Journal articles: 'Seat of the driver'

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Johnson, Peter W., Jennifer Ibbotson-Brown, Serf Menocal, and Jim Parison. "Comparison of Whole-Body Vibration Exposures When Operating a City Bus with an Active, Passive and Static Suspension Bus Seat." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 1052–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631472.

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Municipal bus drivers have a high rate of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMDSs) and Whole Body Vibration (WBV) has been shown to be a risk factor associated with WMSDs. Recently, active suspension seats, which cut WBV exposures in half relative to the current, industry-standard air suspension seats, have become commercially available for use in buses. This study compared WBV exposures while bus drivers operated a municipal bus over a standardized test route using three different types of seats: 1) an active (electromechanical) suspension bus seat, 2) a passive (air) suspension bus seat, and 3) a static (suspension-less) bus seat. Similar to their performance in semi-trucks, the active suspension seat reduced bus driver WBV exposures between 35% to 61% relative to the passive suspension and static seats. Based on these preliminary results, the active suspension bus seat appears to have the potential to substantially reduce a bus driver’s exposure to WBV.

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Ismail, Ahmad Rasdan, Siti Nuratikah Abdullah, Ezrin Hani Sukadarin, and Baba Md Deros. "Ergonomics Assessment of Seat Design Based on Buttock Pressure and Anthropometrics Data." Advanced Engineering Forum 10 (December 2013): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.10.331.

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Todays global competition has prompted many automotive manufacturers to design their products based on consumers preference and satisfaction. A car driver controls the vehicle and his/her comfort and safety is important to avoid any road injury or unfortunate accident. There are three main objectives for this paper. This paper is to investigate the relationships between car drivers anthropometric characteristics, comfortable postural angles and seat adjustment, to analyze the force distribution on the car seat and to design a driver car seat that gives comfort and safety ergonomically to the driver. In this case, the measurements need to be taken for both car and the driver and also to propose a design a driver car seat that provides comfort and safety to the driver. This design should be based on ergonomic factors including design, materials used and safety. These findings enhance our understandings of car drivers perceptions of posture comfort and safety. The data findings and relationship discussed will assist the manufacturers in designing a drivers car seat with ergonomics value.

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Jaganmohan, M. Rao, S. P. Sivapirakasham, K. R. Balasubramanian, and K. T. Sreenath. "Investigation of Whole Body Vibration on Urban Midi Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 2066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2066.

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The objective of the study is to measure the whole body vibration (WBV) transmitted to the driver as well as the passengers during the operation of bus and to compare results with ISO 2631-1(1997) comfort chart and health guidance criteria. In this study, vibration exposure of the driver, passenger in the mid row seat and passenger in the rear row seat were measured at different operating conditions (static and dynamic). The BMI (Body Mass Index) was maintained for driver and passengers. The results of static test showed that the driver seat produced more vibrations compared to the passenger's mid row and rear row seat. This is due to the fact that driver seat was positioned close to the engine cabin. The results of dynamic test showed that, in all cases, the rear seat produced maximum vibrations. At 40 km/h speed the vibration magnitude exceeded the exposure limit at all tested seats. This high vibration magnitude might be due to the resonance effect caused between engine and chassis vibrations.

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Barbu, Anca Giorgiana, and Marian Gheorghe. "Development of the Car Seat through a Wider Range of Active Elements Implementation." Advanced Engineering Forum 42 (September 7, 2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.42.113.

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Car seats represent a constructive - functional system including a variety of elements, assembled on a specific frame, among those the main components are the seat pan, the seat backrest, and the seat headrest. In order to improve the comfort of the driver and passengers, as well vehicle general safety, the car seats are under of intensive research and implementation of advanced developments.Thus, through of variety of sensors integrated into the seat, some important parameters are analysed for keeping the drivers alert and comfortable while driving semi-autonomous or autonomous cars. For adjustment of the seat linear and angular positions, a special system has been implemented, comprising electric, electronic, and pneumatic elements. Also, seat micro-adjustments are possible through the action of specific actuators. The car seat design and manufacture take into consideration a diverse array of data, based on a large range of parameters to face the diversity of drivers requirements. The present paper is advancing a conceptual development of car complex seat, integrating a number of active elements, with multiple possible adjustments. The new seat model is designed to satisfy a larger diversity of people both in terms of comfort and safety.

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Geyer, Judy A., and David R. Ragland. "Vehicle Occupancy and Crash Risk." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1908, no. 1 (January 2005): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190800123.

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This study explores the association between vehicle occupancy and a driver's risk of causing a fatal crash, not wearing a seat belt, and using alcohol. The survey population is the set of drivers represented in the Fatal Analysis Reporting System for 1992 to 2002. The independent variables are driver age, driver gender, passenger age, passenger gender, and vehicle occupancy. The outcome variables are whether the driver was at fault in causing the fatal crash, whether the driver wore a seat belt, and whether the driver had used alcohol. For male teenage drivers, driving with teenage passengers correlated with an increased risk of causing a crash. For all female drivers and for male drivers over age 40, passenger presence correlated with a reduced risk of causing a fatal crash. Drivers ages 15 to 30 were less likely to wear a seat belt when passengers were present than when driving solo. Drivers age 50 and older had higher rates of seat belt use when passengers were present. This protective effect of passengers was stronger for male drivers than female drivers, and for male drivers the effect increased by age. Drivers ages 15 to 34 accompanied by passengers were more likely to have consumed alcohol than solo drivers of the same age group. These results offer an interesting perspective for research in the area of driver distraction, and they update current knowledge on older drivers and the role of seat belt and alcohol awareness.

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Arnold, A. J., R. A. Ferrara, and T. J. Kuechenmeister. "Driver, Eyellipses Produced by Minimum Deflection Seats and by U.S. Adult Population Changes." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 29, no. 5 (October 1985): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128502900510.

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Driver eyellipses for three “reduced deflection” bucket seats and one conventional bucket seat were developed photogrammetrically. Three driver groups drove four similar cars, each with a different driver's seat. The three groups represented standing height distributions for 1962, 1972 and estimated 1990 U.S. adult populations. In general, the four seats produced similar eyellipses in the front and side view. The eyellipses for the taller population groups were, in general, shifted upward and rearward for each seat. Side view eyellipses for the 1962 and 1990 population samples were statistically different in the fore-aft plane, but not different in the vertical.

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Hanai, Toshimichi, and Hideyuki Nagashima. "Car Seat System of the Future as Seen in “ARC-X”." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 10 (October 1988): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786762702.

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Car seats of the future will have to give even greater consideration to the human aspects of comfort and style. Moreover, driver and passenger seats need to be designed separately, to optimize each seat according to its function and location the car interior. The seat system of the “ARC-X” experimental car is based on the results of body pressure distribution measurement, subjective evaluation, and other human engineering techniques. These were used to analyze driver and passenger postures from the standpoints of performance and comfort. This paper introduces features of the driver's seat and front and rear passenger seats adopted in the “ARC-X”, and reports some of the analytical results on which their design was based.

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Cvetanovic, Boban, Dragan Cvetković, Momir Praščević, Miljan Cvetković, and Milan Pavlović. "An analysis of the impact of agricultural tractor seat cushion materials to the level of exposure to vibration." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36, no. 2 (June 2017): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263092317711983.

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During everyday operations with tractors, drivers are exposed to harmful effects of various factors. In addition to unfavourable temperature and humidity, dust and noise, one of the factors harmful to driver’s health is vibrations. They come from the tractor engine and from the roughness of the ground and are transferred to the cab and through the seat to the body of the driver. In case of high level magnitude vibrations and a long period of exposure to them, many health problems occur. The harmful effect of the vibrations is especially obvious in older models of tractors. High intensities of vibrations (above permitted limits) were found during the measurements of vibrations at the driver seat in such tractors. This study is an attempt to reduce the vibration levels using various vibration-absorbing components, such as cushions, at driver’s seat. The results of the measurements showed that the vibration levels were significantly lower in comparison to original seats.

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Hong, Seungkweon, Dongyool Kim, Kathryn Kritkausky, and Raheel Rashid. "Effects of Imitative Behavior on Seat Belt Usage: Three Field Observational Studies." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 15 (October 1998): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201508.

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Three field observational studies were conducted to examine the influence of a front seat car passenger (model) seat belt usage/non-usage on driver seat belt usage. In addition, the effects of driving location (study 1 and 2), time of day (study 1), day of week (study 2) and gender (study 3) were also examined. The results showed an overall seat belt use rate of about 70%, typical for New York State. All three studies showed that driver seat belt usage was significantly related to the front seat passenger seat belt rate. When the front-seat passenger wore the seat belt, 77% (79.4%-study 2, 87.1%-study 3) of the drivers wore the seat belt; when the front seat passenger did not wear the seat belt, only 44% (49.0%-study 2, 38.4%-study 3) of the drivers wore the seat belt. Results failed to show any significant effects of time of the day or day of week, but showed the expected significant effect of driving location (study 2). No overall main effect of gender on modeling was obtained, though interesting specific results were obtained. These studies extend earlier experimental work on the effects of modeling on seat belt usage, and confirm that car occupant seat belt behavior significantly impacts the other occupant's seat belt usage.

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Cao, Shi, Pinyan Tang, and Xu Sun. "Driver Take-Over Reaction in Autonomous Vehicles with Rotatable Seats." Safety 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6030034.

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A new concept in the interior design of autonomous vehicles is rotatable or swivelling seats that allow people sitting in the front row to rotate their seats and face backwards. In the current study, we used a take-over request task conducted in a fixed-based driving simulator to compare two conditions, driver front-facing and rear-facing. Thirty-six adult drivers participated in the experiment using a within-subject design with take-over time budget varied. Take-over reaction time, remaining action time, crash, situation awareness and trust in automation were measured. Repeated measures ANOVA and Generalized Linear Mixed Model were conducted to analyze the results. The results showed that the rear-facing configuration led to longer take-over reaction time (on average 1.56 s longer than front-facing, p < 0.001), but it caused drivers to intervene faster after they turned back their seat in comparison to the traditional front-facing configuration. Situation awareness in both front-facing and rear-facing autonomous driving conditions were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the manual driving condition, but there was no significant difference between the two autonomous driving conditions (p = 1.000). There was no significant difference of automation trust between front-facing and rear-facing conditions (p = 0.166). The current study showed that in a fixed-based simulator representing a conditionally autonomous car, when using the rear-facing driver seat configuration (where participants rotated the seat by themselves), participants had longer take-over reaction time overall due to physical turning, but they intervened faster after they turned back their seat for take-over response in comparison to the traditional front-facing seat configuration. This behavioral change might be at the cost of reduced take-over response quality. Crash rate was not significantly different in the current laboratory study (overall the average rate of crash was 11%). A limitation of the current study is that the driving simulator does not support other measures of take-over request (TOR) quality such as minimal time to collision and maximum magnitude of acceleration. Based on the current study, future studies are needed to further examine the effect of rotatable seat configurations with more detailed analysis of both TOR speed and quality measures as well as in real world driving conditions for better understanding of their safety implications.

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Öberg, Kurt, Anna Torén, and Malin Hansson. "Saddle Seats for Tractor Drivers – A Conceptual Study." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 22 (July 2000): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004402234.

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Tractor drivers have quite often musculoskeletal problems because of bad sitting postures. It has been found that a good sitting posture is the one obtained when sitting on a horse with the hips in a muscle balanced rest position of 45°. A natural curvature of the spine is acquired as well as a perfectly balanced position in which the body obtains a good position of the centre of gravity. To improve the sitting posture of the driver of agricultural tractors, different types of saddle seats were adapted to fit in a tractor, and tested upon their comfort, work function and sitting posture. The saddle seats occupied less space in the horizontal plane compared to the conventional chair, and they were rotating freely during driving. Ten subjects employed as tractor drivers volunteered for the study. They harrowed and ploughed with three different saddle seats and one conventional tractor chair. Questions on experienced chair comfort and work function were asked. The drivers were video filmed from above and from the side in order to register their sitting posture. On a scale from 1 to 5 the conventional chair received a mean score of 3.6 and the saddle seats received mean score around 2. The difference is regarded to depend on differences in seat comfort. The saddle seats free rotation was mainly used during ploughing and reduced the spinal twisting 50%. The seat height adjusted by the tractor drivers was for the saddle seats 13 cm higher than for the conventional chair. This meant that the drivers received a sitting posture advantageous for the spine curvature. A future design of a tractor chair should have the possibility of varying raised sitting posture and free rotation. The seat should have a shape which gives a better seat comfort than any of the tested saddle seats.

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Rashid, A. R. M. H., S. A. S. Mondol, M. H. Shams, and A. T. M. F. S. Anik. "Design of a Three Wheeler Vehicle's Driver's Seat Considering Ergonomics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 564 (June 2014): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.94.

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Many developing countries, like Bangladesh, have many three wheeler vehicles as a popular cheap transport option. Usually the driver seats of such vehicles are locally designed without considering ergonomics. Thus, drivers of such vehicles suffer from discomfort in the short term and back pain and other ailments in the long run. So if driver’s seats in such three wheelers could be designed considering ergonomics, it would be beneficial for them. This paper describes the design of the seat of a three wheeler vehicle considering ergonomics and low cost available materials.

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Lee, Baekhee, Byoung-Keon (Daniel) Park, Kihyo Jung, and Jangwoon Park. "Effects of a Bolster Curvature on an Automobile Seat Fit." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 65, no. 1 (September 2021): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181321651180.

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Vehicle-seat dimensions measured at specific cross-sections have been historically utilized as shape determinants to evaluate a driver’s seat fit. The present study is intended to quantify the relationships between seat fits and the seat dimensions for designing an ergonomic vehicle seat. Eight seat engineers evaluated seat fits for 54 different driver seats based on their expertise. Five seat dimensions were measured at six cross-sectional planes using a custom-built, computerized program. The best-subset-logistic-regression method was employed to model the relationships between the seat fit and the seat dimensions. As a result, significant seat dimensions, such as insert width, bolster height, and/or bolster curvature, on the subjective seat fit (e.g., loose-fit, right-fit, and tight-fit) were quantified. The developed models showed 98% overall classification accuracy throughout the cross-sectional planes. The models promote a digital design process of an automobile seat, which would increase the efficiency of the process and reduce the development costs.

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Mehlan, Robert. "Zurück in den "Driver Seat"." Sales Excellence 27, no. 11 (November 2018): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35141-018-0176-7.

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Mazari, Adnan, Funda Buyuk, and Antonin Havelka. "Testing the car seat's comfort." Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products 1, no. 2 (December 13, 2020): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2020.1.p141-147.

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In this paper, four commonly used car seat covers, made from leather as well as from woven, knitted and 3D spacer fabrics are tested as sandwiched and separate layers to determine the effect of the lamination and layers on air and water vapor permeability. Different combinations of interlining materials are also tested to obtain the optimum comfortable car seat cover. This analysis gives us a real idea of which layer negatively affects the breathability of the car seat. The focus of this part of research was to identify the issues within the car seat material instead of factors like external cooling or the clothing of the driver. It was observed that the polyurethane (PU) foam and lamination significantly reduce the permeability of the car seats. The 3D spacer fabric shows the best top layer properties as compared to classical woven, leather or knitted car seat covers. The research shows how layers and lamination cause thermo-physiological discomfort of car seats.

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Daruis, D. D. I., B. M. Deros, M. J. M. Nor, and M. Hosseini Fouladi. "Relationship between Objective and Subjective Methods in Evaluating Static Discomfort of Car Driver Seat." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 4997–5003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.4997.

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Objective method alone is insufficient in measuring discomfort of car seats. It is indirect and does not truly convey the perception and feeling of the sitter. A combination of both objective and subjective method gives better evaluation on discomfort. Seat pressure distribution method was adopted to investigate the static characteristic of a seat. The method was found to be statistically repeatable in measuring sitting of fourteen male subjects in static condition. Subjective discomfort through subjective assessment using a valid and reliable self-established questionnaire together with a body pressure map (BPM) showed increasing discomfort as sitting time increase; which is expected. The short term seat pressure distribution was used to be correlated with subjective assessment. Significant and moderate correlation was observed between four local body parts namely the seat pan bolster, thighs, upper back and lower back with overall seat average pressure BPM used in the subjective evaluation. Multiple linear regression model were established; overall discomfort from averaged pressure from BPM can be predicted from right & left buttock, right & left thigh and upper back & lower back. It was found that R-Sq=93.5%, R-Sq (adj) = 83.7% with moderately adequate predictive ability with predicted R-Sq= 46.77%.

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Philippart, Nancy, James Stanick, and Timothy Kuechenmeister. "Describing Truck Driver Eye, Head, Stomach, Knee and Seat Locations in Heavy Truck Space." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 29, no. 5 (October 1985): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128502900509.

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Photogram metric data collected in the SAE U.S. Truck Driver Anthropometric and Workspace Study were used to develop functional workspace models to describe where truck driver eyes, heads, stomachs, knees and seats were located in vehicle space. These models describe the probabilistic location in heavy truck space of the body landmarks of populations of truck drivers with various percentages of males and females as a function of vehicle packaging parameters. These models can be used to determine visual accommodation, head clearances, clearance between the stomach and steering wheel, knee clearance to the instrument panel surface and the location and amount of seat travel necessary to accommodate certain percentages of users with a certain cab design. Models were developed for truck driver populations with 50%/50%, 75%/25%, 90%/10% and 95%/5% male to female ratios. This distribution of models allows the designer to determine accommodation for several potential user groups.

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Gheibollahi, Hamid, Masoud Masih-Tehrani, and Mohammadmehdi Niroobakhsh. "The Key Role of Headrest Optimization in Driver Comfort." Volume 24, No 3, September 2019 24, no. 3 (September 2019): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20855/ijav.2019.24.31417.

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In this study, adding a headrest to the conventional vehicle driver seat is investigated to improve the driver comfort and decrease the driver damages. For this purpose, a conventional biomechanical human body model of wholebody vibrations is provided and modified by adding a head degree of freedom to the body model and a headrest to the seat model. The basic model is in the sitting posture, lumped parameters and has nine DOFs for the human body, on contrary to the proposed model which has ten DOFs. The new human body DOF is the twisting motion of the head and neck. This new DOF is generated because of headrest adding to the driver’s seat. To determine the head discomforts, the Seat to Head (STH) indexes are studied in two directions: horizontal and vertical. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the STH in different directions. The optimization variables are stiffness and damping parameters of the driver’s seat which are 12 for the basic model and are 16 for a new seat. The integer programming is used for time reduction. The results show that new seat (equipped by headrest) has very better STH in both directions.

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Mansfield, Neil J., Kartikeya Walia, and Aditya Singh. "Driver seat comfort for level 3-4 autonomous vehicles." Work 68, s1 (January 8, 2021): S111—S118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-208010.

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BACKGROUND: Autonomous vehicles can be classified on a scale of automation from 0 to 5, where level 0 corresponds to vehicles that have no automation to level 5 where the vehicle is fully autonomous and it is not possible for the human occupant to take control. At level 2, the driver needs to retain attention as they are in control of at least some systems. Level 3-4 vehicles are capable of full control but the human occupant might be required to, or desire to, intervene in some circumstances. This means that there could be extended periods of time where the driver is relaxed, but other periods of time when they need to drive. OBJECTIVE: The seat must therefore be designed to be comfortable in at least two different types of use case. METHODS: This driving simulator study compares the comfort experienced in a seat from a production hybrid vehicle whilst being used in a manual driving mode and in autonomous mode for a range of postures. RESULTS: It highlights how discomfort is worse for cases where the posture is non-optimal for the task. It also investigates the design of head and neckrests to mitigate neck discomfort, and shows that a well-designed neckrest is beneficial for drivers in autonomous mode.

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Lantoine, Pascaline, Mathieu Lecocq, Clément Bougard, Erick Dousset, Tanguy Marqueste, Christophe Bourdin, Jean-Marc Allègre, Laurent Bauvineau, and Serge Mesure. "Car seat impact on driver’s sitting behavior and perceived discomfort during prolonged real driving on varied road types." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): e0259934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259934.

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Prolonged driving under real conditions can entail discomfort linked to driving posture, seat design features, and road properties like whole-body vibrations (WBV). This study evaluated the effect of three different seats (S1 = soft; S2 = firm; S3 = soft with suspension system) on driver’s sitting behavior and perceived discomfort on different road types in real driving conditions. Twenty-one participants drove the same 195 km itinerary alternating highway, city, country, and mountain segments. Throughout the driving sessions, Contact Pressure (CP), Contact Surface (CS), Seat Pressure Distribution Percentage (SPD%) and Repositioning Movements (RM) were recorded via two pressure mats installed on seat cushion and backrest. Moreover every 20 minutes, participants rated their whole-body and local discomfort. While the same increase in whole-body discomfort with driving time was observed for all three seats, S3 limited local perceived discomfort, especially in buttocks, thighs, neck, and upper back. The pressure profiles of the three seats were similar for CP, CS and RM on the backrest but differed on the seat cushion. The soft seats (S1 & S3) showed better pressure distribution, with lower SPD% than the firm seat (S2). All three showed highest CP and CS under the thighs. Road type also affected both CP and CS of all three seats, with significant differences appearing between early city, highway and country segments. In the light of these results, automotive manufacturers could enhance seat design for reduced driver discomfort by combining a soft seat cushion to reduce pressure peaks, a firm backrest to support the trunk, and a suspension system to minimize vibrations.

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Kim, Joo Han, Jung Moo Seo, and In Soung Jung. "An Investigation on Development of Seat Cooling Fan for Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.420.

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There is representative part among convenience items which increase convenience of driver while part that driver contacts most and recognizes easily sensuously among this convenience function drives into vehicles seat part. On high-reliability, high-tech of vehicles, convenience function in seat part is expanded greatly. Air conditioning ventilation system that can keep temperature comfortable environment on deluxe car among them is raised by important convenience function. This paper deals with a design of the seat cooling fan for vehicle, especially brushless DC (BLDC) motor and blade for cooling fan module. We achieved blade flow analysis about high effectiveness and presented various design data. We have used the 2D Finite Element Method for calculating the characteristics of brushless DC (BLDC) motor, computing fluid mechanics (CFD) as numerical analysis for blade design.

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Zhao, Leilei, Changcheng Zhou, Yuewei Yu, and Fuxing Yang. "Hybrid modelling of driver seat-cushion coupled system for metropolitan bus." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 36, no. 3 (August 8, 2017): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263092317719631.

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For the complex structure of driver seat-cushion coupled system for metropolitan buses, there are still lack of convenient and reliable modelling methods for the system at present. To improve ride comfort, the coupled dynamic model is urgently needed to give insight into the dynamic properties of the coupled system. In this paper, for a standard commercially available seat fitted into metropolitan buses, the coupling between the seat and cushion, the nonlinear damping characteristics of the seat damper, and the elastic properties of the damper mounting bushings have been accounted for in a three degree-of-freedom driver seat-cushion coupled system model. Combing field measurements of the seat suspension excitation and cushion acceleration response, a specific flow of hybrid modelling of driver seat-cushion coupled system without the requirement of further bench tests was presented. The analogy between acceleration responses in the frequency domain and the time courses proves that the model can predict the dynamic characteristics of the coupled system with good accuracy for stationary random excitation. The model parameters were also validated by the corresponding bench test. The results show that the accuracy of the model parameters is sufficient and the hybrid modelling method is reliable, which provide a foundation for the optimal design of seat suspension and/or cushion to further improve ride comfort.

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Koushki, P. A., S. Y. Ali, and O. Al-Saleh. "Road Traffic Violations and Seat Belt Use in Kuwait: Study of Driver Behavior in Motion." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1640, no. 1 (January 1998): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1640-03.

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Despite heavy investments in the transportation infrastructure and the existence of a young vehicle fleet, road safety in the affluent State of Kuwait continues to decline. Poor driver behavior and lack of enforcement of traffic regulations are believed to be the main causes of the unsafe driving environment. The findings of a research project designed to examine the relationship between seat belt use and road traffic violations in Kuwait are reported. The traffic violation behavior of 821 randomly selected drivers was recorded while the drivers were followed to their destinations. Factors of nationality, age range, gender, roadway type, vehicle type, time of day, trip time, and trip distance were also monitored. The average sample nonuser of seat belts made more than twice as many violations both per kilometer of travel and per minute of trip time than did seat belt users. Seat belt nonusers and young drivers (especially Kuwaitis) were found to be overrepresented in the violating groups, and discriminant analysis successfully discriminated between the high and low violators of traffic rules.

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Naufal, Gostsa Khusnun, Awan Raswan, Sumar Hadi Suryo, Jamari Jamari, and Ismoyo Haryanto. "PERANCANGAN KURSI AUTISME UNTUK MOBIL SEBAGAI ALAT BANTU TERAPI AUTISME." ROTASI 15, no. 3 (December 19, 2013): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.15.3.19-24.

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Children with autism tend to have hyperactivity, children will tend to be difficult to control. This is certainly an issue when children are in vehicles, especially cars. There are some events related to the automobile accident caused hyperactivity of children with autism. When the children in the car tends to move on, even disturb concentration the driver. Not many safety features on the car is intended for children with autism. Research safety equipment as well as therapeutic tools for children with autism that will be done is a autism car seat. This tool serves as an extra seat that is able to bind to safely and comfortably seat a child with autism to a primary car seat. This tool is also able to provide autism therapy with the principles of deep pressure when used, generating deep pressure with adjustable pressurized balloon. The tool is attached directly to the car seat with a harness, and then the car safety belt is used as the main security of these devices. Design tools for autism car seat through stages: preparation of product definition and technical specifications autism car seat , the design of a product concept for autism car seat, designing products for autism car seat , as well as preparation of documents for the manufacture of autism car seats

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Liao, Xin, Xiaofei Du, and Shaohua Li. "Design of cab seat suspension system for construction machinery based on negative stiffness structure." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 8 (August 2021): 168781402110449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211044931.

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In order to improve the vibration isolation performance of cab seat and ride comfort of the driver, a seat suspension structure of construction machinery cab is proposed based on negative stiffness structure (NSS) in this paper. The influences of different parameters of suspension system on dynamic stiffness are analyzed. The configuration parameter range of suspension system is obtained. Then, the nonlinear dynamic equation of the seat suspension system is established and the NSS optimization model is proposed. The vibration transmissibility characteristics of suspension structure are analyzed by different methods. The results show that the displacement and acceleration amplitude of optimized seat suspension system are obviously reduced, and the VDV and RMS in the vertical vibration direction for the seat are respectively decreased by 87% and 86%. The vibration transmissibility rate SEAT and the Ttrans are both decreased. Moreover, the peak frequencies of the vibration transmitted to the driver are not near the key frequency values which are easy to cause human discomfort. It indicates that the design of seat suspension system has no effect on the health condition of the driver after being vibrated. The advantages of vibration isolation performance of the designed NSS suspension system are demonstrated, improving the driver’s ride comfort and the working environment.

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HAN, Y. M., J. Y. JUNG, S. B. CHOI, and N. M. WERELEY. "SLIDING MODE CONTROL OF ER SEAT SUSPENSION CONSIDERING HUMAN VIBRATION MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 07n09 (April 10, 2005): 1689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205030773.

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This paper presents robust control performances of a semi-active electro-rheological (ER) seat suspension incorporating vibration model of human-body. A cylindrical type of ER seat damper is manufactured for a commercial vehicle seat suspension system and its field-dependent damping force is experimentally evaluated. A human-body model is then derived and integrated with the governing equations of the ER seat suspension system. The integrated seat-driver model featured by a high order degree-of-freedom (DOF) is reduced through a balanced model reduction to design robust controller. By imposing semi-active actuating conditions, a sliding mode controller which is very robust to external disturbances and parameter uncertainties is synthesized and experimentally realized with the state observer. In the experimental configuration, a driver directly sits on the controlled seat. Control results for ride quality considering response of each human body segment are evaluated in both time and frequency domains. In addition, a comparison of the proposed semi-active ER seat suspension to a conventional passive seat suspension system is undertaken.

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Capaldo, Francesco Saverio, Francesco Guzzo, and Gennaro Nasti. "Some analysis on visibility from driver seat." Transportation Research Procedia 45 (2020): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.02.066.

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Koch, Linda. "Non-coding mutations in the driver seat." Nature Reviews Genetics 15, no. 9 (August 5, 2014): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3801.

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Hughes, Patricia. "Seat belts and the pregnant driver (video)." Midwifery 9, no. 3 (September 1993): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-6138(93)90033-o.

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Yan, Bijuan, and Jie Zhang. "Analysis of vehicle ride comfort applying a 2SPS+SR parallel seat mechanism." Noise & Vibration Worldwide 52, no. 4-5 (March 22, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957456521999835.

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The violent vibration may cause discomfort to the driver and operation instability in different directions including fore-aft, lateral, and vertical when construction vehicles are driven or operated on off-roads. To improve ride comfort, a novel kind of 2SPS+SR parallel seat mechanism is proposed in this article. First, to verify the motion state of one translation and two rotations, the model of this new seat mechanism was built and analyzed using UG software. Furthermore, the acceleration and power spectrum density between the conventional seat and the 2SPS+SR parallel seat were compared in three directions of vertical, pitching, and rolling when the vehicle was driven on different three-dimensional roads. Then, the comparisons of the weighted vibration level and the root mean square of the total weighted acceleration on different roads were illustrated to denote the ride comfort of the construction vehicle. The results show that this 2SPS+SR parallel seat mechanism could improve the ride comfort of construction vehicles. The results will provide theoretical support for further research on the control of vehicle vibration.

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Lin, Ting Ting, Xiao Yi Zhang, Chun Lei Sang, Jin Dong Ren, Pei Zhi Zhang, Wei Zhang, and Qi Shan. "Driver Seat Lumbar Support Adjustments System Design Based on Ergonomics Principles." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1633.

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As a typical man-machine interface, vehicle driver seat directly affects driver seating and riding comfort. Lumbar support of driver seat plays a particularly important role in improving driver seating and riding comfort and is usually realized by installing adjustable lumbar support, which provides stable, comfortable support for drivers with different body sizes. Traditional lumbar support has several shortcomings, such as complex structure, high cost, insufficient adjustments ranges, etc. In this work, forward design method of lumbar support with adequate design confidence level was developed, with four-way electric adjustments system. Firstly, lumbar support adjustments ranges was analyzed according to ergonomic principles. Then the concept of lumbar support adjustments mechanism was designed and the parameters of adjustments mechanism were determined including the length and angle ranges of parts, motor and spring parameters, etc. Finally, with consideration of product processing technology and manufacturing cost requirements, detailed lumbar support adjustments system structure was determined. The validated system structure parts were produced and assembled into a prototype. The prototype was tested and accepted, which showed that not only the lumbar support system met the design requirements well, but also the forward design method presented was scientific and reasonable.

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Lie, Anders, Maria Krafft, Anders Kullgren, and Claes Tingvall. "Intelligent Seat Belt Reminders—Do They Change Driver Seat Belt Use in Europe?" Traffic Injury Prevention 9, no. 5 (October 7, 2008): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580802149690.

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Telpaz, Ariel, Brian Rhindress, Ido Zelman, and Omer Tsimhoni. "Using a Vibrotactile Seat for Facilitating the Handover of Control during Automated Driving." International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 9, no. 3 (July 2017): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmhci.2017070102.

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Studies have found that drivers tend to neglect their surrounding traffic during automated driving. This may lead to a late and inefficient resumption of control in case of handover of the driving task to the driver. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of a vibrotactile seat displaying spatial information regarding vehicles approaching from behind to enhance the driver preparedness to the handover of control. A simulator experiment, involving 26 participants, showed that when drivers were required to regain control of the vehicle, having a vibrotactile seat improved speed and efficiency of reactions in scenarios requiring lane changing immediately following a handover. In addition, eye-tracking analysis showed that the participants had more systematic scan patterns of the mirrors in the first two seconds following the transition of control request. Interestingly, this effect exists in-spite of the finding that during automated driving mode, having a vibrotactile display led to fewer glances at the road.

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Cheng, Chun, Yan Hu, and Ran Ma. "Enhanced ride comfort using nonlinear seat suspension with high-static-low-dynamic stiffness." Noise & Vibration Worldwide 51, no. 4-5 (January 24, 2020): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957456520901356.

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To attenuate the low-frequency vibration transmitted to the driver, a nonlinear seat suspension with high-static-low-dynamic stiffness is designed. First, the force and stiffness characteristics are derived. The nonlinear suspension can achieve the quasi-zero stiffness at the static equilibrium position when the structural parameters are properly designed. Then, a car-seat-human coupled model which consists of a quarter car model, a seat suspension, and a 4 degree-of-freedom human model is established to predict the biodynamic response of the driver. Finally, the isolation performance of the high-static-low-dynamic stiffness seat suspension under two typical road excitations is evaluated separately based on the numerical method. The effects of stiffness ratio, damping ratio, and vehicle speed on the ride comfort are investigated. The results showed that the nonlinear seat suspension outperforms the equivalent linear counterpart and can achieve the best ride comfort when the quasi-zero stiffness condition is satisfied.

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Breen, Jan Mario, Pål Aksel Næss, Christine Gaarder, and Arne Stray-Pedersen. "Autopsy findings in drivers and passengers from fatal motor vehicle collisions: limited differences in injury patterns and toxicological test results." Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 17, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-021-00359-z.

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AbstractWe performed a retrospective study of the injuries and characteristics of occupant fatalities in motor vehicle collisions in southeast Norway. The goal was to provide updated knowledge of injuries sustained in modern vehicles and detect possible differences in injury pattern between drivers and passengers. Forensic autopsy reports, police, and collision investigation reports from 2000 to 2014 were studied, data extracted and analyzed.A total of 284 drivers, 80 front-seat passengers, and 37 rear-seat passengers were included, of which 67.3% died in front collisions, 13.7% in near-side impacts, 13.5% in rollovers and 5.5% in other/combined collisions. Overall, 80.5% died within one hour after the crash. The presence of fatal injuries to the head, neck, thorax and abdomen were observed in 63.6%, 10.7%, 61.6% and 27.4% respectively. All occupants with severe injuries to the head or neck had signs of direct impact with contact point injuries to the skin or skull. Injuries to the heart and spleen were less common in front-seat passengers compared to drivers. Seat belt abrasions were more common and lower extremity fractures less common in both front-seat and rear-seat passengers compared to drivers. Blood alcohol and/or drug concentrations suggestive of impairment were present in 30% of all occupants, with alcohol more often detected among front-seat passengers compared to drivers.Few driver-specific and passenger-specific patterns of injury could be identified. When attempting to assess an occupant’s seating position within a vehicle, autopsy findings should be interpreted with caution and only in conjunction with documentation from the crash scene.

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Metar, Manas. "Electronic Systems Design for Driver Alertness." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 1697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39607.

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Abstract: Automotive systems are getting more responsive and giving feedback to the driver and passengers with the help of electronic systems ensuring safety. As seen the growth towards electric mobility engineers are more indulged in electronic systems and presenting innovative ideas for future developments. The presented simulation model of an electronic system combines the engine coolant temperature sensor, oxygen sensor, and seat belt warning system. The system is proposed using TINKERCAD software and the software is designed through Arduino. The driver will be able to see the temperature of the coolant and also can find out whether the air and the fuel mixture is rich or lean as well as be alerted for wearing a seatbelt. Keywords: Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor, Oxygen Sensor, Seat Belt Warning System, Electronics System for Vehicle, Arduino, Software Design using Arduino, Passive Safety System.

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Yang, Huan, Jiang Liu, Min Li, Xilong Zhang, Jianze Liu, and Yulan Zhao. "Adaptive Kalman Filter with L2 Feedback Control for Active Suspension Using a Novel 9-DOF Semi-Vehicle Model." Actuators 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10100267.

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In order to further improve driving comfort, this paper takes the semi-vehicle active suspension as the research object. Furthermore, combined with a 5-DOF driver-seat model, a new 9-DOF driver seat-active suspension model is proposed. The adaptive Kalman filter combined with L2 feedback control algorithm is used to improve the controller. First, a discrete 9-DOF driver seat-active suspension model is established. Then, the L2 feedback algorithm is used to solve the optimal feedback matrix of the model, and the adaptive Kalman filter algorithm is used to replace the linear Kalman filter. Finally, the improved active suspension model and algorithm are verified through simulation and test. The results show that the new algorithm and model not only significantly improve the driver comfort, but also comprehensively optimize the other performance of the vehicle. Compared with the traditional LQG control algorithm, the RMS value of the acceleration experienced by the driver’s limb are, respectively, decreased by 10.9%, 15.9%, 6.4%, and 7.5%. The RMS value of pitch angle acceleration experienced by the driver decreased by 6.4%, and the RMS value of the dynamic tire deflection of front and rear tire decreased by 32.6% and 12.1%, respectively.

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Dulf, Diana, Corinne Peek-Asa, Florin Jurchiș, and Erika-Andrada Bărăgan. "Safety seat and seat belt use among child motor vehicle occupants, Cluj-Napoca, Romania." Injury Prevention 26, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042989.

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BackgroundUse of seat belts and car seats for children are among the most effective interventions to reduce injury severity when a crash occurs. The use should be enforced in order to have an increase in wearing these restraints. Romania has the lowest rate of using seatbelts in the backseat, 16%. The purpose of the study is to describe the use of child safety restraints and compare it with existing standards of good practice.MethodsAn observational study on child safety restraint was conducted in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, between 2013 and 2014. Observational sites included 38 schools and kindergartens and three commercial areas, where drivers (n=768) and child passengers (n=892) were observed. Observations were conducted as vehicles parked or pulled to a stop and were followed by driver surveys on knowledge and attitudes towards restraint legislation and child safety behaviour as car occupants.ResultsThe proportion of observed child motor vehicle occupants wearing some type of restraint was 67.4% (n=601). The majority of children (82.6%) were in the back seat, and 14.2% of infants were in a rear-facing child seat. The proportion of restrained children declined with age, with children 5 years old or younger being almost five times more likely to be properly restrained (OR 4.87, 95% CI 2.93 to 8.07) when compared with older children.ConclusionsAlthough minimum legal requirements of child motor vehicle occupant safety were in place in Romania at the time of the study, the rates of using children restraints was low compared with other middle-income and high-income countries.

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Marzbanrad, Javad, Seyyed Mohammad Boluhari, Masoud Masih Tehrani, and Rambod Yahyaei. "Seat-driver vibration parameters effect on horizontal driver acceleration and its relationship to driver mass." International Journal of Hydromechatronics 1, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhm.2020.10032168.

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Boluhari, Seyyed Mohammad, Masoud Masih Tehrani, Rambod Yahyaei, and Javad Marzbanrad. "Seat-driver vibration parameters effect on horizontal driver acceleration and its relationship to driver mass." International Journal of Hydromechatronics 3, no. 3 (2020): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhm.2020.109930.

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Kohl, Ondrej, Lubomír Pešík, and Antonin Skarolek. "Driver Seat Differential Pneumatic System with Air Damping." Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (February 2015): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.191.

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The paper shows a possibility of the tuning mechanical system by means of two pneumatic springs in a differential configuration connected with a throttle valve. The springs are inserted into the lead mechanism and connected to its parts, and to its supporting platform. The vibrations, transferred from the kinematic excitation of the base, are intended to be minimized. The vibration isolation by means of pneumatic springs is available in many technical systems, e.g. in supports of heavy machinery as well as in systems characterized by the human interaction, such as driver seats, ambulance couchettes, etc. The pneumatic springs provide the option of adaption of the stiffness, and herewith the adaption of the natural frequency of the system according to the exciting frequency. In cases of application of the object vibration isolation, they can change the load characteristics in a relative large range. In the studied case of the differential spring configuration, the springs are connected with an air pipe to the throttle valve. The air being exchanged during the motion period comes through the valve, the cross-section of which determines the time delay of the pneumatic sub-system thus creating a hysteresis of load characteristic of the spring support. This brings an additional, controllable damping to such a system that is profitable in most vibration isolation cases.

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Du, Xiaoming, Jindong Ren, Chunlei Sang, and Lemeng Li. "Simulation of the interaction between driver and seat." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 26, no. 6 (November 2013): 1234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2013.06.1234.

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Routley, Virginia, Joan Ozanne-Smith, Yu Qin, and Ming Wu. "Taxi driver seat belt wearing in Nanjing, China." Journal of Safety Research 40, no. 6 (December 2009): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2009.10.004.

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Eilebrecht, Benjamin, Tobias Wartzek, Jeroen Lem, Rainer Vogt, and Steffen Leonhardt. "Capacitive electrocardiogram measurement system in the driver seat." ATZ worldwide eMagazine 113, no. 3 (February 25, 2011): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s38311-011-0034-3.

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., Hanumant N. Kale. "DESIGN PARAMETERS OF DRIVER SEAT IN AN AUTOMOBILE." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 04, no. 06 (June 25, 2015): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2015.0406076.

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AHMADI, I. "Development and evaluation of full-vehicle vibration model of MF 285 tractor." Research in Agricultural Engineering 60, No. 3 (September 12, 2014): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5/2013-rae.

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The vibration transmitted to the tractor driver not only leads to the driver health problems, but also reduces the driver working efficiency. One of the methods utilized to reduce driver vibration is the seat suspension system. Development of the tractor vibration model is the first step toward the implementation of the tractor seat suspension. In this research development and evaluation of full-vehicle vibration model of MF 285 tractor was considered. At validation phase, the developed model simulated the predictable outputs correctly. The modified parameters of the model reduced the simulation error by 30% compared to the model with primary parameters. Furthermore, considering the operation status of tractor engine in the simulated tractor, the simulation error was reduced from 45% to 27%.

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Paul, Gunther, Jonathan Pendlebury, and Jason Miller. "The contribution of seat components to seat hardness and the interface between human occupant and a driver seat." International Journal of Human Factors Modelling and Simulation 3, no. 3/4 (2012): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhfms.2012.051570.

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Lubis, Abdul Jabbar, and Ade Saprin. "PERANCANGAN APLIKASI UNTUK MENDETEKSI SABUK PENGAMAN MOBIL MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA BACKPROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK (BPNN)." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.36294/jurti.v2i2.429.

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Abstract - To enforce traffic regulations on the highway, police officers face obstacles in monitoring the use of seat belts on cars because cars on the highway are always on the move and almost all cars use window film to avoid the heat of the sun entering the car. Based on the above problems, the authors build a software that can monitor or detect drivers wearing seat belts or not with Microsoft Visual C # 2010. To monitor the use of seat belts, digital cameras are used to conduct image acquisition to be processed by computers. . Furthermore, the image is studied by a system using the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) Artificial Neural Network method as the image of the driver using a seat belt. To make a detection, the test image is input that is the same size as the training image. The test results obtained the level of accuracy for image acquisition with a distance of 1 meter with a similarity using a seat belt with a maximum value of 9% and a degree of similarity without a seat belt of less than 4%. Keywords - Image, Neural Network, Backpropagation Algorithm

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Zhu, Xing Xing, and Si Hong Zhu. "A Theoretical Model for Calculating Vibration Characteristics of A Kind of Driver Seat with Air Spring and MR Damper." Applied Mechanics and Materials 141 (November 2011): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.141.8.

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In order to further reduce the vibration transmitted from vehicle to driver, a new model of driver scissors linkage seat suspension was put forward, in which an air spring with auxiliary chamber and a MR damper are between the face and floor of the seat. The motion differential equation of this seat suspension system was established and the theoretical computing formulation of it’s equivalent vertical stiffness, equivalent damping coefficient, natural frequency and damping rate were deduced. Besides, taking HY-Z04 scissors linkage seat, SK37-6 air spring of ContiTech and RD-1005-3 MR damper of LORD as an example, the equivalent stiffness and damping coefficient in different conditions of the air spring pressure, the sprung mass, the orifice diameter and MR damping were computed and analyzed. The study results show that the air spring pressure, the sprung mass, the orifice diameter and MR damping all have obvious influence on the equivalent stiffness and damping coefficient, so the seat comfort can be improved by changing the air spring pressure, the orifice diameter and MR damping according to driver’s weight and road condition.

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de Groot, S., M. Mulder, and P. A. Wieringa. "Nonvestibular Motion Cueing in a Fixed-Base Driving Simulator: Effects on Driver Braking and Cornering Performance." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00039.

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Motion platforms can be used to provide vestibular cues in a driving simulator, and have been shown to reduce driving speed and acceleration. However, motion platforms are expensive devices, and alternatives for providing motion cues need to be investigated. In independent experiments, the following eight low-cost nonvestibular motion cueing systems were tested by comparing driver performance to control groups driving with the cueing system disengaged: (1) seat belt tensioning system, (2) vibrating steering wheel, (3) motion seat, (4) screeching tire sound, (5) beeping sound, (6) road noise, (7) vibrating seat, and (8) pressure seat. The results showed that these systems are beneficial in reducing speed and acceleration and that they improve lane-keeping and/or stopping accuracy. The seat belt tensioning system had a particularly large influence on driver braking performance. This system reduced driving speed, increased stopping distance, reduced maximum deceleration, and increased stopping accuracy. It is concluded that low-cost nonvestibular motion cueing may be a welcome alternative for improving in-simulator performance so that it better matches real-world driving performance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Seat of the driver'

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