Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Secoli 17'

Second language (L2) teacher cognition has in recent years attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers. While much L2 teacher cognition research focuses on the teaching of grammar (e.g. Phipps & Borg, 2009), L2 writing teacher cognition has received considerably less attention. It has, however, been suggested that L2 writing teachers’ perceptions of themselves as writers (Casanave, 2004) and as language learners may play a crucial role in their decision making as teachers of L2 writing. In an attempt to address this gap in the L2 teacher cognition literature, this study investigates English as a second language (ESL) writing teachers' beliefs about themselves as language learners and as writers in their first and/or second language(s). The purpose is to discover how ESL writing teachers’ beliefs about and practice of teaching L2 writing are influenced by their experiences in writing in their first and/ or second languages. Three native (NES) and two non-native English-speaking (NNES) teachers teaching L2 writing took part in the study. During a 15-week semester, their ESL writing classes were periodically observed and audio-recorded. Additionally, each teacher was interviewed two times using stimulated recall regarding both their classroom instructional practices and instruction provided in the margins of student papers. Findings revealed that, language learning in general was an important contributor to both NNES and NES teachers’ cognitions. Even NES teachers who were not advanced in their respective second and/or additional languages still referred to their language learning experiences. The NNES teacher participants also commented that they sometimes had to step out of their own language experience in order to better help their students. Results also indicated that L2 writing teachers without advanced L2 literacy skills were influenced primarily by their L1 writing experiences. L2 writing teachers with advanced L2 literacy skills, however, were greatly influenced by their L2 writing experience. In all of the cases, being an advanced writer, whether in their L1 or L2s, was an important contributor to L2 writing teachers’ cognitions.

La tesi è incentrata sulla applicazione di metodi di rilevamento e di rappresentazione per lo studio di alcuni esempi di Archeologia industriale in Sicilia.
The work is focused on the study of some ancient facilities in Sicily. Wine plants in Marsala (TP), Sulphur mines near Caltanissetta and a chemical industry in the neighbours of Palermo are surveyed and drawn so to put into evidence the connection between form and function.

Le 31 décembre 1600 la reine Elisabeth I ère d'Angleterre fonda la Governor and Company of merchants of London trading into de East-Indies (la Compagnie des Indes Orientales anglaise), mieux connue sous le nom de East India Company (BIC). Dans cette recherche nous avons poursuivi deux buts fondamentaux: combler une lacune et vérifier des lieux communs. La lacune était celle de la description de l'histoire juridique de la EIC pendant le XVIIème siècle. Les lieux communs étaient celui de la présumée responsabilité limitée des membres de la compagnie et celui du présumé caractère soi-disant « démocratique» de son organisation. En traitant de la première question, nous avons constaté que la solution adoptée par la compagnie était très pragmatique: en cas de besoin, on recourrait au prêt externe ou on obligeait les membres à faire des apports de fond au capital (leviations). Le patrimoine des membres, en conclusion, n'était pas attaqué directement par les créanciers, mais seulement par l'intermédiation de la compagnie elle-même. Quant au caractère démocratique de la EIC, nous sommes arrivés à la conclusion que la compagnie était effectivement une organisation démocratique, mais seulement pendant les 57 premières années de son existence. Après, le droit au vote fut lié au montant de la souscription: la transformation d'une majorité numérique à une majorité de capital avait commencé
The Governor and Company of merchants of London trading into the East Indies, better known as East India Company (BIC), was founded by a charter from Queen Elisabeth l on December 31st 1600. This research, which aims to analyse "the mother of the modern corporation" from a strictly legal historical point of view, focuses on two "historical commonplaces": the one of the supposed limited liability enjoyed by the company's adventurers and the one of the supposed "democratic" character of its organisation. About the first point, our conclusion is that the company provided a very pragmatic answer to the liability question: on the one hand it borrowed money from outside, on the other hand, to pay the company's debts, the adventurers were made liable to pay leviations to the company (but not directly to the company's creditors). About the second point, we arrived at the conclusion that the EIC was a democratic organisation, but only until the middle of the 171h century: the passage from a majority of number to a majority of capital didn't take place slowly, during the 19th century (as a number of scholars have sustained), but suddenly, starting from the year 1657, and it grew stronger during the second half of that same 171h century that saw the foundation of the EIC

This study considers industrial society and development in the East Tennessee Copper Basin from the 1890s through World War II; its main focus will be on the primary industrial concern, Tennessee Copper Company (TCC 1899), owned by the Lewisohn Group, New York. The study differs from other Appalachian scholarship in its assessment of New South industries generally overlooked. Wars and increased reliance on organic chemicals tied the basin to defense needs and agricultural advance. Locals understood the basin held expanding economic opportunities superior to those in the surrounding mountains and saw themselves as participants in the nation’s industrial and economic progress, and a vital part of its defense. The study upends earlier scholarship contending local industrial concerns acted proactively to challenges from farmers harmed by industrial pollution; investigation shows firms hesitated to initiate new production processes and manipulated local elections. Partisan developments woven amid all this underscore errors in assuming ancient regional affinity for Republicans. Confederate heritage gave Democrats an historic advantage that fractured before New Deal progressivism and expanding basin Republican power. Markets forced basin firms to merge and embrace technological change affecting working people’s relationships, forcing workers to improve skills or settle for low-skill jobs. Excepting TCC managers and supervisory staff, provincialism ruled; suspicions and competitiveness among workers grew as most miners lived a few scattered villages and most managers and craftsmen settled in the basin’s “Twin-cities” district. Early union efforts collapsed before union mismanagement, rational management and a company union based upon Sam Lewisohn’s ideals. Management managed to wrest control of its industrial relations despite the effects of Depression and the New Deal’s empowerment of workers. Workers’ infighting, reflecting neighborhood demographics and ideological differences, benefitted TCC; it convinced locals TCC could best protect industrial peace. The submissive AFL union installed fit of ownership’s nationally recognized program for industrial relations reliant on federal power. After competition crippled local industry, locals continued their reliance on government: to investigate the medical consequences of extraction work and coordinate environmental restoration. Recent regional anti-government populism makes the basin’s peculiar historic reliance on federal help engaging.

The conception of Villa Doria Pamphilj (ca. 1646) by Francesco Borromini (1599-1667) can be considered one of his most intriguing unbuilt projects. At the time this dwelling was specifically conceived to host the Cardinal Camilo Pamphilj, nephew of Pope Innocenzo X. This project by Borromini is combined with a memorandum written by Emmanuel Maignan (1601-1676) who was Father of the Minim Order and lived in the Convent of SS. Trinità dei Monti in Rome for a period. This handwritten by Father Maignan features a series of scientific wonders which were conceived to adorn Pamphilj’s villa and the sorrounding gardens; these games represent the in-depth interest which aroused the study of optics, gnomonics, pneumatics, acustics and magnetism in the Baroque era. My Phd. thesis speculates about the digital recostruction of this villa and the scientific games matching the typical Borromini’s poetic composition with the mathematic elements added by Emmanuel Maignan. Due to the particular philosophical and cultural atmosphere which inspired architecture in 18th century Rome, this research will develop the topic of René Descartes’ thought (1596-1650) - a key personality in the European context of that time. In fact several interesting connections with the science of the representation arise from Descartes’effort to develop and spread a new method of inquiry.
Tra i progetti non realizzati di Francesco Borromini (1599-1667) di particolare interesse è quello relativo a Villa Doria Pamphilj (1646 circa), concepita quale futura dimora del cardinale Camillo Pamphilj, nipote dell’allora Papa Innocenzo X. Il progetto borrominiano è accompagnato da un promemoria redatto da Emmanuel Maignan (1601-1676), Padre afferente all’Ordine dei Minimi, vissuto per alcuni anni presso il Convento di SS. Trinità dei Monti a Roma. Il manoscritto di Padre Maignan elenca una serie di meraviglie scientifiche concepite per adornare la villa e il giardino circostante, tali giochi testimoniano il profondo interesse, in epoca barocca per gli studi relativi all’ottica, alla gnomonica, alla pneumatica, all’acustica e al magnetismo. La tesi di dottorato ipotizza una ricostruzione in ambito digitale della villa e dei giochi scientifici in essa contenuti, tenendo conto della poetica compositiva borrominiana e degli apporti matematici offerti da Emmanuel Maignan. Alla luce del clima filosofico e culturale che animò la produzione architettonica della Roma del XVII secolo, l’indagine toccherà a più riprese il pensiero di René Descartes (1596-1650), figura chiave nel contesto europeo di quegli anni, impegnato nella divulgazione di un nuovo metodo conoscitivo, dal quale emergono i profondi legami con la scienza della rappresentazione.

The present research concerns the Mengeldichten 17 -29 (or the corpus of the poems of the so-called pseudo-Hadewijch). This is to be found in two of the three manuscripts that have transmitted the voluminous and varied work of the great woman writer and Brabantine poet Hadewijch. Its author is anonymous. Because of a difference in versification the corpus itself can be divided into two unities: the group of Mengeldichten 17 -24 and the group of Mengeldichten 25 -29. Van Mierlo, responsible for two editions of the Mengeldichten (the second being in 1952), placed the corpus of the pseudo-Hadewijch at the end of the 13th century, or at the latest at the beginning of the 14th century. Very little research has been done on these poems until now due to their being situated on the sidelines of Hadewijch’s work. Nevertheless they have been recognized and appreciated thanks to their French translation by Porion in 1954. Our study makes use of a number of rhetorical-literary and formal analyses. This is done better to facilitate an examination of the doctrinal message contained in the poems. Our approach takes into consideration the writings of authors thought crucial by previously held debate concerning these poems viz., Hadewijch, Eckhart, Margherita Porete, Jan van Ruusbroec, and also other speculative texts from the beginning of the 14th century. Our study has highlighted the composite and heterogeneous nature of the corpus that seems to be a collection of different poems. The two unities (Mgd. 17 -24 and Mgd. 25-29) show a basic difference, not only because of the versification, but also because of doctrine, purpose and vocabulary. Whereas the corpus as such keeps the memory of Hadewijch, the first unity shows a particular affinity with the Miroir des simples ames of Margherita Porete and with other anonymous speculative poems. The second unity shows a clear affinity with the work of Eckhart as far as themes and vocabulary are concerned. This unity bears witness to the reception of the German mystic in the Netherlands. Notwithstanding the difference between the two unities the corpus is interlarded with unifying elements and the doctrinal lines of the first part find in the second part their ultimate consequences. The study leads to the belief that the poems have their origin in the context of the beguine circles. In addition, the author (or the authors) is/are to be situated within the spiritual circles around Ruusbroec. The comparison with the work of the Brabantine mystic leads one to take 1350 as the terminus ante quem of the composition of the corpus. Our comparison with Ruusbroec furthermore led us to formulate a hypothesis with regard to the poems of the second unity of the corpus: that these, and especially the Mgd. 26, 27 an 29, could be the poems of Bloemardinne, the heretic that Ruusbroec struggled with in Brussels.
La ricerca qui condotta riguarda le Mengeldichten 17-29, ossia il corpus delle poesie della cosiddetta pseudo-Hadewijch. Esso è presente in due dei tre manoscritti che hanno trasmesso l'opera voluminosa e variegata della grande scrittrice e poetessa brabantina Hadewijch. L'autore di detto corpus è anonimo. A motivo di una differenza nella versificazione, il corpus stesso può essere distinto in due unità: il gruppo delle Mengeldichten 17-24 e il gruppo delle Mengeldichten 25-29. Van Mierlo, che delle Mengeldichten ha dato due edizioni (la seconda è del 1952), collocava il corpus della pseudo-Hadewijch alla fine del XIII secolo, al più tardi agli inizi del XIV. Poesie disposte a margine dell'opera di Hadewijch, su di esse è avvenuta fino all'oggi poca opera di ricerca nonostante siano state conosciute ed apprezzate grazie alla traduzione che di esse apparve, in francese, nel 1954, ad opera di Porion. Il nostro studio si è avvalso di una serie di analisi retorico-letterarie e di carattere formale per meglio compiere un'opera di disanima del messaggio dottrinale contenuto in queste poesie. Tale opera è avvenuta tenendo conto degli autori che il dibattito precedentemente avvenuto al riguardo di queste poesie ha giudicato cruciali: Hadewijch, Eckhart, Margherita Porete, Jan van Ruusbroec e anche altri testi speculativi degli inizi del XIV secolo. La ricerca ha evidenziato la natura composita ed eterogenea del corpus che emerge essere una collezione di diverse poesie. Le due unità (Mgd. 17-24 e Mgd. 25-29) mostrano una basilare diversità non solo a motivo della versificazione ma anche a motivo di elementi come intenti, lessico e dottrina. Se il corpus intero mantiene il ricordo di Hadewijch, la prima unità dimostra una particolare affinità con il Miroir des simples ames di Margherita Porete e con altri poemi anonimi di natura speculativa. La seconda unità mostra un'accentuata affinità, in temi e lessico, con l'opera di Eckhart. Questa unità si pone come una testimonianza della ricezione del mistico tedesco nei Paesi Bassi. Nonostante le diversità tra le due unità il corpus è percorso da elementi che lo unificano e le linee dottrinali contenute nella prima unità trovano nella seconda gli esiti più estremi. Lo studio porta a ritenere che le poesie siano sorte in ambiente beghinale. L'autore (o gli autori) sarebbero (sono) inoltre da ricercarsi nella cerchia degli spirituali della cerchia di Ruusbroec. La comparazione con le opere del mistico brabantino porta ad assumere il 1350 come terminus ante quem della composizione del corpus. La comparazione con Ruusbroec ha inoltre portato alla formulazione di un'ipotesi a riguardo delle poesie della seconda unità del corpus: esse, ma in particolare le Mgd. 26, 27 e 29, potrebbero essere state le poesie di Bloemardinne, l'eretica che Ruusbroec avrebbe combattuto a Bruxelles.

Questa ricerca affronta lo studio delle caratteristiche geometriche e costruttive delle volte a muqarnas costruite a Palermo nel XII secolo, al fine di contribuire al dibattito ancora aperto sulle origini di questi apparati decorativi e la loro trasmissione. Gli assunti da cui la ricerca prende le mosse sono principalmente due: il Rilievo e il Disegno sono strumenti privilegiati per indagare, conoscere e comprendere l’architettura; la Sicilia nel XII secolo è un luogo di sperimentazione e non di sola ricezione di codici provenienti dall’Egitto. Lo studio proposto si prefigge pertanto due obiettivi: costituire, tramite il rilievo con laser scanner, un archivio digitale tridimensionale dei muqarnas di Palermo; dimostrare l’ipotesi che i progetti dei muqarnas di Palermo siano stati concepiti assumendo come riferimento un unico schema geometrico e metrico.
This research focuses on the geometric and constructive characteristics of the muqarnas vaults, built in Palermo in the XII century, to contribute to the discussion, still open, on the muqarnas origin and transmission. The research takes into account that: survey and drawing are effective tools to investigate, explore and understand architecture; during the XII century Sicily was a place of experimentation, not just receiving codes from the Egypt. This research aims at a twofold purpose: to set up a 3D digital ‘repository’ of the muqarnas vaults of Palermo, through a comprehensive laser scanning survey; to investigate on muqarnas vaults of Palermo design and prove that they were built using a specific metric and geometric pattern.

Introdução: As queimaduras alcalinas da córnea fazem parte dos ferimentos mais devastadores para o olho. Objetivo: Os objetivos foram investigar o efeito aditivo do olho seco na atividade de proteases na superfície ocular e complicações corneanas apos lesão ocular alcalina e também investigar a eficácia da terapia anti-inflamatória controlar este processo. Métodos: Um modelo combinado (CM) de olho seco e queimadura alcalina unilateral foi usada. Resumidamente, camundongos C57BL /6 foram submetidos à queimadura alcalina unilateral (AB) com ou sem olho seco concomitante por 2 ou 5 dias. Um grupo separado de animais foram submetidos a ambos modelos (AB e olho seco) foram tratados topicamente com a Dexametasona, ou Doxiciclina ou colírio controle de solução salina balanceada (BSS). Os camundongos foram observados diariamente para verificar o aparecimento de perfuração da córnea. Córneas inteiras foram colhidas e homogeneizadas para extração de RNA. PCR quantitativo em tempo real foi realizada para medir a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias, metaloproteinases de matriz (MMP). Ativdade da MMP-9, atividade da gelatinase e da atividade da mieloperoxidase (MPO) foram avaliados em córneas homogeneizadas. A presença da infiltração de neutrófilos foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica e citometria de fluxo. Resultados: Os olhos submetidos ao modelo combinado de AB e olho seco (CM) tiveram 20% de taxa de perfuração estéril da córnea 1 dia após a lesão inicial; que aumentou para 35% em 5 dias. Houve um atraso no fechamento da ferida e aumento de opacidade residual da córnea. Aumento dos níveis de IL-1, IL-6, e as MMPs 1, -3, -8, -9, 13 e CXCL1, foram encontrados após 2 dias no CM comparando com córneas AB. Um aumento da imunorreatividade da MMP-1, -3, -9 e -13 e atividade gelatinolítica da MMP-9 foram observadas em comparação com córneas do grupo CM comparado com AB. O aumento da infiltração de neutrófilos e a atividade da mieloperoxidase foi observado no grupo CM comparando-se com córneas do grupo AB após dois dias da lesão inicial. Não foram observadas perfurações nas córneas tratadas com Dexametasona. Nos olhos tratados com Doxiciclina, 100% do fechamento da ferida pós-lesão no dia 2 e pontuação significantemente menor na escala de opacidade da córnea em relação ao BSS também foram observadas nos dias 4 e 5. Córneas tratadas com Dexametasona apresentaram a menor pontuação de opacidade da córnea. Tratamento com Dexametasona diminuiu significativamente os níveis de mRNA da IL-1, IL-6, e MMP-1, -9, -13, e o TIMP-1 depois de 2 dias, e aumentou os níveis de MMP-8, enquanto que o tratamento com Doxiciclina diminuiu significativamente IL-1, IL-6, MMP-8, -9 e, em comparação com córneas tratadas com BSS. A diminuição da imunorreatividade da MMP-1, -9 e -13 e atividade gelatinolítica foram vistos em córneas tratadas com Doxiciclina e Dexametasona em comparação com o veículo BSS. O aumento da infiltração de neutrófilos e a atividade da mieloperoxidase foi observado no grupo BSS comparação com o grupo Dexametasona 2 dias pós-lesão. Conclusões: O olho seco ambiental piora o resultado da queimadura ocular alcalina, criando uma tempestade de citocinas e proteases, aumentando o risco de perfuração corneana. Entretanto, o tratamento inicial com terapia anti-inflamatória é muito eficaz na preservação da transparência corneana e facilita a cicatrização de feridas, enquanto controla a produção de MMP e a migração de neutrófilos.
Introduction: Alkali burns to the cornea are among the most devastating injuries to the eye. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of dry eye on ocular surface protease activity and sight threatening corneal complications following ocular surface chemical injury and also to investigate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy controlling this. Methods: A combined model (CM) of unilateral alkali burn and dry eye was used. Briefly, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to unilateral alkali burn (AB) with or without concomitant dry eye for 2 or 5 days. A separate group of mice subjected to both AB and dry eye were topically treated with Dexamethasone (Dex), Doxycycline (Doxy) or saline control (BSS). Mice were observed daily for appearance of corneal perforation. Whole corneas were harvested and lysed for RNA extraction. Quantitative real time PCR was performed to measure expression of inflammation cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). MMP-9 activity, gelatinase activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were evaluated in corneal lysates. Presence of infiltrating neutrophils was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Results: Eyes subjected to the combined model of AB and dry eye (CM) had 20% sterile corneal perforation rate as soon as 1 day after the initial injury, which increased to 35% by 5 days, delayed wound closure and increased corneal opacity. Increased levels of IL- 1, IL-6, and MMPs 1,-3,-8,-9, 13, and CXCL1 transcripts were found after 2 days in CM compared to AB corneas. Increased MMP-1, -3,-9 and -13 immunoreactivity and gelatinolytic activity were seen in CM corneas compared to AB. Increased neutrophil infiltration and MPO activity was noted in the CM group compared to AB 2 days post injury. No perforations were observed in the Dex treated corneas. Doxy treated eyes had 100% of wound closure 2D post-injury, and significant lower corneal opacity scores at days 4 and 5 compared to BSS. Dex-treated corneas showed the lowest corneal opacity score. Dex treatment significantly decreased mRNA levels of IL-1, IL-6, and MMPs -1,-9, -13, and TIMP-1 after 2 days with increased levels of MMP-8, while Doxy treatment significantly decreased IL-1, IL-6, MMP-8, and -9, compared to BSS-treated corneas. Decreased MMPs -1,-9 and -13 immunoreactivity and gelatinolytic activity were seen in corneas treated with Doxy and Dex compared to BSS vehicle. Increased neutrophil infiltration and MPO activity was noted in the BSS group compared to Dex 2 D post-injury. Conclusions: Desiccating stress worsens outcome of ocular alkali burn, creating a cytokine and protease storm with greater neutrophil infiltration, increasing the risk of corneal perforation. However, early treatment with anti-inflammatory therapy is very efficacious in preserving corneal clarity and facilitating wound healing, while controlling MMP production and migration of neutrophils.

Definiti di recente «per tutti» in ragione della larga diffusione e destinazione, i libretti di più lunga durata e dai molteplici usi e riusi erano quelli fabbricati in economia con materiali di scarsa qualità e particolari accorgimenti editoriali. In questo studio, propongo un approfondimento della produzione, vendita e distribuzione di questi prodotti tipografici dal XVII al XVIII secolo nella Repubblica di Venezia. L’analisi delle norme e delle contraffazioni, ricostruite attraverso le fonti documentarie e bibliografiche dell’epoca, ha permesso di esaminare quali prassi editoriali erano condivise da queste stampe, quali libri giungevano tra le mani delle persone meno istruite o alle orecchie degli analfabeti e quali caratteristiche materiali, formali e contenutistiche guidavano ed influenzavano la ricezione. Venditori di strada con banchi o ceste, ciechi, saltimbanchi e persino fruttivendoli hanno contribuito alla formazione di una biblioteca elementare da assaporare lentamente.
Recently, long-lasting, multiple-use(r) booklets have been defined as “for everyone” despite the fact that they were cheaply made using poor-quality materials and specific editorial practices. In my dissertation I study in detail the production, distribution, and sale of these printed products from the 17th to the 18th century in the Republic of Venice. Using contemporary sources from archives and libraries, I analyze the rules in place and how they were broken, thus examining what practices printers of these books had in common, what books ended up in the hands of the least educated strata of the population or heard by the illiterate, and what influenced the reception of these books from the standpoints of materials, forms, and content. Streets sellers carrying their wares in basket or showing them on planks, the blind, mountebanks and ever fruit vendors contributed to bringing together a basic library, one to be savored slowly.

Introdução: O comprometimento cognitivo (CC) na Esclerose Múltipla (EM) possui taxas de prevalência de 43% a 70% e pode surgir desde a Síndrome Clinicamente Isolada (CIS) aos estágios iniciais da EM. O CC na EM pode evoluir independentemente dos sinais e sintomas motores, dos resultados do EDSS e ausência de lesões ativas (captantes) na Ressonância Magnética. Neste contexto, o Multiple Sclerosis National Questionaire (MSNQ) e o protocolo Brief International Cognitive Assesment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) são instrumentos internacionais empregados para a triagem e o monitoramento nos centros de atendimento para os pacientes com EM. Estudos posteriores e reuniões do mesmo comitê concluíram que o MSNQ possui várias limitações por ser uma medida não objetiva e a triagem única pelo Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) por si só não é capaz de acessar outras áreas que podem estar comprometidas na EM. Com a segunda revisão do MMSE, e na falta de instrumentos de triagem objetivos capazes de triar os pacientes que precisassem ser melhor acompanhados pelo BICAMS, buscou-se no presente estudo criar a partir do BICAMS e do MMSE-2 uma medida rápida para triagem, que tivesse medidas de memória episódica, velocidade de processamento, atenção e memória operacional. Objetivo: Para obter uma ferramenta de triagem para este propósito (MMSE-MS) foram conduzidos estudos de adaptação segundo o estímulo: estudo de protótipos, estudo de adaptação, propriedades psicométricas e normas do MMSE-2 (como a nossa ferramenta experimental) e estudo preliminar de desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta objetiva de triagem para EM, com base no MMSE-3. Métodos: Todos os estudos de tradução e adaptação foram conduzidos seguindo um mesmo método, já amplamente utilizado pela literatura. O primeiro estudo consistiu no estudo convencional e de protótipos para verificar qual possuía melhor estimativa de equivalência entre as culturas. O segundo estudo consistiu em adaptar, verificar as propriedades psicométricas e estabelecer normas para o MMSE-2. Similarmente ao estudo anterior, um juiz internacional discutiu os resultados do estudo de adaptação para estabelecimento dos parâmetros de transculturalidade. O último estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de obter uma ferramenta com estimativas de sensibilidade e especificidade similares ao BICAMS, mas que fosse designada à triagem dos pacientes que são elegíveis para ser acompanhados pelo BICAMS. Para tal participaram do primeiro estudo, 374 voluntários da comunidade e 25 pacientes com EM. No segundo e terceiro estudo, participaram 128 pacientes com EM e 602 voluntários saudáveis. Todos os estudos clínicos e com as amostras da comunidade foram realizados no período de 2013 à 2015 e contaram com a parceria em pesquisa do Instituto Brasileiro de Neuropsicologia (IBNeuro) e do Laboratório de Instrumentação e Avaliação Psicológica (LABIAP). A coleta de pacientes foi realizada no Ambulatório de Neuroimunologia do Hospital das clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Perto (FMRP-USP). Resultados: No primeiro estudo, foram mantidas 5 palavras das 15 da versão original. A razão para as modificações na lista Brasileira foram as diferenças entre a divisão silábica, extensão das palavras e presença de protótipos. Verificou-se ainda que até a quarta palavra evocada na nossa cultura em cada categoria semântica foram as mesmas que foram evocadas na língua nativa do instrumento, mas a ordem da frequência variou dentro de cada categoria, mostrando que embora existam palavras que são prototípicas às duas culturas na classificação semântica global, o contexto cultural interfere muito quando partimos para as especificidades dentro de cada classificação e categoria semântica. O MMSE-2 também apresentou estimativas de validade e precisão comum às duas culturas. No quarto estudo, as medidas do MMSE-2 que tiveram melhor relação com o BICAMS e índices de sensibilidade e especificidade parecidos foram as medidas da tarefa de evocação, atenção e cálculo, memória de histórias e codificação dígitos-símbolos. As correlações selecionadas foram aquelas classificadas em moderadas e fortes. Como segundo critério, as medidas do MMSE-2 foram comparadas às medidas do BICAMS pela curva ROC. As medidas do MMSE- 2 que tiveram especificidade e sensibilidade significativas (p<0,001) foram as elegíveis para compor o teste de triagem. Como a tarefa de codificação dígitos-símbolos é susceptível à demanda motora, optou-se pelo uso da forma oral do SDMT em conjunto. Deste modo, no nosso instrumento de triagem, normas para este instrumento foram criadas a partir da soma dos itens do MMSE-MS com o SDMT oral. Conclusão: A integração de dados desses diversos estudos evidencia cautela quanto aos procedimentos de adaptação empregados para adaptação transcultural das tarefas que são de origem verbal e semântica. Há também evidências da necessidade de instrumentos capazes de triar esses pacientes. Para tal, o MMSE-EM mostrou-se válido, preciso, com índices de sensibilidade e especificidade similares ao BICAMS, com normas ajustadas ao contexto Brasileiro.
Background: The cognitive impairment (CI) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has the prevalence rate from 43% to 70% and may occur from the Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) to the early stages of MS. The CI in MS can advance independently of motor signs and symptoms, EDSS scores and MRI stable. In this context, the National Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire (MSNQ) and the International Brief Cognitive Assesment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) are international tools used to screening and monitoring MS patients in care centers. Further studies and meetings provided by same committee alluded that MSNQ has several limitations for being a non-objective measure and the screening using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) alone is not effective because other areas that may be impaired in MS is not screened. With the second revision of the MMSE, and the lack of objective screening tools to quikly screening MS patients that needed to be monitored by BICAMS, we aimed in the presente study to create a fast measurement to screening the episodic memory, processing speed, attention and working memory from BICAMS and MMSE-2. Objective: To obtain brief a screening tool for MS (MMSE-MS) were conducted four studies using different tools: first the prototype study to development of CVLT-2 lists, adaptation, psychometric properties and normative data of BICAMS to the Braziliam context (as our gold standard), Cross cultural adaptation, psychometric properties, and normative data of MMSE-2 (the experimental tool) and the preliminary study of development of MMSE-MS. Methods: All translation and adaptation studies were conducted following the same method, as widely used in the literature. The first study consisted of conventional adaptation and prototypical norms, aiming to see which had the best estimates of equivalence between the cultures. The second study with BICAMS protocol show that MS scored significantly lower on all BICAMS tests. At the end of the study, the results were discussed with a member of the international committee to confirm the evidences of transculturality between the original and Brazilian versions. The third study consisted of Adapt, to investigate the psychometric properties and stablish normative data to the MMSE-2. Similarly to the previous study, an international judge discussed the results of the study of adaptation to identify the estimatives of transculturality. The fourth and last study was conducted in order to obtain a tool with sensitivity and similar specificity estimates BICAMS, but it was designed to screen patients who are eligible to be accompanied by BICAMS. Participated of the first study, 374 healthy volunteers and 25 patients with MS. In the second and third study participated 128 MS patients and 602 healthy volunteers. All clinical studies and community samples were carried out from 2013 to 2015 and had the partnership of the Brazilian Institute of Neuropsychology (IBNeuro) and the Laboratory of Instrumentation and Psychological Assessment (LABIAP). The collection of patients was performed at the Neuroimmunology Outpatient Clinic from Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP-USP). Results: In the first study, were kept 5 words of 15 from the original American version. The reason for these changes in the Brazilian list were the differences between the syllabic division, extension of the words and the presence of prototypicall words. Was also found that until the fourth word evoked in our culture, in each semantic category were the same as those mentioned in the native language, but the order of the frequency varied within each category, indicating that although there are words that are prototypically commom between the two cultures in the overall semantic classification, the cultural context changes when we analyse the specifics prototipically words inside of each classification and semantic categories. To the second study, the BICAMS showed similar estimates of reliability and validity for current use as monitoring tool for MS in the Brazilian contexto, supporting the diagnostic validity of the Brazilian-Portuguese adaptation The normative data were satisfactory (p <0.001) in relation to the vocational status. The third study, with MMSE-2 also provided good estimates of validity and precision to the both cultures. To the fourth study, the MMSE-2 was compared to the BICAMS. The MMSE-2 tasks which had similar sensitivity and specificity to the BICAMS protocol was the recalling, attention and calculation, history memory and processing speed (Symbol Digit-coding). The selected tasks were those classified as moderate and Strong correlations. The second procedure consisted on comparisions among the MMSE-2 measurements and BICAMS using ROC curve. So, the MMSE-2 measures that had significant (p <0.001) specificity and sensitivity and similar area under the curve (ROC) were eligible to composse the screening tool. As the digit-symbol coding task is susceptible to motor demand, we decided to include the oral SDMT to the task. Thus, to get our screening tool, normative data for this instrument were created from the sum of the MMSE-MS items with oral SDMT. Conclusion: The overall of the data from these studies calls attention to the necessity of the caution to the adaptation procedures used in cross-cultural adaptation of the tasks that has verbal and semantic stimuli. There is also the need of tools abel to screening MS patients. For this, these preliminar data for MMSE-MS showed evidences of validation, similar sensitivity and and specificity, with normative data culturally adjusted to the Brazilian context.

Nel corso della sua lunga esistenza la Repubblica di Venezia ha sempre guardato a Oriente con rinnovata attenzione. Dall’iniziale, difficile rapporto con Bisanzio, ai sempre più vitali interessi commerciali, dai traffici con il Levante e la conseguente necessità di mantenere possedimenti lungo le rotte del Mediterraneo orientale, ai rapporti con le colonie veneziane stabilmente insediate nelle località strategiche dell’Asia Mediterranea. La continua spinta verso Oriente alla ricerca di nuovi spazi per nuovi commerci ha rappresentato per Venezia una priorità. Di tali viaggi ed esplorazioni rimane una copiosa messe di narrazioni, giornali di bordo, resoconti di prima o seconda mano, l’insieme dei quali costituisce, se non propriamente un genere autonomo nella letteratura veneziana, quanto meno un corpus ricchissimo di notizie, di informazioni, di descrizioni. Questo prezioso materiale, se da un lato permise di ampliare le relazioni commerciali, dall’altro contribuì all’acquisizione, da parte della società veneta, di interessanti descrizioni di popoli, paesi e culture lontane, con usi e costumi ancora poco (o per niente) conosciuti, favorendo così l’avvio, in età moderna, di un delicato processo culturale che culminò con importanti aperture della cultura occidentale nei confronti delle nuove e diverse “civiltà dell’Oriente” fondate su valori e tradizioni non facilmente assimilabili dalla società europea del tempo. Testimone di questo spirito fu Ambrosio Bembo, giovane patrizio veneziano, protagonista e narratore di un viaggio assai singolare compiuto in quattro anni, nella seconda metà del Seicento, da Venezia all'India e ritorno, accuratamente descritto nel suo Viaggio e Giornale per parte dell’Asia di quattro anni incirca fatto da me Ambrosio Bembo Nobile Veneto. Il presente lavoro di ricerca ha inteso analizzare in profondità il resoconto del Bembo, anche in ambito comparativo con altre fonti odeporiche coeve, ponendo in rilievo i molteplici riferimenti che possono esservi colti come indici di un’attenzione tutta particolare ai temi del confronto culturale e della rappresentazione dell’Alterità.
During its long existence the Republic of Venice always considered the East with renewed interest. From its initial, difficult relationship with Byzantium to its more and more vital commercial interests, from its trades with the Levant and the consequent need to keep its possessions by the routes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, to its relationships with the Venetian colonies, which were stably settled in the Mediterranean Asia. The continuous expansion to the East in search of new territories for new trades represented a priority for Venice. Of such travels and explorations a copious quantity of tales, journals, first or second-hand reports have survived; all of them represent, if not really an autonomous genre in the Venetian literature, at least a corpus very rich in news, information and descriptions. The precious materials if, on one hand, increased the trades, on the other hand helped the Venetian society to acquire interesting descriptions of peoples, countries and far cultures, having customs which were still little (or not at all) known; so doing, they helped the beginning, in the modern age, of a delicate cultural process which culminated in an important sensitivity by the western culture towards the new and different “civilizations of the East”; those ones were established on values and traditions which were not easily assimilable in the European society of that time. A witness of that spirit was Ambrosio Bembo, a young Venetian patrician, a protagonist and a narrator of a very peculiar journey that he had been accomplishing in four years, in the second half of the Seventeenth century, from Venice to India and back. His journey is carefully described in his Viaggio e Giornale per parte dell'Asia di quattro anni incirca fatto da me Ambrosio Bembo Nobile Veneto. The present work of reasearch has intended to analyse Bembo's report deeply, even in comparison with other contemporary sources on travel literature, giving importance to the multiple references which can be caught as a sign of a peculiar interest for the themes of the cultural comparison and the representation of the Otherness.

O tratamento cirúrgico da blefaroptose congênita é controverso e, embora a ressecção supramáxima do levantador palpebral tenha sido advogada por alguns autores como eficaz em diminuir a assimetria palpebral, existe o risco de que a cirurgia possa estar associada à restrição dos movimentos palpebrais e à ocorrência de olho seco. Com o objetivo de quantificar os movimentos palpebrais nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia e avaliar a eventual relação entre supostas alterações funcionais dos movimentos palpebrais e a ocorrência de complicações relacionadas à superfície ocular, foram caracterizadas, mediante a utilização da técnica magnetic search coil, as amplitudes e as velocidades dos movimentos do piscar e dos sacádicos palpebrais dos olhos operados de dezoito pacientes e, em seguida, foram comparadas com as amplitudes e velocidades obtidas para os olhos contralaterais não operados dos mesmos pacientes e também com as obtidas para os olhos dos pacientes do grupo controle, não operados. Também foram avaliados os resultados cosméticos nos pacientes operados e a ocorrência de complicações relacionadas à superfície ocular entre os olhos operados e os controles, não operados. A cirurgia acarretou aumento da distância margem-reflexo da pálpebra superior e diminuição da assimetria palpebral, logrando bom resultado estético. Porém, tanto a amplitude quanto a velocidade, seja das piscadelas, ou dos movimentos sacádicos palpebrais dos olhos operados, foram inferiores às dos controles e a cirurgia esteve relacionada com maior risco de ocorrência de olho seco. Por esse motivo, os autores advogam que a ressecção supramáxima do levantador da pálpebra superior permanece uma opção eficaz para o tratamento da ptose palpebral congênita, mas contraindicam a sua utilização em pacientes com ausência do reflexo de Bell ou outras alterações prévias documentadas ou predisponentes à ceratoconjuntivite seca.
Surgical treatment of congenital blepharoptosis remains controversial and, although supramaximal resection of the levator palpebrae superioris has been advocated as effective in reducing eyelid asymmetry, there is a risk that the surgery may be associated with restriction of eyelid movements and the occurrence of dry eye. In order to quantify eyelid movements in patients undergoing surgery and to assess the possible relationship between the alleged functional changes of eyelid movements and the occurrence of complications related to the ocular surface, we measured by magnetic search coil technique the amplitude and the maximal descent speed of blinks and lid saccades in eighteen patients who undergone surgery and in ten patients of the control group, with no eyelid diseases. We compared the amplitude and speed of the operated eyes with that of the non-operated eyes. We also evaluate the cosmetic results in operated patients and the occurrence of dry eye between operated and non-operated eyes. The surgery resulted in increased upper lid margin-reflex distance and consequent decreased eyelid asymmetry, achieving good aesthetic result. However, both amplitude and speed of eyelid movements in operated eyes were lower than those for the control eyes and the surgery was associated with increased risk of dry eye. For this reason, the authors advocate that supramaximal levator resection of the levator palpebrae superioris remains an effective option for the treatment of congenital blepharoptosis, but contraindicate its use in patients with absence of Bell\'s reflex or with previous ocular surface diseases.

A imunodeficiência comum variável (ICV) é uma imunodeficiência predominantemente humoral, com prejuízo na produção de imunoglobulinas. A maioria dos pacientes apresenta infecções recorrentes. No entanto, os pacientes com ICV podem apresentar comorbidades não infecciosas, dentre elas, alterações oftalmológicas. Manifestações oftalmológicas são muito pouco conhecidas em pacientes com ICV, porém alguns relatos de casos já foram descritos na literatura. Este trabalho teve como objetivos realizar avaliação oftalmológica completa dos pacientes com ICV dos ambulatórios de Imunologia do Hospital das Clínicas, procurando correlacionar as manifestações oftalmológicas encontradas com processos infecciosos e inflamatórios. Foram avaliados 16 pacientes, com idades entre 10 e 50 anos, dos quais seis apresentaram alterações oftalmológicas (três pacientes com síndrome do olho seco, um paciente com estrabismo, um paciente com pterígio e um paciente com retinopatia hipertensiva e espessamento da parede arteriolar). Entretanto, pterígio e estrabismo foram considerados alterações casuais, não sendo associados à ICV. Dois pacientes com olho seco fizeram avaliação da lágrima, com a finalidade de diagnóstico precoce de possível síndrome de Sjögren, mas a avaliação foi normal. Desta forma, são necessários mais estudos e com maior número de pacientes com finalidade de estabelecer marcadores laboratoriais preditivos para lesões oftalmológicas
The common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a predominantly humoral immunodeficiency, with impairment in the production of immunoglobulins. Most patients have recurrent infections. However, patients with CVID may have noninfectious comorbidities, including ophthalmological changes. Ophthalmologic manifestations are very little known in patients with CVID, but some case reports have already been described in the literature. The aim of this study was to perform a complete ophthalmologic evaluation of patients with CVID who are seeing in the Immunology Ambulatory of the Hospital das Clínicas, seeking to correlate the ophthalmological manifestations found with infectious and inflammatory processes. Sixteen patients were evaluated, between the ages of 10 and 50 years, six of which presented alterations (three patients with dry eye syndrome, one patient with strabismus, one patient with pterygium and one patient with hypertensive retinopathy and arteriolar wall thickening). However, pterygium and strabismus were considered casual alterations and were not associated with CVID. Two patients with dry eye made a tear evaluation, in view of the early diagnosis of Sjögren\'s Syndrome, but it was normal. Thus, additional studies with a larger patient sample are necessary to establish predictive laboratory markers for ophthalmological injuries

Cette these presente un fragment significatif de l'histoire urbaine de mulhouse, petite ville libre d'occident devenue calviniste et republique autonome, alliee a la confederation helvetique, emergeant de l'archipel des villes du rhin-superieur, territoire strategique, et un enjeu important entre les habsbourgs et les rois de france. Pendant la periode de 130 ans que couvre mon etude (1740-1870), cette petite ville artisanale de 4000 habitants devient une ville francaise modele de la grande industrie de pointe, une ville d'innovation et de decouvertes scientifiques appliquees a l'industrie. Cette recherche voudrait contribuer a une meilleure connaissance des relations complexes et fondamentales qui se sont etablies, au cours des premier et deuxieme decollages industriels, entre l'industrialisation d'une part et les questions sociale et du logement d'autre part. Tout cela dans une ville industrielle de taille moyenne, mais internationalement connue. L'impact de mulhouse depasse le seul aspect monographique des nouvelles tendances en sciences humaines a renouer avec les etudes de cas significatives et pertinentes en tant que methode sociologique et d'histoire sociale indispensable
This thesis submits a relevant fragment of the urban history of mulhouse. As a small calvinist free-town that became an autonomous republic, mulhouse was allied to the helvetic confederation; it stood out among the upper-rhin towns, as a strategic territory and a major issue between the habsburgs and the french monarchs. Within the 130 years covered by my survey, that small creftsmen's town of 4000 inhabitants turned into a french model city of prime industry and scientific innovation and discoveries applied to industry. This study is an attempt to contribute to a better knowledge of the complex and fundamental connections that developed over the periods of the two industrial take offs, between industrialisation and town development on the one hand, and the social and housing questions on the other band, in that medium-sized industrial town of international fame. The impact of mulhouse reaches beyond the mere monographic aspect of the new trends in social sciences to go back to relevant case-studies as an essential method in sociology and in social history

Diese Dissertation beinhaltet drei eigenständige Aufsätze, die die Interaktionen von Bewertungsmodellen für Wertpapiere, Finanzmärkten und der Volkswirtschaft untersuchen. Alle drei Papiere tragen zu einem besseren Verständnis von Verknüpfungen zwischen Finanzmärkten und Realwirtschaft. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stehen Gewohnheitspräferenzen und Bayesianische Schätzmethoden, um sowohl theoretische als auch empirische Erkenntnisse zu liefern, die helfen, die makroökonomische und die Finanzliteratur stärker zu verbinden. Das erste Essay beschäftigt sich mit Gewohnheitspräferenzen und deren Fähigkeit, verschiedene Aktienrenditen in einem Portfolio zu erklären. Die zugrunde gelegten konsumbasierten Bewertungsmodelle basieren auf mikrofundierten Präferenzen und implizieren somit individuelles und aggregiertes Verhalten von Individuen. Aus diesem Grund werden Bayesianische Methoden genutzt, um diese a priori Information in die Schätzung einfließen zu lassen. Im zweiten Essay, einer gemeinsamen Arbeit mit Harald Uhlig, schätzen wir ein DSGE-Modell. Hervorzuheben ist, dass wir sowohl die Momente zweiter Ordnung für Wertpapierrenditen berücksichtigen als auch die a priori Wahrscheinlichkeiten für stilisierte Fakten wie Frisch-Elastizität und Sharpe ratio. Dieses Vorgehen liefert eine Modellschätzung, die gleichzeitig Fakten der Konjunkturzyklen, Momente zweiter Ordnung von Wertpapierrenditen sowie Finanzmarktfakten besser erklären kann. Das dritte Essay präsentiert ein DSGE-Modell, das die Interaktionen der Aktienmarktbooms zum Ende der 1980er und 1990er Jahre mit der Realwirtschaft erklären kann. Mit Hilfe nichtseparabler Präferenzen und nominaler Rigiditäten lässt sich der simultane Anstieg von BIP, Konsum, Investitionen, geleisteten Arbeitsstunden und Löhnen in dieser Zeit erklären. Abschließend wird die Rolle der Geldpolitik während Aktienmarktbooms diskutiert, und es werden optimale geldpolitische Regeln hergeleitet.
This thesis consists of three self-contained essays that investigate the interaction of asset prices and financial markets with the macroeconomy. All papers extend the existing literature in order to enhance the understanding of the strong degree of cross-linking between financial markets and the ‘rest of the economy’. In particular, the thesis focuses on habitually formed preferences and Bayesian techniques to yield theoretical and empirical insights, which help to reduce the existing gap between asset pricing and macroeconomic literature. The first essay examines and compares the ability of habitually formed preferences to explain the cross section of asset returns compared to successful factor models. Such consumption-based asset pricing models are based on micro- founded preferences, implying a linkage to individual and aggregate behavior. For this reason, the essay uses a Bayesian approach with a priori information derived from the empirical Business Cycle literature. In the second essay which is joint work with Harald Uhlig, we use Bayesian techniques to estimate a DSGE model. Especially, we explore a way to include conditional second moments of asset returns into the estimation. Moreover, we constrain the estimation by a priori probabilities on the Sharpe ratio and the Frisch elasticity. By doing so, the estimated model can well jointly explain key business cycle facts, different volatilities of several asset returns, and the empirically observed equity premium. The third essay presents a DSGE model, which covers the observed co-movements of stock market boom and bust episodes in the 1980''s and 1990''s and the economy. By including non-separable preferences and nominal rigidities, the model explains the simultaneous rise of consumption, output, investments, hours worked, and wages during a boom and the subsequent bust. Finally, the role of monetary policy during stock market booms is discussed, and optimal monetary policy rules are evaluated.

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Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
In seventeenth-century England, the saltpeter was one of the most studied materials, for its commercial value and the issues involving its origin and obtaining. At mid-century, the British dependence in saltpetre export took several science men to engage attempt in the studies and researchs on this material. Among these scholars, we will accent important studies groups worried about commonweal, as Samuel Hartlib and his associates; which would become the Royal Society of London; and, still, scholars as Benjamin Worsley , Robert Boyle and Thomas Henshaw
Na Inglaterra do século XVII, o salitre era um dos materiais mais estudados, por seu valor comercial e pelas questões que envolviam sua origem e sua obtenção. Em meados do século, a dependência inglesa na exportação de salitre levou vários homens de ciência a empenharem esforços nos estudos e pesquisas sobre esse material. Entre esses estudiosos, daremos ênfase a importantes grupos de estudo que se preocupavam com o bem-comum como foi o de Samuel Hartlib e seus associados; o do que se transformaria na Royal Society de Londres; e, ainda, o de estudiosos como Benjamin Worsley, Robert Boyle e Thomas Henshaw

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work consist of a bibliographic research about the following texts: Didática Magna (1657), A New Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching Schoole, in four small Treatises (1660), Ratio Studiorum atque Institutio Societatis Jesu (1599), and the diary of Thomas Platter, a European teacher from XVI century. The process of configuration of the modern teacher in the pedagogical treatise from XVI and XVII centuries was the object of this research. The purpose is show that for the textual context of production of this treatises, as well the historical circumstances, in that these treatises comes from, this texts had configured the modern teacher as teacher-preacher and as a priest-teacher. The development of argumentation was based on ideas of contemporary educational theoreticals that affirm that the modern scholarization don´t have institutional ancienty, and that the study of pedagogicals discourses made in the XVI and XVII centuries allow the understand the elements that shaped to the modern scholarization, between the the teacher . The analyse of sources was operated starting from the procedures theorical-operationals of the research segment of the history of ideas. As much as the goals proposed to this research can be proof the pertinence of the hypothetical asked about the characteristics of the modern teacher assumed in the pedagogicals treatises from the XVI and XVII centuries
O presente trabalho consistiu numa pesquisa bibliográfica sobre as seguintes obras: Didática Magna (1657), A New Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching Schoole, in four small Treatises (1660), Ratio Studiorum atque Institutio Societatis Jesu (1599), e o diário de Thomas Platter, um professor europeu do século XVI. O processo de configuração do professor moderno nos tratados pedagógicos dos séculos XVI e XVII foi o objeto dessa pesquisa. Pretendeu-se demonstrar que, dado o contexto inter-textual de produção desses tratados, bem como as circunstâncias históricas em que emergiram, essas obras configuraram o professor moderno como um professor-pastor e como um padre-professor. O desenvolvimento da argumentação apoiou-se nas idéias de teóricos educacionais contemporâneos que afirmam que a escolarização moderna não teve ancestrais institucionais, e que o estudo dos discursos pedagógicos produzidos nos séculos XVI e XVII permite compreender os elementos que deram forma à escolarização moderna, entre eles, o professor. A análise das fontes foi operada tomando por princípios os procedimentos teórico-operacionais da linha de pesquisa da história das idéias. Quanto aos objetivos propostos para esse trabalho, pode-se verificar a pertinência das hipóteses levantadas sobre as características que o professor moderno assumiu nos tratados pedagógicos dos séculos XVI e XVII

This dissertation presents, describes and discusses an interdisciplinary study which investigated the design and development of a language learning instructional solution to address the problem of inadequate aural skills acquisition for college ESP (English for Special Purposes) students. Specifically, it focused on the use of mobile technology to expand learning beyond the classroom. The eighteen-month process of data collection and analysis resulted in a conceptual model and design principles for a Mobile-Enabled Language Learning (MELL) solution. Mobile-Enabled Language Learning Eco-System was thus designed, developed and trialled in the real-life learning context. Through the iterative process of the design, development and evaluation of the MELL system and its components, design principles were also generated. These design recommendations were refined and reformulated in a cyclical fashion with the help of more than 100 students and ten experts. The resulting MELLES design framework encompasses guidelines addressing the essential characteristics of the desired MELL intervention as well as procedures recommended to operationalize those features. The study also resulted in a better understanding of the broader context of ESP learning using mobile devices and the role of elements of environment, ultimately contributing to real-life praxis of the Ecological Constructivist framework and the complementary approach of Design-Based Research (DBR) methodology.
2012-06

Defence date: 7 June 1996
Examining board: Prof. Franco Angiolini, Università degli Studi di Pisa (supervisor) ; Prof. Laurence Fontaine, European University Institute and CNRS, Paris ; Dr. Richard Mackenney, University of Edinburgh (external supervisor) ; Prof. Paolo Malanima, Università degli Studi di Pisa ; Prof. Daniel Roche, Institut d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, CNRS, Paris
First made available online on 10 September 2013.
The object of this study is to reinstate the market in second-hand clothes and furnishings within the hi story of Venice from c.1500 to c.1650. The discussion focuses on the Venetian guild of second-hand dealers, a number of 'alternative' exchanges of used goods, and a group of Jewish second-hand dealers who became established in Venice in the early sixteenth century. Particular attention is paid to the issues of guild exclusivism and the inelasticity of craft structures within the market for used goods. There are seven chapters. Chapter 1 explores the notion that the guild of second-hand dealers was traditional1y important in the market but did not have complete control, and Chapter 2 investigates various 'alternative' exchanges coexisting with the guild. In the next three chapters, these basic structures are examined in detail and their development is charted over the period as a whole. In Chapter 3, traders within the second-hand market are considered and the new group of Jewish competitors is introduced. The craft activities of the guild members and the Jewish dealers are analysed in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5, a study is made of outlets for used goods and of their distribution within the city. The last two chapters assess the impact of two types of setbacks: outbreaks of plague, and a seventeenth-century recession in the used-goods market.

Portugal has a long history of receiving immigrants, because of the aging of the population, the country's economic activities and pension issues become more and more serious, the role of foreign immigrants in the life of Portuguese society has become increasingly important. Logically that the second generation of immigrants will gradually grow to become an important force in building Portuguese society. However, due to various reasons, such as ethnicity, economic conditions, and social climate, the social status and development of the second generation of immigrants may not be in line with that of the native youth, and there are concerns about the degree of social integration and trends in their social status. This study focuses on the second generation of Chinese immigrants aged 17 to 35 years’ old who are of mainland Chinese origin and currently living in Lisbon, Portugal, with residence status. I will try to explore the identity of the second generation of Chinese immigrants in a multicultural environment by combining the theories of comprehensive cultural identity and social integration with the characteristics of the local Chinese society and integrate data from three aspects: family environment, schooling, and community. The results show that the second generation of immigrants has a strong sense of family mission and responsibility, has a higher level of education than the previous generation, and has a positive correlation between their professional development and the level of social integration of the previous generation.
Portugal tem uma longa história de acolhimento de imigrantes, devido ao envelhecimento da população, as atividades econômicas do país e as questões previdenciárias se tornam cada vez mais sérias, o papel dos imigrantes estrangeiros na vida da sociedade portuguesa tem se tornado cada vez mais importante. Logicamente que a segunda geração de imigrantes irá gradualmente crescer para se tornar uma força importante na construção da sociedade portuguesa. Entretanto, devido a várias razões, tais como etnia, condições econômicas e clima social, o status social e o desenvolvimento da segunda geração de imigrantes pode não estar de acordo com o da juventude nativa, e há preocupações sobre o grau de integração social e tendências em seu status social. Este estudo se concentra na segunda geração de imigrantes chineses de 17 a 35 anos de idade que são de origem chinesa continental e que atualmente vivem em Lisboa, Portugal, com status de residência. Vou tentar explorar a identidade da segunda geração de imigrantes chineses em um ambiente multicultural, combinando as teorias de identidade cultural abrangente e integração social com as características da sociedade chinesa local e integrar dados de três aspectos: ambiente familiar, escolaridade e comunidade. Os resultados mostram que a segunda geração de imigrantes tem um forte senso de missão e responsabilidade familiar, tem um nível de educação superior à geração anterior, e tem uma correlação positiva entre seu desenvolvimento profissional e o nível de integração social da geração anterior.

La tesi si concentra sull’iconografia della Rocca del Buon Pastore, soggetto artistico originale per stile e iconografia all’interno del repertorio devozionale eburneo prodotto nelle colonie portoghesi dell’India occidentale. La tesi si articola in tre capitoli, a loro volta seguiti dagli apparati critici: il catalogo, l’inventario delle opere analizzate, le figure e la bibliografia. Nel primo capitolo è svolta la presentazione del soggetto illustrando l’ambito storico-artistico, le caratteristiche tecniche, iconografiche e stilistiche, le varianti tipologiche e i gruppi iconografici in cui si dividono le opere selezionate. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato agli schemi di circolazione, tra cui il commercio del materiale grezzo, la circolazione delle maestranze, la diffusione dei modelli iconografici, e il mercato dei manufatti nel periodo in esame. L’ultimo capitolo verte sugli intenti che caratterizzarono la committenza e le modalità di fruizione dei manufatti; le affinità tra la coeva letteratura missionaria in lingue locali e l’iconografia, i temi sacramentali in relazione società coloniale, e alcuni paradigmi teorici per l’interpretazione delle dinamiche di committenza e fruizione.

Bibliography: leaves 289-298
Source-criticism of the Pentateuch suggests that the priests (Source P) alone authored the Holiness Code – the premise being that Source P forms one religious, literate and elite group of several. Through the endeavor to redefine Israelite identity during the Neo-Babylonian Empire of 626–539 BCE and the Achaemenid Persian Empire of 550–330 BCE, various ideologies of Israelite identity were produced by various religious, literate and elite groups. Possibly, the Holiness Code functions as the compromise reached between two such groups, these being: the Shaphanites, and the Zadokites. Moreover, the Holiness Code functions as the basis for the agreed identity of Israel as seen by the Shaphanites and the Zadokites. Specifically, in Leviticus 19:1-19a – as being the Levitical decalogue of the Holiness Code, and which forms the emphasis of this thesis – both Shaphanite and Zadokite ideologies are expressed therein. The Shaphanite ideology is expressed through the Mosaic tradition: i.e., through the Law; and the Zadokite ideology is expressed through the Aaronide tradition: i.e., through the Cult. In the debate between the supremacy of the Law, or the Cult – i.e., Moses or Aaron – the ancient Near Eastern convention of the ‘rivalry between brothers’ is masterfully negotiated in Leviticus 19:1-19a.
Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies
D. Phil. (Old Testament)

Invitato a Costantinopoli da una delegazione nicena, che ne chiedeva l’intervento a sostegno della comunità ortodossa locale, Gregorio di Nazianzo accantonò il desiderio di dedicarsi alla vita contemplativa e si recò nella Neja ÔRwvmh: non poteva certo immaginare che negli anni trascorsi nella capitale (dagli inizi del 379 al luglio del 381) avrebbe conosciuto, a distanza di breve tempo, l’apice e il fallimento della sua attività politico-ecclestiastica. Alla guida di un piccolo gruppo di fedeli, radunati in una sala udienze privata ribattezzata Anastasia, Gregorio esercitò con impegno i suoi doveri pastorali, spendendosi soprattutto nella lotta dottrinale contro l’eresia ariana. L’elezione come vescovo della città, avvenuta per volere dell’imperatore Teodosio, rappresentò il riconoscimento dei meriti del Cappadoce nella restaurazione e nel consolidamento dell’ortodossia nicena, ma, allo stesso tempo, aprì la strada a una stagione tutt’altro che scevra di asprezze, destinata a lasciare amari ricordi nel cuore dell’autore. Chiamato a presiedere il concilio episcopale del 381, indetto con l’obiettivo di risolvere lo scisma antiocheno e condannare le eresie del tempo, il Nazianzeno sperimentò sulla propria i conflitti interni ed i giochi di potere cui si era ridotto l’episcopato. Alla malattia, che debilitò il fisico dell’autore e ne ostacolò la partecipazione a svariate attività pubbliche, si aggiunse l’ostilità dei colleghi, in particolare di alcuni vescovi egiziani, che contestarono la legittimità della sua elezione sul seggio di Costantinopoli, in quanto già vescovo nella sede di Sasima. Stanco e malato, amareggiato dai continui scontri e dall’ennesimo attacco subito dagli avversari, Gregorio decise di farsi da parte e, rassegnate le dimissioni dalla cattedra episcopale, lasciò Costantinopoli, senza neppure aspettare la conclusione del sinodo. Nella natia Cappadocia, lontano fisicamente dal clima tumultuoso e dai dispiaceri della capitale, ma turbato dalle calunnie e dalle ingiustizie subite da coloro che riteneva amici, il Nazianzeno sfogò le proprie delusioni nella scrittura poetica. All’esperienza costantinopolitana e in particolare al contesto delle dimissioni dalla cattedra vescovile fanno riferimento i carmi oggetto di questa tesi di dottorato: II,1,10 (Ai sacerdoti di Costantinopoli e alla città stessa) e II,1,13 (Ai vescovi), rispettivamente di 18 distici elegiaci e 217 esametri. In essi si intrecciano più suggestioni: la meditazione e il riecheggiamento interiore degli eventi che hanno coinvolto l’autore, la difesa del suo operato, ma soprattutto la violenta invettiva contro i vescovi, scaturita non solo dal risentimento per le vicende personali, ma dallo sdegno dell’autore per la corruzione morale e l’impreparazione della gerarchia ecclesiastica. La tesi di dottorato si apre con una bibliografia ricca e aggiornata degli studi concernenti il Cappadoce; in essa sono indicati i diversi contributi, cui si fa riferimento nel mio lavoro. Segue un’ampia introduzione che presenta i carmi sotto molteplici aspetti. Dal momento che l’invettiva contro i vescovi costituisce l’argomento principale di entrambi i componimenti, ho approfondito innanzitutto questo aspetto, ripercorrendone le testimonianze nell’esperienza biografica e nell’opera letteraria dell’autore: da quanto emerso, la polemica contro la gerarchia ecclesiastica raggiunge certamente il suo apice negli eventi costantinopolitani, ma non va ad essi circoscritta, dal momento che se ne ha traccia anche negli scritti gregoriani riconducibili ai primi anni del sacerdozio e al periodo successivo al ritorno a Nazianzo. Si è cercato poi di stabilire la data di composizione dei carmi in analisi, che, dati i contenuti, furono sicuramente scritti dall’autore nel periodo di ritorno in patria, fase in cui gli studiosi collocano buona parte della produzione poetica del Cappadoce. Più precisamente ho individuato il terminus post quem nel luglio del 381, mese in cui la cattedra costantinopolitana lasciata vacante dal Nazianzeno fu affidata a Nettario: in entrambi i testi, infatti, si fa riferimento a questo personaggio, sebbene non sia menzionato esplicitamente. Segue un’analisi dettagliata della struttura compositiva e delle tematiche dei carmi, nella quale si mostra come, pur nella loro diversità, le due poesie presentino moltissime consonanze e parallelismi a livello strutturale, in particolare nella parte incipitaria, in cui si registra la condivisione dello stesso verso iniziale, e nella sezione conclusiva. Sempre nell’introduzione è affrontato lo studio della tradizione manoscritta e dei rapporti tra i codici: i carmi in oggetto risultano attestati in 34 manoscritti (di cui 17 fondamentali per la costituzione del testo) databili dall’XI al XVI secolo e riconducibili alle raccolte antiche Σ e Δ, nei quali sono traditi sempre uno di seguito all’altro: nello specifico II,1,13 precede immediatamente II,1,10. La parte centrale della tesi è costituita dal testo critico di ciascun carme, seguito da traduzione e commento. La tesi costituisce il primo lavoro di questo tipo per il carme II,1,13; II,1,10 è stato invece oggetto di studio di due recenti edizioni: quella dei primi undici poemata de seipso del Nazianzeno curata da Tuilier - Bady - Bernardi per LesBL ed edita nel 2004 e un’edizione commentata di Simelidis, pubblicata nel 2009. Suddetti lavori non hanno rappresentato un ostacolo al progetto. Nessuno di essi infatti ha previsto lo studio simultaneo dei due testi poetici, che, a mio giudizio, non possono essere compresi a fondo se svincolati l’uno dall’altro; non sono risultati immuni da pecche sotto il profilo della critica testuale; il commento è assente nell’edizione francese, scarno e non sempre condivisibile in quella del Simelidis. La tesi è infine corredata da tre appendici che permettono di seguire la fortuna dei componimenti poetici. La prima di esse è dedicata al Commentario di Cosma di Gerusalemme ai Carmi del Nazianzeno, collocato tra la fine del VII e inizio l’VIII secolo. Il commentario, tradito da un unico manoscritto, il Vaticanus graecus 1260 del XII secolo, ha visto la sua editio princeps nel 1839 a cura del cardinale Angelo Mai nel secondo volume del suo Spicilegium Romanum, ristampata con lievi modifiche nel volume 38 della Patrologia Graeca. Una più recente edizione è stata curata da Lozza nel 2000. Nell’opera di Cosma vengono analizzati trentaquattro versi di carme II,1,13 e due di carme II,1,10; l’ampiezza delle citazioni va da un minimo di un verso a un massimo di 5. Segue un’appendice dedicata alle parafrasi bizantine, che in alcuni manoscritti contenenti i carmi, accompagnano il testo poetico. Tali spiegazioni in prosa, composte in un momento non precisabile della trasmissione dell’opera gregoriana, sono anonime, di diverso livello letterario e da intendere come un testo in continua evoluzione, oggetto di modifiche da parte di ciascun copista. Nel caso dei testi in oggetto le parafrasi trasmesse sono tre, chiamate, sulla scia di studi precedenti, Paraphr. 1, Paraphr. 2, Paraphr. 3 e delle quali la tesi fornisce l’editio princeps. L’ultima appendice è costituita dalla traduzione latina dei carmi di Giacomo Oliva da Cremona, redatta nella seconda metà del XVI secolo per incarico del Cardinal Guglielmo Sirleto e testimonianza del grande interesse per il Cappadoce in questo periodo storico. Il lavoro dell’Oliva, rimasta inedito per la morte del committente e probabilmente anche per il suo scarso valore letterario, è trasmesso da due manoscritti autografi, il Vaticanus Barberinianus lat. 636 (B) e il Vaticanus lat. 6170 (V) e trova nella tesi la sua editio princeps.