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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Finger, F. P., and P. Novick. "Sec3p is involved in secretion and morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular Biology of the Cell 8, no. 4 (April 1997): 647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.8.4.647.

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Two new temperature-sensitive alleles of SEC3, 1 of 10 late-acting SEC genes required for targeting or fusion of post-Golgi secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were isolated in a screen for temperature-sensitive secretory mutants that are synthetically lethal with sec4-8. The new sec3 alleles affect early as well as late stages of secretion. Cloning and sequencing of the SEC3 gene revealed that it is identical to profilin synthetic lethal 1 (PSL1). The SEC3 gene is not essential because cells depleted of Sec3p are viable although slow growing and temperature sensitive. All of the sec3 alleles genetically interact with a profilin mutation, pfy1-111. The SEC3 gene in high copy suppresses pfy1-111 and sec5-24 and causes synthetic growth defects with ypt1, sec8-9, sec10-2, and sec15-1. Actin structure is only perturbed in conditions of chronic loss of Sec3p function, implying that Sec3p does not directly regulate actin. All alleles of sec3 cause bud site selection defects in homozygous diploids, as do sec4-8 and sec9-4. This suggests that SEC gene products are involved in determining the bud site and is consistent with a role for Sec3p in determining the correct site of exocytosis.
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2

SU, YI-CHENG, and AMY C. L. WONG. "Optimal Condition for the Production of Unidentified Staphylococcal Enterotoxins." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.4.313.

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The sac culture method in combination with 6% NZ-Amine A plus 1% yeast extract was found to be the optimal condition for staphylococcal enterotoxins A (SEA) and D (SED) production. This growth condition was tested for the production of unidentified staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Twenty-one Staphylococcus aureus strains that previously showed an emetic response in monkeys but were negative for any of the identified SEs when cultured by the membrane-over-agar method were grown by the sac culture method. All 21 strains produced at least one known SE. One strain produced only enterotoxin C (SEC). Nine strains produced only SED. One strain produced both SEA and SED. Four produced both SEC and SED. One produced SEA, enterotoxin B (SEB), and SED. Two produced SEA, SEC, and SED. Three produced SEA, SEB, SEC, and SED. One of these strains, FRI-569, that produced only SED at a low level (10 ng/ml) was selected to confirm the production of an unidentified SE by the monkey feeding test. Emesis was induced in five out of six monkeys. The total amount of SED in the supernatant fluids fed to monkeys was only 0.5 μg, or 2.5% of the 50% emetic dose (20 μg). Production of an unidentified SE by strain FRI-569 was therefore confirmed. This optimal condition can be used to produce increased amounts of unidentified SEs for purification.
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3

Adesiyun, A. A., M. Eschbach, W. Lenz, and K. P. Schaal. "Detection of enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus strains: a comparative use of the modifed Ouchterlony precipitation test, reversed passive latex agglutination test, and avidin–biotin ELISA." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 1097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-180.

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The avidin–biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) test, and the modified Ouchterlony precipitation test (MOPT) were compared in detecting enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus strains. A total of 1015 strains isolated from human beings, animals, and foods were tested for staphylococcal enterotoxins A (SEA), B (SEB), and C (SEC). Of these, 495 (48.8%), 467 (46.0%), and 204 (20.1%) were classified as enterotoxigenic by the ELISA, RPLA test, and MOPT, respectively. The difference in the number of strains classified as enterotoxigenic by the ELISA and RPLA test was not significant (P ≥ 0.05; χ2), but both tests detected significantly (P < 0.001; χ2) more enterotoxigenic strains than the MOPT. The combined use of the three assay systems classified 258 (25.4%), 278 (27.4%), and 263 (25.9%) of 1015 strains tested as positive for SEA, SEB, and SEC, respectively. However, the three systems were all positive in only 29.1% of SEA-producing strains, 32.0% of SEB-producing strains, and 25.1% of SEC-producing strains. The MOPT was negative when the corresponding ELISA and RPLA test were positive (46.9% for SEA, 43.5% for SEB, and 40% for SEC); the RPLA test was negative when the corresponding Elisa was positive (10.5% for SEA, 15.5% for SEB, and 25.5% for SEC); and the ELISA was negative when the RPLA test was positive (13.6% for SEA, 9.0% for SEB, and 9.5% for SEC). All factors considered, the RPLA test appears most suitable for quantitatively screening large numbers of strains for staphylococcal enterotoxins. Key words: enterotoxigenicity, assay, methods, Staphylococcus aureus.
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4

SORIANO, J. M., G. FONT, H. RICO, J. C. MOLTÓ, and J. MAÑES. "Incidence of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococci and Their Toxins in Foods." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.5.857.

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Of 504 food samples collected from cafeterias, 19 (3.8%) yielded strains of enterotoxigenic staphylococci, and 10 (52.6%), 4 (21.1%), 3 (15.8%), and 2 (10.5%) of these strains produced enterotoxins C (SEC), D (SED), B (SEB), and A (SEA), respectively. Moreover, SEA, SEB, and SEC were isolated from three hamburger samples. Of 181 food samples collected from four restaurants before the implementation of the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system, 7 (3.9%) were found to contain enterotoxigenic strains, and SED, SEC, and SEA were produced by 4 (57.1%), 2 (28.6%), and 1 (14.3%) of these strains, respectively. One meatball sample with SEC was detected in a restaurant. After the implementation of the HACCP system in four restaurants, neither enterotoxigenic staphylococci nor enterotoxins were detected in 196 studied samples.
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5

TIBANA, A., K. RAYMAN, M. AKHTAR, and R. SZABO. "Thermal Stability of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A, B and C in a Buffered System." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.3.239.

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The heat stability of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B and C (SEA, SEB, SEC) in phosphate buffered saline solution at a concentration of 100 ng per ml indicated that normal cooking times and temperatures are unlikely to completely inactivate the toxins. The order of heat resistance of the three toxins was SEC&gt;SEB&gt;SEA.
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6

Fluer, F. S., Ya A. Panova, A. A. Azanova, and E. V. Mamycheva. "Detection of enterotoxigenic strains Staphylococcus aureus, producing SEC and SEI, isolated in patients with pneumonia, sepsis and burns." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 6 (December 16, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2019-6-72-78.

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Aim. To identify the frequency of occurrence of staphylococcal enterotoxins of the SEC and SEI type produced by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with different nosology. As you know, the infection process in them proceeds with severe intoxication without vomiting and intestinal disorders.Materials and methods. 79 strains were studied (43 were isolated in case of pneumonia, 13 - in burns, 11 - in sepsis) S. aureus in the presence of SES and SEI using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results. It was found that 48.3% of S. aureus strains isolated from patients with pneumonia produced SEC and 72.1% - SEI. The frequency of occurrence of S. aureus strains producing SEC and SEI isolated in patients with burn infections was 23.0 and 15.4%, respectively. 36.4% of staphylococcal strains isolated in patients with sepsis produced SEC, 45.5% - SEI.Discussion. It was found that the proportion of S. aureus cultures producing SEC enterotoxins during sepsis is significantly higher than the strains producing SEB (5.4%) and much smaller than SEA (75.6%). A high percentage of SEI-positive strains was found compared to strains that produce the classic enterotoxins SEA, SEB and SEC isolated from pneumonia. In burn infections, the proportions of strains producing SEC and SEI were 15.4 and 23.0%, respectively, which is significantly lower than SEA (92.9%).Conclusion. The data obtained indicate the need to identify staphylococcus strains that produce both classic and newly discovered enterotoxins, which are crucial virulence factors leading to lethal sepsis, infectious endocarditis and toxic shock syndrome to eliminate them.
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7

Naffa, Randa G., Salwa M. Bdour, Hussein M. Migdadi, and Asem A. Shehabi. "Enterotoxicity and genetic variation among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Jordan." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46183-0.

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A total of 100 Jordanian clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates was analysed for the presence of the enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, sed and see using multiplex PCR. Twenty-three isolates (23 %) were potentially enterotoxigenic. The prevalence of sea, sec and sea plus sec among the total clinical isolates was 15, 4 and 4 %, respectively. None of the isolates harboured sed, seb or see genes. S. aureus isolates were subjected to DNA fingerprinting by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to test whether isolates harbouring the toxin genes were genetically clustered. A total of 13 genotypes was identified at a 47 % similarity level. Genotypes I and V accounted for the largest number of enterotoxigenic isolates (19 %). This study has demonstrated the genetic diversity of Jordanian clinical S. aureus isolates and shown that the presence of the toxin genes is not genotype specific.
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8

Homsombat, Theeyathart, Sukolrat Boonyayatra, Nattakarn Awaiwanont, and Duangporn Pichpol. "Effect of Temperature on the Expression of Classical Enterotoxin Genes among Staphylococci Associated with Bovine Mastitis." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080975.

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Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), caused by the contamination of staphylococcal enterotoxins, is a common foodborne disease worldwide. The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see, among Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) associated with bovine mastitis; (2) to determine the effect of temperature on the expression of classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in staphylococci in milk. The detection of classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was performed using S. aureus (n = 51) and CNS (n = 47). The expression of classical enterotoxin genes, including sea, seb, sec, and see, was determined during the growth of staphylococci in milk subjected to ultra-high-temperature processing at two different temperatures: 8 °C and room temperature. Classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes were expressed more frequently in S. aureus (35.30%) than in CNS (12.77%). The sec gene was most frequently detected in S. aureus (29.41%) and CNS (6.38%). Moreover, the expression of sea and sec was significantly higher at room temperature than at 8 °C after 16 h of incubation (p < 0.05). These results emphasize the importance of maintaining the storage temperature of milk below 8 °C to reduce the risk of SFP.
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9

Kahraman, Beren Basaran, Recep Geckinli, and Seyyal Ak. "Detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in raw and pasteurized milk." Veterinarski arhiv 94, no. 1 (February 9, 2024): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.2038.

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The aim of this study was to investigate staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) by ELISA, and detect the five classical sea, seb, sec, sed, and see genes by real-time PCR in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw and pasteurized milk samples. Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 98 out of 100 raw milk samples, and in 6 out of 100 pasteurized milk samples. On further biochemical tests, S. aureus was isolated in 48 samples (48%) of raw milk (n=100) and in one sample (1%) of pasteurized milk (n=100). Ten (10%) out of 100 raw milk samples were positive for at least one enterotoxin, and the most frequently observed SE was SEA (10%), followed by SEE (7%) and SEB (6%), but none of the isolates were positive for SEC and SED. At least one of the SEs gene types (sea, seb, sec, sed, see) was detected in 45 (93.8%; 45/48) S. aureus isolates from raw milk samples. sec, sea, seb, sed, and see genes were observed in 56.2%, 39.5%, 31.2%, 29.1% and 14.5% of strains respectively. The enterotoxin genes were the single type in 21 (46.7%) of the 45 isolates, there were two in 15 (33.3%), three in six (13.3%), four in two (4.4%), and one (2.2%) in all gene regions. The SE gene was not detected in the S. aureus (n=1) isolate from pasteurized milk. As a result of this study, the presence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in raw milk was revealed, and it was pointed out that these SEs may contribute to cases of staphylococcal foodborne poisoning (SPF).
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10

CENCI-GOGA, B. T., M. KARAMA, P. V. ROSSITTO, R. A. MORGANTE, and J. S. CULLOR. "Enterotoxin Production by Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitic Cows." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.9.1693.

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Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of mastitis in cows. The ability of S. aureus strains to produce one or more enterotoxins in milk and dairy products is linked to staphylococcal food poisoning. To determine whether staphylococci causing bovine mastitis could cause human foodborne intoxication, the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins A through D (SEA, SEB, SEC, and SED) by 160 S. aureus isolates was evaluated with the use of a reverse passive latex agglutination enterotoxin kit. All S. aureus strains were isolated over a 9-month period from 2,343 routine submissions of a composite quarter collection of individual mastitic cows at 18 dairy farms in the San Joaquin Valley in California. Prior to enterotoxin detection, isolates were grown by a method that enhances the in vitro synthesis of enterotoxin. Twenty-two of 160 S. aureus isolates produced enterotoxin. Seven produced SEC, 12 produced SED, and 3 produced both SEC and SED. None of the isolates produced SEA or SEB.
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11

OH, SU KYUNG, NARI LEE, YOUNG SUN CHO, DONG-BIN SHIN, SOON YOUNG CHOI, and MINSEON KOO. "Occurrence of Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Ready-to-Eat Food in Korea." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.5.1153.

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Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus contamination in ready-to-eat (RTE) food is a leading cause of foodborne illness in Korea. To monitor food contamination by S. aureus, a total of 3,332 RTE food samples were selected from nationwide wholesale marts between 2003 and 2004 and examined. A total of 285 (8.6%) of the overall samples were contaminated by S. aureus. According to the analysis, 31.6% of the tested cream-cakes, 19.8% of the raw fish, and 19.3% of the rice cakes with filling were contaminated with S. aureus. Forty-seven percent of the strains isolated from the contaminated food were enterotoxigenic S. aureus. The phenotypic result of the strain isolated from food showed that 48% of the strains produced one or more toxins, such as staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C (SEA, SEB, and SEC). At least one SEA was produced by over 90% of the toxigenic strains. Other toxins, such as SEB, SEC, SED, SEA+SEC, and SEC+SED, were each detected. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), a causative agent of toxic shock syndrome, was detected in 13 strains of the toxigenic isolates from the food. As the result of genotyping, 22 strains with a toxin gene that was not detected in the phenotypic analysis were also detected. Sixty-nine percent of the toxigenic strains had at least one sea gene, and the most prevalent genotype was sea+seh (34.4%), followed by sea (18.8%) and sea+seg+sei (15.6%). The tst gene encoding TSST-1 was found in 13 strains (13.5%). The genes (eta and etb) encoding exfoliative toxins A and B were not detected in any of the samples.
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12

ADESIYUN, ABIODUN A., IFEDAPO RAJI, and VIVIAN YOBE. "Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus from Anterior Nares of Dining Hall Workers." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 955–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.12.955.

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The frequency of isolation of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in dining hall workers of a Nigerian University was determined. Of a total of 186 workers sampled, 47 (25.3%) were carriers of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in their anterior nares, including 19 (22.4%) of 85 cooks and 11 (23.9%) of 46 stewards. Fifty-five (26.6%) of 207 strains of S. aureus tested produced staphylococcal enterotoxins A (SEA), B (SEB), C (SEC), D (SED) or E (SEE). SEA predominated, with 18 (8.7%) strains elaborating it and representing 32.7% of all enterotoxigenic strains. SEC and SED were produced by 14 (6.8%) and 13 (6.3%) strains, respectively, and 9 (4.3%) strains produced SEB and SEE. It appears that SEA poses the greatest risk to students consuming foods contaminated by S. aureus of nasal origin from these workers.
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13

TerBush, D. R., and P. Novick. "Sec6, Sec8, and Sec15 are components of a multisubunit complex which localizes to small bud tips in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Journal of Cell Biology 130, no. 2 (July 15, 1995): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.130.2.299.

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In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the products of at least 14 genes are involved specifically in vesicular transport from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Two of these genes, SEC8 and SEC15, encode components of a 1-2-million D multi-subunit complex that is found in the cytoplasm and associated with the plasma membrane. In this study, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis is used to alter the COOH-terminal portion of Sec8 with a 6-histidine tag, a 9E10 c-myc epitope, or both, to allow the isolation of the Sec8/15 complex from yeast lysates either by immobilized metal affinity chromatography or by immunoprecipitation. Sec6 cofractionates with Sec8/15 by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and by sucrose velocity centrifugation. Sec6 and Sec15 coimmunoprecipitate from lysates with c-myc-tagged Sec8. These data indicate that the Sec8/15 complex contains Sec6 as a stable component. Additional proteins associated with Sec6/8/15 were identified by immunoprecipitations from radiolabeled lysates. The entire Sec6/8/15 complex contains at least eight polypeptides which range in molecular mass from 70 to 144 kD. Yeast strains containing temperature sensitive mutations in the SEC genes were also transformed with the SEC8-c-myc-6-histidine construct and analyzed by immunoprecipitation. The composition of the Sec6/8/15 complex is disrupted specifically in the sec3-2, sec5-24, and sec10-2 strain backgrounds. The c-myc-Sec8 protein is localized by immunofluorescence to small bud tips indicating that the Sec6/8/15 complex may function at sites of exocytosis.
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14

Ji, Yanwei, Lili Chen, Yingying Wang, Kaihui Zhang, Haofen Wu, Yuan Liu, Yanru Wang, and Jianlong Wang. "Development of a Double Nanobody-Based Sandwich Immunoassay for the Detecting Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C in Dairy Products." Foods 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 2426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10102426.

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) represent the leading reason for staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) and various other diseases. Reports often indicate Staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) as the most frequently found enterotoxin in dairy products. To minimize consumer exposure to SEC, this paper aimed to create a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on nanobodies (sandwich Nbs-ELISA) to accurately detect SEC in dairy products without the influence of staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Therefore, after inoculating a Bactrian camel with SEC, a phage display Nb library was created. Eleven Nbs against SEC were identified in three biopanning steps. Based on their affinity and pairing level, a sandwich Nbs-ELISA was developed using the C6 anti-SEC Nb as the capture antibody, while the detection antibody was represented by the C11 phage display anti-SEC Nb. In optimal conditions, the quantitative range of the present sandwich ELISA was 4-250 ng/mL with a detection limit (LOD) of 2.47 ng/mL, obtained according to the blank value plus three standard deviations. The developed technique was subjected to specific measurements, revealing minimal cross-reactivity with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and SpA. The proposed method exhibited high specificity and an excellent recovery rate of 84.52~108.06% in dairy products. Therefore, the sandwich Nbs-ELISA showed significant potential for developing a specific, sensitive technique for SEC detection in dairy products.
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15

Kean, L. S., R. S. Fuller, and J. W. Nichols. "Retrograde lipid traffic in yeast: identification of two distinct pathways for internalization of fluorescent-labeled phosphatidylcholine from the plasma membrane." Journal of Cell Biology 123, no. 6 (December 15, 1993): 1403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.123.6.1403.

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Digital, video-enhanced fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorometry were used to follow the internalization into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae of phosphatidylcholine molecules labeled on one acyl chain with the fluorescent probe 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl (NBD). Two pathways were found: (1) transport by endocytosis to the vacuole and (2) transport by a non-endocytic pathway to the nuclear envelope and mitochondria. The endocytic pathway was inhibited at low temperature (&lt; 2 degrees C) and by ATP depletion. Mutations in secretory (SEC) genes that are necessary for membrane traffic through the secretory pathway (including SEC1, SEC2, SEC4, SEC6, SEC7, SEC12, SEC14, SEC17, SEC18, and SEC21) almost completely blocked endocytic uptake. In contrast, mutations in the SEC63, SEC65, or SEC11 genes, required for translocation of nascent secretory polypeptides into the ER or signal peptide processing in the ER, only slightly reduced endocytic uptake. Phospholipid endocytosis was also independent of the gene encoding the clathrin heavy chain, CHC1. The correlation of biochemical analysis with fluorescence microscopy indicated that the fluorescent phosphatidylcholine was degraded in the vacuole and that degradation was, at least in part, dependent on the vacuolar proteolytic cascade. The non-endocytic route functioned with a lower cellular energy charge (ATP levels 80% reduced) and was largely independent of the SEC genes. Non-endocytic transport of NBD-phosphatidylcholine to the nuclear envelope and mitochondria was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with the sulfhydryl reagents N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid, suggesting the existence of protein-mediated transmembrane transfer (flip-flop) of phosphatidylcholine across the yeast plasma membrane. These data establish a link between lipid movement during secretion and endocytosis in yeast and suggest that phospholipids may also gain access to intracellular organelles through non-endocytic, protein-mediated events.
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16

Fowoyo, P. T., and S. T. Ogunbanwo. "Virulence and toxigenicity of coagulase-negative staphylococci in Nigerian traditional fermented foods." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 62, no. 7 (July 2016): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2015-0752.

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The incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) may render food unsafe, as the clinical isolates have been reported to exude virulent traits. A total of 255 CoNS isolates from 6 traditional fermented foods (nono, kunu, wara, iru, ogi, and kindirmo) from North Central Nigeria, identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus kloosii, and Staphylococcus caprae, were investigated for virulence traits. The strains were examined for biofilm formation and production of hyaluronidase, DNase, TNase, haemolysins, and superantigenic toxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and TSST-1) using standard and genotypic methods. The analysis of virulence factors revealed the production of slime in 200 isolates (78.4%); α-haemolysin in 136 (53.3%); β-haemolysin in 43 (16.9%); DNase in 199 (78.0%); TNase in 29 (11.4%); hyaluronidase in 125 (49.0%); TSST-1 in 119 (46.7%); and enterotoxin-producing isolates SEA, SEB, SEC, and SED in 61 (23.9%), 19 (7.5%), 9 (3.5%), and 8 (3.1%), respectively. PCR analysis detected tsst-1, sea, seb, and sec genes. The ability of these microorganisms to exhibit virulence evokes the potential to cause disease especially under determinate conditions or in immune-compromised patients. The occurrence of CoNS in food should not be ignored nor their pathogenic potential considered as insignificant, rather safety measures should be taken to reduce or totally eliminate their occurrence in foods.
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17

Banaszkiewicz, Sylwia, Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska, Justyna Schubert, Aleksandra Tabiś, Jarosław Król, Tadeusz Stefaniak, Ewelina Węsierska, and Jacek Bania. "Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Genes in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci—Stability, Expression, and Genomic Context." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052560.

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In the current study, we screened a collection of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates for orthologues of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) involved in S. aureus-related staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP). The amplicons corresponding to SEs were detected in S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. borealis, S. pasteuri, S. saprophyticus, S. vitulinus, S. warneri, and S. xylosus. All amplicons were sequenced and identified as parts of known S. aureus or S. epidermidis SE genes. Quantitative real-time PCR allowed determining the relative copy number of each SE amplicon. A significant portion of the amplicons of the sea, seb, sec, and seh genes occurred at low copy numbers. Only the amplicons of the sec gene identified in three isolates of S. epidermidis displayed relative copy numbers comparable to sec in the reference enterotoxigenic S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. Consecutive passages in microbiological media of selected CoNS isolates carrying low copy numbers of sea, seb, sec, and seh genes resulted in a decrease of gene copy number. S. epidermidis isolates harbored a high copy number of sec, which remained stable over the passages. We demonstrated that enterotoxin genes may occur at highly variable copy numbers in CoNS. However, we could identify enterotoxin genes only in whole-genome sequences of CoNS carrying them in a stable form at high copy numbers. Only those enterotoxins were expressed at the protein level. Our results indicate that PCR-based detection of enterotoxin genes in CoNS should always require an additional control, like analysis of their presence in the bacterial genome. We also demonstrate S. epidermidis as a CoNS species harboring SE genes in a stable form at a specific chromosome site and expressing them as a protein.
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18

Deutschbein, Timo, Nicole Unger, Klaus Mann, and Stephan Petersenn. "Diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency in patients with hypothalamic–pituitary disease: comparison between serum and salivary cortisol during the high-dose short synacthen test." European Journal of Endocrinology 160, no. 1 (January 2009): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-08-0600.

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ObjectiveAccurate assessment of adrenal function is essential in patients with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) disease. The measurement of salivary cortisol (SaC) instead of serum cortisol (SeC) offers several advantages, such as the determination of the free hormone. We evaluated the diagnostic value of SeC and SaC both unstimulated and during a high-dose short synacthen test (HDT) in comparison to the insulin tolerance test (ITT).DesignComparative study between 2005 and 2007.MethodsFifty-five patients with HPA impairment and 21 healthy controls were enrolled. Samples were collected in the early morning and over 120 min during the HDT. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed individual thresholds for four HDT periods (0–30, 0–60, 0–90, and 0–120 min).ResultsThe ITT identified 30 subjects as adrenal insufficient. With respect to the four HDT periods, sensitivity and specificity were 67–79% and 71–88% for SeC, compared with 63–72% and 72–86% for SaC. If upper and lower thresholds (with specificities >95%) were applied, patients were diagnosed in 40–45% by SeC and in 25–31% by SaC. The combination of basal cortisol and HDT allowed a diagnosis in 47–49% (SeC) and in 42–45% (SaC) respectively.ConclusionWe suggest the determination of basal SeC or SaC as first-line test. In comparison to the ITT, the HDT has only limited value in screening for alterations of the HPA axis. If the HDT is performed, sampling may be limited to 30 min post-synacthen, using either SeC or SaC. Due to the ease of collection and the independence of binding proteins, SaC may be preferable.
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Ferreira, Daneelly H., Maria das Graças X. Carvalho, Maria J. Nardelli, Francisca G. C. Sousa, and Celso J. B. Oliveira. "Occurrence of enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus causing mastitis in lactating goats." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34, no. 7 (July 2014): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2014000700004.

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins are the leading cause of human food poisoning worldwide. Staphylococcus spp. are the main mastitis-causing agents in goats and frequently found in high counts in goat milk. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus associated with mastitis in lactating goats in Paraiba State, Brazil. Milk samples (n=2024) were collected from 393 farms. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 55 milk samples. Classical (sea, seb, sec, sed, see) and novel (seg, seh, sei) enterotoxin-encoding genes were investigated by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From thirty-six tested isolates, enterotoxin-encoding genes were detected in 7 (19.5%) S. aureus. The gene encoding enterotoxin C (seC) was identified in six isolates, while seiwas observed in only one isolate. The genes sea, seb, sed, see, seg and seh were not observed amongst the S. aureus investigated in this study. In summary, S. aureus causing mastitis in goats can harbor enterotoxin-encoding genes and seC was the most frequent gene observed amongst the investigated isolates. This finding is important for surveillance purposes, since enterotoxin C should be investigated in human staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks caused by consumption of goat milk and dairy products.
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Radoslava, Savić Radovanović, Zdravković Nemanja, and Velebit Branko. "Occurrence and Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococci Isolated from Soft Cheeses in Serbia." Acta Veterinaria 70, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2020-0017.

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AbstractA total of 415 cheese samples produced with raw or cooked milk collected from local markets were analysed for the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci. In 85 (20.48%) samples the presence of coagulase positive staphylococci was detected. The ELFA technique VIDAS SET2 (BioMerieux, France) was used for testing coagulase-positive staphylococci strains to produce classical enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE), and to determine the enterotoxins in cheese samples. The number of coagulase-positive staphylococci in cheese samples ranged from 1-5.79 log CFU g-1. Out of 85 coagulase-positive strains 26 (30.59%) produced enterotoxins. The presence of genes for the synthesis of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) in the obtained extracts of DNA from 26 enterotoxigenic strains was detected by conventional multiplex PCR technique (for genes sea and seb) i.e. the Real-Time PCR technique for genes sec, sed and see. In all 26 strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci (originating from cheeses produced from raw or cooked milk, which were enterotoxin producers) sea was present, and in 24 strains in addition to sea gene, seb was detected. None of the isolates possessed genes for the synthesis of enterotoxin C (SEC), D (SED) and E (SEE). Out of 26 tested cheese samples positive for enterotoxigenic coagulase-positive staphylococci, enterotoxin was detected in 2 (7.69%) samples of sweet-coagulating cheese, in which the number of enterotoxigenic coagulase-positive staphylococci exceeded 5 log CFU g-1. In sweet-coagulating cheeses in which the number of coagulase-positive staphylococci exceeds 5 log CFU g-1 and the pH value was higher than 5.0, enterotoxins may be present in amounts sufficient to cause intoxication.
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Khemakhem, Sofien, Khalil Drira, and Mohamed Jmaiel. "SEC+." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 32, no. 4 (July 2007): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1281421.1281426.

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22

Walker, Donald A. "SEC." Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 27, no. 1 (October 13, 2015): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22110.

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Walker, Donald A. "SEC." Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 27, no. 2 (December 16, 2015): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22132.

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24

Yao, Xiang, Ling Mao, Ke Yi, Yuxiao Han, Wentao Li, Yingqi Xiao, Jun Ji, Qingqing Wang, and Ke Ren. "Radiomic Signature as a Diagnostic Factor for Classification of Histologic Subtypes of Lung Cancer." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 2875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2021.3564.

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<sec> <title>Objectives:</title> To discuss the application of radiomics using Computerized Tomography (CT) analysis, for improving its diagnostic efficacy in lung, specifically in distinguishing Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), lung Adenocarcinoma (ADC), and Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). </sec> <sec> <title>Methods:</title> The pathology of 189 identified cases of lung cancer was analyzed, retrospectively (60 patients with SCC, 69 patients with lung ADC and 60 patients with SCLC). A neural network was used to determine whether the pulmonary or mediastinal window was selected to extract effective radiomic features. The key features of radiomic signature were retrieved by a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) multiple logistic regression model. Next, receiver operating characteristic curve and Area Under the Curve (AUC) analysis were used to evaluate the performance of the radiomic signature in both, training(129 patients) and validation cohorts (60 patients). </sec> <sec> <title>Results:</title> About 295 features were extracted from a manually outlined tumor region. Features extracted from mediastinal window CT scans had a better prognostic ability than pulmonary window scans. The average accuracy for mediastinal window scans was 0.933. Our analysis revealed that the radiomic features extracted from mediastinal window scans had the potential to build a prediction model for distinguishing between SCC, lung ADC, and SCLC. The performance of the radiomic signature to diagnose SCC and SCLC in validation cohorts proved effective, with AUC values of 0.869 and 0.859, respectively. </sec> <sec> <title>Conclusions:</title> A unique radiomic signature was constructed as a diagnostic factor for different histologic subtypes of lung cancer. Patients with lung cancer may benefit from this proposed radiomic signature. </sec>
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Elabras Filho, José, Fernanda Carvalho de Queiroz Mello, Omar Lupi, Blanca Elena Rios Gomes Bica, José Angelo de Souza Papi, and Alfeu Tavares França. "Staphylococcal superantigen-specific IgE antibodies: degree of sensitization and association with severity of asthma." Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 42, no. 5 (October 2016): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562016000000010.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the presence of staphylococcal superantigen-specific IgE antibodies and degree of IgE-mediated sensitization, as well as whether or not those are associated with the severity of asthma in adult patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving outpatients with asthma under treatment at a tertiary care university hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Consecutive patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of asthma based on the Global Initiative for Asthma criteria: mild asthma (MA), comprising patients with mild intermittent or persistent asthma; and moderate or severe asthma (MSA). We determined the serum levels of staphylococcal toxin-specific IgE antibodies, comparing the results and performing a statistical analysis. Results: The study included 142 patients: 72 in the MA group (median age = 46 years; 59 females) and 70 in the MSA group (median age = 56 years; 60 females). In the sample as a whole, 62 patients (43.7%) presented positive results for staphylococcal toxin-specific IgE antibodies: staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), in 29 (20.4%); SEB, in 35 (24.6%); SEC, in 33 (23.2%); and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), in 45 (31.7%). The mean serum levels of IgE antibodies to SEA, SEB, SEC, and TSST were 0.96 U/L, 1.09 U/L, 1.21 U/L, and 1.18 U/L, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of the qualitative or quantitative results. Conclusions: Serum IgE antibodies to SEA, SEB, SEC, and TSST were detected in 43.7% of the patients in our sample. However, neither the qualitative nor quantitative results showed a statistically significant association with the clinical severity of asthma.
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Sura I. A. Jabuk and Eman M. Jarallah. "Molecular screening of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins associated with samples of meat / Iraq." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (November 17, 2020): 6685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3590.

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Staphylococcus aureus secreted many types of toxins accompanying Intestinal poisoning resulting from eating food contaminated with bacteria or their toxins. Five hundred meat samples were collected from local markets, including fresh, frozen, canned, sausage and hamburger to investigate their contamination with S.aureus and then determined their ability of these isolates to secrete enterotoxins by using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the ratio of isolated S.aureus is 30 (6%) and the percentage of encoding genes for toxins is 30(100%), 0(0%), 3(10), 0(0%),0(0%),3(10), 2(6.7), 1(3.3), 0(0%) and 3(10) to sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, see, sei, sej and sel respectively.The result shows the S.aureus isolated from contamination meat able to produce different type to enterotoxins sea, sec, seg, see, sei, and sel and present the sea toxin is the most prevalence type of staphylococcus enterotoxins.
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Angarita-Merchán, Maritza, and Nuri Andrea Merchán Castellanos. "Genes codificantes para enterotoxinas de aislados estafilocócicos coagulasa negativos y coagulasa-positivos a partir muestras con mastitis bovina." Revista Investigación en Salud Universidad de Boyacá 5, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24267/23897325.267.

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Introducción: La mastitis bovina es la inflamación de glándulas mamarias y tejidos secretores. El género Staphylococcus es el agente causal más importante, por su capacidad de producir diferentes factores de virulencia. Las enterotoxinas estafilocócicas son un grupo importante de toxinas que permiten al microorganismo invadir células y tejido huésped, siendo diseminadas a través de productos alimenticios y responsables de graves intoxicaciones alimentarias en el mundo. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de genes codificantes para enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (SE); SEA, SEB, SEC, SED y SEE, en cepas de Staphylococcus spp. asociados a mastitis bovina. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se realizó identificación de especie a través de la amplificación de la región r16S. La detección de genes sea, see, sec, sed, y see se realizó mediante la amplificación por PCR convencional, usando iniciadores específicos para cada gen y se evidenciaron los amplicones a través de electroforesis. Resultados: Se evidenció el predominio del grupo Staphylococcus coagulasa positivo (65.2%), siendo Staphylococcus aureus la cepa con mayor presencia (88.5%), mientras que Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo fue del 37.5%. El gen sea fue detectado en Staphylococcus sciuri (1.7%); seb en Staphylococcus pasteuri y Staphylococcus warneri (3.6%); sec fue identificado en Staphylococcus sciuri y Staphylococcus saprophyticus (3.6%); no se detectaron los genes sed y see en ninguna de las cepas evaluadas. Conclusiones: Los resultados apoyan la evidencia que el desarrollo de mastitis bovina también es causado por Staphylococcus Coagulasa Negativa, indicando la posibilidad que este grupo adquiera atributos genéticos como enterotoxinas y factores de virulencia por transferencia horizontal.
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Lukenda, Igor. "Socijalno-edukativni centar (SEC)." Obrazovanje odraslih/Adult Education 11, no. 2 2011 (2011): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53617/issn2744-2047.2011.11.2.113.

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''Social educational center'' (SEC) Banja Luka is a recently established organisation for adult education in the filed of social professions and at this time it is the only facility of its kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina. SEC is a dynamic, educational institution where the educational process is based on andragogical standards. This institution is established within the project ''School of social professions in Bosnia and Herzegovina'', which is jointly implemented by Caritas Bishops' Conference of BiH and Caritas Austria with financial support from the Austrian Development Agency and the Government of Upper Austria. SEC will conduct the training programmes for operating in the area of social interests, governed by public law. At the same time a large number of informal training activities in this area will be offered. Training programme of caregivers for elderly, published in the Official Gazette of Republic of Srpska, 88/11, is the first publicly valid programme which SEC will implement.
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29

Johora, Fatima Tuj, SM Shahriar Rizvi, Irin Rahman, Nusrat Jahan, Sumaiya Khatun, and Ruhul Amin Miah. "Distribution of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Genes among Clinical Isolates." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 47, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v47i1.55797.

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Background: Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen which produces numerous numbers of toxins including enterotoxins those cause many diseases in both human and animal. It is very important to know the extent of distribution of these toxins, as they are concern of public health problems including food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the distribution of enterotoxin genes among the clinical isolates of the Staphylococcus aureus by multiplex PCR. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology& Immunology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka during the period from March 2014 to February 2015. A total 125 isolates of S. aureus from different clinical specimens were identified by standard microbiological methods. Multiplex PCR assay was performed by using standard protocol with specific primers to detect genes for staphylococcal enterotoxins A to E (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) from identified S. aureus isolates. Results: Out of 125 S. aureus isolates, 63 (50.4%) were enterotoxin genes positive in which the predominant gene was sec, which was present in 36% of tested S. aureus isolates followed by sea (17.6%) and see (13.6%). Multiple enterotoxin genes combination was common in S. aureus isolates and the predominant combination was sea+sec genes. Out of 76 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from indoor patients, 45 (59.2%) were positive for enterotoxin genes which were higher than outdoor patients 18 (36.7%). Conclusion: The enterotoxin genes are frequently present in S. aureus isolates. The most frequent gene is sec followed by sea and see. Moreover, multiple genes are more commonly present in S. aureus strains which support the strong virulent potential of these strains. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2021; 47(1): 90-97
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30

Creutz, C. E., N. G. Kambouris, S. L. Snyder, H. C. Hamman, M. R. Nelson, W. Liu, and P. Rock. "Effects of the expression of mammalian annexins in yeast secretory mutants." Journal of Cell Science 103, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 1177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.103.4.1177.

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The hypothesis that calcium-dependent membrane-binding proteins of the annexin family can influence intracellular membrane trafficking was tested by expressing five mammalian annexins in wild-type yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in 13 yeast secretory (sec) mutants. Expression of human synexin (annexin VII) inhibited the growth of sec2, sec4 and sec15 mutants at a semi-permissive temperature. These three sec mutants are defective in the final step in the secretory pathway, the process of exocytosis. The inhibition of growth correlated with reduced viability and increased accumulation of internal invertase in these mutants when expressing synexin. Bovine endonexin (annexin IV) partially suppressed the growth defect of a sec2 mutant incubated at a semi-permissive temperature. Human synexin, human lipocortin (annexin I), and murine p68 (annexin VI) reduced the lag time associated with adaptation of sec2 mutants to galactose-containing medium. These interactions suggest that the annexins may influence specific steps in membrane trafficking associated with cell growth, secretion and plasma membrane remodelling.
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31

Smyth, Davida S., Patrick J. Hartigan, William J. Meaney, J. Ross Fitzgerald, Claudia F. Deobald, Gregory A. Bohach, and Cyril J. Smyth. "Superantigen genes encoded by the egc cluster and SaPIbov are predominant among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows, goats, sheep, rabbits and poultry." Journal of Medical Microbiology 54, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45863-0.

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In recent years several new staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) have been described, which currently have largely unknown frequencies of occurrence and roles in human or animal disease. One hundred and ninety-one Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows (99), goats (39), sheep (23), rabbits (15), chickens (15) and a cat (1) were screened for SE genes sea–see, seg–seo and seq and for the tst gene encoding staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 using multiplex PCRs and individual PCRs for the seb and sek genes. One hundred and ten isolates tested positive for at least one of these 16 superantigen (SAg)-encoding genes. There were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of some of these SAg genes between isolates from different animals. No strain possessed either the sea or see gene. The sec gene was present in 51 isolates, the sed gene in eight and the seb gene in one. The seh gene was found in four strains and the sek and seq genes together in one isolate. The most common combinations of genes were the egc cluster, bearing the seg, sei, sem, sen and seo genes, in 47 isolates, the sec, sel and tst gene combination typical of the SaPIbov pathogenicity island in 44 isolates, the egc cluster lacking the seg gene in 11 isolates, the sed and sej genes in nine isolates, and the sec and tst genes without the sel gene in seven isolates. The higher frequencies of the sec and tst genes together and the lower frequencies of the egc gene cluster among the SAg gene-positive sheep or goat isolates compared to bovine isolates were statistically significant. Of 36 bovine isolates that were mitogenic for human T lymphocytes, four were negative for the 16 SAg genes tested for, while a further 14 gave borderline results in the mitogenicity assay, 12 of which were SAg gene-negative. Twenty-nine strains lacking all the SAg genes did not induce T-cell proliferation. This survey indicates that novel SE genes seg, sei, sel, sem, sen and seo along with the sec and tst genes predominate in S. aureus from animal hosts. The mitogenicity assays indicate that further uncharacterized SAgs may be present in bovine isolates.
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Borelli, B. M., I. C. A. Lacerda, L. R. Brandão, C. R. Vianna, M. C. Ferreira, F. C. O. Gomes, L. S. Carmo, L. G. D. Heneine, and C. A. Rosa. "Identification of Staphylococcus spp. isolated during the ripening process of a traditional minas cheese." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 63, no. 2 (April 2011): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352011000200028.

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The population dynamics of Staphylococcus spp. was studied during the ripening of Canastra Minas cheese at three farms located in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The presence of coagulase (coa), thermonuclease (nuc), and enterotoxin (sea, seb, sec, and sed) genes was investigated in Staphylococcus strains isolated during the 60-day cheese-ripening period. The presence of the staphylococcal enterotoxins A, C, and D was also investigated in the cheese samples. Cheese samples that were matured for 0, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days presented staphylococci counts from 10³ to 10(8)cfu/g. All isolates considered coagulase-positive by physiological tests had the coa gene. However, no association was observed between the results obtained with biochemical tests and those obtained by PCR using gene-specific primers for coagulase-negative strains. Coagulase and thermonuclease genes occurred simultaneously in 41.3% of Staphylococcus spp. tested. None of the investigated Staphylococcus strains expressed enterotoxins SEA, SEB, SEC, and SED. Enterotoxins A, C, and D were not detected in any of the cheese samples.
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Dias, N. L., D. C. B. Silva, D. C. B. S. Oliveira, A. A. Fonseca Junior, M. L. Sales, and N. Silva. "Detecção dos genes de Staphylococcus aureus, enterotoxinas e de resistência à meticilina em leite." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 63, no. 6 (December 2011): 1547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352011000600036.

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Realizou-se a detecção do gene de Staphylococcus aureus, de enterotoxinas e de resistência à meticilina com extração de DNA feita diretamente de amostras de leite. Das 200 amostras estudadas, 145 (72,5%) amplificaram o gene femA, e estas foram analisadas quanto à presença dos genes sea, seb, sec e mecA. Os genes das enterotoxinas mais prevalentes foram: sea (60%), seb (37,9%) e sec (6,9%). Foram encontradas 18 amostras de leite (11,0 %) com S. aureus portadores do gene mecA. A detecção de S. aureus diretamente do leite, sem a necessidade de isolamento bacteriano e a caracterização do potencial enterotoxigênico, demonstra que a técnica de PCR é muito útil para estudos epidemiológicos das infecções estafilocócicas da glândula mamária. O alto percentual (72,5%) de amostras de leite positivas para a presença do gene femA sugere que S. aureus constitui um dos principais agentes causadores de infecções intramamárias na microrregião de Sete Lagoas-MG e que seu potencial enterotoxigênico e presença do gene mecA, que identifica o S. aureus resistente à meticlina, representa um risco potencial à saúde pública.
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Ohtori, Seiji, Sumihisa Orita, Kazuyo Yamauchi, Yawara Eguchi, Yasuchika Aoki, Junichi Nakamura, Masayuki Miyagi, et al. "Change of Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum after Indirect Decompression Using Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion." Asian Spine Journal 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4184/asj.2017.11.1.105.

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<sec><title>Study Design</title><p>Retrospective case series.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the ligamentum flavum thickness and remodeling of the spinal canal after anterior fusion during a 10-year follow-up.</p></sec><sec><title>Overview of Literature</title><p>Extreme lateral interbody fusion provides minimally invasive treatment of the lumbar spine; this anterior fusion without direct posterior decompression, so-called indirect decompression, can achieve pain relief. Anterior fusion may restore disc height, stretch the flexure of the ligamentum flavum, and increase the spinal canal diameter. However, changes in the ligamentum flavum thickness and remodeling of the spinal canal after anterior fusion during a long follow-up have not yet been reported.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We evaluated 10 patients with L4 spondylolisthesis who underwent stand-alone anterior interbody fusion using the iliac crest bone. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed 10 years after surgery. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the dural sac and the ligamentum flavum at L1–2 to L5–S1 was calculated using a Picture Archiving and Communication System.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Spinal fusion with correction loss (average, 4.75 mm anterior slip) was achieved in all patients 10 years postsurgery. The average CSAs of the dural sac and the ligamentum flavum at L1–2 to L5–S1 were 150 mm<sup>2</sup> and 78 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The average CSA of the ligamentum flavum at L4–5 (30 mm<sup>2</sup>) (fusion level) was significantly less than that at L1–2 to L3–4 or L5–S1. Although patients had an average anterior slip of 4.75 mm, the average CSA of the dural sac at L4–5 was significantly larger than at the other levels.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Spinal stability induced a lumbar ligamentum flavum change and a sustained remodeling of the spinal canal, which may explain the long-term pain relief after indirect decompression fusion surgery.</p></sec>
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Becker, J., K. Rademann, and F. Hensel. "Electronic and Geometrical Structure of Se5, Se6, Se7, and Se8." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 46, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1991-0513.

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AbstractThe vacuum-UV-photoelectron spectra of Se2, Se5, Se6, Se7, and Se8 have been recorded at a photon energy of h ν= 10.0 eV. The isolated molecules are examined in a supersonic molecular beam employing a new photoelectron-photoion coincidence technique. The structure of the photoelectron spectra of selenium molecules with even and odd numbers of atoms differs in a characteristic manner. While the spectra of Se6 and Se8 show one single broad band, three separated bands with different intensities are observed for Se5 and two for Se7. The spectra are compared to molecular orbital energy calculations based on theoretically supposed geometries. The comparison indicates that Se6 and Se8 have Dnd-symmetrical ring structures, whereas Se5 and Se7 are C1h-symmetrical rings
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Wu, Yuh-Shen, Guor-Cheng Fang, Jui-Yeh Rau, and Shih-Han Huang. "Dry deposition (downward, upward) concentration study of particulates and water-soluble ionic species during daytime, night-time period at the traffic sampling site of Sha-Lu, Taiwan." Toxicology and Industrial Health 18, no. 8 (September 2002): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233702th162oa.

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Ambient suspended particulate (dry deposition, TSP) was collected in the traffic sites Sha-Lu, central Taiwan. In addition, the related water-soluble ionic species (Cl1/4, NO31/4, SO421/4, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+and Ca2+) were analysed and wind speed, wind direction and temperature were also measured in this study. The downward dry deposition fluxes (averaged 54.07 mg/m2-sec) were about twice that of upward dry deposition fluxes (averaged 26.48 mg/m2-sec) in the daytime period. Furthermore, the average downward dry deposition fluxes (averaged 26.22 mg/m2-sec) were also about twice that of upward dry deposition fluxes (averaged 12.11 mg/m2-sec) in the night-time period. The results showed that the total suspended particulate concentrations of particulate mass in the daytime period (averaged 996.2 mg/m3) were higher than in the night-time period (averaged 560.7 mg/m3). The results showed that the total suspended particulate concentrations of particulate mass in the daytime period (averaged 996.2 mg/m3) were higher than in night-time period (averaged 560.7 mg/m3). As for water-soluble ionic species, the average dry deposition order and velocity for downward ionic species were Cl1/4 Í-Ca2+Í-NO31/4 Í-K+(2.09 cm/sec Í-1.46 cm/sec Í-1.46 cm/sec Í-1.07 cm/sec) anions during the daytime period. And the average dry deposition order and velocity for downward ionic species were NO31/4 Í / Cl1/4 Í / K+Í / Ca2+(2.92 cm/sec Í / 2.74 cm/sec Í / 0.96 cm/sec Í / 0.93 cm/sec) anions during the night-time period. The average dry deposition order and velocity for upward ionic species were Cl1/4 Í / Ca2+Í / K+Í / Mg2+(4.69 cm/sec Í / 0.62 cm/sec Í / 0.59 cm/sec Í / 0.55 cm/sec) anions during the daytime period. And the average dry deposition order and velocity for upward ionic species were Cl1/4 Í-Ca2+Í-Mg2+Í-K+(1.65 cm/sec Í-0.43 cm/sec Í / 0.37 cm/sec Í / 0.33 cm/sec) anions during the night-time period. The results also indicated that the sodium and chloride concentrations in total suspended particulate were highly positively related, indicating that the sea-salt aerosols were the major contributors for these species at this sampling site of central Taiwan.
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37

Gao, Fei, Le Wang, Rong Zhao, Yixiong Wang, Yankun Ma, Rulan Yang, Qi Zhang, and Chuangyun Wang. "Rational Combination of Selenium Application Rate and Planting Density to Improve Selenium Uptake, Agronomic Traits, and Yield of Dryland Maize." Plants 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2024): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13101327.

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Exogenous selenium application could effectively improve the selenium absorption of crops affected by different climatic conditions due to changes in the planting environment and planting conditions. We planted maize at planting densities of 67,500 plants ha−1 (D1) and 75,000 plants ha−1 (D2). Five selenium fertilizer gradients of 0 mg m−2 (Se0), 7.5 mg m−2 (Se1), 15.0 mg m−2 (Se2), 22.5 mg m−2 (Se3), and 30.0 mg m−2 (Se4) were applied to investigate the response of the plants to selenium fertilizer application in terms of the gradient selenium absorption and substance accumulation. With the increase in the amount of selenium fertilizer applied, more of the selenium fertilizer will be absorbed and transported from the leaves to the grains, and the selenium content of the grains will gradually increase and exceed the selenium content of leaves. Under the D2 density in 2022, the selenium content of the grains under Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments increased by 65.67%, 72.71%, and 250.53%, respectively, compared with that of Se0. A total of 260.55% of the plants showed a gradient of grain > leaf > cob > stalk from the Se2 treatment, and the overall selenium content of the plants increased first and then decreased. Under the D1 density, compared with the Se0, the dry matter mass of the Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments significantly improved by 5.84%, 1.49%, and 14.26% in 2021, and significantly improved by 4.84%, 3.50%, and 2.85% in 2022. The 1000-grain weight under Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments improved by 8.57%, 9.06%, and 15.56% compared to that under the Se0 treatment, and the yield per ha under the Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments was 18.58%, 9.09%, and 21.42% higher than that under Se0 treatment, respectively. In addition, a reasonable combination of selenium application rate and density could improve the chlorophyll content and stem growth of dryland maize. This lays a foundation for the efficient application of selenium fertilizer and provides an important reference.
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38

Deutschbein, Timo, Nicole Unger, Jakob Hinrichs, Martin K. Walz, Klaus Mann, and Stephan Petersenn. "Late-night and low-dose dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol in saliva and serum for the diagnosis of cortisol-secreting adrenal adenomas." European Journal of Endocrinology 161, no. 5 (November 2009): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-09-0517.

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ObjectiveIn patients with adrenal incidentalomas, hormonally active masses need to be considered, particularly cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA), aldosterone-producing adenomas, and pheochromocytomas. The screening for hypercortisolism relies on confirming excess cortisol secretion and insufficient suppression after dexamethasone. Because of its high correlation with free cortisol and its stress-free collection, salivary cortisol (SaC) may offer advantages over serum cortisol (SeC). We evaluated the value of SaC and SeC for the diagnosis of CPA.DesignComparative study between 2001 and 2006.MethodsThirty-eight patients with confirmed CPA were compared with 18 healthy subjects as well as 48 control patients suffering from aldosterone-producing adenomas (n=13), pheochromocytomas (n=16), or nonfunctioning adenomas (n=19). Sampling of saliva and serum was performed at 2300 and at 0800 h following low-dose dexamethasone suppression. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was used to calculate thresholds with at least 95% sensitivity for CPA.ResultsRegarding the cutoffs for late-night cortisol, SaC (4.8 nmol/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity 69%) was slightly more specific than SeC (115 nmol/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity 63%). In contrast, the cutoff for dexamethasone-suppressed SaC (3.7 nmol/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity 83%) was slightly less specific than SeC (94 nmol/l, sensitivity 97%, specificity 88%). However, the latter cutoffs demonstrated greater specificity when compared with the cutoffs for late-night cortisol.ConclusionThe diagnostic accuracy of SaC is as good as SeC. Owing to its higher specificity, dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol is preferable to late-night cortisol when screening for Cushing's syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentalomas.
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39

Baranska-Rybak, Wioletta, Oscar Cirioni, Malgorzata Dawgul, Malgorzata Sokolowska-Wojdylo, Lukasz Naumiuk, Aneta Szczerkowska-Dobosz, Roman Nowicki, Jadwiga Roszkiewicz, and Wojciech Kamysz. "Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides and Conventional Antibiotics against Superantigen Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from the Patients with Neoplastic and Inflammatory Erythrodermia." Chemotherapy Research and Practice 2011 (May 12, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/270932.

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Superantigens are proteins comprising a group of molecules produced by various microorganisms. They are involved in pathogenesis of several human diseases. The aim of the study was the comparison of susceptibility to antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) strains producing staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and TSST-1 and nonproducing ones. In the group of the total 28 of the patients with erythrodermia the presence of SA was confirmed in 24 cases. The total of 14 strains of SA excreted enterotoxins SEA, SEC, SED, and TSST-1. We did not observe that strains producing mentioned superantigens were less susceptible to AMPs (aurein 1.2, citropin 1.1, lipopeptide, protegrin 1, tachyplesin 3, temporin A, and uperin 3.6). The opposite situation was observed in conventional antibiotics. SA strains excreting tested superantigens had higher MICs and MBCs than nonproducing ones. The interesting finding considering the high efficacy of AMPs, against all examined strains of SA, makes them attractive candidates for therapeutic implication.
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40

Ohno, Hiroshi, Koji Hase, and Shunsuke Kimura. "M-Sec." Communicative & Integrative Biology 3, no. 3 (May 2010): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.3.3.11242.

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41

Yuan, Zhenlong, Yongqiang Lu, Zhaoguo Wang, and Yibo Xue. "Droid-Sec." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 44, no. 4 (February 25, 2015): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2740070.2631434.

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42

Salcius, Michael, Andras J. Bauer, Qin Hao, Shu Li, Antonin Tutter, Jacob Raphael, Wolfgang Jahnke, et al. "SEC-TID." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 19, no. 6 (February 19, 2014): 917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057114522691.

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Bioactive small molecules are an invaluable source of therapeutics and chemical probes for exploring biological pathways. Yet, significant hurdles in drug discovery often come from lacking a comprehensive view of the target(s) for both early tool molecules and even late-stage drugs. To address this challenge, a method is provided that allows for assessing the interactions of small molecules with thousands of targets without any need to modify the small molecule of interest or attach any component to a surface. We describe size-exclusion chromatography for target identification (SEC-TID), a method for accurately and reproducibly detecting ligand-macromolecular interactions for small molecules targeting nucleic acid and several protein classes. We report the use of SEC-TID, with a library consisting of approximately 1000 purified proteins derived from the protein databank (PDB), to identify the efficacy targets tankyrase 1 and 2 for the Wnt inhibitor XAV939. In addition, we report novel interactions for the tumor-vascular disrupting agent vadimezan/ASA404 (interacting with farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase) and the diuretic mefruside (interacting with carbonic anhydrase XIII). We believe this method can dramatically enhance our understanding of the mechanism of action and potential liabilities for small molecules in drug discovery pipelines through comprehensive profiling of candidate druggable targets.
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43

Fajnkuchen, F., V. Sarda, and G. Chaine. "Œil sec." EMC - Ophtalmologie 5, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0246-0343(08)41122-x.

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44

Hoang-Xuan, Thanh, and Daniè;le Hannouche. "Œil sec." EMC - Traité de médecine AKOS 1, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1634-6939(06)75461-8.

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45

Papo, T. "Syndrome sec." EMC - Traité de médecine AKOS 3, no. 3 (January 2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1634-6939(08)49378-x.

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46

Royer, J. "L'oeil sec." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 186, no. 06 (June 1985): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1050953.

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47

Walker Jr., Donald A. "SEC Matters." Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 26, no. 3 (February 18, 2015): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22036.

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48

Walker, Donald A. "SEC Matters." Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 26, no. 5 (June 13, 2015): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22075.

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Walker, Donald A. "SEC Matters." Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 26, no. 6 (August 11, 2015): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22090.

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Walker, Donald A. "SEC Matters." Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 27, no. 6 (August 24, 2016): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22199.

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