commercial products made in Russia in the Emirate of Bukhara, and that Bukhara products were popular in Russia.

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Haydarov, Azizbek. "A LOOK AT RUSSIAN MUSICAL CULTURE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 02, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogics-crjp-02-11-08.

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This article tells about the activities of Russian composers in the second half of the XIX century, the creative life of Russian music, the work of composers of these years.In the first half of the 19th century, the role of the Russian classical school proved to be important in countries other than Russia.In the second half of the nineteenth century, Russian music became one of the most advanced forms of musical art that determined the further development of European musical art.

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Suljić, Alija, Hasib Hasanović, and Enez Osmanović. "Bosniac families of the settlemenets of Ljeskovik in the second half of the 19th century." Historijski pogledi 3, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 72–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2020.3.3.72.

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The forming process of the modern Bosniac families in Ljeskovik settlement started at the beginning of the 17th century, and lasted till the end of the 19th century. However, the whole process can be tracked down from the mid 19th century, covered with data collected during the first census in Bosnia from 1850/51, and according to the informations gethered from land books of the Srebrenica District from 1894 andfrom there onwards. The first census from 1850/51 considered only male population. From the data collected in 1850/51, there are seven families or surnames in Ljeskovik, and those are: Čaušević, Duraković, Hodžić, Jahčić, (Bihačić), Kamramović, Mahmudović, Omerović, and Tabaković. By the end of the 19th century according to land books of the cadastral district of Ljeskovik, there are 43 surnames, or family names recorded: Aganović, Avdić, Beširović, Buljubašić, Demirović, Dervišević, Džanić, Efendić, Halilović, Hasanović (Duraković), Hasanović (Vranjkovina), Hasić, Hodžić, Husić, Kreševljaković, Mahmutović, Malović, Mandžić, Mehanović, Mehmedović, Memić, Mujčinović, Mujić, Mujić (Mahmutović), Mustafić, Mustafi (Katanić), Numanović, Omerović, Osmanović, Salkić, Salihović, Selimović, Selmanagić, Sinanović, Smajić (Omerović), Smajlović (Čaušević), Softić, Suljić, Špiodić, Tabaković, Travničanin, i Zukić. This work covers only families that use to live in Ljeskovik in the second half of the 19th century.

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Voloshina, E. E. "MILITARY TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY." EurasianUnionScientists 11, no. 5(74) (June 14, 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.11.74.811.

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On the basis of the sources and research material, an attempt was made to characterize and evaluate the military transformations of the second half of the 19th century in the territory of the Don Army Region. In the course of the reforms, the system of administration of Voisky Don has changed, the service life has been reduced, and the training of officers has been improved. The military reforms carried out contributed to improving the combat capability of the Kazakh troops, although they were limited

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Denny, Elaine. "The second missing link: Bible nursing in 19th century London." Journal of Advanced Nursing 26, no. 6 (December 1997): 1175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1997.tb00810.x.

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9

Petráček, Tomáš. "Proměny uskutečňování a vnímání synodality v dějinách katolické církve. Tři české synodální procesy 19.-21. století." Verba Theologica 21, no. 2 (2022): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54937/vt.2022.21.2.7-22.

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The study deals with three specific synodality processes, which the Czech Catholic Church organised in the 19th and 20th century. The first instance is Prague Province Synod in 1860, which was followed by other diocese synods in the second half of the 19th century. The second process consisted in repeated gatherings of Land Syndicate of Catholic Clergy, a professional organisation of clerics, at the turn of the 19the and 20th century, which originally started as an effort to reform ecclesiastical art, but later formulated reform goals regarding ecclesiastical lifestyle as well. The third processes revolved around the Plenary Assembly of the Czech Catholic Church in years 1997 to 2005. The study gives a description of the proceedings and outcomes of respective synodality processes and also offers an analysis of their strong and weak points and in the conclusion it formulates several principles which play decisive role in the success or failure of the whole endeavour.

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Liczbińska, Grażyna. "Biological and social reasons of child mortality in the Danzig District in the second part of the 19th century." Anthropological Review 62 (December 30, 1999): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.62.10.

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The purpose of this work is to characterise the child mortality in urban and rural areas of the Danzig (Gdańsk) District and in the city of Danzig, in the second half of the 19th century. The study material encompassed the demographic data on mortality coming from the 19th century Prussian statistical yearbooks. The basic mortality measures such as infant death rates, neonatal and postneonatal death rates and child death rates were computed for selected years of the second half of the 19th century. Life tables were constructed in accordance with Halley’s method and based on the assumption the population was of stationary type. Further, the causes of child deaths and the occupational structure of the families of deceased children were discussed.

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Popelková, Renata. "Changes in woodland cover in the Karviná district from the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 21st century." Ekológia (Bratislava) 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2018-0013.

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AbstractThis study analyses the changes in woodland cover from the mid-18th century to the turn of the 21st century in a distinctive region of the Czech Republic – the Karviná district. This region has been substantially affected by the process of industrialisation during the 19th and 20th centuries, which transformed a formerly agricultural landscape into a landscape heavily impacted by underground coal mining and related landscape processes. The occurrence of woodland cover in the Karviná district was determined from historical military maps (second half of the 18th century, first half of the 19th century, second half of the 19th century, first half of the 20th century) and from a colour orthophoto (2017) verified with reference to a contemporary map. The article interprets the occurrence of woodland cover depicted in the abovementioned sources and presents an interpretative key. The vectorisation of the woodland cover and the analysis of temporal–spatial changes in woodland cover were conducted using ArcGIS 10 software.

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Blaće, Ante. "Forest cover changes in the Ravni Kotari Region in the second half of the 19th century." Hrvatski geografski glasnik/Croatian Geographical Bulletin 81, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2019.81.02.03.

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Cherhik, Nataliia. "MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY IN THE RESEARCH OF NATIVE SCIENTISTS." Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, no. 16 (December 24, 2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2021.16.245741.

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The article presents publications of the late 19th – early20th centuries, in which museum materials of Ukrainian originare studied and published. This refers to museum catalogs,albums and reports. The purpose of this article is to trace thedynamics of the use of these publications in scientific researchof colleagues during the late 19th – early 21th centuries. Theproposed analysis proved the fact that museographicpublications have acted an important role in scientificresearch for a long time, starting from the moment they werepublished until the present time. It was also found that as ahistorical source, museography was emphasized in threedirections: the basis for conclusions about historical facts; thefoundation for the protection of objects of history and museumresearch; and for museum attribution work. The context of theuse of museum publications has changed. In the 19th century,they were used to show the development of museums in thesouth of the Russian Empire. In the Soviet period, "prerevolutionary" museum publications were perceived as tracesof "bourgeois science." Modern researchers consider museumcatalogs, albums, reports of the late 19th – early 20th centuries as one of the aspects of themanifestation of the process of national revival in Ukraine at the frontier of the century. It was alsonoted that at the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century, publications of archaeologicalcollections were more popular, especially materials found in the south of Ukraine. In the 21st century,the attention of researchers was attracted by materials from the period of the Cossacks. In general,there was a stable interest in Ukrainian museum publications of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

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Jonibek, Butayev. "THE STATE OF HORTICULTURE IN THE SAMARKAND REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY – THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 03, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-03-04-04.

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During the colonial period, gardening was one of the most important areas of agriculture in the Samarkand region. The article reveals the reforms of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries in the field of horticulture in the Samarkand region, statistical data on the yield of grapes, the influence of grape varieties and the expansion of horticulture on agriculture. An assessment is also given of the impact of changes and innovations carried out by the Russian administration in this area in the historical period when the region was called the Zeravshan district, and then the Samarkand region. At the same time, statistics on vineyards and yields in the region were compared with neighboring regions.

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Kholiavchuk, Dariia. "Climate of the Pokuttia and Bukovyna Carpathians and foreland in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of 20th centuries." Scientific Herald of Chernivtsi University. Geography, no. 839 (November 25, 2022): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/geo.2022.839.69-81.

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Climate reconstruction of the Pokuttia and Bukovyna Carpathians, its foreland and adjacent mountain and foothill areas in the 19th century is performed due to a dense network of meteorological observations, starting from the 60s of the 19th century in the Bukovyna and Galychyna provinces within the Austrian Monarchy and several paleoclimatic reconstructions, mainly dendroclimatic, carried out on the basis of data collected in the Eastern Carpathians. Spatial interpolations using universal kriging has been performed based on in-situ homogenized data of weather stations of the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century. The longest series of observations in the city of Chernivtsi since 1852 has enabled to track multidecadal changes in average annual and monthly air temperatures and atmospheric precipitation. The centennial course of these climatic indicators corresponds to the general patterns characteristic of all the Eastern Carpathians with the most pronounced continentality among the rest of the Carpathian regions. Cold decades in the second half of the 19th century in Chernivtsi are considered the continuation of the coldest period of 1720–1850 in the Eastern Carpathians in the last 600 years. The spatial distribution peculiarities of average monthly temperatures in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of 20th centuries in the region are manifested in a pronounced orographic steplike isotherm pattern. In the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century, the average long-term temperatures ranged from +3.5 to +4 °C in the southwest to +8 °C in the north and northeast in accordance to the orientation of the mountains. Inversion features of the valleys and internal lowlands are revealed in the spatial distribution of average temperatures, especially in the summer months. These features are also distinguished by a lower amount of atmospheric precipitation in the dry months of spring and autumn. Spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation in the second half of the 19th century – at the beginning of 20th century is also distinctive in the the inner mountain ridges of the adjacent Hryniava and Chornyi Dil mountains. These mountains are founded to be the coldest, often with a lack of meteorological summer and a maximum of precipitation in the spring and autumn months. A comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of average multi-year air temperatures and precipitation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was performed. In general, similar distribution of air temperatures and precipitation is revealed. The differences are more noticeable in the monthly context, especially in summer and in the mountainous parts of the region. Comparing the turns of 19th and 20th centuries, the average July monthly temperature in the southernmost mountain massifs of the region has increased by 1 °C, while in the foothills the increase does not exceed 0.5 °C. In the annual context, changes are less noticeable. The range of air temperature changes from north to south is the same at the turn of both the 19th and 20th centuries. The city of Chernivtsi is founded to become a bit warmer (by 0.5 °C), but interannual fluctuations of annual air temperatures within 2 °C are typical throughout all the centuries. Alongside, high annual temperatures (+9 °C and higher) have been observed more often. While in the last century such temperatures were recorded once per 5–10 years, in the first decade of this century, annual temperature above +9 °C is recorded every second year. Short-term fluctuations (5–10 years) of annual precipitation amounts have been characteristic of the whole period since the 19th century. The interpretation of local climatic differences involves further devolopment of accurate interpolation techniques and downscaling, especially for the construction of precipitation field given lack of high-mountain weather stations in the earlier centuries. The latter corresponds to the future studies of the author.

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Kovtyuh, Galina. "Charity’s Role in the Development of Russian and French Medicine in the Second Half of 19th Century." ISTORIYA 14, no. 5 (127) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026982-9.

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This article deals with different aspects of the link between charity’s development and development of Russian and French medicine in the second half of 19th century. The present study gives much attention to this topic while analyzing the history of pediatrics, dermatology, psychiatry, immunology, microbiology, struggle against infectious diseases. This article’s authors cite the examples demonstrating the construction of new hospitals and of new scientific institutes that took place in the second half of the 19th century. The present article characterizes the contribution to science made by I. P. Pavlov, S. N. Vinogradsky, N. F. Filatov, K. A. Rauсhfuss, V. F. Snegirev, A. M. Makeev and by group of other eminent scientists who witnessed the second half of the 19th century. Simultaneously the relationship between charity and emergence of new scientific directions in Russian medicine was explored. The present article denotes that this process took place while the specialization of medical knowledge was growing rapidly.

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Sekyrková, Milada. "Jakob Eduard Wittak a jeho doba v univerzitní kanceláři." AUC HISTORIA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE PRAGENSIS 62, no. 1 (November 28, 2022): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23365730.2022.16.

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For several decades in the first half of the 19th century, and especially around the time of the far-reaching administrative changes in mid-19th century when the need for and importance of the university office had grown, the office of a syndic was held by Dr Jakob Eduard Wittak (1785–1859). He worked in the university office from the second decade of the 19th century, having previously studied law at the Prague university. In 1835–1843, he worked as an actuary, then he was promoted to a syndic. This study analyses the operation and written materials produced by the university office at a time when Wittak worked there both as an employee and as its head. During his term, official documents of the university office were kept more meticulously than at any other time in the 19th century. Alongside this, this contribution presents, using Wittak as an example, a portrait of career of a university official in the first half of the 19th century.

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Bourguignon, François, and Christian Morrisson. "Inequality Among World Citizens: 1820–1992." American Economic Review 92, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 727–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344443.

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This paper investigates the distribution of well being among world citizens during the last two centuries. The estimates show that inequality of world distribution of income worsened from the beginning of the 19th century to World War II and after that seems to have stabilized or to have grown more slowly. In the early 19th century most inequality was due to differences within countries; later, it was due to differences between countries. Inequality in longevity, also increased during the 19th century, but then was reversed in the second half of the 20th century, perhaps mitigating the failure of income inequality to improve in the last decades.

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Deteșan, Daniela. "Ecclesiastical patrimony in Mărginimea Sibiului (second half of the 19th century)." Journal of Church History 2020, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jch.2020.2.3.

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Abstract: The article analyses the status of the priests, parishes, and churches in Mărginimea Sibiului in the second half of the nineteenth century. The data and information selected from the Archive of Săliște Archpriestship valorize the cultural, social, and economic dimensions of the inhabitants, most of them Orthodox. As sources, we have used various general annual reports of the archpriests, inventories of parishes and archpriestships, accounts of priests on the size and status of the parishes, bishop’s circular notes, protocols of the archpriestship synods, document summaries, and school statistics. The analysis confirms the existence of so-called dynasties of priests, church funds and school funds, women’s reunions, priest conferences and religious circles. The churches have been preserved in good status and they were provided with church-specific items and valuable assets, icons, cult books, and priest outfits.

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Himka, John-Paul. "The Ukrainian Idea in the Second Half of the 19th Century." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 3, no. 2 (2002): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2002.0021.

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A. Panov. "Russia's Diplomatic Service in the Second Quarter of the 19th Century." International Affairs 65, no. 002 (April 30, 2019): 238–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/iaf.53420854.

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Walsh, D. "Suicide in Ireland in the 19th century." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 34, no. 3 (October 11, 2016): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2016.35.

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IntroductionThis paper is an attempt to determine the extent and characteristics of suicide in 19th-century Ireland and the proportion of these that occurred in asylums.MethodsThe procedures used in this presentation involve analysis of data from the 1841 and 1851 Censuses of Ireland and the Reports of the Registrar-General of Ireland from 1864 to 1899 and the Annual Reports of the Inspectors of Lunacy, 1850 to 1899.ResultsReported suicides had relatively low rates in the 19th century, ranging from 0.9 to 3.3 per 100 000 per year. The proportion of these suicides that occurred in asylums was low at ~4%.ConclusionsThe reporting of suicide as a cause of death was relatively rare in the first-half of the 19th century in Ireland, but increased in frequency progressively throughout the second-half of that century. The reported numbers are likely to have minimised the real rates because of under-reporting.

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Milanovic, Vesna, Dragica Trivic, and Biljana Tomasevic. "Secondary-school chemistry textbooks in the 19th century." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 80, no. 10 (2015): 1321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc140926052m.

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The teaching of chemistry in Serbia as a separate subject dates from 1874. The first secondary-school chemistry textbooks appeared in the second half of the 19th century. The aim of this paper is to gain insight, by analysing two secondary-school chemistry textbooks, written by Sima Lozanic (1895) and Mita Petrovic (1892), into what amount of scientific knowledge from the sphere of chemistry was presented to secondary school students in Serbia in the second half of the 19th century, and what principles textbooks written at the time were based on. Within the framework of the research conducted, we defined the criteria for assessing the quality of secondary-school chemistry textbooks in the context of the time they were written in. The most important difference between the two textbooks under analysis that we found pertained to the way in which their contents were organized. Sima Lozanic?s textbook is characterized by a greater degree of systematicness when it comes to the manner of presenting its contents and consistency of approach throughout the book. In both textbooks one can perceive the authors? attempts to link chemistry-related subjects to everyday life, and to point out the practical significance of various substances, as well as their toxicness.

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Árpád, Gyéresi, Kata Mihály, and Gyéresi Mária. "Comments on the Hungarian pharmacopoeias in the 19th century." Bulletin of Medical Sciences 94, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2021-0004.

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Abstract Before 150 years the first Hungarian pharmacopoeia was compiled in 1871 as a result of nearly one century of national efforts. The first four editions were published in two languages, Hungarian and Latin. The second edition (1888) became better than the first one showing significant progress mainly in terms of speciality language. Based on the first edition Prof. Kálmán Balogh, medical doctor, published an encyclopaedic commentary, which is an unparalleled source-work of the contemporary Hungarian pharmacological literature. Geyza Karlovszky and Lajos Winkler issued a pocket edition (“Pocket Commentary”) based on the chemistry articles of the second edition of the pharmacopoeia, which became an important practical handbook of pharmacist education.

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Guillén, Elías Fuentes. "The notion of Natural Numbers among Germanic Mathematicians during the Second Half of the 18th Century." Revista Brasileira de História da Matemática 19, no. 37 (October 16, 2020): 01–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47976/rbhm2019v19n3701-23.

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While the idea of the naturalness of the positive integers is ancient, the idea of the naturals as the foundation of our number system is not. This latter idea, along with other factors, eventually led to the abstract definitions of natural numbers at the end of the 19th century. But, what led to such an idea that was already present among Germanic mathematicians in the first third of the 19th century? This article examines the tensions around the notion of number among the Germanic mathematicians of the second half of the 18th century with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of some of the factors that explain theemergence of such a different approach to naturals.

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Sigtryggsson, Jóhannes B. "Samræmdur úrvalsritháttur fornbóka: – réttritun Jóns Þorkelssonar." Orð og tunga 19 (June 1, 2017): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.19.6.

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Icelandic orthography was in flux at the beginning of the 19th century but scholars like Rasmus Kr. Rask and later Konráð Gíslason and Halldór Kr. Friðriksson put forth orthographical rules, either based on etymological principles or on the modern pronunciation of Icelandic. Aft er fierce debates the former school won in the second part of the 19th century. This article describes the orthography of a 19th-century Icelandic scholar, Jón Þorkelsson (1822–1904). He was the rector of the only college in Iceland, Lærði skólinn (Reykjavik Grammar School) and a respected Nordic scholar and lexicologist. In this paper I investigate Jón Þorkelsson’s spelling in his various writings in the later part of the 19th century, esp. æ/œ, -r/-ur and the simplification in spelling of long consonant before other consonants, and make a case that his spelling was neither based on etymological nor pronunciation principles, but rather on the spelling of the best Old Icelandic manuscripts. This shows how important Icelandic medieval manuscripts were in the standardization of Modern Icelandic spelling in the 19th century.

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Khairlapova, Marina Marksovna. "The Role of the Baskunchak Railway in the Development of the Salt Industry in the Astrakhan Governorate During the Second Half of the 19th Century." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.2.32327.

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The research subject of this article is the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century. The article's research object is the role of the Baskunchak railway in the development of the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century. The chronological framework of this study encompasses the period from the second half of the 19th century, when precisely at this time the government policy changed to the state reorganization of the entire railway system in Russia in the reign of Alexander II, and later in the reign of Alexander III, on the discussed here example, construction and operation of the Baskunchak railway. The author provides a detailed comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of transporting salt along the Baskunchak railway compared with transportation by oxen, which leads to the affirmation that after its opening this railway became the most important economic artery in Russia. This work uses the problem-chronological method, the historical-descriptive method, the historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods. The novelty of this study lies in its detailed elaboration of a previously unstudied direction, such as the influence of the new railway on the development of the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century.The role of the Baskunchak railway in the growth of the salt industry in the Astrakhan Governorate during the second half of the 19th century is indisputable. The railway connecting Lake Baskunchak with Port Vladimir has opened the most reliable and convenient form of transport. The materials used in this work are relevant for use in university education processes in the Astrakhan region for teaching general and specialized courses in Russian history and other related disciplines.

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Konareva, Irina A., Elena V. Baboshina, Tatiana N. Matyusheva, Vyacheslav L. Rasskazov, and Aleksej P. Treskov. "Judicial power development issues in Russian conservative legal ideology during the second half of the XIX-th century." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (November 13, 2021): 1518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1754.

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The political and legal ideology of Russian conservatism becomes more and more popular in modern conditions. This scientific work is devoted to the study of the political and legal positions of Russian conservatives in the second half of the 19th century, who made a significant impact on the development of legal science. The problem of judiciary development is taken as a basis. The purpose of the study is to analyze the positions of Russian scholars and public and political figures who proposed a special concept of views regarding the place and role of the judiciary in the state mechanism of the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19th century. The hypothesis of the study is the presentation of a special approach to the consideration of conservative ideology in relation to the creation and organizational activity of the judicial system through the prism of national problems that developed in the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19th century. The methodological basis of the study is made up of general scientific, private, as well as special methods of cognition.

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Kurbanova, Dilafruz. "Tent Of The Emir Of Bukhara (Second Half Of The 19th Century) ( History Of One Exhibit From The Collection Of The State Hermitage)." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue12-31.

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Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci, Bojana, and Mladen Obad Šćitaroci. "Urban Morphology of Zagreb in the Second Half of the 19th Century—Landmarks Guiding the Reconstruction of the Town and the Preservation of Identity after the 2020 Earthquake." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 3349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040186.

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The research of the urban morphology of Zagreb in the second half of the 19th century was done with the intention of showing the importance of inherited urban morphology and the importance of urban identity factors at a time when preparations are being made for reconstruction after the 2020 earthquake. The research was performed on the basis of old maps and plans and previous research on urban development. The medieval town of Zagreb began to develop in a planned manner in the second half of the 19th century. The orthogonal street grid in the new town built in the 19th century and called the Lower Town—were the result of urban utopian times and the first written legislation on urban planning (1857), the first development plan (1864/1865), and a second development plan (1887/1889). The concept for the urban design of the Lower Town has three distinct themes: an orthogonal street grid, public parks and squares and public buildings. The series of public spaces, consisting of seven squares and the Botanical Gardens, became a landmark pattern in the urban morphology of Zagreb at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. This urban pattern, as a lasting value, remains the main landmark for any new architectural and urban interventions in the town historic part.

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Vehrer, Adél. "Associations and Communities in Hungary in the Second Half of the 19th Century." Polgári szemle 17, Special Issue (2021): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24307/psz.2021.0029.

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The 19th century saw a boom in the organisation of civil communities in all European countries. Legislative changes gave room for the institutionalisation of associations, clubs and circles, and as a result the number of these organisations multiplied. Research on associations is a multifaceted task, as they cover a range of disciplines depending on their type. Their literature and approaches are therefore diverse. Cultural history, social history, sociology, statistics, legal history, literary history and ethnography can all play a role in the study of associations. The present study examines the types, number and membership of associations in Hungary in the 19th century in a European comparison.

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Sarafanov, D. E. "Urban and Rural Population in the Barnaul Parishes in the Second Half of the 18th - 19th Centuries." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 5(115) (November 30, 2020): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)5-06.

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The article focuses on the analysis of the size of Orthodox parishes in Barnaul as well as the dynamics of the proportion of urban and rural population in the second half of the 18th - 19th centuries. It is concluded that there were four Orthodox parishes in Barnaul. By the end of the 18th century, the population of 24 villages was attributed to them, from 1808 - 29, by the mid-20s of the 19th century the parish territory reached its maximum size and included 33 villages. The population of rural areas in urban parishes increased during the first half of the 19th century. The indicator reached its maximum values by 1846 (51.6%). The increase was associated both with an increase in the number of villages assigned to the churches of Barnaul, and with an increase in the number of inhabitants in them. Since the end of the 1840s, with the beginning of active church building in Altai, the “area” and the number of rural population in urban parishes began to decline. The urban population was unevenly distributed between parishes. The proportion of the townspeople of the Peter and Paul Church among other parishes of Barnaul until 1860 was more than 70%, later it decreased to 34%. The clergy, built in the 1860s of the Intercession Church, "served" an average of 32% of the city's population. In the first half of the 19th century, 17% and 9% of the townspeople were assigned to the Zakharievskaya and Odigitrievskaya churches. In subsequent years, the figures were 27% and 7%.

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BAKSHAEV, ALEXANDR. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR MILITARY PRODUCTION BY THE STATE MINING PLANTS OF THE URALS AT THE SECOND QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY." History and modern perspectives 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-3-79-85.

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The article is considered the development of the regulatory framework for military production at the mining plants of the Urals in the second quarter of the 19th century based on legislative and regulatory acts, concentrated in the Complete collection of Laws of the Russian Empire and other editions, as well as archival documents. This problem was practically not been studied in historiography; researchers mainly turned to the normative acts of the first third of the 19th century. The author shows the development of military legislation, primarily the highest approved rules and instructions for the acceptance of various types of military products. It is noted that until the early 30s of the 19th century in the manufacture and acceptance of military products, the enterprises of the region were guided by the instructions of 1804-1808, which determined the technical requirements for military products and metals, the duties of military inspectors, and ways of resolving disagreements between them and mining officials. In the second quarter of the 19th century, these documents were revised twice: in 1831 and 1846, the rules for the acceptance of new types of military products were adopted. Changes in mining legislation (Mining Charter of various editions), which included provisions of rules and instructions for the acceptance of military products from mining plants, are analyzed. The issues of manufacturing metals and weapons were also regulated in the regulations of state mining districts, in the orders of the mining and plant management bodies. There are also highlighted the regulations governing the activities of military inspectors, delivery of military products to consumers. As a result, it is concluded that the problems with the implementation of military orders by mining plants, the improvement of technology and production technologies led to the revision of the regulatory framework for the manufacture of military products in the second quarter of the 19th century.

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Gherasim, Cristina. "Collective mentalities of the nobility in Bessarabia in the second half of the 19th century." Akademos, no. 4(67) (March 2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52673/18570461.22.4-67.10.

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The change of mentality is a lasting process, carried out in special political, socio-economic and cultural conditions. In this sense, the influence of the tsarist domination regime, through all the policies promoted in the area between the Prut and the Dniester Rivers, generated some changes in the environment of the Bessarabian population in the second half of the 19th century, especially in the environment of the elites. The phenomenon is part of the general spirit of the 19th century, when the modernization and secularization of societies was fully affirmed, and with it the change of spiritual and cultural priorities. Keywords: nobility, Bessarabia, tsarist

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Nancka, Grzegorz. "Towards a new Methodological Approach. Roman Law Community in Lviv Since Mid-19th Century until Early 20th Century." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 99 (June 30, 2022): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.99.11.

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The aim of this article is to present the methodological views of Lviv-based scholars such as: Józafat Zielonacki, Ferdynand Źródłowski, Leonard Piętak, Leon Piniński, Marceli Chlamtacz and Ignacy Koschembahr-Łyskowski. In the 19th century German science of law, a special role was played by the so-called Pandectism. In the second half of the 19th century, the Pandectist thought permeated to other countries, including Austria. It also reached the Lviv Roman law community and found its representatives there. As time went by, before the end of the 19th century, it turned out that Pandectism was gradually exhausting its possibilities, and so the search for new research methods began. This article is intended to illustrate until which point in time the Roman law community in Lviv presented the Pandectist point of view and when it started to depart from it.

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Aromaa, Jari. "Electrorefining in Sustainable Metals Production." Metals 12, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030372.

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Viliūnas, Dalius. "Ankstyvoji modernizacija Užnemunėje: luominio mentaliteto erozija XIX amžiaus pradžioje." Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2021/2 (December 31, 2021): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386549-202102002.

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EARLY MODERNISATION IN TRANS-NIEMEN LITHUANIA: THE EROSION OF THE ESTATE MENTALITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY The article identifies several sources hitherto unknown in Lithuanian historiography for the study of the history of Užnemunė (Suvalkija) in the first half of the 19th century. Texts from the ‘Peasants’ Questionnaire’, which are important for getting to know the mentality of the regional nobility, and the official letters of Marijampolė council and the sub-prefect of the area, drafted improve the situation of the peasants, have been investigated. The innovative rhetoric of Marijampolė council in 1814, and its approach to the issue of the peasants, allows us to treat it as a supporter of Duke Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, the initiator of reforms, and his group. The attitude of the Marijampolė experts towards farmers supports the assumption of the greater and earlier emancipation of the peasantry of Užnemunė (Trans-Niemen) which occurred in the second half of the 19th century. The ongoing liberation process was indirectly reflected in the writings of Marijampolė landowners in 1814. Novum is that this emancipation is even earlier. It is not even the beginning of the 19th century. We can distinguish clearly the period of the Prussian occupation at the turn of the 19th century, when the peasants were given the opportunity to participate in pre-capitalist trade, taking advantage of the circulation of cash stimulated by the prewar period. At the beginning of the second decade of the 19th century, the nobility saw the peasants in the Marijampolė area as a separate and respectable class of society (no longer the lower estate in an anthropological sense), worthy of government support, familiar with philanthropy and entrepreneurship, and the principle and autonomy of personal interest.

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Teubner, Melina. "Cooking at Sea. Different forms of labor in the era of the Second Slavery." Población & Sociedad 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 54–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/pys-2020-270204.

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This paper deals with various forms of labor in the 19th century. Although Brazil officially banned the slave trade, the first half of the 19th century did no t bring a decline of this business. Rather, until at least 1851, large numbers of slaves were brought to Brazil. The structure of the slave trade was based on the labor needed to carry out the abduction of several million people. Slave ship cooks were resp onsible for feeding the people during their voyages, thus contributing to the infrastructure and reproduction of the slave trade. By using a micro - historical approach to examine the example of slave ship cooks, different forms of forced labor can be shown

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Bleaney, B. "A century of physics in Oxford." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 53, no. 3 (September 22, 1999): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1999.0086.

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This paper gives a concise history of the development of physics in Oxford, mainly from the middle of the 19th century to 1945. The first part covers the origins of the old Clarendon Laboratory and the Electrical Laboratory. The second part is devoted to the new Clarendon Laboratory, constructed in 1938–39, and the work there during the Second World War, together with a brief summary of important changes in 1945–46.

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Penyaz, Tetiana. "ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF ELIZABETHGRAD IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY - THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC WORKS." Architectural Bulletin of KNUCA, no. 26-27 (September 24, 2023): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2519-8661.2023.26-27.106-119.

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Specific features of the forming of architecture in the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries of cities of the central region of Ukraine need a detailed study to understand the ways of forming modern architectural space. The article is dedicated to the analysis of the state of study of historical and scientific sources about to the architecture of Yeolysavetgrad (Kropyvnytskyi) in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the process of studying literature, based on the received on primary information and its systematization, little-studied and unexplored problems were identified that require their further study. The materials of the article are an attempt to classify literary sources by its types and complexity. Most studies are statistical or descriptive in nature and consider only a few questions about the development of Yelisavetgrad architecture in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The main attention in historical and local history sources was paid to the city-forming architectural monuments. The sources of the research of architecture of the city are divided according to the time of publicatons into four periods: the first - the middle of the 19th century; the second - the end of the 19th century - until 1917; the third - the Soviet period: from 1917 to 1991; the fourth - the period of independence from 1991 to 2022. By type, they are divided into: scientific researches, historical-architectural studies, local history studies, encyclopedic literature, periodicals. The performed analysis showed that there are no systematic research of features of development of the architecture of Yelisavetgrad in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries with its legible classification. There is insufficiently research into prerequisites and factors for the formation of the architecture of this period and its importance in the further architectural and planning development of the city. The conducted research allows to set the priority tasks and directions for further researches.

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Galanin, S. F. "Advertising as a factor in the development of Kazan city’ commercial press in the second half of the XIX century." Heritage and Modern Times 6, no. 2 (September 21, 2023): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52883/2619-0214-2023-6-2-113-125.

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The article enlightens the directions of development of the Kazan periodical press of the second half of the 19th century, associated with the growth of economy and trade. The main forms of advertising in Kazan newspapers are presented. The processes of commercialization of periodicals are shown, which are directly related to the transformation of advertising into the most important tool for working with the consumer and increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise. Based on archival sources, the main stages in the development of the Kazan commercial press in the second half of the 19th century are reflected.

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Іванівна Дутчак, Олена. "Окремі методологічні аспекти дослідження історіографії музейництва на Прикарпатті другої половини ХІХ – 30-х рр. ХХ століття." Zeszyt Naukowy Prac Ukrainoznawczych 10 (July 19, 2023): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.0944.

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This article presents certain methodological aspects of the historiography of museums in the Precarpathian region in the period from mid-19th century to the 1930s. All terminological problems are identified. The meaning of the terms “museum work”, “museum studies”, “museology” is outlined. The chronological boundaries of the study are determined. They have two levels. The first level is the territory of the Precarpathian region, which almost completely coincides with the administrative borders of the Ivano-Frankivsk region today. The second level has a global scale – scientific works of scientists all over the world. In the scientific and historical studies of the development of museums in the Precarpathian region of the aforementioned period, the following historiographical periods can be distinguished: historiography of the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th centurу, scientific studies of the 1920s and the 1930s, Soviet (post-war) historiography, and contemporary Ukrainian historiography. In each of the above periods, there were excellent methodological approaches, ideological attitudes and epistemological capabilities.

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Vagabova, Tamilla. "Formation of the Theory of Education and Development of Scientific Knowledge in Azerbaijan in the Second Half of the 19th Century and Beginning of the 20th Century." Man and Education, no. 3 (72) (2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.54884/s181570410023270-2.

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The article discusses the process of formation of the theory of education and development of scientific knowledge in Azerbaijan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The contribution of the Azerbaijani intelligentsia, educators to the development of the new content of the theory of education, the formation of new theoretical ideas is analyzed. The role of Azerbaijani scientists-enlighteners is considered, as well as the influence of Azerbaijani culture on the formation of new democratic trends in the theory of upbringing and education. Various ideological directions are presented that influenced the development of the theory of education and the development of scientific knowledge in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. One of the significant issues of the era of the national revival of Azerbaijan is raised - the issue of women's education. It is concluded that the upbringing of national self-consciousness and patriotism was one of the main tasks solved by the bearers of new ideas in the field of education and upbringing in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

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Supady, Jerzy. "The beginnings of modern nursing in the 19th century." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 7, no. 2 (July 2, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2654.

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The formation of modern nursing is associated with socio–political factors including the wars fought during the second half of the 19th century. The Crimean War resulted in reforms undertaken by Florence Nightingale in nursing care of the sick and the wounded. As a consequence of the military conflict between France and Austria in 1859 the Red Cross organization was founded.

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Nowicki, Jan. "Gotyk polski?" Politeja 16, no. 1(58) (October 31, 2019): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.58.18.

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Polish Gothic? Establishing Real and Imaginary Boundaries through Architecture in the II Half of the 19th Century Intensive development of national identities is a characteristic feature of the 19th century European science, culture and politics. In Poland this process was of great importance. Disintegration of the state and lack of its institutions resulted in even more determined attempts to define and divide what is “ours” from what is “foreign”. One of the most important ways of constructing this boundary was through architecture – its history and theory. In the second half of the 19th century more and more authors started to give their answers to the emerging question: are there any exceptional, individual features of Polish architecture? In this context I would like to investigate the concept of “Vistulian‑Baltic” style, which is interpreted by scholars as a first attempt to define Polish national style in architecture. Closer insight into 19th century narratives reveals how imaginary and real boundaries were established through architecture and its theory.

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Burachonak, Aliaksandr V. "Major trends in the development of business activity in Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century (the case of Minsk)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-1-26-35.

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The article provides analysis of major directions of entrepreneurship development in Minsk in late 19th – early 20th century, showcases dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in industry and trade. The paper uncovers level of credit business development as well as institutional changes in the economic life of Minsk in the post-reform period. The conclusions reveal influence of modernisation processes on the development of business activity in Minsk in the late 19th – early 20th century.

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Álvarez-Echeverri, Tiberio. "Crónica sobre la cirugía en Antioquia. Segunda entrega." Anales de la Academia de Medicina de Medellín 19, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56684/ammd/2023.2.20.

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Based on three thesis papers with their respective authors and dates, we take a panoramic look at the surgical developments in Antioquia and its capital, Medellin, at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. We recall the names of the leading surgeons, the most frequent surgical interventions, asepsis and antisepsis practices, anesthesia with chloroform, surgical instruments and dressings, resuscitation with brandy and caffeine, criticisms regarding certain surgeries, and the successes and failures in surgical matters. In addition, we explore the lessons learned and statistical data.

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Temperley, David. "The origins of syncopation in American popular music." Popular Music 40, no. 1 (February 2021): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143021000283.

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AbstractThe origins of syncopation in 20th-century American popular music have been a source of controversy. I offer a new account of this historical process. I distinguish between second-position syncopation, an accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit, and fourth-position syncopation, an accent on the fourth quarter of such a unit. Unlike second-position syncopation, fourth-position syncopation tends to have an anticipatory character. In an earlier study I presented evidence suggesting British roots for second-position syncopation. in contrast, fourth-position syncopation – the focus of the current study – seems to have had no presence in published 19th-century vocal music, British or American. It first appears in notation in ragtime songs and piano music at the very end of the 19th century; it was also used in recordings by African-American singers before it was widely notated.

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Eshmuhamatov, Ahror, and Najmiddin Musinov. "THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY (as on example of a horse)." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 25, no. 2 (December 22, 2019): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2019-25-09.

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This article deals with the livestock breeding condition in Turkistan region at the second port of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The field is analyses by comparing methods of cattle raising in emirates and khanates of that time

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Iyerusalimskiy, Yuri. "Yaroslavl Provincial Statistic Committee in the second half of the 19th century." Rossiiskaia istoriia, no. 2 (2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870014464-1.

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