Journal articles: 'Seawater irrigation'

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Aznar-Sánchez, José, Luis Belmonte-Ureña, Juan Velasco-Muñoz, and Diego Valera. "Aquifer Sustainability and the Use of Desalinated Seawater for Greenhouse Irrigation in the Campo de Níjar, Southeast Spain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050898.

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In the Campo de Níjar (southeast Spain), an intensive horticulture model under plastic has been developed based on the use of groundwater. For many years, aquifers have been overexploited, almost generating an environmental collapse. The construction of a desalination plant was planned to improve this situation and to achieve sustainable aquifer management. However, the aquifer is still being overexploited, since farmers scarcely use desalinated seawater for irrigation. In this paper, farmers irrigating with desalinated seawater are characterized, since they contribute to aquifer sustainability. The study aimed to identify the variables which condition the use of this water resource, as well as the kinds of incentives that encourage this option. For this purpose, a survey was undertaken within a sample of 110 farmers. A cluster analysis and a binary logistic regression were employed. The results from the cluster analysis allowed the characterization of farmers who use desalinated seawater for irrigation. Furthermore, the regression model showed the variables that determine a more intensive use of this irrigation source, such as crop diversification, availability of different water resources and the conductivity of aquifer water available for irrigation. The incentives promoting the use of desalinated seawater for irrigation that most encourage farmers are the implementation of tax relief, price reductions and the obligation to install rainwater collection systems.

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Liu, Menglong, Meng Yu, Yuxin Yao, Heng Zhai, Meiling Tang, Zhen Gao, and Yuanpeng Du. "Effect of Seawater Irrigation on the Sugars, Organic Acids, and Volatiles in ‘Reliance’ Grape." Horticulturae 8, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030248.

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Ongoing climate change in recent decades exacerbated the decline in agricultural water use, and seawater irrigation could feasibly alleviate the shortage of water resources, which restricts viticulture in some countries. However, studies on the effects of seawater irrigation on grape volatiles are limited. Herein, ‘Reliance’ grapevines were irrigated with diluted seawater (10% concentrations) in the field since the pea-size berry stage (S1), stage EL 32 (S2), and the pre-veraison period (S3) every seven days. Results showed irrigation with seawater significantly increased the sugar content and decreased the organic acids when compared with the control berries. Seawater irrigation did not induce secondary soil salinization, and it enhanced the volatiles in the fatty acid and isoprene pathways without affecting the amino acid pathway aroma. More terpenes were found in seawater-treated berries, including citronellol, β-myrcene, α-terpineol, and trans-rose oxide. Gene profiling by RT-qPCR analysis revealed that VvLOXA could be the primary gene in C6 volatile biosynthesis altered by the seawater. Moreover, seawater irrigation during the pea-size period had the best effect on fruit quality. This work adds to our understanding of the effect of seawater irrigation on grape aroma quality and provides a sufficient basis for the utilization of seawater in vineyards.

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Lyra, Aikaterini, Athanasios Loukas, and Pantelis Sidiropoulos. "Impacts of irrigation and nitrate fertilization scenarios on groundwater resources quantity and quality of the Almyros Basin, Greece." Water Supply 21, no. 6 (April 2, 2021): 2748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.097.

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Abstract Irrigation and nitrate fertilization scenarios were combined and simulated for crop water irrigation demands and nitrogen applications based on experiments on crop cultivation practices. Two irrigation practices (deficit irrigation and rainfed conditions) were applied to the main crop types of the Almyros Basin, a coastal basin located in Thessaly, Greece. The Almyros groundwater system suffers from progressive water balance deficit, nitrate contamination and seawater intrusion due to groundwater abstractions for agricultural irrigation to cover crop water demands in the dry season. The impacts of the irrigation and nitrate fertilization scenarios on groundwater resources quantity and quality were simulated using an Integrated Modelling System consisting of models of surface hydrology (UTHBAL), groundwater hydrology (MODFLOW), crop growth/nitrate leaching (REPIC), contaminant transport (MT3DMS), and seawater intrusion (SEAWAT), for the historical period of 1991–2018. The results of the scenarios were evaluated with the indicators of Crop Water Productivity (CWP) for crop yields and irrigation water, Partial Factor Productivity (PFP) for Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Economic Water Productivity (EWP) for the gross profits of the irrigation water.

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Martinez-Alvarez, Victoriano, Asher Bar-Tal, Francisco Javier Diaz Peña, and Jose F. Maestre-Valero. "Desalination of Seawater for Agricultural Irrigation." Water 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 1712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061712.

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Food security concerns, climate change impacts, and increased pressure on conventional water resources have encouraged the agricultural use of nonconventional water resources in the last decade. As a result, desalinated seawater (DSW) has already consolidated its position as an alternative source to increase the supply for crop irrigation in Spain and Israel, where farmers’ acceptance is progressively on the rise. The first experiences in these regions highlighted that DSW agricultural use involves new agronomic, economic, and environmental challenges which require innovative research approaches and imply novel water management strategies. In this Special Issue, eight high-quality papers which present current research trials and study cases, covering a wide range of topics that are relevant when irrigating with DSW, have been selected. The papers came from the three regions of the world that currently have a massive agricultural DSW supply: Southeastern Spain, Israel, and the Canary Islands.

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Taşan, Mehmet, Yusuf Demir, and Sevda Taşan. "Groundwater quality assessment using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis in Alaçam, Turkey." Water Supply 22, no. 3 (November 17, 2021): 3431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.390.

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Abstract This study assessed groundwater quality in Alaçam, where irrigations are performed solely with groundwaters and samples were taken from 35 groundwater wells at pre and post irrigation seasons in 2014. Samples were analyzed for 18 water quality parameters. SAR, RSC and %Na values were calculated to examine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to assess the groundwater quality parameters. The average EC value of groundwater in the pre-irrigation period was 1.21 dS/m and 1.30 dS/m after irrigation in the study area. It was determined that there were problems in two wells pre-irrigation and one well post-irrigation in terms of RSC, while there was no problem in the wells in terms of SAR. Piper diagram and cluster analysis showed that most groundwaters had CaHCO3 type water characteristics and only 3% had NaCl- as the predominant type. Seawater intrusion was identified as the primary factor influencing groundwater quality. Multivariate statistical analyses to evaluate polluting sources revealed that groundwater quality is affected by seawater intrusion, ion exchange, mineral dissolution and anthropogenic factors. The use of multivariate statistical methods and geographic information systems to manage water resources will be beneficial for both planners and decision-makers.

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Ntoulas, Nikolaos, and Ioannis Varsamos. "Performance of Two Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) Varieties Growing in Shallow Green Roof Substrate Depths and Irrigated with Seawater." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020250.

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The continuing decline in global drinking water reserves necessitates finding alternative water sources for turfgrass irrigation, especially in southern semi-arid Mediterranean countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of using seawater for irrigating two varieties of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), “Marina” and “Platinum ΤΕ”, growing in shallow green roof substrates, and to determine their recuperative capacity after the termination of the salt stress period. The greenhouse study comprised of 48 lysimeters equipped with extensive green roof layering. Treatments included: (i) two substrate depths (7.5 cm or 15 cm) and (ii) three seawater irrigation regimes (7 mm, 15 mm, or 45 mm every two days). Measurements included the determination of green turf cover (GTC) as well as the leaching fraction (LF) and leachate electrical conductivity (ECL) draining from the lysimeters. It was found that during the 46-d salt stress period, none of the seawater irrigation regimes managed to maintain acceptable GTC levels for both seashore paspalum varieties. Increasing the green roof substrate depth from 7.5 cm to 15 cm resulted in GTC improvement. During the recovery period, the use of potable water as irrigation source improved GTC levels. After 40 d the recovery was complete since GTC exceeded 90% in all treatments for both varieties. Regression curves correlating GTC response to ECL can be used to estimate the leaching requirements of turfgrasses grown in shallow green roof systems when irrigated with saline water.

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Hu, Yuanhong, and David Lindo-Atichati. "Experimental equations of seawater salinity and desalination capacity to assess seawater irrigation." Science of The Total Environment 651 (February 2019): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.221.

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Maestre-Valero, Jose F., Victoriano Martínez-Alvarez, Francisco J. Jódar-Conesa, Jose A. Acosta, Bernardo Martin-Gorriz, Juan M. Robles, Juan G. Pérez-Pérez, and Josefa M. Navarro. "Short-Term Response of Young Mandarin Trees to Desalinated Seawater Irrigation." Water 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010159.

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Water deficit and increasing pressure on water resources in semi-arid regions has led to the spread of irrigation with non-conventional water resources, such as desalinated seawater (DSW). The few existent studies to date, mainly carried out in Israel and Spain, have shown that suitable management of irrigation with DSW must be performed to avoid agronomic problems and reductions in crop productivity and fruit quality in the mid-long term. To the best of our knowledge, in the case of citrus, fruit production, and quality, information on the effects of DSW irrigation is not available. In this study, we evaluated the short-term agronomic and economic effects of irrigating a mandarin orchard during two crop cycles (2017–2019) with (i) fresh water (FW), (ii) desalinated seawater (DSW), and (iii) a mix of water composed of 50% FW and 50% DSW. Stem water potential (Ψs < −1 MPa) and gas exchange parameters (net photosynthesis; A > 6.5 µmol/m2/s and stomatal conductance; gs > 65 mmol/m2/s) indicated that trees were well irrigated throughout the experiment. The concentration of Na+ and B3+ in the DSW always exceeded the maximum thresholds for irrigation water proposed in the literature for citrus, and the concentration of Na+ in the leaves exceeded the maximum threshold in summer 2018. Nonetheless, symptoms of toxicity were not observed. Significant differences among treatments were not observed for Ψstem, A, gs, Na+, Cl−, and B3+ in leaves (except in the summer months), yield components, fruit quality, or the economic assessment. The lack of such differences was explained by the large standard deviations caused by the youth of the trees, with figures that on occasion could represent more than 100% of the mean value. These results may justify the agronomic and economic viability of the irrigation of young trees with DSW in the short-term, but further research, considering the effects on adult trees in the long term is still needed.

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Pereira, C. S., I. Lopes, I. Abrantes, J. P. Sousa, and S. Chelinho. "Salinization effects on coastal ecosystems: a terrestrial model ecosystem approach." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1764 (December 3, 2018): 20180251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0251.

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In coastal areas, intrusion/irrigation with seawater can threaten biodiversity along with crop yields, and the leaching of salts from areas affected by these processes can increase the salinity of water bodies nearby. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of salinization on coastal soil ecosystems due to saline intrusion/irrigation. Terrestrial model ecosystems were used to simulate two soil salinization scenarios: (i) seawater intrusion and irrigation with distilled water and (ii) seawater intrusion and irrigation with saline water. Three sampling periods were established: T0—after acclimation period; T1—salinization effects; and T2—populations' recovery. In each sampling period, the abundance of nematodes, enchytraeids, springtails, mites and earthworms, and plant biomass were measured. Immediate negative effects on enchytraeid abundance were detected, especially at the higher level of saltwater via intrusion+irrigation. Eight weeks after the cessation of saline irrigation, the abundance of enchytraeids fully recovered, and some delayed effects were observed in earthworm abundance and plant biomass, especially at the higher soil conductivity level. The observed low capacity of soil to retain salts suggests that, particularly at high soil conductivities, nearby freshwater bodies can also be endangered. Under saline conditions similar to the ones assayed, survival of some soil communities can be threatened, leading to the loss of biodiversity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

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Ong, Poh Yin, and Zalena Abdul Aziz. "Seawater as Renewable Energy in Air Conditioning and Plumbing Systems for Coastal Development." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss9.3394.

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Seawater is deemed as renewable energy and supplemental water source in coastal development. Utilizing seawater resources in air conditioning and plumbing system involves implementation of innovative technology such as seawater air conditioning (SWAC), seawater heat pump (SWHP), landscape irrigation system, potable water and greywater recycling. The research aims to demonstrate seawater usage as water efficiency option to reduce energy consumption, save freshwater and environment. The research had adopted systematic literature review (SLR) method to analyze the application of seawater building air conditioning and plumbing system on current publications and papers, and conclude with summary of benefits and challenges.

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Oscar Bianciotto, Oscar Bianciotto, Fernando Aras Martin Fernando Aras Martin, Luciano Selzer Luciano Selzer, Jesús Ortega García Jesús Ortega García, Gea Pandita Gea Pandita, Leonor Angelica Galindo Cárdenas Leonor Angelica Galindo Cárdenas, Aldo Robledo Aldo Robledo, and Edgar Omar Rueda Puente. "Farming with drip sea water irrigation for Salicornia production in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina." Biotecnia 23, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i1.1351.

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Farming for the sustainable production of halophyte crops should begin with the popular knowledge of saline and beneficial plants. On this way, the use of drip irrigation with seawater supply for the production of the halophytic specie Salicornia magellanica was evaluated in a small-scale culture in three growth periods; a randomized design of fifteen plantings were developed in each treatment (n=15), with two irrigation flows in two plant stages (two and seven months of initial pre-planting growth in pots). At the same time, another hydroponic growing experiment was carried out with four different concentrations of seawater (0 – 11 – 20 – 33 g.L of salts) to determine the optimal concentration. The irrigation flow showed different effects on the production parameters and plant age, where the highest yields were recorded in more developed plants in the third season. In the hydroponics with sea water those with low concentration, had a greater and significant values in survival of plants, largest length and number of shoots. These results made it possible to model the consumption of seawater for crops in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina optimizing its use in order to reduce the cost of the provision of seawater for micro crops far from the sea coast.

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Xu, P., F. Brissaud, and M. Salgot. "Facing water shortage in a Mediterranean tourist area: seawater desalination or water reuse?" Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0009.

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An integrated technical-economic modelling framework was developed to help planning and managing of water resources in a Mediterranean tourist area, Palma on Majorca island (Spain). Due to high water demand, groundwater resources are depleted and new water resources should be developed. Seawater desalination has become an important solution to water shortage, especially in the summer tourist season. Meanwhile, reclaimed water has been applied for agricultural and landscape irrigation. With regard to the treated wastewater not being effectively reused, further water reuse scenarios are envisaged in order to meet new water demand, restore over-exploited aquifers and reduce expensive seawater desalination. Three types of models were established and coupled: (i) hydrological models; (ii) water demand and/or need model; (iii) technical-economic model. In addition, a multi-criteria analysis completed the technical-economic modelling. The simulated water reuse scenarios are not alternative but complementary. They provide the possibilities for total reuse of wastewater in the Palma area. Compared with seawater desalination, water reuse is a cost-effective solution to address water scarcity issues in the Palma area. Using tertiary effluent for landscape irrigation allows over-exploited aquifers to recover. It is very attractive in terms of economic benefits and feasible with respect to technical and social aspects. Further water reuse for extending agricultural irrigation can greatly reduce seawater desalination but acquiring the farmers' agreement to give up pumping groundwater for irrigation would meet some difficulties. Water recharge would help to totally reuse wastewater but uncertainties related to public perception and the attitude or regulatory board and local authorities need dealing with. Because water reuse requires a long-term managing viewpoint in order to prepare and demonstrate its feasibility and security, seawater desalination was adopted as an emergency solution to meet peak demands during the tourist season and in case of drought.

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Wang, Zhenyan, Shu Wang, Wenyue Liu, Qiao Su, Hui Tong, Xingyong Xu, Zongjun Gao, and Jiutan Liu. "Hydrochemical Characteristics and Irrigation Suitability Evaluation of Groundwater with Different Degrees of Seawater Intrusion." Water 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 3460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123460.

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Groundwater in coastal aquifers is often affected by seawater intrusion, resulting in water quality deterioration. Using groundwater influenced by seawater intrusion for irrigation can lead to crop failure, erosion of machinery and pipes, and adverse effects on farming. In this study, the results of water testing, methods of statistical analysis, ion ratios, a Piper diagram, and a variety of groundwater irrigation suitability models were used to analyze the chemical composition of groundwater and the influence of seawater intrusion. The result shows that the content of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, and SO42− in groundwater would increase due to seawater intrusion, and the increasing trend was consistent with the freshwater–seawater mixing line. With the deepening of seawater intrusion, the hydrochemical type gradually changes from Ca-HCO3·Cl to Na·Mg-Cl·SO4 and then to Na-Cl type, and the source of hydrochemical composition changes from “Rock Weathering Dominance” to “Evaporation Dominance”. When the Cl− concentration is greater than 7.1 meq/L, groundwater will corrode pipelines and instruments; when greater than 28.2 meq/L, excessively high salinity of groundwater will have adverse effects on planting; and when greater than 14.1 meq/L, the groundwater hardness is too high, which may make the groundwater unsuitable for cultivation.

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Martínez-Alvarez, Victoriano, Jose F. Maestre-Valero, Manuel J. González-Ortega, Belén Gallego-Elvira, and Bernardo Martin-Gorriz. "Characterization of the Agricultural Supply of Desalinated Seawater in Southeastern Spain." Water 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061233.

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The increasing shortage of water for crop irrigation in arid and semiarid regions is encouraging the use of non-conventional resources. In the last decade, seawater desalination has consolidated its position as an alternative source to increase the supply for agricultural irrigation in Spain and Israel, where the farmers’ acceptance is progressively rising, despite the supply price being much higher than that of other conventional water sources. This article describes the current situation of desalinated seawater production and supply to agriculture in the southeast of Spain, and analyzes key questions such as its role in regional water planning, the infrastructure needed for conveyance and distribution, the energy requirements, the production and distribution costs, and the final price to farmers. The study is based on descriptive and quantitative data collected from desalination plants and irrigation district managers through technical questionnaires and personal interviews. The results show how seawater desalination is effectively alleviating the regional constraints in the irrigated agriculture supply, and why it is becoming strategic to maintaining food production and socioeconomic development. However, the high-energy requirements and associated costs in comparison with other water sources limit a more widespread use for agriculture, and for this reason desalinated water still only plays a complementary role in most irrigation districts.

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Garaschenko, T. I., G. D. Tarasova, O. V. Korneeva, M. V. Garaschenko, and A. S. Tulina. "Prospective lines of irrigation-elimination therapy." Medical Council, no. 17 (October 22, 2018): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-17-80-88.

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The authors reviewed the results of domestic studies of the therapeutic efficacy and preventive capabilities of the irrigationelimination therapy product line based on the seawater Aqualor. The article describes rationality and expediency of using these products in children and adults with various ENT pathologies. Particular attention is given to the possibility of using hypertonic saline solutions as an alternative to topical decongestants, especially in childhood.

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Belligno, A., L. Cutore, M. Di Leo, V. Sardo, and R. Brancato. "RESPONSE OF TWO GRASSES TO IRRIGATION WITH DILUTED SEAWATER." Acta Horticulturae, no. 573 (March 2002): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.573.41.

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GLENN, E. P., J. W. O'LEARY, M. C. WATSON, T. L. THOMPSON, and R. O. KUEHL. "Salicornia bigelovii Torr.: An Oilseed Halophyte for Seawater Irrigation." Science 251, no. 4997 (March 1, 1991): 1065–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.251.4997.1065.

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Badawy, Ali A., Modhi O. Alotaibi, Amer M. Abdelaziz, Mahmoud S. Osman, Ahmed M. A. Khalil, Ahmed M. Saleh, Afrah E. Mohammed, and Amr H. Hashem. "Enhancement of Seawater Stress Tolerance in Barley by the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus ochraceus." Metabolites 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070428.

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Symbiotic plant-fungi interaction is a promising approach to alleviate salt stress in plants. Moreover, endophytic fungi are well known to promote the growth of various crop plants. Herein, seven fungal endophytes were screened for salt tolerance; the results revealed that Aspergillus ochraceus showed a great potentiality in terms of salt tolerance, up to 200 g L−1. The indole acetic acid (IAA) production antioxidant capacity and antifungal activity of A. ochraceus were evaluated, in vitro, under two levels of seawater stress, 15 and 30% (v/v; seawater/distilled water). The results illustrated that A. ochraceus could produce about 146 and 176 µg mL−1 IAA in 15 and 30% seawater, respectively. The yield of IAA by A. ochraceus at 30% seawater was significantly higher at all tryptophan concentrations, as compared with that at 15% seawater. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of A. ochraceus (1000 µg mL−1) at 15 and 30% seawater was 95.83 ± 1.25 and 98.33 ± 0.57%, respectively. Crude extracts of A. ochraceus obtained at 15 and 30% seawater exhibited significant antifungal activity against F. oxysporum, compared to distilled water. The irrigation of barley plants with seawater (15 and 30%) caused notable declines in most morphological indices, pigments, sugars, proteins, and yield characteristics, while increasing the contents of proline, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. On the other hand, the application of A. ochraceus mitigated the harmful effects of seawater on the growth and physiology of barley plants. Therefore, this study suggests that the endophytic fungus A. ochraceus MT089958 could be applied as a strategy for mitigating the stress imposed by seawater irrigation in barley plants and, therefore, improving crop growth and productivity.

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Mosley, Luke M., Freeman Cook, and Rob Fitzpatrick. "Field trial and modelling of different strategies for remediation of soil salinity and sodicity in the Lower Murray irrigation areas." Soil Research 55, no. 7 (2017): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16272.

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Rising saline groundwatertables and drought in the Lower Murray Reclaimed Irrigation Area (LMRIA) has created soil salinity and sodicity conditions, which has resulted in a decline in agricultural production. A 2 month field experiment was conducted at Mobilong irrigation area using a randomised block design with trial plots (4m2) in each of the three blocks containing the following six treatments: (1) control (not irrigated), (2) irrigation (River Murray water) only, (3) gypsum application (1.5 kg/m2) and irrigation, (4) limestone application (1.5 kg/m2) and irrigation, (5) seawater (source of dissolved Ca2+) application (100mm depth) and irrigation and (6) acid (pH 3) drainage (to dissolve CaCO3 in soil to release Ca2+) application (100mm irrigation water depth) and irrigation. Soil electrical conductivity (EC), pH, exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured. The decrease in EC was greatest in the irrigation only treatment followed by the gypsum and limestone treatments. At the end of the trial, the EC in the irrigation only treatment was about one-quarter of the control, in which the EC increased. The seawater and acid drainage treatments reduced the soil EC relative to the control but the EC was 2–3dS/m higher than the irrigation, gypsum and limestone treatments at the end of the trial. The gypsum, irrigation only and limestone treatments approximately doubled the exchangeable Ca relative to the control and exchangeable Na was reduced. Unsaturated water and solute transport model (HYDRUS-UNSATCHEM) simulations were able to represent the general trends in the field results. The results suggest that only River Murray water irrigation and drainage could be effective for the management of soil salinity and sodicity in the LMRIA but further research is required to establish the threshold electrolyte concentration to prevent soil dispersion.

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Antia, David D. J. "Desalination of Irrigation Water Using Metal Polymers." Water 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 3224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203224.

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Rain-fed and irrigated agriculture associated with salinized soil and saline water supplies is characterized by low crop yields. Partial desalination of this saline water will increase crop yields. Recent studies have established that supported metal polymers can be used to produce partially desalinated irrigation water without producing a waste reject brine. This study assesses the ability of more than 90 different unsupported metal polymer formulations (containing one or more of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn) to remove Na+ ions and Cl− ions from saline water (seawater, brine, brackish water, and flowback water). The polymers were constructed using a simple sol-gel approach at ambient temperatures. The overall ion removal followed a first-order reaction. Removal selectivity between Na+ and Cl− ions was a function of polymer formulation. Mg@Al polymers preferentially remove Cl− ions, while Fe@Ca polymers tend to remove Cl− and Na+ ions in more equal proportions. Ion removal can be rapid, with >50% removed within 1 h. These results were used to develop a process methodology, which will allow most seawater, brackish water, and saline flowback water to be desalinated to form usable irrigation water.

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Βουδούρης, K., K. Νίκας, and A. Αντωνάκος. "STUDY OF EVOLUTION OF THE SEAWATER INTRUSION IN COASTAL AQUIFERS. CASE STUDY: THE COASTAL AQUIFER SYSTEM OF NW ACHAIA." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16690.

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Seawater intrusion problems are recorded in coastal aquifers, which constitute the main sources of drinking water and agricultural irrigation in many countries. The aim of this work is to describe the evolution of the salinity distribution by seawater intrusion, based on results from chemical analyses, of 29 groundwater samples in the NWAchaia area (Peloponnesus, Greece). The study of these data indicates that aquifer waters in large part of area reflect salinization related to seawater intrusion. The occurrence of Ca-CI hydrochemical types of groundwater indicates active seawater intrusion. Cation exchange is the most noticeable hydrogeochemical process in the movement of the saline front in the coastal aquifer. Geographical distribution of Careact index was mapped. The areas with advance or decline of the seawater intrusion front are defined from this map.

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Tookwinas, Siri, and Dhana Yingcharoen. "Seawater Irrigation System for Intensive Marine Shrimp Farming in Thailand." Fisheries science 68, sup1 (2002): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.68.sup1_855.

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Ricart, Sandra, Rubén Villar-Navascués, Salvador Gil-Guirado, Antonio M. Rico-Amorós, and Ana Arahuetes. "How to Close the Gap of Desalinated Seawater for Agricultural Irrigation? Confronting Attitudes between Managers and Farmers in Alicante and Murcia (Spain)." Water 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041132.

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Although desalination water cost and quality standards have been widely studied, less attention has been paid to understanding how desalination plant managers and irrigation communities interact to address water scarcity. This paper aims to approach these questions from experience in Alicante and Murcia (Spain). Two specific questionnaires have been applied to (1) three desalination plants managed by the Spanish public company ACUAMED, and (2) 11 irrigation communities who use desalinated seawater. Discursive analysis has been applied in order to deepen understanding on the driving factors, benefits, and barriers of desalination use and management. Results highlighted how (1) irrigation communities consider desalination as a complementary water source to be combined with conventional water resources, (2) both ACUAMED and irrigation communities highlighted two main advantages of desalination: the security/guarantee of supply and water quality parameters, and (3) managers and irrigators disagree on the desalination model of seawater provision and management, since irrigators consider that the Central Union of the Tajo-Segura transfer irrigators (SCRATS) should have a leading role. In addition, the main driving factors and barriers useful for policy makers when closing the gap of desalination have been identified: water price and energy consumption; lack of water storage capacity and regulation; environmental impacts.

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Antolinos, Vera, María J. Sánchez-Martínez, José F. Maestre-Valero, Antonio López-Gómez, and Ginés B. Martínez-Hernández. "Effects of Irrigation with Desalinated Seawater and Hydroponic System on Tomato Quality." Water 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020518.

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The use of desalinated seawater (DSW) as an alternative to conventional water resources is gradually gaining more interest due to the strong water deficit and increasing pressure on water resources in semi-arid regions. Furthermore, the combination of this alternative irrigation with the hydroponic cultivation system would allow continuous production almost through the whole year and hydroponic-related high crop yield. Nevertheless, the effects of DSW irrigation in hydroponic systems on the product quality need to be firstly studied to avoid product quality losses. In this study, we evaluated the effects on the quality of two tomato cvs. (Ramyle and Racymo) of three different irrigation treatments (T1, DSW; T2, DSW/well water mix; and T3, well water) under hydroponic or traditional cultivation systems. The soluble solid content of samples (highly correlated to dry matter content) grown under hydroponic conditions and T3 irrigation showed the highest values (5.8 °Brix) although such differences (<0.6 °Brix) with T1 might not be sensorially appreciated. Similarly, although T3 samples showed higher acidity than T1 samples, such differences (0.06%) would be not appreciated by the consumer. Tomatoes grown in hydroponic conditions had 1.1–1.2-fold higher firmness than conventional soil conditions showing hydroponic T3 samples had the highest value (21–23 N). Tomato cv. Racymo displayed higher color index (chroma) than cv. Ramyle, registering hydroponic T1 samples the most intense red color correlated with the highest lycopene content of 41.1 mg/kg. T1 irrigation of tomatoes cv. Ramyle did not induce significant changes while differences lower than 10% were observed in the tomato cv. Racymo. The highest total antioxidant capacity, which was highly correlated to the total phenolic content (R2 = 0.80), was found for hydroponic T1 samples with 1637/1243 µmol/kg for the tomato cvs. Ramyle/Racymo. Conclusively, the use of DSW would not compromise the consumer acceptance of tomatoes due to the low (not appreciable) quality differences, with even the total antioxidant capacity of these samples being increased. Furthermore, the mix of DSW with conventional water resources (lower cost) would not compromise the tomato quality.

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Mujeriego, R., J. Compte, T. Cazurra, and M. Gullón. "The water reclamation and reuse project of El Prat de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 4 (March 1, 2008): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.177.

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Water reclamation and reuse have become essential components of water resources management in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, by helping to develop additional water resources in the lower Llobregat River, one of its main sources of water supply. By generating a reliable flow of 300,000 m3/day of high quality reclaimed water, the options available for integrated water resources management have widely expanded to allow in-stream river water substitution, restoration of natural wetland areas, agricultural irrigation, and supply to a seawater intrusion barrier. Those management options have been possible thanks to the implementation of an extensive water distribution system that allows distribution of reclaimed water to a point 15 km upstream of the reclamation facility, and to a seawater intrusion barrier within a few kilometres of the plant. The cost of producing reclaimed water using a physico-chemical process (0.05 €/m3) and the investment required for such a facility (0.21 €/m3 annual capacity) are very close to those of similar large scale projects in Spain. However, higher degrees of treatment, such as demineralization for agricultural irrigation and for injection into a seawater intrusion barrier, result in considerable increases of both water reclamation cost and investment costs.

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Böer, Benno, and Derek Gliddon. "Mapping of coastal ecosystems and halophytes (case study of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates)." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 4 (1998): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97132.

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A survey of the coastal zone of Abu Dhabi identified 22 halophytes of which nine are tolerant to inundation by seawater. A preliminary assessment suggested that 3.550 km2 of saline land with a complete absence of natural vegetation was potentially suitable for the development of sustainable agro-ecosystems with halophyte crops and seawater irrigation. Such development plans, however, require the implementation of environmental impact assessments. The inter-tidal plant communities need special protection, as they are fragile, and economically and ecologically valuable.

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Porta-Gándara, Miguel Angel, and Enrique Troyo-Diéguez. "IRRIGATION OF TOMATOES WITH DESALTED SEAWATER THROUGH A COASTAL SELF-SUFFICIENT SYSTEM." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 682a—682. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.682a.

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Water scarcity delay the social development in the coastal arid zones of México. In these areas, fresh water can be obtained from the ocean using different methods. In this work, a design of a self-sufficient system for desalting seawater, using the sun and the wind, is applied to irrigate a small horticultural plot. A daily mean water production of 160 l was obtained from a 60 m2 solar desalter, which was supplied with seawater with an aeolian pump. Three varieties of tomatoe were assayed: ACE-55, Cherry, and Saladette. Cherry tomatoe showed the highest yield with a consumption of 45 l/plant per month. A plastic mulch was used to minimize evaporation. The system may represent an economic alternative with low-maintenance requirements for self-supplying vegetables in marginal coastal zones.

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ZhaoPu, Liu, Zhao GengMao, Liu Ling, and Zheng QingSong. "Nitrogen metabolism of Aloe vera under long-term diluted seawater irrigation." Journal of Applied Horticulture 08, no. 01 (June 15, 2006): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i01.08.

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Sgherri, Cristina, Zuzana Kadlecová, Alberto Pardossi, Flavia Navari-Izzo, and Riccardo Izzo. "Irrigation with Diluted Seawater Improves the Nutritional Value of Cherry Tomatoes." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 9 (May 2008): 3391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0733012.

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Hussein, M. M., and N. H. Abou-Baker. "The contribution of nano-zinc to alleviate salinity stress on cotton plants." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 171809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171809.

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To investigate the effect of nano-zinc fertilizer on growth, yield and mineral status of cotton plants grown under salt stress, a pot experiment was set up in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre. The treatments were as follows: (I) diluted seawater: 10% (S1), 20% (S2) and tap water as a control (S0), (II) 100 ppm (NZn1), 200 ppm (NZn2) nano-zinc and distilled water as a control (NZn0). Irrigation with 10 and 20% seawater decreased dry weight (DW) of leaves by 11.53 and 43.22%, while decreases in bolls were 15.50 and 71.65%, respectively. Except for root DW and top/root ratio, the measured growth parameters were increased as nano-zinc concentration increased. As for the interaction between treatments, the highest DW of stem, leaves and bolls resulted from the addition of NZn2 under normal condition, followed by NZn2 x S1 and the next was NZn2 x S2. The foliar application of 200 ppm nano-Zn led to mitigating the adverse effect of salinity and confirmed that diluted seawater could be used in the irrigation of cotton plant. However, phosphorus fertilizer should be added with nano-Zn application to avoid P/Zn imbalance. Some elements’ status and their ratios were recorded.

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Mendoza-Grimón, Vanessa, Juan Fernández-Vera, Jose Hernández-Moreno, and María Palacios-Díaz. "Sustainable Irrigation Using Non-Conventional Resources: What has Happened after 30 Years Regarding Boron Phytotoxicity?" Water 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091952.

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In the Canary Islands, there is a hydrological imbalance between water consumption and renewable water availability. To provide more water resources, reverse osmosis (RO) from seawater is used. As boron (B) contents in irrigation water higher than 0.7 mg/L may be dangerous for sensible plants, B concentration in RO water (ROW) may be one of the key factors of irrigation sustainability. Some orchards have been studied after they have used drip irrigation using different water qualities for 30 years. B in water, soils, and banana leaves was determined to check the sustainability of ROW irrigation. When irrigating with ROW, in which B concentration varies between 1.0 and 1.4 mgB/L, B content in banana soils seems to be stabilized at 5–7 mg/kg, and no toxicity has been observed in banana leaves. The proper water and soil management used by the local farmers probably prevent the accumulation of higher B levels in soils. Considering water consumption of 9000 m3∙ha−1∙year−1, 8−11 kgB∙ha−1∙year−1 is applied to the soil. The banana plant removes approximately 1 kgB∙ha−1∙year−1; therefore, only 10% of the total B added gets exported. This raises the following question: is it better to use membranes that are able to reduce B in ROW, increase the leaching fraction, or blend water?

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Garza-Torres, Rodolfo, Enrique Troyo-Diéguez, Alejandra Nieto-Garibay, Gregorio Lucero-Vega, Francisco Javier Magallón-Barajas, Emilio García-Galindo, Yenitze Fimbres-Acedo, and Bernardo Murillo-Amador. "Environmental and Management Considerations for Adopting the Halophyte Salicornia bigelovii Torr. as a Sustainable Seawater-Irrigated Crop." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020707.

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Salicornia bigelovii Torr. is a potential new crop for coastal and saline lands, because of the oil content of its seeds, its properties as fresh vegetable, forage, and other uses. As a true halophyte, it can grow with seawater irrigation. The aim of this study was to determine the phenology and water requirements of Salicornia as a new plant resource in growing areas for salt-tolerant crops in coastal and saline lands, and elucidate scenarios of sustainability about these issues. Water requirements were estimated in experimental plots on the coastal line and fulfilled with drip irrigation connected to seawater aquaculture discharge ponds, 30 m from the sea. The recorded phenological events were germination, flowering, fructification, maturation, and physiological death. Results reflect the difficulty to adopt it as a new crop because of its long-life cycle, around nine months, contrasting with the life cycle of common crops, from three to four months. Irrigation needs reached a depth of 240 cm, significantly exceeding those of conventional crops. Such limitations are highlighted, but also its potential use as a biofilter of coastal aquaculture effluents, being a productive target-biomass, feasible to be used as a dual-purpose use of water and energy required in aquaculture farms.

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Monterrey-Viña, Adrián, Ana Musicki-Savic, Francisco J. Díaz-Peña, and Baltasar Peñate-Suárez. "Technical and Agronomical Assessment of the Use of Desalinated Seawater for Coastal Irrigation in an Insular Context." Water 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010272.

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The growing need for alternative water resources for irrigation has led to advanced technological developments, which are addressing some of the challenges that our planet is facing regarding the water supply. The Canary Islands Archipelago (Spain) is a singular territory with several years of desalination experience while using desalinated seawater (DSW) for agricultural purposes. The current paper will address the conducted research of one of the case studies done into the Horizon 2020 project MAGIC, with the aim of analyzing the use of DSW for crop production in the Southeast of Gran Canaria Island. A methodology of surveying farmers in the area has been put in practice, as well as an assessment of potential soil degradation risks that are related to DSW irrigation (with fifteen years of DSW data). Additionally, local good practices to improve the DSW quality for irrigation are discussed. This study demonstrates an excellent endorsement of the surveyed farmers in the studied area regarding the use of DSW for irrigation: the strategy of combining this type of water with other water resources, such as groundwater and/or reclaimed water is very frequent and it can guarantee water and food security in the island’s territory.

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Escarabajal-Henarejos, David, Dolores Parras-Burgos, Laura Ávila-Dávila, Francisco Javier Cánovas-Rodríguez, and José Miguel Molina-Martínez. "Study of the Influence of Temperature on Boron Concentration Estimation in Desalinated Seawater for Agricultural Irrigation." Water 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030322.

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After several decades, the incorporation of desalinated seawater into agricultural areas with scarce water resources has become one of the main water supply strategies. Compared to the several currently available desalination techniques, reverse osmosis (RO) is now the reference technology because it lowers energy uses and production costs. Nevertheless, its main limiting factor lies in the membranes used for this system not efficiently retaining boron, which is a problem because the concentration of this element in seawater is high. For 3 years, the present work analysed the impact of seawater temperature on the kinetic parameters of boron rejection in an RO system to establish their annual behaviour and the existing correlation between both parameters. A comparison was made using the values simulated in the projection software provided by the manufacturer of the membranes. The obtained results indicated a high correlation, and the R2 correlation coefficients came very close to the unity. Nonetheless, this correlation lowered with time due to typical membrane ageing and compaction because of the system’s continuous operation. Under the tested working conditions and by applying analysed temperature intervals, it was impossible to reach the 0.3 mg·L−1 boron concentration value that ensures lack of crop toxicity. Thus, incorporating other boron reduction techniques is necessary.

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Kathijotes, Nicholas, and Charalambos Panayiotou. "Wastewater reuse for irrigation and seawater intrusion: evaluation of salinity effects on soils in Cyprus." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 3, no. 4 (June 3, 2013): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.072.

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Climate change and the continuous population growth increase the demand for water, which in arid and semiarid regions, like the Mediterranean, is considered a limited resource. Future demands will not be met by traditional water resources like surface and groundwater. In order to handle increased water demand, the treated wastewater originating from municipal wastewater treatment plants is offered to farmers for agricultural irrigation. Over pumping of fresh groundwater creates seawater intrusion that causes various problems, besides others, to the quality of recycled water used for agricultural purposes. The effects on soils irrigated with saline water are investigated. Actual investigations were carried out in land irrigated with salinity-affected wastewater and non-irrigated land nearby. Soil profile analyses are demonstrated and compared, showing very interesting results and adverse effects on soil resources. Irrigation with saline waters even at slightly above recommended values can have severe effects on soil resources. Various remediation scenarios for preventing seawater intrusion, as well for mitigation or control of soil salinity problems, are also suggested in this study. This case study was carried in the Larnaca district in Cyprus.

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Zhang, Yingying, Jinhai Liu, Zhuosheng Yan, Gangshun Rao, and Xiangru Tang. "Effects of Ultrasonic Seed Treatment on Rice Performances under the Seawater Irrigation." Phyton 92, no. 1 (2023): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2022.022697.

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Chuaduangpui, Pornpimon, and Ganesh P. Shivakoti. "Initiation of Seawater Irrigation Co-Management for Marine Shrimp Farming in Thailand." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 14, no. 2 (December 2004): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120040205.

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Chaudhary, Doongar R., Aditya P. Rathore, and Bhavanath Jha. "Effects of seawater irrigation on soil microbial community structure and physiological function." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 13, no. 9 (July 12, 2016): 2199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1047-7.

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Narayan, Kumar A., Carsten Schleeberger, and Keith L. Bristow. "Modelling seawater intrusion in the Burdekin Delta Irrigation Area, North Queensland, Australia." Agricultural Water Management 89, no. 3 (May 2007): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.01.008.

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Uddin, Md Kamal, and Abdul Shukor Juraimi. "Salinity Tolerance Turfgrass: History and Prospects." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/409413.

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Land and water resources are becoming scarce and are insufficient to sustain the burgeoning population. Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting agricultural productions across the world. Cultivation of salt-tolerant turfgrass species may be promising option under such conditions where poor quality water can also be used for these crops. Coastal lands in developing countries can be used to grow such crops, and seawater can be used for irrigation of purposes. These plants can be grown using land and water unsuitable for conventional crops and can provide food, fuel, fodder, fibber, resin, essential oils, and pharmaceutical products and can be used for landscape reintegration. There are a number of potential turfgrass species that may be appropriate at various salinity levels of seawater. The goal of this review is to create greater awareness of salt-tolerant turfgrasses, their current and potential uses, and their potential use in developing countries. The future for irrigating turf may rely on the use of moderate- to high-salinity water and, in order to ensure that the turf system is sustainable, will rely on the use of salt-tolerant grasses and an improved knowledge of the effects of salinity on turfgrasses.

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Zhu, Shumei, Zhifang Zhou, Qiaona Guo, and Jun Ma. "A Study on the Cause of Layered Seawater Intrusion in the Daqing River Estuary of Liaodong Bay, China." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072842.

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Groundwater over-pumping in estuary cities leads to a series of groundwater environmental problems that seriously restricts economic development. On the basis of field investigation and long-term monitoring data analysis, a three-dimensional numerical model was built in the estuary of the Daqing River in Liaodong Bay, China. The Quaternary overburden can be generalized into five layers according to particle composition and parameters in the vertical direction. There are many scattered irrigation wells pumping in the second layer, and three water source areas mainly pumping groundwater in the fourth layer. Long-term over-pumping in multi-layered aquifers causes onshore layered seawater intrusion. The laws of layered intrusion under the layered pumping were calculated and analyzed with SEAWAT-2000, and the sensitivity was analyzed with the Sobol method. Results showed that the intrusion area had an obvious layered law. Layered pumping directly affected the layered intrusion area, as different permeability, tide and barrage further affected it. The prediction study showed that the cone of depression recovered after the pumping-limit of water source areas, and the intrusion area started to retreat in the fourth layer. At that time, the pumping quantity of irrigation wells became the main reason for the increase of the intrusion area. If the water source areas are used to bear part of the irrigation demand, so as to reduce the pressure of pumping in the second layer, the overall intrusion area can be reduced by about 0.23 km2 under the same pumping quantity.

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Bait-Suwailam, Tahani K., and Abdulrahim M. Al-Ismaili. "Review on Seawater Greenhouse: Achievements and Future Development." Recent Patents on Engineering 13, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872212113666181211151658.

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Background: Seawater greenhouse (SWGH) is a technology established to overcome issues related to open field cultivation in arid areas like high temperatures and freshwater shortage. So far, five pilot Seawater greenhouses were built around the world; in Spain, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Australia and Somaliland. All the patents related to the Seawater greenhouse components and designs mentioned were reviewed. Methods:: The Seawater greenhouse adopts the humidification-dehumidification (HDH) concept where evaporated moisture from saline water source is condensed to produce freshwater within the greenhouse body. Many advancements have been made throughout the past 25 years to optimize the Seawater greenhouse by means of structural improvement, heat distribution, condenser design and material, source of feed water and the evaporator via both trial-and-error and simulation approaches. The latter included numerical, mathematical, analytical and artificial neural network simulations. Various condenser designs were adopted in order to increase freshwater production to meet the irrigation demand of the seawater greenhouse. Results and Conclusion: To make the Seawater greenhouse self-sufficient in terms of energy production, the use of renewable energies and nonconventional sources was also investigated like the use of geothermal, solar and wind energy to produce electricity for the greenhouse operation and for other requirements as well. The use of reverse osmosis along with reverse electro dialysis to produce freshwater and electricity in the seawater greenhouse, was also one of the ideas suggested to improve and solve the associated constraints. Direct contact dehumidification is another development suggested to improve the condensation rate. This new approach seems to be very promising as it involves low capital, operation and maintenance costs, high freshwater production, and fouling- and corrosion-free.

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Bernabé-Crespo, Miguel Borja, Encarnación Gil-Meseguer, and José M. Gómez-Espín. "Desalination and water security in Southeastern Spain." Journal of Political Ecology 26, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.22911.

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The Segura Hydrographic Demarcation (DHS), in Southeastern Spain, is an area of hydric deficit caused by low and irregular rainfall and a dense population. In this region water scarcity is a burning issue that polarizes society for or against different models of ensuring water supply. Given the current demand for water throughout Spain, desalination has been used to increase water supply, and as insurance against drought. Ten seawater desalination plants and hundreds of brackish aquifer desalination plants treat water in the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, both for human consumption and for irrigation, contributing to economic, energetic, processual and economic aspects of territorial organization in the Southeast of Spain. This article reviews debates over desalination, water transfers, and the best way to meet water demands in that region. While desalination allows an increase in water supply, dependence on that source increases energy costs and may lead to mistaken assumptions among users about water scarcity and availability.Keywords: seawater desalination, brackish aquifer desalination, human water supply, social debate, irrigation, Southeast of Spain

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Guler, Enver, Deniz Ozakdag, Muserref Arda, Mithat Yuksel, and Nalan Kabay. "Effect of temperature on seawater desalination-water quality analyses for desalinated seawater for its use as drinking and irrigation water." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 32, no. 4 (April 30, 2010): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9294-x.

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Okasha, Abdelaziz M., Eman M. Eldib, Adel H. Elmetwalli, Aitazaz Ahsan Farooque, Zaher Mundher Yaseen, and Salah Elsayed. "Maximization of Water Productivity and Yield of Two Iceberg Lettuce Cultivars in Hydroponic Farming System Using Magnetically Treated Saline Water." Agriculture 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010101.

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Egypt has limited agricultural land, associated with the scarcity of irrigation water and rapid population growth. Hydroponic farming, seawater desalination and magnetic treatment are among the practical solutions for sustaining rapid population growth. In this regard, the main objective of the present research study was to design and construct a hierarchical engineering unit as a hydroponic farming system (soilless) to produce an iceberg lettuce crop using magnetically treated saline water. The treatments included four types of irrigation water: common irrigation water (IW1) with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.96 dS/m as a control treatment, magnetically treated common irrigation water (IW2) with an EC of 0.96 dS/m, saline water (IW3) with an EC of 4.56 dS/m and magnetically treated saline water (IW4) with an EC of 4.56 dS/m; three depletion ratios (DR) of field capacity (DR0 = 50%, DR1 = 60% and DR2 = 70%) and three slopes of hydroponic pipes (S1 = 0.0%, S2 = 0.025% and S3 = 0.075%). The results revealed that seawater contributed 7.15% to produce iceberg lettuce in the hydroponic system. The geometric parameter, the slope of the pipes, influenced the obtained luminous intensity by an average increase of 21% and 71% for S2 and S3, respectively, compared with the zero slope (horizontal pipes). Magnetization of irrigation water increased the total soluble solids (TSS) and enhanced the fresh weight and water productivity of both iceberg lettuce varieties used. The maximum percentages of TSS were 5.20% and 5.10% for lemur and iceberg 077, respectively, for the combination IW4DR2S2. The highest values of fresh weight and water productivity of 3.10 kg/m and 39.15 kg/m3 were recorded with the combinations IW3DR2S3 and IW4DR1S3, respectively, for lemur and iceberg lettuce. The percentages of these increases were 109.46% and 97.78%, respectively, when compared with the combination IW1DR0S1. The highest values of iceberg lettuce 077 fresh weight and water productivity were 2.93 kg/m and 36.15 kg/m3, respectively, which were recorded with the combination IW4DR1S3. The percentages of these increases were 112.32% and 120.56%, respectively, when compared with IW1DR0S1 (the control treatment).

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LAVINI, A., C. PULVENTO, R. d'ANDRIA, M. RICCARDI, and S. E. JACOBSEN. "Effects of saline irrigation on yield and qualitative characterization of seed of an amaranth accession grown under Mediterranean conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 5 (July 3, 2015): 858–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859615000659.

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SUMMARYYield responses of a grain amaranth accession to different irrigation strategies were evaluated in Naples, Italy. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative response of amaranth under combined abiotic stresses (salinity and drought) in a Mediterranean environment of South Italy affected by problems due to groundwater salinization from seawater intrusion.A comparison was made in 2009 and 2010 between a fully irrigated treatment (1·00), with the restitution of all of the water necessary to replenish to field capacity the soil layer explored by roots (0·00–0·36 m), and two treatments with restitution of 0·50 and 0·25 of the water volume used for the fully irrigated treatment. The three levels of irrigation volume were combined with two levels of salinity, either fresh or salt water, with electrical conductivity (EC) of the irrigation water of 0·64 and 22 dS/m respectively, in a factorial experiment thus harbouring six treatments in a randomized complete block design. The results showed good adaptation of amaranth to drought. It was possible to obtain high yields even if groundwater with infiltrated seawater was used for irrigation (50% yield reduction when the EC of soil saturated paste extract (ECe) was 13·97 dS/m). A reduction of 50% in the volume of irrigation did not cause a significant reduction in yield, whether using fresh or saline water, compared to the treatment fully irrigated with fresh water. The chemical composition of amaranth seeds, however, was significantly affected by the treatments. Starch and ash content decreased with increasing drought while protein content was increased by both salt and drought.In view of the increased presence of salinity and drought stress in the Mediterranean area and the scarce information on amaranth response to salt and water stress, the aim of the present work is evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative response of amaranth grown in a Mediterranean environment of South Italy under combined drought and salinity stress.

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Muzzillo, Rosalba, Livia Emanuela Zuffianò, Enzo Rizzo, Filomena Canora, Luigi Capozzoli, Valeria Giampaolo, Giorgio De Giorgio, Francesco Sdao, and Maurizio Polemio. "Seawater Intrusion Proneness and Geophysical Investigations in the Metaponto Coastal Plain (Basilicata, Italy)." Water 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010053.

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The Metaponto coastal plain extends about 40 km along the Ionian coast, between the Sinni and Bradano Rivers (southern Italy). During the 20th century, the increases in modern irrigation systems, land reclamation works, the overexploitation of wells, and agricultural and industrial activities have deeply modified land use and groundwater availability and quality along the plain. These modifications negatively impacted the natural systems in terms of groundwater and soil salinization, magnifying the risks due to seawater intrusion. In this study, we explored the proneness to seawater intrusion, testing a multidisciplinary approach based on hydrochemical and geophysical investigations. A significant portion of the coastal plain was selected for this purpose. A set of 49 groundwater samples was analyzed to define the chemical characteristics of the water and geoelectrical measurements were recorded along three long profiles. The geoelectrical surveys showed in detail the aquifer bottom pattern where it is deeply incised by paleovalleys, defining the main hydrostratigraphic features, as it is necessary to prevent seawater intrusion worsening. The hydrochemical data highlighted areas with higher seawater intrusion proneness. The acquired measurements show the high proneness to seawater intrusion, especially where the aquifer bottom is very deep below the sea level, also far from the coast, and the relevance of the detailed knowledge of the aquifer bottom in supporting any kind of management.

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Glenn, Edward P., and James W. O'Leary. "Productivity and irrigation requirements of halophytes grown with seawater in the Sonoran Desert." Journal of Arid Environments 9, no. 1 (July 1985): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)31273-4.

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Vera, Alfonso, José L. Moreno, Carlos García, Emilio Nicolás, and Felipe Bastida. "Agro-physiological and soil microbial responses to desalinated seawater irrigation in two crops." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 250 (January 2023): 114507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114507.

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Vera, Alissa, Edwin Pino-Vargas, Mahendra P. Verma, Samuel Chucuya, Eduardo Chávarri, Miguel Canales, Juan Antonio Torres-Martínez, Abrahan Mora, and Jürgen Mahlknecht. "Hydrodynamics, Hydrochemistry, and Stable Isotope Geochemistry to Assess Temporal Behavior of Seawater Intrusion in the La Yarada Aquifer in the Vicinity of Atacama Desert, Tacna, Peru." Water 13, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223161.

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Abstract:

The La Yarada aquifer is the primary water resource for municipal, irrigation, and industrial uses in the semi-arid Tacna, Peru. Presently, over-pumping has caused severe groundwater management problems, including the abandonment of saline water wells. This study presents multivariate analysis and chemical–isotopic trends in water to investigate seawater intrusion and hydrogeological processes affecting water quality. The chemical and isotopic analysis of water samples, collected in two campaigns in the dry (August 2020) and wet (November 2020) seasons, together with the 1988 data, were evaluated with a mixing model, cluster, and factor analysis. The hydrochemical and isotopic mixing model suggested the formation of a wedge with 20% seawater intrusion. The heterogeneity of piezometric map isolines corroborates the wedge formation associated with the groundwater movement. The spatial distributions of factors, FA1 and FA2, suggest two processes of seawater front movement: dispersion (diffusion) of chemical elements and different types of water mixing, respectively. At the edge of the La Yarada aquifer, the water head was relatively low, permitting seawater and freshwater mixing. On the other hand, along the sea-land boundary, the water head of the La Yarada aquifer was relatively high, avoiding seawater and freshwater mixing; however, the chemical species were migrating from the seawater to the groundwater due to the diffusion processes. The cluster 4 samples are in the region corresponding to the isotopic mixing process represented by the FA2, while cluster 4 describes the chemical diffusion process represented by the FA2. Thus, the integrated approach is helpful to assess the seawater intrusion mechanisms in coastal aquifers in a semi-arid region.

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