Journal articles on the topic 'Seaweed disease'
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1
Meinita, Maria Dyah Nur, Dicky Harwanto, and Jae-Suk Choi. "Seaweed Exhibits Therapeutic Properties against Chronic Diseases: An Overview." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052638.
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Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are known for producing potentially bioactive substances that exhibit a wide range of nutritional, therapeutic, and nutraceutical properties. These compounds can be applied to treat chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Several studies have shown that consumption of seaweeds in Asian countries, such as Japan and Korea, has been correlated with a lower incidence of chronic diseases. In this study, we conducted a review of published papers on seaweed consumption and chronic diseases. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method for this study. We identified and screened research articles published between 2000 and 2021. We used PubMed and ScienceDirect databases and identified 107 articles. This systematic review discusses the potential use of bioactive compounds of seaweed to treat chronic diseases and identifies gaps where further research in this field is needed. In this review, the therapeutic and nutraceutical properties of seaweed for the treatment of chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, diabetes, cancer, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis were discussed. We concluded that further study on the identification of bioactive compounds of seaweed, and further study at a clinical level, are needed.
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Campbell, Iona, Cicilia S. B. Kambey, Jonalyn P. Mateo, Sadock B. Rusekwa, Anicia Q. Hurtado, Flower E. Msuya, Grant D. Stentiford, and Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook. "Biosecurity policy and legislation for the global seaweed aquaculture industry." Journal of Applied Phycology 32, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 2133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-02010-5.
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AbstractEach year a significant proportion of global food production is lost to pests and diseases, with concerted efforts by government and industry focussed on application of effective biosecurity policies which attempt to minimise their emergence and spread. In aquaculture the volume of seaweeds produced is second only to farmed fish and red algal carrageenophytes currently represent approximately 42% of global production of all seaweeds. Despite this importance, expansion of the seaweed sector is increasingly limited by the high prevalence of recalcitrant diseases and epiphytic pests with potential to emerge and with the demonstrated propensity to spread, particularly in the absence of effective national and international biosecurity policies. Developing biosecurity policy and legislation to manage biosecurity risk in seaweed aquaculture is urgently required to limit these impacts. To understand current international biosecurity frameworks and their efficacy, existing legislative frameworks were analysed quantitatively for the content of biosecurity measures, applicability to the seaweed industry, and inclusion of risks posed by diseases, pests and non-native species. Deficiencies in existing frameworks included the following: inconsistent terminology for inclusion of cultivated seaweeds, unclear designation of implementation responsibility, insufficient evidence-based information and limited alignment of biosecurity hazards and risks. Given the global importance of the cultivation of various seaweeds in alleviating poverty in low and middle income countries, it is crucial that the relatively low-unit value of the industry (i.e. as compared with other aquatic animal sectors) should not conflate with a perceived low risk of disease or pest transfer, nor the subsequent economic and environmental impact that disease transfer may impact on receiving nations (well beyond their seaweed operations). Developing a clear basis for development of robust international biosecurity policies related to the trade in seaweeds arising from the global aquaculture industry, by first addressing the gaps highlighted in this study, will be crucial in limiting impacts of pests and diseases on this valuable industry and on natural capital in locations where seaweeds are farmed.
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Darwin C. Biag, Jansen C. Cuadro, John Christopher C. Nolial, Ronald O. De Lemios, Christian Lennon T. Edoria, Richmond S. Hombre, John Cris S. Sape, Marlon R. Visitacion, and Lucy O. Elep, Jr. "How to prevent early onset of Epiphytes and ‘Ice-Ice’ disease in cultivated seaweeds (Kappaphycus), Camarines Norte, Philippines." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 1 (October 30, 2022): 074–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.1.0382.
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This brief research focused on the incidence of ice-ice diseases (IID) and epiphyte infestation (EI) in cultured seaweeds (Kappaphycus spp.), identifying a doable strategy to prevent early development and outbreaks. An assessment of the prevalence of IID and EI was carried out on 29 seaweed farms, taking notes on the stage of culture and current farming practice. The findings revealed that the onset of IID and EI occurs during the early stages of out-planting as a result of stressors acquired during the transplanting procedure. Because seedlings are lightweight after cutting and current flotation methods are inadequate, newly planted seaweeds are exposed to the surface and direct sunlight for an extended period during wave action, resulting in a high incidence of EI and IID. Therefore, a bamboo spacer (BS) is being proposed to be incorporated into floaters to prevent the early development of IID and EI in newly out-planted seaweeds. BS can aid in maintaining proper depth, improving seaweed line movement, preventing entanglement, and keeping seaweed from being exposed to the surface and direct sunlight.
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Cherry, Paul, Supriya Yadav, Conall R. Strain, Philip J. Allsopp, Emeir M. McSorley, R. Paul Ross, and Catherine Stanton. "Prebiotics from Seaweeds: An Ocean of Opportunity?" Marine Drugs 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17060327.
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Seaweeds are an underexploited and potentially sustainable crop which offer a rich source of bioactive compounds, including novel complex polysaccharides, polyphenols, fatty acids, and carotenoids. The purported efficacies of these phytochemicals have led to potential functional food and nutraceutical applications which aim to protect against cardiometabolic and inflammatory risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and some cancers. Concurrent understanding that perturbations of gut microbial composition and metabolic function manifest throughout health and disease has led to dietary strategies, such as prebiotics, which exploit the diet-host-microbe paradigm to modulate the gut microbiota, such that host health is maintained or improved. The prebiotic definition was recently updated to “a substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit”, which, given that previous discussion regarding seaweed prebiotics has focused upon saccharolytic fermentation, an opportunity is presented to explore how non-complex polysaccharide components from seaweeds may be metabolised by host microbial populations to benefit host health. Thus, this review provides an innovative approach to consider how the gut microbiota may utilise seaweed phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and carotenoids, and provides an updated discussion regarding the catabolism of seaweed-derived complex polysaccharides with potential prebiotic activity. Additional in vitro screening studies and in vivo animal studies are needed to identify potential prebiotics from seaweeds, alongside untargeted metabolomics to decipher microbial-derived metabolites from seaweeds. Furthermore, controlled human intervention studies with health-related end points to elucidate prebiotic efficacy are required.
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Msuya, Flower E., John Bolton, Fred Pascal, Koushul Narrain, Betty Nyonje, and Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook. "Seaweed farming in Africa: current status and future potential." Journal of Applied Phycology 34, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 985–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02676-w.
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Abstract Global demand for seaweed and its products has increased exponentially over the last 25 years. Equally, the continent of Africa and its offshore islands have considerable potential for seaweed production to contribute to world demand. Compared with China and the rest of Asia, Africa lags behind in seaweed production and utilisation. However, for red eucheumatoid seaweeds, Africa is the third-largest producer in the world, producing about 120,000 t (FW) annually. Details are provided for 13 African countries that are currently involved in seaweed farming and harvesting, commercially or experimentally, for export or domestic utilisation. Eucheuma spp. and Kappaphycus spp. in Tanzania represent 92% and in Madagascar 4.7% of continental production, and Ulva spp. and Gracilaria spp. in South Africa represent 1.5%. Over 2000 species of seaweed have been recorded in Africa, some of which are already successfully cultivated in other parts of the world. The environmental conditions across the continent range from warm, tropical waters to the cooler, nutrient-rich waters of the southwest, enabling the cultivation of seaweeds from the tropical, carrageenan-producing eucheumatoids to temperate kelp species. Seaweed aquaculture production in Africa, led predominantly by women, has improved the livelihoods of its coastal people. Challenges through disease and pest outbreaks, as a result of climate change, and the low prices paid to farmers are highlighted as major constraints on the development of this industry. Through scaling up and expanding current efforts in production and utilisation of seaweeds, Africa has the potential to join China and Southeast Asia as a global leader in producing, processing and consuming a wide variety of seaweeds.
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Aires, Tania, Alexandra Serebryakova, Frédérique Viard, Ester A. Serrão, and Aschwin H. Engelen. "Acidification increases abundances ofVibrionalesandPlanctomycetiaassociated to a seaweed-grazer system: potential consequences for disease and prey digestion efficiency." PeerJ 6 (March 30, 2018): e4377. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4377.
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Ocean acidification significantly affects marine organisms in several ways, with complex interactions. Seaweeds might benefit from rising CO2through increased photosynthesis and carbon acquisition, with subsequent higher growth rates. However, changes in seaweed chemistry due to increased CO2may change the nutritional quality of tissue for grazers. In addition, organisms live in close association with a diverse microbiota, which can also be influenced by environmental changes, with feedback effects. As gut microbiomes are often linked to diet, changes in seaweed characteristics and associated microbiome can affect the gut microbiome of the grazer, with possible fitness consequences. In this study, we experimentally investigated the effects of acidification on the microbiome of the invasive brown seaweedSargassum muticumand a native isopod consumerSynisoma nadejda. Both were exposed to ambient CO2conditions (380 ppm, pH 8.16) and an acidification treatment (1,000 ppm, pH 7.86) for three weeks. Microbiome diversity and composition were determined using high-throughput sequencing of the variable regions V5-7 of 16S rRNA. We anticipated that as a result of acidification, the seaweed-associated bacterial community would change, leading to further changes in the gut microbiome of grazers. However, no significant effects of elevated CO2on the overall bacterial community structure and composition were revealed in the seaweed. In contrast, significant changes were observed in the bacterial community of the grazer gut. Although the bacterial community ofS. muticumas whole did not change,OceanospirillalesandVibrionales(mainlyPseudoalteromonas) significantly increased their abundance in acidified conditions. The former, which uses organic matter compounds as its main source, may have opportunistically taken advantage of the possible increase of the C/N ratio in the seaweed under acidified conditions.Pseudoalteromonas,commonly associated to diseased seaweeds, suggesting that acidification may facilitate opportunistic/pathogenic bacteria. In the gut ofS. nadejda,the bacterial genusPlanctomycetiaincreased abundance under elevated CO2. This shift might be associated to changes in food (S. muticum) quality under acidification.Planctomycetiaare slow-acting decomposers of algal polymers that could be providing the isopod with an elevated algal digestion and availability of inorganic compounds to compensate the shifted C/N ratio under acidification in their food.In conclusion, our results indicate that even after only three weeks of acidified conditions, bacterial communities associated to ungrazed seaweed and to an isopod grazer show specific, differential shifts in associated bacterial community. These have potential consequences for seaweed health (as shown in corals) and isopod food digestion. The observed changes in the gut microbiome of the grazer seem to reflect changes in the seaweed chemistry rather than its microbial composition.
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Murai, Utako, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Mizuki Sata, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Isao Saito, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Junko Ishihara, et al. "Seaweed intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective (JPHC) Study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 110, no. 6 (September 13, 2019): 1449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz231.
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ABSTRACT Background The minerals, vitamins, soluble dietary fibers, and flavonoids of seaweed are protective for preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, the association between seaweed intake and risk of cardiovascular disease has not been established. Objectives We examined the dietary intake of seaweed and its impact upon stroke and ischemic heart disease risk among a Japanese study population. Methods We surveyed 40,707 men and 45,406 women from 2 large cohorts (age range: 40–69 y). Seaweed intake was determined by FFQ at baseline (1990–1994). Incidences of stroke and ischemic heart disease were ascertained until the end of 2009 (Cohort I) or 2012 (Cohort II). Sex-specific cardiovascular disease HRs (95% CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models after stratification by area and adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk and dietary factors. Results During 1,493,232 person-years of follow-up, 4777 strokes (2863 ischemic stroke, 1361 intraparenchymal hemorrhages, and 531 subarachnoid hemorrhages) and 1204 ischemic heart disease cases were identified. Among men, significant multivariable HRs (95% CIs) for almost daily consumption compared with almost no consumption of seaweed were seen in ischemic heart disease [0.76 (0.58, 0.99); P-trend = 0.04] and total cardiovascular diseases [0.88 (0.78, 1.00); P-trend = 0.08]. Among women, such inverse associations were 0.56 (0.36, 0.85; P-trend = 0.006) for ischemic heart disease and 0.89 (0.76, 1.05; P-trend = 0.10) for total cardiovascular diseases. No significant associations were observed between seaweed intake and risk of total stroke or stroke types among either men or women. Conclusions Seaweed intake was inversely associated with risk of ischemic heart disease.
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Darwin C Biag, Richmond S Hombre, Christian Lennon T Edoria, Marlon R Visitacion, John Cris S Sape, and Lucy O Elep Jr. "First record of potential epiphyte grazing species in commercial seaweeds (Kappaphycus spp.), Philippines." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2022.12.2.0176.
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Commercial seaweeds (Kappaphycus spp.) being widely cultivated at sea face inevitable challenges such as ice-ice disease and epiphyte infestations. Hence, this research provided the first record of potential epiphyte grazing species associated with cultivated seaweeds. A total of 26 seaweed farms were surveyed for 7 months, from April to October 2022, to record the occurrence and abundance of blenny fish. Results from the visual census survey showed a total of 984 sightings of blenny fish (Petroscirtes spp.). The highest occurrence of blennies was recorded in planted seaweeds (81.4%), followed by ropes (12.3%) and floats/buoys (6.3%). Blennies are found to spend the majority of their time resting, swimming, and grazing on the algal epiphytes that are attached to seaweeds. These tiny fish, which are associated with cultivated seaweeds but are overlooked in seaweed farms, are critically important and can contribute little pressure to controlling epiphytes.
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Jaworowska, Agnieszka, and Aliza Murtaza. "Seaweed Derived Lipids Are a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010730.
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Chronic, low-grade inflammation is linked to the development of non-communicable diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and others which together contribute to more than 50% of deaths globally. Modulation of inflammatory responses may be a promising strategy, and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) may offer a new therapeutic option in inflammatory conditions. Seaweeds are characterised by high nutritional quality and are a good source of many bioactive compounds, including n-3 LC-PUFA. This review addresses the potential anti-inflammatory properties of seaweed derived lipids, and their immunomodulating mechanisms in order to identify the possible applications of seaweed as an anti-inflammatory functional food ingredient or dietary supplement. A few studies have evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of seaweed lipids using crude lipid extracts, lipid fractions and isolated complex lipids from several seaweeds belonging to the Ochrophyta and Rhodophyta phyla, with only three Ulva rigida, Ulva sp. and Codium tomentosum within the Chlorophyta phylum. It was reported that seaweed derived lipids suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and reduce nuclear factor κB p100 and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 protein levels leading to the downregulation of the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Further investigations are required to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying their preventive action against chronic inflammation and their potential use as a new functional food ingredient and/or health supplement.
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Cavallo, Rosa, Maria Acquaviva, Loredana Stabili, Ester Cecere, Antonella Petrocelli, and Marcella Narracci. "Antibacterial activity of marine macroalgae against fish pathogenic Vibrio species." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0181-6.
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AbstractIn mariculture, diseases of microbial origin can cause significant economic losses worldwide; the evolution of microorganism resistance to antibiotics has resulted in a growing need for new antibacterial compounds that are effective in veterinary medicine and characterized by limited undesirable side effects. Increased attention has recently been turned to seaweeds as a promising source for metabolites with antimicrobial activity. Vibriosis is a common disease, caused by bacteria of the genus Vibrio, that can result in high mortality in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to identify seaweeds with antibacterial activity against some pathogenic Vibrio species, in order to identify a possible alternative to the commonly used antibiotics in aquaculture. Chloroform/methanol lipidic extracts of six seaweed species (Chaetomorpha linum, Cladophora rupestris, Gracilaria dura, Gracilaria gracilis, Gracilariopsis longissima, Ulva prolifera) were tested for their antibacterial activities against six fish pathogenic Vibrio species using the disc diffusion method. Different susceptibilities to lipidic algal extracts were observed. All six of the seaweed extracts tested demonstrated inhibition of Vibrio ordalii. The best was that from Gracilariopsis longissima, showing activity against Vibrio ordalii, Vibrio salmonicida, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. The results confirmed the potential use of seaweed extracts as a source of antibacterial compounds or as a health-promoting feed for aquaculture.
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Kulshreshtha, Garima, Maxwell T. Hincke, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj, and Alan Critchley. "A Review of the Varied Uses of Macroalgae as Dietary Supplements in Selected Poultry with Special Reference to Laying Hen and Broiler Chickens." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070536.
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Seaweeds comprise ca. 12,000 species. Global annual harvest is ca. 30.13 million metric tonnes, (valued ca. $11.7 billion USD in 2016) for various commercial applications. The growing scope of seaweed-based applications in food, agricultural fertilizers, animal feed additives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care is expected to boost market demand. Agriculture and animal feed applications held the second largest seaweed market share in 2017, and the combined market is anticipated to reach much higher values by 2024 due to the impacts of current research and development targeting enhanced animal health and productivity. In general, seaweeds have been utilized in animal feed as a rich source of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins and dietary fibers with relatively well-balanced amino acid profiles and a unique blend of bioactive compounds. Worldwide, the animal nutrition market is largely driven by rising demand for poultry feeds, which represents ca. 47% of the total consumption for all animal nutrition. This review provides an overview of the utilization of specific seaweeds as sustainable feed sources for poultry production, including a detailed survey of seaweed-supplemented diets on growth, performance, gastrointestinal flora, disease, immunity and overall health of laying/broiler hens. Anti-microbial effects of seaweeds are also discussed.
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Bauer, Sarah, Weihua Jin, Fuming Zhang, and Robert J. Linhardt. "The Application of Seaweed Polysaccharides and Their Derived Products with Potential for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease." Marine Drugs 19, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19020089.
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Neurodegenerative diseases are among the most widespread diseases affecting humans, and the number of patients is only rising. Seaweed polysaccharide extracts show significant neuroprotective and reparative activities. Seaweed polysaccharides might provide the next big breakthrough in neurodegenerative disease treatment. This paper reviews the applications of seaweed polysaccharides as potential treatments of neurodegenerative diseases. The particular focus is on fucoidan, ulvan, and their derivatives as potential agents to treat Alzheimer’s disease. This review provides a critical update on the progress in this important research area.
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Muthu Krishnan, S., and P. Raja. "Immunostimulant Effect of Seaweeds in Channa punctatus Challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 4 (July 15, 2021): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i4.4948.
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The current study focused on to evaluate the bioactive potential and immunostimulant effect of seaweeds in striped murrel Channa punctatus against the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The aqueous extracts of seaweeds, Glacilaria foliifera, Acanthophora spicifera and Ulva lactuca were obtained in four different concentrations (25 µL, 50 µL, 75 µL and 100 µL) and evaluated for their immunostimulant potential. Aqueous extract of G. foliifera and A. spicifera has shown promising activity against fish pathogen. G. foliifera exhibited higher bacterial inhibitory zone of 8mm at 100 µL concentration followed by A. spicifera with 6mm at same concentration. The disease challenge study was used to ascertain the immunostimulant efficacy of active seaweed extracts. C. punctatus was administrated with the A. hydrophila and then fed with artificial feed incorporated with seaweeds extract. The survival rate seems to be higher in G. foliifera (80%) when compared with A. spicifera (60%). Observed result shows that both seaweeds possess active metabolites which may pave the way for the discovery of novel compounds with immunostimulant potential, which can be used in the field of aqua industry to augment disease management.
Keywords: Seaweed, Bioactive compounds, Aeromonas hydrophila, Gracilaria polifera
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Rusekwa, Sadock B., Iona Campbell, Flower E. Msuya, Amelia S. Buriyo, and Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook. "Biosecurity policy and legislation of the seaweed aquaculture industry in Tanzania." Journal of Applied Phycology 32, no. 6 (August 7, 2020): 4411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02194-1.
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AbstractPest and disease outbreaks have significant impacts on the livelihoods of seaweed farmers each year, particularly in low- to middle-income countries around the world. Commercial seaweed farming of the red carrageenophytes, Eucheuma denticulatum, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatus, in Tanzania was established in 1989. The impacts of pests and diseases on the local seaweed industry had serious implications for the environment, society, local culture and human health. The industry was initially characterised by growth, but since 2002 has been severely limited due to pest and disease outbreaks, exacerbated by the effects of climate change. This paper identifies existing biosecurity frameworks in Tanzanian legislation and policies in order to assess their content regarding the management of pests and diseases in the seaweed industry. A total of thirteen frameworks were identified and analysed for their general biosecurity scope and inclusion of specific risks. Of the thirteen, only four were legally binding, and only four were identified to be applicable to the seaweed industry. National frameworks were predominantly designed to support finfish aquaculture; therefore, national authorities lack the expertise, experience and scientific basis on biosecurity issues in seaweed industry compared with other aquatic commercial commodities to identify and mitigate the risks from pest and disease outbreaks in the seaweed farming industry. Recommendations are provided to assist regulators in establishing biosecurity policies, which either explicitly include or are specifically designed, to support the Tanzanian seaweed industry. This analysis reveals where biosecurity capacity can be developed to support a sustainable and economically productive national seaweed farming industry.
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Shannon, Emer, Michael Conlon, and Maria Hayes. "Seaweed Components as Potential Modulators of the Gut Microbiota." Marine Drugs 19, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19070358.
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Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are a rich source of components which may exert beneficial effects on the mammalian gut microbiota through the enhancement of bacterial diversity and abundance. An imbalance of gut bacteria has been linked to the development of disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, immunodeficiency, hypertension, type-2-diabetes, obesity, and cancer. This review outlines current knowledge from in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the potential therapeutic application of seaweed-derived polysaccharides, polyphenols and peptides to modulate the gut microbiota through diet. Polysaccharides such as fucoidan, laminarin, alginate, ulvan and porphyran are unique to seaweeds. Several studies have shown their potential to act as prebiotics and to positively modulate the gut microbiota. Prebiotics enhance bacterial populations and often their production of short chain fatty acids, which are the energy source for gastrointestinal epithelial cells, provide protection against pathogens, influence immunomodulation, and induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells. The oral bioaccessibility and bioavailability of seaweed components is also discussed, including the advantages and limitations of static and dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal models versus ex vivo and in vivo methods. Seaweed bioactives show potential for use in prevention and, in some instances, treatment of human disease. However, it is also necessary to confirm these potential, therapeutic effects in large-scale clinical trials. Where possible, we have cited information concerning these trials.
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Martins, Bruna, Mónica Vieira, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Clara Grosso, and Cristina Soares. "Biological Potential, Gastrointestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Bioavailability of Algae-Derived Compounds with Neuroprotective Activity: A Comprehensive Review." Marine Drugs 20, no. 6 (May 28, 2022): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20060362.
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Currently, there is no known cure for neurodegenerative disease. However, the available therapies aim to manage some of the symptoms of the disease. Human neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of illnesses characterized by progressive loss of neuronal cells and nervous system dysfunction related to several mechanisms such as protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmission dysfunction. Neuroprotective compounds are essential in the prevention and management of neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on the neurodegeneration mechanisms and the compounds (proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polysaccharides, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, phenolic compounds, among others) present in seaweeds that have shown in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective activity. Additionally, it will cover the recent findings on the neuroprotective effects of bioactive compounds from macroalgae, with a focus on their biological potential and possible mechanism of action, including microbiota modulation. Furthermore, gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, and bioavailability will be discussed. Moreover, the clinical trials using seaweed-based drugs or extracts to treat neurodegenerative disorders will be presented, showing the real potential and limitations that a specific metabolite or extract may have as a new therapeutic agent considering the recent approval of a seaweed-based drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
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Cherry, Paul, Cathal O’Hara, Pamela J. Magee, Emeir M. McSorley, and Philip J. Allsopp. "Risks and benefits of consuming edible seaweeds." Nutrition Reviews 77, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 307–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy066.
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AbstractRecent interest in seaweeds as a source of macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive components has highlighted prospective applications within the functional food and nutraceutical industries, with impetus toward the alleviation of risk factors associated with noncommunicable diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This narrative review summarizes the nutritional composition of edible seaweeds; evaluates the evidence regarding the health benefits of whole seaweeds, extracted bioactive components, and seaweed-based food products in humans; and assesses the potential adverse effects of edible seaweeds, including those related to ingestion of excess iodine and arsenic. If the potential functional food and nutraceutical applications of seaweeds are to be realized, more evidence from human intervention studies is needed to evaluate the nutritional benefits of seaweeds and the efficacy of their purported bioactive components. Mechanistic evidence, in particular, is imperative to substantiate health claims.
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Kambey, Cicilia S. B., Iona Campbell, Calvyn F. A. Sondak, Adibi R. M. Nor, Phaik E. Lim, and Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook. "An analysis of the current status and future of biosecurity frameworks for the Indonesian seaweed industry." Journal of Applied Phycology 32, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 2147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-02020-3.
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AbstractIndonesia is the world largest producer of the red seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma; however, this country is facing significant challenges such as disease outbreaks, epiphyte infestations and a loss in seedling quality. Biosecurity practices have been widely adopted in other aquaculture sectors and when enforced can help to limit the introduction and spread of diseases and pests. To assess current capacity for biosecurity in seaweed aquaculture in Indonesia, a systematic analysis of policy frameworks including legislation, regulatory tools, and national standards was conducted. Biosecurity themes and risks were used to evaluate current national biosecurity content. The results identified major challenges faced by the industry in order to implement biosecurity policies in practice. Barriers to implementation included unspecific reference to the seaweed aquaculture sector, limited variety of approaches to biosecurity, limited use of up-to-date scientific evidence, insufficient guidance for the use of precaution and insufficient inclusion of specific biosecurity hazards. In general, although national regulations are currently under revision, current policies indicate a lack of clarity where biosecurity is included. Six recommendations are suggested to incorporate proactive biosecurity actions into current frameworks, with the aim of improving the health and sustainability of the seaweed aquaculture sector in Indonesia.
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Notowidjojo, Lindarsih. "Seaweed as novel food for prevention and therapy for life style related disease." World Nutrition Journal 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v05.i1.0001.
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Seaweed has long been known and consumed as a functional food and folk medicine, especially in people who live in coastal areas. Research on seaweed has recently increased with the surge need for alternative sources of functional food to deal with health problems related to lifestyle, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Epidemiology studies have found that population consumed seaweed is on a regular basis have significantly less diet-related diseases.1,2 Even the largest population of old age is in Japan, which consumes the most seaweed in the world.1,3 In countries such as Japan, China, and Korea, approximately 66% of algae species have been used as a daily ingredient in their dishes for many years.
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Saraswati, Suprabadevi Ayumayasari, and I. Made Sena Darmasetiyawana. "Identifikasi Bakteri pada Rumput Laut Euchema spinosum yang terserang penyakit Ice-ice di Perairan Pantai Kutuh." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2016.v2.i01.11-15.
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The main causes of ice-ice disease that seaweed production will decline. Bacterial infections occur due to fluctuations in climate change resulted in a decrease in water quality resulting in the durability of seaweed. When seaweed stress will facilitate pathogen infection. Disease pathogens cause damage to internal organs. The spread of bacterial disease in seaweed is generally very fast and can lead to death, so that the loss caused by this disease is quite large. Ice-ice disease occurrence is seasonal and contagious, so the impact on the selling price low. The results showed that there are two types of pathogenic bacteria that can potentially cause disease in which bacteria Vibrio alginoliticus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Climate change affects the spatial distribution of micro seaweed bacterial pathogens.
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Rahayu Kusdarwati, Istiqomawati,. "Teknik Budidaya Rumput Laut (Gracilaria verrucosa) Dengan Metode Rawai Di Balai Budidaya Air Payau Situbondo Jawa Timur [Technique Of Seaweeds Culture (Gracilaria verrucosa) At Brackish Water Aqua Culture Development Center Situbondo Of East Java]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 2, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v2i1.11671.
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AbstractSeaweeds is one of commodities fishery sector have commercial value, so that it has been culturing by seaweeds farmer. Technique of seaweeds culture is one of the aim concept for successfully culture it. The aim of this case study is to get about technique culture, culture, maintain of microbe and disease, post harvesting, marketing and the effort analysis at Brackish water Aquiculture Development Center Pulokerto Countryside Kraton Sub District Pasuruan Regency and Province of East Java. The case study was held on August 4 to September 17 2008. The work method was using in this case study was descriptive method by taking data's technique by participate actively, observation, interview and the literature study. Seaweeds culture company at Brackish water Aquiculture Development Center Pulokerto Countryside Kraton Sub District Pasuruan Regency and Province of East Java is property of Blackish water Aquiculture Development Center Situbondo Sub Division Seaweeds culture, have the culture area was at pond with wide 36 hectare (Ha) with 38 cabin and each cabin width 0,5 hectare (Ha), with condition of bottom sea were companing a sand muddy. Water quality measuring at location were; pH 7 – 8, salinity 35 – 37,5 ppt, temperature 25,7 – 29,6°C, and disolved oxygen 4,32 – 5,79 mg/l. Cultivation technique of seaweeds using long line methods. The size raft is 100 m, using ris rope PE 3 mm. The cultivation distance between ris rope 3 – 5 m, while for seed is a 25 cm. Seed stocking was conduct on directly. Cultivation of seed was in the morning or in the evening with 20 – 25 day age of seed. Harvesting of seaweed was using 2 models were pluck up crop and all crop. Post harvesting of seaweed is going to washed, dried afterward directly selling of dry seaweed. Harvest product seaweed the big part selling at factory among others at Agar Sehat Factory at Purwosari Pasuruan, Indo Flora Factory at Bandulan Malang, Sriti Factory at Pandaan Pasuruan and Sri Gunting Factory at Lawang Malang, with price for factory 2.500/kg but for farmer 2.000/kg.
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Jiksing, Calvin, McMarshall M. Ongkudon, Vun Yee Thien, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues, and Wilson Thau Lym Yong. "Recent advances in seaweed seedling production: a review of eucheumatoids and other valuable seaweeds." Algae 37, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.5.11.
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Modern seaweed farming relies heavily on seedlings from natural beds or vegetative cuttings from previous harvests. However, this farming method has some disadvantages, such as physiological variation in the seed stock and decreased genetic variability, which reduces the growth rate, carrageenan yield, and gel strength of the seaweeds. A new method of seedling production that is sustainable, scalable, and produces a large number of high-quality plantlets is needed to support the seaweed farming industry. Recent use of tissue culture and micropropagation techniques in eucheumatoid seaweed production has yielded promising results in increasing seed supply and growing uniform seedlings in large numbers in a shorter time. Several seaweed species have been successfully cultured and regenerated into new plantlets in laboratories using direct regeneration, callus culture, and protoplast culture. The use of biostimulants and plant growth regulators in culture media increases the seedling quality even further. Seedlings produced by micropropagation grew faster and had better biochemical properties than conventionally cultivated seedlings. Before being transferred to a land-based grow-out system or ocean nets for farming, tissue-cultured seedlings were recommended to undergo an acclimatization process to increase their survival rate. Regular monitoring is needed to prevent disease and pest infestations and grazing by herbivorous fish and turtles during the farming process. The current review discusses recent techniques for producing eucheumatoid and other valuable seaweed farming materials, emphasizing the efficiency of micropropagation and the transition from laboratory culture to cultivation in land-based or open-sea grow-out systems to elucidate optimal conditions for sustainable seaweed production.
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Shiny, D. Beula, J. Vijila Jasmin, S. Sujithra, M. Jenifer Tamizharasi, and T. Kumaran. "Nutraceutical Application, Bioactive Compounds And Health Benefits Of Seaweeds." Journal Healthcare Treatment Development, no. 11 (August 13, 2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jhtd11.6.13.
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Human activities lead to many changes in the environment, which ultimately upset the natural balance between living organisms and encourage disease causing pathogens to multiply rapidly, thereby increasing the risk of disease outbreak. Natural resources have become the focus of drug research to deal with the pathogenic microbes, which in many cases, provided vital leads for the development of synthetic compounds. Seaweed is a rich source of nutrients included in Asians traditional cuisine and is being extensively explored for its other merits as a food. Apart from its proven nutritional properties, bioactive molecules found in seaweeds have attracted the interest of health conscious societies. At present, there is a high demand for seaweeds as many quarters have begun consuming healthy and ‘natural foodstuffs’, mainly because seaweeds are rich in minerals, vitamins and proteins.
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Suharli, Lili, Baso Mangguntungi, Riri Rimbun, Anggih Chaidir, and Arif Muhamad. "Antibacterial Test from Ekstract of Kirinyuh Leaves to Inhibit Vibrio sp. Bacteria Growth which Caused Ice-ice Diseases in Seaweed (Eucheuma cottoni)." BIOLOGICA SAMUDRA 2, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jbs.v2i1.2036.
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Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country so it has enormous coastal potential as well. One of the coastal potential that has great benefits for the community is seaweed cultivation. Production of seaweed cultivation in NTB province in 2012 reaches 657,700 tons and increase every year. But in fact, the development of seaweed cultivation business have several obstacles, one of them is the presence of ice-ice disease that infects the seaweed Eucheuma cottoni species. This ice-ice disease causes a decrease in the quality and quantity of seaweed causing crop failure. This ice-ice disease attacks the thallus in the seaweed and causes the seaweed thallus to become brittle and breaks easily due to the lysis of epidermal cells and chloroplasts. The ice-ice disease is caused by a bacterial infection of Vibrio sp. which occurs when seaweed become stress due to adverse environmental conditions such as rising temperatures and salinity. The ice-ice disease can be threat using antibacterial compounds which found in plants such as tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. One of the plants that contain antibacterial is kirinyuh (Chromolaena ordorata). The antibacterial content on kirinuyuh leaves is extracted using a simple maceration method with aquadest as a solvent, and yields of extraction was diluted into concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Leaf extract of kirinyuh with variation of concentration was tested in vitro condition by using diffusion agar method with paper disk on solid NB media which has been overgrown with Vibrio sp. The result of in vitro test using diffusion agar method with paper disk was obtained that kirinyuh extract is able to inhibit the growth of Vibrio sp. bacteria with the widest inhibit zone is 10.315 mm at 100% concentration.
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Gerasimenko, Marina Y., Nazim G. Badalov, Irina V. Borodulina, and Anastasiya A. Mukhina. "Novel non-pharmacological treatment for degenerative joint and disc disease." Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 20, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1681-3456-2021-20-1-13-22.
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BACKGROUND: The most common pathologies in the structure of musculoskeletal disorders are osteoarthritis and non-specific back pain caused by degenerative disc disease, proportion is 20% and 46%, respectively. According to the new WHO initiative "Rehabilitation-2030: call for action", the implementation of non-pharmacological methods in the treatment programs for patients with degenerative joint and disc disease is of great importance.
AIMS: A clinical study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a new method of balneo-thalassotherapy seaweed in the form of local applications and general baths in patients with osteoarthritis and back pain.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized controlled clinical trial included 40 patients (mean age 51.670.65 years). Patients were divided into 3 groups: 1group (n=15) patients received local applications of seaweed on the joints and affected segments of the spine, and basic medical treatment; 2 group (n=15) patients received procedures of seaweed general baths, and basic medical treatment; 3 group (control, n=10) patients received only basic medical therapy. The treatment course was 20 days (15 procedures with a break for the weekend).
RESULTS: A significant positive effect of the method of seaweed therapy on the clinical symptoms of degenerative pathology of the joints and spine was demonstrated: decreasing of pain, improving of the level of motor activity and daily functioning, and an increase in the quality of life was noted. The effectiveness of the treatment was 73.380%.
CONCLUSION: The obtained results prove the effectiveness of using seaweed in patients with degenerative pathology of the joints and spine with pain syndrome. This treatment method can be included in rehabilitation programs for these patients as local applications or general bath procedure.
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Happy Nursyam, Aida Sartimbul, Apri Arisandi, Marsoedi,. "Kecepatan dan Presentase Infeksi Penyakit Ice-Ice pada Kappaphycus alvarezii di Perairan Bluto Sumenep [Velocity and Infection Percentage of Ice-Ice Disease on Kappaphycus alvarezii in Bluto Beach Sumenep]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 3, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v3i1.11621.
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Abstract Seaweed is vulnerable to be infected by disease due to unlikely environmental circumstance. This condition could cause impact on the optimum growth of seaweed. This research was carried out to understand the rate and percentage of ice-ice disease on Kappaphycus alvarezii. Seven units of seaweed rafts were used. Each of them was observed every 12 hours. Results of this research indicated that the percentage of infection was relatively higher during the day on the observation units which were located next to the shore (1,008%). Three days after the infection of ice-ice disease occurred, the mortality of Kappaphycus alvarezii was certain. Therefore, it was recommended that harvesting Kappaphycus alvarezii should be done one day after the indications of ice-ice disease were noticed.
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Hidayatulbaroroh, Ramarsa. "Teknik Dan Finansial Budidaya Rumput Laut (Eucheuma Cottonii) Dengan Metode Jalur Di Kelompok Tani Mitra Bahari Desa Tanjung Pademawu Pamekasan Madura." Jurnal Ilmiah Vastuwidya 2, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jiv.v2i2.93.
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There is many variety of seaweed in Indonesia. Among them there’s a lot of seaweed with high economic value. One of a kind with high value and high demand from around the world is Eucheuma cottonii or Kappaphycus alvarezii. Eucheuma cottonii contains high karaginan which is imprortant for human health. Seaweed has a lot of benefit for food or others, so that we has to improve our knowledge about seaweed especially Eucheuma cottonii.From the research at KUB Mitra Bahari, their location too produce seaweed is not a perfect place such as their water quality, temperature, and salinity. This factor caused their seaweed growth less than 3%. Beside that, there is a predator like Baronang fish and a disease that attack the seaweed such as ice-ice. From financial analiysis, their income is Rp 275.625.595,00, with profit and loss ratio Rp 62.852.382,00. B/C ratio is 1,3 and BEP Rp 7.290/kgs. And their payback period is 2 years 1 month and 6 days. Their RoI are 40%
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Suparmin, Suparmin. "Adaptation of Community of Seaweed Cultivation in Disease Attacks and Climate Change in Seriwe Village Jerowaru District." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, no. 2 (April 22, 2022): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i2.3481.
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Adjustment to the external environment in carrying out all activities as a result of climate change is a must for every individual, including fishermen in Seriwe village. This study aims: first, to analyze the adaptation of fishermen in the face of climate change and attacks of seaweed disease. Second, analyze the use of leisure time, income, and household expenses of fishermen. The method used in this research is descriptive method with survey technique. The conclusion in this study is that fishing households can adapt to climate change by resting, not going to sea and filling with other activities. If there is an attack of ice-ice disease, fishermen only secure seaweed that is still good. The time used by fishermen for seaweed cultivation increases the working time in a year, which is 90 hours. Fishermen's household income comes from fishing, trading, labor, and seaweed cultivation. Fishermen household expenditures are dominated by food consumption needs.
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Nainggolan, Putri Febrine, I. Wayan Arthana, and Ayu Putu Wiweka Krisna Dewi. "A Comparison of Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed Cultivation in Monoculture and Polyculture Systems." Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/atbes.2022.v06.i01.p04.
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Seaweed is a commodity that has high economic value and benefits. The implementation of seaweed cultivation is quite short and the export market opportunities are wide open because the need for seaweed is quite large. This study aims to determine the growth rate of seaweed with monoculture and polyculture cultivation systems and the survival rate of abalone in polyculture cultivation. The research used an experimental method with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two treatments and three replications. The cultivation system in this study was seaweed monoculture Eucheuma cottonii with an initial weight of 100 gr and 100gr seaweed polyculture with abalone Haliotis squamata, each polyculture culture net bag containing 50 abalones. The value of the specific growth rate of monoculture seaweed was 2.21%/day, lower than the specific growth rate of polyculture, which was 3.61%/day. T-test analysis showed the value of sig = 0.049 < = 0.05, which means that there is a significant difference between the treatment of monoculture cultivation and polyculture cultivation. The abalone growth rate value ranged from 0.78-0.91%/day and the abalone survival rate ranged from 68-76%. Changes in environmental conditions affect the condition of abalone and seaweed so that the survival value of abalone is quite low and seaweed is infected with an ice-ice disease which causes a decrease in seaweed weight gain in the final week of the study period.
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Dianto, I. Komang, I. Wayan Arthana, and Ni Made Ernawati. "THE UTILIZATION OF Halymenia durvillaei TO SUPPORT THE MANAGEMENT OF Eucheuma spinosum SEAWEED FARMING IN GEGER COASTAL AREA, BALI." Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2017.v04.i01.p11.
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Seaweed farming activity is now facing some problems caused by pest fish herbivore and ice-ice disease. To solve those and improve our seaweed quality, seaweed production management requires some ecological technique improvements. The purpose of this study was to determine the functions of seaweed H. durvillaei for improving the production of the seaweed E. spinosum in the coastal area of Geger Beach, Peminge Village, South Kuta subdistrict, Badung regency, Bali. The measured data includes parameter of weight, length and water quality. Data was measured every 10 days for up to 40 days. The best growth result was shown by the model of E. spinosum that were fenced by H. durvillaei of 456 g for E. spinosum. H. durvillaei showed good impact on increasing the production of E. spinosum up to 68.7% compared to the control. Water quality conditions on seaweed culture was good with temperature ranged from 27.7 to 30.1°C, salinity from 30 to 32.3 ppt, DO from 3.9 to 5.5 ppm, pH from 7.9 to 8.4, current 0.1 to 0.2 m/s, and clearness of 100%.
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Lola-Luz, Theodora, Franck Hennequart, and Michael Gaffney. "Enhancement of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) following application of commercial seaweed extracts of the brown seaweed, (Ascophyllum nodosum)." Agricultural and Food Science 22, no. 2 (June 26, 2013): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.7676.
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Brassica crops are rich is phytochemical compounds and frequent consumption of these vegetables has been associated with a lower risk in cancer, heart disease, hypertension and stroke. The effect of three commercial extracts of the brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, on phytochemical content and yield in cabbage plants was tested under field conditions in two consecutive crops. Total phenolic content was higher in all seaweed treated plants, with the highest increase recorded with AlgaeGreenTM (3.5 l ha-1) with a 2 fold increase relative to the control. The other commercial seaweed extract, XT achieved a lower increases of 1.3 fold (3.5 l ha-1). Similar increases were recorded in total flavonoid content. No statistically significant increases in yield were recorded with any of the seaweed extracts tested. The results suggest that seaweed extracts stimulated an increased accumulation of phytochemicals in cabbage but had no significant effect in yield under these experimental conditions.
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Cao, Lei, Sang Gil Lee, Kwon Taek Lim, and Hyeung-Rak Kim. "Potential Anti-Aging Substances Derived from Seaweeds." Marine Drugs 18, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18110564.
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Aging is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not fully elucidated. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that several pathways, such as sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, insulin-like growth factor, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 play critical roles in regulating aging. Furthermore, genetic or dietary interventions of these pathways can extend lifespan by delaying the aging process. Seaweeds are a food source rich in many nutrients, including fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds. The health benefits of seaweeds include, but are not limited to, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obese activities. Interestingly, a body of studies shows that some seaweed-derived extracts or isolated compounds, can modulate these aging-regulating pathways or even extend lifespans of various animal models. However, few such studies have been conducted on higher animals or even humans. In this review, we focused on potential anti-aging bioactive substances in seaweeds that have been studied in cells and animals mainly based on their anti-aging cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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Galan, Marilyn M., Dennis K. Gomez, and Jomel S. Limbago. "Antibacterial potential of different red seaweed (Rhodophyta) extracts against ornamental fish pathogen Salmonella arizonae." Aquatic Research 5, no. 4 (2022): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/ar22027.
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This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of different red seaweed (Kappaphycus striatus, Eucheuma denticulatum, Hydropuntia edulis) against Salmonella arizonae that caused disease in goldfish Carassius auratus. In vitro antibacterial susceptibility was determined using a standard disc diffusion assay. Further in vivo experiments were conducted on seaweeds with the highest zone of inhibition. Results showed that K. striatus had the highest zone of inhibition with 30.9 ±0.62 mm followed by H. edulis (29.6 ±1.61 mm), and E. denticulatum (27.6 ±0.51 mm). Promisingly, the antibacterial activity of seaweeds tested was comparable with that of cefixime, trimethoprim, and novobiocin and was significantly higher than the other seven antibiotics tested in this study. Moreover, the in vivo treatment of K. striatus to S. arizonae challenged C. auratus significantly decreased the mortality; the positive control group attained 100% mortality while the treated group had 40% mortality after 10 days of post-infection. This study showed the potential use of K. striatus to control S. arizonae infection in aquarium fishes.
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Ganesan, Abirami R., Uma Tiwari, and Gaurav Rajauria. "Seaweed nutraceuticals and their therapeutic role in disease prevention." Food Science and Human Wellness 8, no. 3 (September 2019): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.08.001.
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Murray, Margaret, Aimee L. Dordevic, Katherine H. M. Cox, Andrew Scholey, Lisa Ryan, and Maxine P. Bonham. "Study protocol for a double-blind randomised controlled trial investigating the impact of 12 weeks supplementation with aFucus vesiculosusextract on cholesterol levels in adults with elevated fasting LDL cholesterol who are overweight or have obesity." BMJ Open 8, no. 12 (December 2018): e022195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022195.
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IntroductionHyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and chronic inflammation are risk factors for chronic diseases cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Polyphenols are bioactive compounds found in marine algae with potential antihyperlipidaemic, antihyperglycaemic and anti-inflammatory effects. The modulation of these risk factors using bioactive polyphenols may represent a useful strategy for disease prevention and management; research in humans, however, remains limited. This trial aims to determine the impact of a polyphenol-rich brown seaweed extract on fasting hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and inflammation. Effects on mood and cognition will also be evaluated.Methods and analysisFifty-eight hypercholesterolaemic participants who are overweight or have obesity will be randomised to receive either a polyphenol-rich brown seaweed extract (2000 mg dose containing 600 mg polyphenols) or placebo (2000 mg rice flour) daily for 12 weeks. Fasting venous blood samples will be taken at baseline, week 6 and week 12 of the intervention to assess serum cholesterol (total, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein) and triglyceride concentrations, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and markers of inflammation. Mood and cognitive function will be evaluated as exploratory outcomes. Independent t-tests or equivalent will be used to determine differences between the two groups in changes from baseline to week 12. Analysis of variance will be used to assess differences between the groups across the three time points (baseline, week 6 and week 12).Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been granted by the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (2017-8689-10379). Results from this trial will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, national and international presentations, and a PhD thesis. These results are essential to inform the use of polyphenol-rich brown seaweeds as a functional food or nutritional supplement ingredients for health promotion and disease prevention and management in humans.Trial registration numberACTRN12617001039370; Pre-results.
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Hu, Yulei, Yan Wang, Fengwei An, and Nini Dai. "The Efficacy of Double-Heart Nursing in Combination with Seaweed Polysaccharide for Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Complicated with Diabetes: A Pilot, Randomized Clinical Trial." Disease Markers 2022 (April 4, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2159660.
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Objective. To study and explore the effect of double-heart nursing combined with seaweed polysaccharide on improving the self-efficacy and quality of life of patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes. Methods. Eligible 214 patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital between year 2017 and 2020 were randomized at a ratio of 1 : 1 to either control group (seaweed polysaccharide) or observation group (double-heart nursing combined with seaweed polysaccharide). The self-efficacy and quality of life of the two groups of patients after treatment were compared. Results. The observation group reported a lower blood glucose level after treatment vs. the control group [( 6.28 ± 4.49 / 8.24 ± 2.01 ) vs. ( 7.74 ± 4.18 / 11.41 ± 3.12 )] ( p < 0.05 ); a lower incidence of lesions in the observation group versus the control group after treatment ( p < 0.05 ); and significantly lower SAS and SDS scores of the observation group vs. the control group was observed [( 41.27 ± 4.08 / 43.81 ± 2.93 ) vs. ( 62.74 ± 3.48 / 61.58 ± 3.85 )] ( p < 0.05 ). Regarding the self-efficacy, the observation group was superior to the control group after treatment ( p < 0.05 ). The treatment with double-heart nursing combined with seaweed polysaccharide was associated with the improvement of the quality of life with respect to social function, psychological function, and material life (each p < 0.05 ). The observation obtained a significantly higher satisfaction rate in comparison with the control group [107 (98.13%) vs.95 (88.80%)] ( p < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Seaweed polysaccharide and double-heart nursing might be practical in improving the self-efficacy and quality of life of patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus, compared with conventional clinical treatment alone.
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Wszelaki, Annette L., and Sally A. Miller. "Determining the Efficacy of Disease Management Products in Organically-Produced Tomatoes." Plant Health Progress 6, no. 1 (January 2005): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2005-0713-01-rs.
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Sixteen disease control products or product combinations used in organic production systems were tested for efficacy against tomato diseases. Disease pressure was low in 2002, and no treatment significantly reduced disease relative to the control. In 2003, early blight and Septoria leaf spot developed late in the season, and Bordeaux mixture, copper hydroxide, garlic and neem oils, seaweed extract, and Serenade reduced disease development compared to the control. Plots treated with Sonata yielded the most marketable fruit. Accepted for publication 18 May 2005. Published 13 July 2005.
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Saha, Mahasweta, Shawn Dove, and Florian Weinberger. "Chemically Mediated Microbial “Gardening” Capacity of a Seaweed Holobiont Is Dynamic." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121893.
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Terrestrial plants are known to “garden” the microbiota of their rhizosphere via released metabolites (that can attract beneficial microbes and deter pathogenic microbes). Such a “gardening” capacity is also known to be dynamic in plants. Although microbial “gardening” has been recently demonstrated for seaweeds, we do not know whether this capacity is a dynamic property in any aquatic flora like in terrestrial plants. Here, we tested the dynamic microbial “gardening” capacity of seaweeds using the model invasive red seaweed Agarophyton vermiculophyllum. Following an initial extraction of surface-associated metabolites (immediately after field collection), we conducted a long-term mesocosm experiment for 5 months to test the effect of two different salinities (low = 8.5 and medium = 16.5) on the microbial “gardening” capacity of the alga over time. We tested “gardening” capacity of A. vermiculophyllum originating from two different salinity levels (after 5 months treatments) in settlement assays against three disease causing pathogenic bacteria and seven protective bacteria. We also compared the capacity of the alga with field-collected samples. Abiotic factors like low salinity significantly increased the capacity of the alga to deter colonization by pathogenic bacteria while medium salinity significantly decreased the capacity of the alga over time when compared to field-collected samples. However, capacity to attract beneficial bacteria significantly decreased at both tested salinity levels when compared to field-collected samples. Dynamic microbial “gardening” capacity of a seaweed to attract beneficial bacteria and deter pathogenic bacteria is demonstrated for the first time. Such a dynamic capacity as found in the current study could also be applicable to other aquatic host–microbe interactions. Our results may provide an attractive direction of research towards manipulation of salinity and other abiotic factors leading to better defended A. vermiculophyllum towards pathogenic bacteria thereby enhancing sustained production of healthy A. vermiculophyllum in farms.
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Begum, Rahima, Saurav Howlader, A. N. M. Mamun-Or-Rashid, S. M. Rafiquzzaman, Ghulam Md Ashraf, Ghadeer M. Albadrani, Amany A. Sayed, Ilaria Peluso, Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim, and Md Sahab Uddin. "Antioxidant and Signal-Modulating Effects of Brown Seaweed-Derived Compounds against Oxidative Stress-Associated Pathology." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (July 10, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9974890.
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The biological and therapeutic properties of seaweeds have already been well known. Several studies showed that among the various natural marine sources of antioxidants, seaweeds have become a potential source of antioxidants because of their bioactive compounds. Most of the metabolic diseases are caused by oxidative stress. It is very well known that antioxidants have a pivotal role in the treatment of those diseases. Recent researches have revealed the potential activity of seaweeds as complementary medicine, which have therapeutic properties for health and disease management. Among the seaweeds, brown seaweeds (Phaeophyta) and their derived bioactive substances showed excellent antioxidant properties than other seaweeds. This review focuses on brown seaweeds and their derived major bioactive compounds such as sulfated polysaccharide, polyphenol, carotenoid, and sterol antioxidant effects and molecular mechanisms in the case of the oxidative stress-originated disease. Antioxidants have a potential role in the modification of stress-induced signaling pathways along with the activation of the oxidative defensive pathways. This review would help to provide the basis for further studies to researchers on the potential antioxidant role in the field of medical health care and future drug development.
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Rathnayake, Anuruddhika Udayangani, Racheal Abuine, Yong-Jae Kim, and Hee-Guk Byun. "Anti-Alzheimer’s Materials Isolated from Marine Bio-resources: A Review." Current Alzheimer Research 16, no. 10 (November 20, 2019): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666191024144044.
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The most common type of dementia found in the elderly population is Alzheimer’s disease. The disease not only impacts the patients and their families but also the society therefore, the main focus of researchers is to search new bioactive materials for treating AD. The marine environment is a rich source of functional ingredients and to date, we can find sufficient research relating to anti- Alzheimer’s compounds isolated from marine environment. Therefore, this review focuses on the anti- Alzheimer’s material from marine bio-resources and then expounds on the anti-Alzheimer’s compounds from marine seaweed, marine animal and marine microorganisms. Moreover, because of the complexity of the disease, different hypothesizes have been elaborated and active compounds have been isolated to inhibit different stages of pathophysiological mechanisms. Sulfated polysaccharides, glycoprotein, and enzymatic hydrolysates from marine seaweeds, peptides, dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and skeletal polysaccharide from marine animals and secondary metabolites from marine microorganism are summarized in this review under the anti-Alzheimer’s compounds from the marine.
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Martens, N., M. Schepers, N. Zhan, F. Leijten, G. Voortman-Minderman, A. Tiane, B. Rombaut, et al. "The use of seaweed-derived phytosterols to defeat Alzheimer's Disease." Atherosclerosis 355 (August 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.107.
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CAMPBELL, ALEXANDRA H., TILMANN HARDER, SHAUN NIELSEN, STAFFAN KJELLEBERG, and PETER D. STEINBERG. "Climate change and disease: bleaching of a chemically defended seaweed." Global Change Biology 17, no. 9 (June 15, 2011): 2958–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02456.x.
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Kartikasari, Dahna Maudita, Didin Erma Indahyani, and Depi Praharani. "Jumlah Trombosit pada Mencit Diabetes setelah Pemberian Ekstrak Rumput Laut Merah (Rhodophyceae)." Pustaka Kesehatan 7, no. 3 (October 25, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/pk.v7i3.11350.
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Oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus triggers activation and increases in platelet counts that play a role in the formation of platelet plugs in the blood clotting process. If excessive blood clots occur, there is a risk of cardiovascular disease. Red seaweed extract contains carotenoids, phenols and their derivatives, fikobilin pigments, polysaccharide sulfates, and vitamins. The biggest phenol compound is flavonoids which are compounds that can produce platelet antia-gregation effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of giving red seaweed extract to platelet counts in diabetic mice. The study group consisted of the treatment group of red seaweed extract, normal control, positive control and negative controls. The dosage of seaweed extract as much as 10 mg / 20 grBB is given in condition. The calculation of platelet count is carried out directly with the Brecher Cronkite method using a calculated room Improved Neubauer. The One Way ANOVA test results showed a significance value (p <0.05), that is, the group of diabetic mice given red seaweed extract had a lower platelet count of 280000 μl compared to diabetic mice given metformin as much as 379000 μl. The decrease is due to flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, β carotene, vitamins and minerals able to stabilize the production of megakaryocytes and platelets, prevent the destruction of pancreatic β cells and prevent free radicals. It was concluded that red seaweed extract can reduce platelet counts of diabetic mice near normal values.
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Combet, Emilie, Zheng Feei Ma, Frances Cousins, Brett Thompson, and Michael E. J. Lean. "Low-level seaweed supplementation improves iodine status in iodine-insufficient women." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 5 (July 9, 2014): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514001573.
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Iodine insufficiency is now a prominent issue in the UK and other European countries due to low intakes of dairy products and seafood (especially where iodine fortification is not in place). In the present study, we tested a commercially available encapsulated edible seaweed (Napiers Hebridean Seagreens®Ascophyllum nodosumspecies) for its acceptability to consumers and iodine bioavailability and investigated the impact of a 2-week daily seaweed supplementation on iodine concentrations and thyroid function. Healthy non-pregnant women of childbearing age, self-reporting low dairy product and seafood consumption, with no history of thyroid or gastrointestinal disease were recruited. Seaweed iodine (712 μg, in 1 g seaweed) was modestly bioavailable at 33 (interquartile range (IQR) 28–46) % of the ingested iodine dose compared with 59 (IQR 46–74) % of iodine from the KI supplement (n22). After supplement ingestion (2 weeks, 0·5 g seaweed daily,n42), urinary iodine excretion increased from 78 (IQR 39–114) to 140 (IQR 103–195) μg/l (P< 0·001). The concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone increased from 1·5 (IQR 1·2–2·2) to 2·1 (IQR 1·3–2·9) mIU/l (P< 0·001), with two participants having concentrations exceeding the normal range after supplement ingestion (but normal free thyroxine concentrations). There was no change in the concentrations of other thyroid hormones after supplement ingestion. The seaweed was palatable and acceptable to consumers as a whole food or as a food ingredient and effective as a source of iodine in an iodine-insufficient population. In conclusion, seaweed inclusion in staple foods would serve as an alternative to fortification of salt or other foods with KI.
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Doh-ura, Katsumi, Tomoko Kuge, Miyuki Uomoto, Keiko Nishizawa, Yuri Kawasaki, and Masahiko Iha. "Prophylactic Effect of Dietary Seaweed Fucoidan against Enteral Prion Infection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 6 (April 16, 2007): 2274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00917-06.
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ABSTRACT Dietary seaweed fucoidan delays the onset of disease of enterally infected mice with scrapie when given orally for 6 days after infection, but not when given before the infection. This effect was not modified at a tested fucoidan dose range and appeared to reach the maximum level at a concentration of 2.5% or less in feed. Daily uptake of fucoidan might be prophylactic against prion diseases caused by ingestion of prion-contaminated materials, although further evaluation of its pharmacology remains to be done.
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Alibon, Ranjiv D., Jessa Mae P. Gonzales, Alea Ester T. Ordoyo, and Roldan T. Echem. "Incidence of Ice-Ice Disease Associated with Kappaphycus alvarezii in the Seaweed Farms in Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines." SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 2019): 2148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ssr-iijls.2019.5.1.6.
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Loho, Rafaela E. M., Murniati Tiho, and Youla A. Assa. "Kandungan dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Rumput Laut Merah." Medical Scope Journal 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.35790/msj.v3i1.34986.
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Abstract: The imbalance between free radicals and endogenous antioxidants produced by the body can cause cell damage resulting in various diseases such as cancer, heart disease, cataracts, premature aging, and other degenerative diseases. Antioxidants that can capture and neutralize free radicals are needed to cease further reactions causing oxidative stress. Therefore, the consumption of natural antioxidants which are abundant in plants needs to be increased. Red seaweed, known as red algae, has a lot of biological activity compared to other types of seaweed. This study was aimed to determine the content and antioxidant activity of red seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii). This was a literature review study using three databases: Pubmed, ClinicalKey, and Google Scholar. The keywords used were Antioxidant AND Rhodophyta AND Gracilaria sp AND Eucheuma Cottonii. After screening and feasibility assessed we obtained 10 journals using experimental method to evaluate the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of Gracilaria sp. and Eucheuma cottonii. The results showed that red seaweed contained antioxidant compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids that had high antioxidant activity. In conclusion, red seaweed contains compounds with high antioxidant activity such as phenolics and flavonoids. Keywords: antioxidant; red seaweed; phenolic; flavonoid Abstrak: Ketidakseimbangan jumlah radikal bebas dengan jumlah antioksidan endogen yang diproduksi tubuh dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan sel yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit seperti kanker, jantung, katarak, penuaan dini, serta penyakit degeneratif lainnya. Tubuh memerlukan asupan senyawa antioksidan yang mampu menangkap dan menetralisir radikal bebas tersebut, sehingga reaksi lanjutan yang menyebabkan terjadinya stres oksidatif dapat berhenti. Konsumsi antioksidan alami yang banyak terkandung pada tumbuhan perlu ditingkatkan. Rumput laut merah yang dikenal sebagai alga merah merupakan jenis rumput laut yang banyak memiliki aktivitas biologi dibandingkan dengan jenis rumput laut lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kandungan dan aktivitas antioksidan pada rumput laut merah (Eucheuma cottonii). Jenis penelitian ialah suatu literature review dengan pencarian data menggunakan 3 database yaitu PubMed, ClinicalKey dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan ialah Antioksidan AND Rhodophyta AND Gracilaria sp AND Eucheuma Cottonii. Setelah skrining serta uji kelayakan didapatkan 10 jurnal dengan metode penelitian eksperimental yang menguji kandungan total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan pada Gracilaria sp. dan Eucheuma cottonii. Hasil kajian menunjukkan adanya senyawa yang berperan sebagai antioksidan seperti fenolik dan flavonoid yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tinggi. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah rumput laut merah mengandung senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi seperti fenolik dan flavonoid.Kata kunci: antioksidan; rumput laut merah; fenolik; flavonoid
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Loho, Rafaela E. M., Murniati Tiho, and Youla A. Assa. "Kandungan dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Rumput Laut Merah." Medical Scope Journal 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.35790/msj.3.1.2021.34986.
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Abstract: The imbalance between free radicals and endogenous antioxidants produced by the body can cause cell damage resulting in various diseases such as cancer, heart disease, cataracts, premature aging, and other degenerative diseases. Antioxidants that can capture and neutralize free radicals are needed to cease further reactions causing oxidative stress. Therefore, the consumption of natural antioxidants which are abundant in plants needs to be increased. Red seaweed, known as red algae, has a lot of biological activity compared to other types of seaweed. This study was aimed to determine the content and antioxidant activity of red seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii). This was a literature review study using three databases: Pubmed, ClinicalKey, and Google Scholar. The keywords used were Antioxidant AND Rhodophyta AND Gracilaria sp AND Eucheuma Cottonii. After screening and feasibility assessed we obtained 10 journals using experimental method to evaluate the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of Gracilaria sp. and Eucheuma cottonii. The results showed that red seaweed contained antioxidant compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids that had high antioxidant activity. In conclusion, red seaweed contains compounds with high antioxidant activity such as phenolics and flavonoids. Keywords: antioxidant; red seaweed; phenolic; flavonoid Abstrak: Ketidakseimbangan jumlah radikal bebas dengan jumlah antioksidan endogen yang diproduksi tubuh dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan sel yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit seperti kanker, jantung, katarak, penuaan dini, serta penyakit degeneratif lainnya. Tubuh memerlukan asupan senyawa antioksidan yang mampu menangkap dan menetralisir radikal bebas tersebut, sehingga reaksi lanjutan yang menyebabkan terjadinya stres oksidatif dapat berhenti. Konsumsi antioksidan alami yang banyak terkandung pada tumbuhan perlu ditingkatkan. Rumput laut merah yang dikenal sebagai alga merah merupakan jenis rumput laut yang banyak memiliki aktivitas biologi dibandingkan dengan jenis rumput laut lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kandungan dan aktivitas antioksidan pada rumput laut merah (Eucheuma cottonii). Jenis penelitian ialah suatu literature review dengan pencarian data menggunakan 3 database yaitu PubMed, ClinicalKey dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan ialah Antioksidan AND Rhodophyta AND Gracilaria sp AND Eucheuma Cottonii. Setelah skrining serta uji kelayakan didapatkan 10 jurnal dengan metode penelitian eksperimental yang menguji kandungan total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan pada Gracilaria sp. dan Eucheuma cottonii. Hasil kajian menunjukkan adanya senyawa yang berperan sebagai antioksidan seperti fenolik dan flavonoid yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tinggi. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah rumput laut merah mengandung senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi seperti fenolik dan flavonoid.Kata kunci: antioksidan; rumput laut merah; fenolik; flavonoid
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Cho, Chi-Heung, Yu-An Lu, Ming-Yeong Kim, You-Jin Jeon, and Sang-Hoon Lee. "Therapeutic Potential of Seaweed-Derived Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular Disease Treatment." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031025.
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Cardiovascular diseases are closely related to hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Many studies have reported that an unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are critical factors that enhance these diseases. Recently, many bioactive compounds isolated from marine seaweeds have been studied for their benefits in improving human health. In particular, several unique bioactive metabolites such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, peptides, carotene, and sterol are the most effective components responsible for these activities. This review summarizes the current in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies related to the protective effects of bioactive compounds isolated from seaweeds against cardiovascular disorders, including anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-obesity effects. Therefore, this present review summarizes these concepts and provides a basis for further in-depth research.
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Suryati, E., A. Tenriulo, and S. Fadilah. "Acclimatization of transformed seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii carrying lysozyme gene in culture flask and the cultivation in floating net cage in Pangkep coastal." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 890, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/890/1/012031.
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Abstract The in vitro transformation of the lysozyme gene in seaweed K. alvarezii has been successfully executed to increase the viability against ice-ice disease. There were two major stages in this research; (1) transformation of lysozyme gene in seaweed K. alvarezii which was carried out on laboratory scale and the cultivation of gene-transformed explants in the culture flask stored in “culture chamber”; (2) the acclimatization in floating net cages of green nets (mesh size of 1 mm) with cage size of 50 x 50 x 50 cm, the population density of 200 explants and cultivated for two weeks. The explants were then transferred to blue nets (mesh size of 2 mm) with a cage size of 50 x 50 x 50 cm for four weeks of rearing. The plants were then enlarged using a long-line method in the floating net cage, by tying the seaweed using a double line with a gap of 15 cm each. The measurement of weight, bud lengths, and water quality was carried out within 2 weeks. The result shows that the daily growth rate of the transformed seaweed during the regeneration stage in the culture flask was around 0.33-0.4%/day, meanwhile during the acclimatization stage in the green nets the was 0.65-1.6%/day, and even more, increased during the acclimatization stage in the blue nets with DGR of 2.28-2.3%/day. During the enlargement stage in the floating net cages, the lysozyme-transformed seaweed showed an even higher DGR with a value of 3.2-8.2%/day. The results of the integration of the lysozyme gene in seaweed were indicated by the presence of a 670 bp of amplification products, that is the same total length of the 35 S-F promoter fragments and Nos T-R in the expression vector. Based on these results, the lysozyme gene was successfully transformed in K. alvarezii seaweed.