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Journal articles on the topic 'Seasons'
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1
Dinku, Tufa, and Emmanouil N. Anagnostou. "Investigating Seasonal PR–TMI Calibration Differences." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 1228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecha977.1.
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Abstract Seasonal differences in the calibration of overland passive microwave rain retrieval are investigated using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and precipitation radar (PR). Four geographic regions from southern Africa, South Asia, the Amazon basin, and the southeastern United States are selected. Three seasons are compared for each region. Two scenarios of algorithm calibration are considered. In the first, the parameter sets are derived by calibrating the TMI algorithm with PR in each season. In the second scenario, common parameter sets are derived from the combined dataset of all three seasons. The parameter sets from both scenarios are then applied to the validation dataset of each season to determine the effect of seasonal calibration. Furthermore, calibration parameters from one season are also applied to another season, and results are compared against those derived using the season’s own parameters. Appreciable seasonal differences are observed for the U.S. region, while there are no significant differences between using individual seasonal calibration and the all-season calibration for the other regions. However, using one season’s parameter set to retrieve rainfall for another season is associated with increased uncertainty. It is also shown that the performance of the retrieval varies by season.
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Wang, Xianyan, Fuxing Wu, Samuel T. Turvey, Massimiliano Rosso, and Qian Zhu. "Seasonal group characteristics and occurrence patterns of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in Xiamen Bay, Fujian Province, China." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 4 (January 21, 2016): 1026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyw002.
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Abstract Monthly field surveys were conducted between August 2010 and July 2015 to explore seasonal group characteristics and occurrence patterns of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in Xiamen Bay, China. Dolphins formed larger groups in winter and spring (dry seasons) than in summer and autumn (wet seasons; U = 1,564.00, P < 0.001). Sighting encounter rates were higher during the wet season than during the dry season (U = 181.00, P < 0.001), while individual encounter rates were not significantly different between seasons (F = 0.494, d.f. = 3, P = 0.688). Dolphin sightings and the foraging events were mainly found in inner harbors (Western Harbour and Tongan Bay) during the dry seasons and in peripheral areas (Jiulong River Estuary, Wuyu, and Dadeng-Xiaodeng) during the wet seasons. Seasonal occurrence patterns may be associated with the seasonal prey shifts between these different environments.
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Otani, Naruhito, Kazuhiko Nakajima, Kaori Ishikawa, Kaoru Ichiki, Yoshiko Yoda, Takashi Ueda, Yoshio Takesue, et al. "Comparison of the Hemagglutination Inhibition Titers against Influenza Vaccine Strains in Japan from the 2017/2018 to 2021/2022 Seasons Using a Single Set of Serum Samples." Viruses 14, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071455.
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In Japan, inactivated influenza vaccines are used. We measured titers of antibodies to vaccine strains of three influenza types—influenza A (H1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B/Victoria—from the 2017/2018 to 2021/2022 seasons, but not for influenza A (H3N2) from the 2018/2019 season, using a single set of serum samples from 34 healthy volunteers, and assessed the consistency in antibody positivity between seasons. The antibody titers in the 2017/2018 season were used as a reference. The influenza A (H1N1) antibody titer in 2019/2020 did not differ significantly from that in the 2017/2018 season, but the titers varied in the two subsequent seasons. The influenza A (H3N2) antibody titers toward the 2019/2020, 2020/2021, and 2021/2022 seasonal viruses differed significantly from that in the 2017/2018 season. The influenza B/Victoria antibody titer toward the 2019/2020 seasonal antigen differed from that in the 2017/2018 season, and the antibody positivity was inconsistent between seasons; however, the antibody titer in the 2020/2021 season did not differ significantly from those in the prior two seasons, and the antibody positivity was consistent between seasons. Antibody titers and their consistency can be used to evaluate cross-immunity of antibodies.
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Angermeier, Vitus. "Seasons in Ancient Indian Medicine." History of Science in South Asia 10 (October 12, 2022): 247–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18732/hssa89.
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Most notions of the seasons in works of ancient Indian medicine list frost, spring, summer, rainy season, autumn and winter as the particular times of the year. However, in some contexts, the hibernal season frost (śiśira) is left out and replaced by a second rainy season, called beginning of the rain (prāvṛṣ) and placed between summer and the actual rainy season. In this paper, I firstly introduce the concept of the seasons and the division of the year into two halves. Secondly, I examine the dichotomy of two seasonal schemes inside one scientific corpus, which varies regarding the included seasons. Concerning this matter, I follow the investigations of Francis Zimmermann in order to prove that the two schemes are utilized both intentionally and systematically in specific contexts. The two seasonal schemes serve diverse cases, being of use for the physician in different aspects of his work.
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RAMACHANDRAN, V. S., and N. M. MURALI. "On the relationship between milk yield and climatic factors." MAUSAM 43, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v43i2.3388.
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Statistical analysis was carried out between seasonal milk yield and some of the derived climatic variables at a semi-arid tropical locality in Bangalore. The study revealed that the milk yields varied from the highest (9, 3 lit/cow/day) in summer season to the lowest (8, 5 lit/cow/day) in winter season and almost the same in both the monsoon season (8, 7 and 8, 5 lit/cow/day during southwest and northeast monsoon seasons). It was envisaged that the climatic components like wind chill index had negative effect while wetness index and photo-thermal heat units had both positive (summer and winter seasons) and negative (two monsoon seasons) influences on seasonal milk yields.
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Piotrowska, Krystyna, and Agnieszka Kubik-Komar. "A comparative analysis of Poaceae pollen seasons in Lublin (Poland)." Acta Agrobotanica 65, no. 4 (2012): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2012.020.
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The aim of the present study was to compare the dynamics of grass pollen seasons and to assess whether the method of grouping pollen seasons and years with similar weather conditions would apply to the same groups. On the basis of Spearman's correlation test between pollen counts and weather parameters during the pollen season, the strongest positive correlation was found with temperature and air humidity. The pollen seasons greatly varied in terms of air humidity, rainfall, and cloud cover, whereas temperature variations were small. The seasons in 2004 (very cold) and in 2010 (very warm) are exceptions. As a result of cluster analysis, three groups of seasons were distinguished. The grouping of seasons by using various criteria produced different groups of pollen seasons. No strong direct relationship was found between the mean values of the seasonal meteorological factors analysed and groups of seasons. PCA analysis can be used for quick and easy interpretation of weather characteristics of a particular season and to compare it with other seasons.
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Nguyen, Minh Hai, Sylvain Ouillon, and Duy Vinh Vu. "Seasonal variation of suspended sediment and its relationship with turbidity in Cam - Nam Trieu estuary, Hai Phong (Vietnam)." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/16076.
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We analyzed the seasonal variation of suspended sediment and its relationship with Turbidity in Cam - Nam Trieu estuary based on data measured during three different seasons: Early wet season (May 2015), wet season (September 2015) and dry season (January 2016). The results highlighted the seasonal variation of suspended particle matter (SPM) concentrations with river flow. The average SPM concentration was highest during the dry season, with 62.95 mg/L. They were not significantly different between the early wet and wet seasons, with 59.65 mg/L and 50.94 mg/L, respectively. This study also demonstrated a strong dependence between SPM and Turbidity in the study area. The coefficients of determination varied from 0.867 to 0.971 (linear relationship), and from 0.95 to 0.991 (proportional relationship). Therefore, turbidity can be used to estimate SPM concentration. However, this relationship changed markedly with the seasons, and hence when determining SPM concentration, seasonal factors must be considered.
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Misra, Vasubandhu, Amit Bhardwaj, and Ryne Noska. "Understanding the Variations of the Length and the Seasonal Rainfall Anomalies of the Indian Summer Monsoon." Journal of Climate 30, no. 5 (February 15, 2017): 1753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0501.1.
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Abstract The canonical relationship between the length and the total seasonal rainfall anomalies of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is the association of the longer (shorter) season with wetter (drier) seasonal rainfall anomalies. This study shows that such canonical behavior is clearly associated with relatively strong ENSO SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that appear in the boreal summer and fall seasons. The noncanonical relationship is caused by a longer (shorter) season associated with drier (wetter) ISM seasonal rainfall anomalies. A majority of these noncanonical seasons, with anomalously short season length but anomalously high seasonal mean rain, tend to occur under relatively weak La Niña forcing during the boreal summer season. Although the onset of such seasons occurs through canonical ENSO forcing of a large-scale meridional temperature gradient, the demise is dictated by the depletion of moist static energy from the underlying cooling of the upper ocean in the northern Indian Ocean. This is due to stronger meridional Ekman ocean heat transport forced by the stronger low-level atmospheric southwesterlies than those in the corresponding canonical wet ISM season.
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Oguntunji, A. O., O. A. Oladejo, and K. L. Ayorinde. "Seasonal variation in egg production and mortality of Muscovy ducks (Cairina Moschata)." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 31, no. 2 (2015): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1502181o.
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Seasonal variation is one of the principal non-genetic factors influencing performance of poultry in tropical environment. This study was conducted to investigate influence of seasonal variation on egg production and incidence of mortality in intensively-reared non-descript Muscovy ducks in Nigeria. Egg production and incidence of mortality in sixty two (62) female Muscovy ducks was studied in a 12-month trial divided into two major seasons: wet (April - September) and dry (October - March) and four sub-seasons: early rainy season (April - June), late rainy season (July - September), early dry season (October - December) and late dry season (January - March). Student?s t-test and Completely Randomized Design was used to analyse seasonal and sub-seasonal effect on performance, respectively. Season and sub-season significantly (P < 0.05) affected egg production; higher egg production was recorded in wet season compared with dry season (16.18% vs. 1.32%). Among sub-seasons, highest egg production was recorded in late rainy season (20.92%) while the least (0.00%) was obtained in late dry season. Conversely, there was no significant (P > 0.05) effect of season and sub-season on mortality. It is evident that seasonal variation had no effect on incidence of mortality but significantly affected egg production of Muscovy duck and the adverse effect is more pronounced in dry season most especially in late dry season.
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Geng, Dehui Christina, John L. Innes, Wanli Wu, Weiwei Wang, and Guangyu Wang. "Seasonal Variation in Visitor Satisfaction and Its Management Implications in Banff National Park." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041681.
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Seasonal variations in tourist satisfaction is an important issue for the sustainable management of national parks worldwide. Visitors should have high-quality experiences in both the high season and the off-season. This research investigated visitor satisfaction patterns and determinants in Banff National Park in different seasons. The study was conducted through a face-to-face questionnaire survey that collected visitor demographic, expectation and satisfaction data in July 2019 (high season) and December 2019 (off-season) in Banff National Park. The data analyses were based on a sample of 741 respondents and were processed using principal component analysis, correlation analysis and logistic regression models for different seasons. There were significant differences in visitor satisfaction levels and their determinants in different seasons. The quality of the park’s natural characteristics and the park’s activities were the most important determinant of visitor satisfaction in the high season and off-season, respectively. The correlation between visitor satisfaction and expectations in the high season was generally negative, whereas all correlations in the off-season were positive. The results fill a knowledge gap by examining the seasonal differences in visitor experience and their determinants in the national park, and by building a bridge between visitor experience and tourism seasonality. The findings may assist both practitioners and scholars in understanding visitor expectations and satisfaction in different seasons. They may assist in the prioritization and effective management of the park to optimize the visitor experience in both seasons and achieve tourism sustainability.
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PITCHAIKANI, Selvin J., and A. P. LIPTON. "A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Approach to Seasonal and Zooplankton Diversity Relationships in Fishing Grounds of Mannar Gulf, India." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb929952.
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Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique used to emphasize variation and bring out strong patterns in a dataset. It is often used to make data easy to explore and visualize. The primary objective of the present study was to record information of zooplankton diversity in a systematic way and to study the variability and relationships among seasons prevailed in Gulf of Mannar. The PCA for the zooplankton seasonal diversity was investigated using the four seasonal datasets to understand the statistical significance among the four seasons. Two different principal components (PC) were segregated in all the seasons homogeneously. PCA analyses revealed that Temora turbinata is an opportunistic species and zooplankton diversity was significantly different from season to season and principally, the zooplankton abundance and its dynamics in Gulf of Mannar is structured by seasonal current patterns. The factor loadings of zooplankton for different seasons in Tiruchendur coastal water (GOM) is different compared with the Southwest coast of India; particularly, routine and opportunistic species were found within the positive and negative factors. The copepods Acrocalanus gracilis and Acartia erythrea were dominant in summer and Southwest monsoon due to the rainfall and freshwater discharge during the summer season; however, these species were replaced by Temora turbinata during Northeast monsoon season.
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Iqbal, A. Muhammed, Kattany Vidyasagaran, and P. Narayan Ganesh. "Diversity and seasonality of polypore fungi in the moist deciduous forests of Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 12 (October 26, 2016): 9434. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2567.8.12.9434-9442.
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The objective of present study was to understand the diversity, distribution and seasonality of polypore fungi in the moist deciduous forests of Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary in three different seasons. Results obtained showed that density and frequency of occurrence have been varied significantly during different seasons and the community structure and species composition during monsoon and post monsoon seasons were distinct from pre-monsoon season. Fomitopsis feei with higher abundance values dominated the moist deciduous forests during monsoon season (17.72) and post-monsoon season (13.79). During pre-monsoon season, Daedalea flavida was the dominant species with abundance value of 10.93. The above fungi were predominant during all the seasons due to their high ecological amplitude. Fungal diversity analysis showed that species richness was higher during monsoon season and revealed the influence of seasonal variation on fungal diversity. The high species similarity was observed between monsoon and post monsoon season compared to pre-monsoon and monsoon.
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H.O, Nwankwoala,, Peterside, A.N, and Hart, A.I. "CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROFILES AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTHERN IJAW, BAYELSA STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA." Engineering Heritage Journal 7, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gwk.01.2023.60.71.
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This study examined the concentration levels of physico-chemical profiles of groundwater quality of communities in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The seasonal variation of groundwater quality were evaluated. Fifteen (15) communities within the LGA were selected and groundwater from hand-dug well (HDW-15samples) and borehole (BH-15samples) was sourced during the wet season (July) and dry season (March) and analyzed for seasonal variations. The difference in the mean of the parameters investigated during the dry and wet season revealed the difference in concentration level as influenced by the season attributes. The HDW showed a very strong correlation in wet and dry season physicochemical properties as well as no significant difference in the physicochemical properties of groundwater at both seasons. Also, the results of borehole water sample showed a very strong correlation in wet and dry season physic-chemical properties with no significant difference in the physicochemical properties of water at both seasons. There are similarities in various natural and anthropogenic activities influencing the concentrations during both wet and dry seasons. The mean values of parameters such as pH, TDS, TSS, Bicarbonate, Cl, SO34, NO2, Ca, Mg, K and P are within the permissible limit of WHO and NSDWQ during both seasons except TC.
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Myszkowska, Dorota, Katarzyna Piotrowicz, Monika Ziemianin, Kazimiera Chłopek, Katarzyna Dąbrowska-Zapart, Idalia Kasprzyk, Łukasz Grewling, et al. "Grass pollen seasons in Poland against a background of the meteorological conditions." Acta Agrobotanica 68, no. 4 (2015): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.038.
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The paper refers to the estimation of Poaceae pollen seasons in Poland in selected areas. The aim of the study was to present the long-term variability of the start, end and duration of grass pollen seasons and the seasonal pollen index (SPI) in Poland against a background of the meteorological conditions over pollen seasons. The study was performed in eight Polish cities in 1992–2014 (the common seasons were 2003–2012). Pollen season start was relatively stable in the studied period, the seasons began about the 10th of May, a bit earlier in the south part of Poland. Pollen season ends were more changeable in comparison to the season start and fluctuated from the middle of July to the middle of September. SPI clearly depended on temperature and precipitation in April–August. Daily maximum pollen concentrations were achieved between the end of May and the first decade of July and no evident relationship between this day and weather conditions was found, apart from 2004.
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Sumarno, Sumarno, and Entis Sutisna. "IDENTIFICATION OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES SUITABLE FOR DRY SEASON AND WET SEASON PLANTING." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 1 (July 8, 2013): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v11n1.2010.24-31.
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Rice planting on dry and wet seasons faces a specific climatological characteristic, which affects directly on rice growth and yield. Fifteen rice genotypes were evaluated for their seasonal planting adaptation at Sukamandi Experimental Station, Subang, West Java, during the dry and wet seasons of 2009-2010.<br />Randomized complete block design with three replications was applied on the experiment. Plot size was 4 m x 6 m and plant spacing was 20 cm x 20 cm. Standard agronomic practices were applied on both planting season experiments. Data were collected for major morphological traits, days to grain maturity and grain yield, measured on wet and dry basis (11% moisture content). Data were analysed for analyses of variance for each season and for combined seasons, and mean values separation of the variable used the 5% Duncan Multiple Range Test. Correlation between grain yields and morphological variable data were computed for each season and for combined seasons. The correlation coefficients of variables and grain yield were partitioned into direct and indirect causes using path analyses. Combined analyses of variances indicated significant effects of genotypes, seasons and genotypes x seasons interaction for almost all variables, including grain yields, suggesting there were seasonal adaptation specificity among genotypes. Five genotypes were identified as suitable for dry season planting, and nine<br />genotypes as suitable for wet season planting. Among those genotypes, three genotypes, namely Mekongga, Inpari-10 and OM 5240 were suitable for both dry and wet season planting. Ciherang and Cigeulis varieties were more suitable for dry season, while Cibogo, Inpari-1, Inpari-3, Inpari-5, and Inpari-8 were more suitable for wet season planting. Adopting the most productive rice varieties for planting on dry or wet season as was suggested on this research should increase rice production substantially. To facilitate the availability of varieties adapted<br />for a specific planting season, rice breeding should purposedly apply a directional selection of lines suitable for specific planting season, starting on the early generation of selection. <br />
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Sumarno, Sumarno, and Entis Sutisna. "IDENTIFICATION OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES SUITABLE FOR DRY SEASON AND WET SEASON PLANTING." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 1 (July 8, 2013): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v11n1.2010.p24-31.
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Rice planting on dry and wet seasons faces a specific climatological characteristic, which affects directly on rice growth and yield. Fifteen rice genotypes were evaluated for their seasonal planting adaptation at Sukamandi Experimental Station, Subang, West Java, during the dry and wet seasons of 2009-2010. Randomized complete block design with three replications was applied on the experiment. Plot size was 4 m x 6 m and plant spacing was 20 cm x 20 cm. Standard agronomic practices were applied on both planting season experiments. Data were collected for major morphological traits, days to grain maturity and grain yield, measured on wet and dry basis (11% moisture content). Data were analysed for analyses of variance for each season and for combined seasons, and mean values separation of the variable used the 5% Duncan Multiple Range Test. Correlation between grain yields and morphological variable data were computed for each season and for combined seasons. The correlation coefficients of variables and grain yield were partitioned into direct and indirect causes using path analyses. Combined analyses of variances indicated significant effects of genotypes, seasons and genotypes x seasons interaction for almost all variables, including grain yields, suggesting there were seasonal adaptation specificity among genotypes. Five genotypes were identified as suitable for dry season planting, and nine genotypes as suitable for wet season planting. Among those genotypes, three genotypes, namely Mekongga, Inpari-10 and OM 5240 were suitable for both dry and wet season planting. Ciherang and Cigeulis varieties were more suitable for dry season, while Cibogo, Inpari-1, Inpari-3, Inpari-5, and Inpari-8 were more suitable for wet season planting. Adopting the most productive rice varieties for planting on dry or wet season as was suggested on this research should increase rice production substantially. To facilitate the availability of varieties adapted for a specific planting season, rice breeding should purposedly apply a directional selection of lines suitable for specific planting season, starting on the early generation of selection.
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Innocent Masiala Mabiala, Séraphyn Ifuta Ndey, and Julien Punga Kumanenge. "Temporal fluctuation of gorilla social behavior de grauer: Gorilla beringei graueri (primate, hominidae) at national park of Kahuzi-Biega, democratic republic of Congo." International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijsru.2022.4.2.0125.
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The objective of this study was to assess the temporal and seasonal fluctuation of the daily activities of the Chimanuka family gorillas at high altitude in the Tshivanga station in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park and their implications for the success of tourist visits. We used the methods of reconnaissance walks, direct observation, scanning and focal animal. The activities studied are: feeding on the ground, feeding at height, moving for food research, changing habitats, family rest and agonistic interactions resulting in fights between two dominant males from different families. These appear in both seasons. Comparing the two seasons (rainy and dry), ground feeding is more frequent in the rainy season than in the dry season. Feeding at height is observed especially in the dry season. Travel for food research is more noticeable in the dry season and family rest is observed more in the rainy season. Habitat change and agonistic interactions are more frequent in the dry season. Consideration of temporal and seasonal fluctuations in gorilla social behavior is recommended to guide visitors through the park with the seasons in mind.
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Jesuyon, O. M. A., and S. O. Oseni. "Seasonal sensitivity of genotypes in the humid tropics and its application to chicken breeding." Archives Animal Breeding 58, no. 2 (July 14, 2015): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-58-261-2015.
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Abstract. The study was aimed at elucidating the effect of seasons, namely the early wet (EW), late wet (LW), early dry (ED) and late dry (LD) seasons, on genotype sensitivity, its magnitude and application for selection and management of chickens of Bovan Nera (BN) and ISA Brown (IB) origins. Breeding and hatching records from 1999 to 2008 were collected from CHI (Ajanla) Farms and hatchery records, Ibadan, Nigeria. Cock weight (CW), hen weight (HW), hen-house egg production (HHP), egg weight (EW), fertility of egg set (FES) and pullet day-old chicks (PDC) hatched were examined. ANOVA revealed that there was significant (P < 0.05) genotype × season interaction effect. This interaction was observed between genotypic values when compared between seasons within parameters. Within-season sensitivity parameters indicated that BN was more sensitive than IB in HW and FES for all seasons. In ED and LD seasons, sensitivity values were inconsistent in pattern with output levels of FES, HES and PDC hatched because of interaction between genotypes and seasons. Within the LW season, all sensitivity indices for genotypes were consistent in magnitude with productive and reproductive values. Therefore, a genotype's seasonal sensitivity indices could be utilized for direct antagonistic selection in LW season between genotypes in humid tropics.
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Pereira, Poliana Silvestre, Abraão Almeida Santos, Luciane Rodrigues Noleto, Juliana Lopes dos Santos, Mayara Moledo Picanço, Allana Grecco Guedes, Gil Rodrigues dos Santos, Marcelo Coutinho Picanço, and Renato Almeida Sarmento. "Seasonal Analysis of Yield and Loss Factors in Bt Soybean Crops in North Brazil." Sustainability 16, no. 3 (January 25, 2024): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031036.
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Tropical crops face significant challenges from abiotic and biotic stressors, resulting in substantial losses. This study aimed to assess the yield and losses in Bt soybean crops in Tocantins state, northern Brazil, during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons. We monitored and estimated yield losses and their contributing factors in commercial fields, spanning dry and rainy seasons, from planting to harvest. Our findings revealed that crop yields remained consistent between the dry season (4349.85 kg/ha) and the rainy season (4206.51 kg/ha). Similarly, the overall yield loss showed no significant variation between seasons, with values of 902.86 kg/ha (dry) and 1007.92 kg/ha (rainy). Nevertheless, the factors contributing to these losses exhibited season-dependent variations. We observed higher plant mortality rates during the dry season, whereas insects (particularly stink bugs) and fungi were the primary contributors to grain yield losses during the rainy season. Conversely, losses due to flower abortion and pod malformation remained relatively consistent between the two seasons. Our study underscores the increase in soybean yield in one of Brazil’s agricultural frontiers. While overall yield and losses remained stable between dry and rainy seasons, the distinct seasonal patterns influencing yield losses call for nuanced and season-specific strategies in sustainable crop management.
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DAS, LIPON CHANDRA, and ZHIHUA ZHANG. "ANNUAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE EXTREMES AND RAINFALL IN BANGLADESH, 1989–2018." International Journal of Big Data Mining for Global Warming 03, no. 01 (June 2021): 2150004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2630534821500042.
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Based on temperature and rainfall recorded at 34 meteorological stations in Bangladesh during 1989–2018, the trends of yearly average maximum and minimum temperatures have been found to be increasing at the rates of 0.025∘C and 0.018∘C per year. Analysis of seasonal average maximum temperature showed increasing trend for all seasons except the late autumn season. The increasing trend was particularly significant for summer, rainy and autumn seasons. Seasonal average minimum temperature data also showed increasing trends for all seasons. The trend of yearly average rainfall has been found to be decreasing at a rate of 0.014[Formula: see text]mm per year in the same period; especially, for most of the meteorological stations the rainfall demonstrates an increasing trend for rainy season and a decreasing trend in the winter season. It means that in Bangladesh dry periods became drier and wet periods became wetter.
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Syeda, JA. "Trend and Variability Analysis for Forecasting of Temperature in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 1 (August 7, 2012): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11589.
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An attempt was made to investigate the trend and variability pattern for decadal, annual and seasonal (three crop seasons) average dry bulb temperature (ADBT) for the six divisional stations of Bangladesh namely Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal, Sylhet and Chittagong. The monthly ADBT for 2009-2012 is forecasted using the univariate Box-Jenkins ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) modelling technique. The rates of linear trend for annual average dry bulb temperature (ADBT) were found negative for Rajshahi and Barisal but positive for Dhaka, Khulna, Sylhet and Chittagong. The rates for Seasonal ADBT were positive for all the three seasons for Dhaka and Chittagong, but negative for all the three seasons for Barisal while positive for Kharif and Rabi seasons and negative for Prekharif seasons for Khulna and Sylhet. The rates were positive for Kharif season but negative for Prekharif and Rabi seasons for Rajshahi. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11589 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(1): 243-252, 2012
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Liu, Yang, Ze Ren, Xiaodong Qu, Min Zhang, Yang Yu, and Wenqi Peng. "Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation and Concomitant Change of Nutrients Shift Microeukaryotic Communities in a Shallow Lake." Water 12, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092317.
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Seasonal water level fluctuations (WLFs) impose dramatic influences on lake ecosystems. The influences of WLFs have been well studied for many lake biotas but the microeukaryotic community remains one of the least-explored features. This study employed high-throughput 18S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of microeukaryotic communities in the dry and wet seasons with concomitant change of nutrients in Poyang Lake, which experiences huge seasonal WLFs. The results showed that the dry season and wet season had distinct microeukaryotic community compositions and structures. In the dry season, Ciliophora (13.86–40.98%) and Cryptomonas (3.69–18.64%) were the dominant taxa, and the relative abundance of these taxa were significant higher in the dry season than wet season. Ochrophyta (6.88–45.67%) and Chlorophyta (6.31–22.10%) was the dominant taxa of microeukaryotic communities in the wet season. The seasonal variation of microeukaryotic communities was strongly correlated to seasonal nutrient variations. Microeukaryotic communities responded significantly to dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate, and soluble reactive phosphorus in the dry season, and correlated to nitrate and total phosphorus in the wet season. The microeukaryotic community showed different modular structures in two seasons, and nutrient variations were the key factors influencing seasonal variations of the modular structures. Moreover, microeukaryotic community networks based on different seasons indicated that the microeukaryotic community co-occurrence patterns were not constant but varied largely associating with the nitrogen and phosphorus variations under the effects of WLFs. Our results are important for understanding how microeukaryotic communities respond to nutrient variation under seasonal water level fluctuation.
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Williams, CK. "Water Physiology and Nutrition in Fluctuating Populations of Rattus-Colletti in Monsoonal Northern-Territory, Australia." Wildlife Research 14, no. 4 (1987): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870443.
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During wet and dry seasons and transitions of the monsoonal cycle, rates of water turnover and nutritional variables were measured on a population of Rattus colletti which fluctuated between extremes of high and low abundance. Rate of water turnover (RWT in millilitres per day) and body weight ( W, in kilograms) were related allometrically: RWT = aW*O.742 � 0.061, where a varied between seasons and sexes. Seasonal rates of water turnover were consistent with physiological adaptation in R. colletti to seasonal aridity. Rate of water turnover correlated with seasonal hydric regime, varying by a factor of 3.5 between dry and wet seasons. During the wet season, low body weight and lack of breeding seemed to be caused by flooding and its physical and social consequences. During dry season aridity the rats were short of food and water, but not in a dry season when rain fell and breeding ensued. Reproduction increased requirements for food and water in both sexes. Juveniles had relatively high requirements, and shortages appeared to retard growth. Very large populations resulted from prolific breeding after dry season rain had sustained high consumption of food and water on the riverine plains, the dry season habitat. Population decline resulted from very high wet season rainfall followed by a rainless dry season when food and water intakes were depressed, probably because the previous rainfall pattern reduced the availability of sedge corms, the dry season source of food and water. This climatic pattern recurred in the next wet and dry seasons, reinforcing the effects on R, colletti, which became rare for several years on both riverine systems studied.
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Green, Ekine Emmanuel, and Ezenwaka Chinonye Oluchi. "Influence of Seasonal Variations on Population Dynamics of Phyto-Parasitic Nematodes in Soil and Roots of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Otari, Rivers State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Biology 20, no. 3 (February 19, 2024): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i3392.
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Weather instability affects nematode proliferation in soil, affecting plant growth. Identifying endemic species and favourable seasons can guide farmers in cultivating crops during specific seasons, minimizing infections and improving yield. A survey to evaluate the influence of seasonal disparity on plant parasitic nematodes population in soil and roots of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was carried out during dry and rainy seasons in Otari, Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Five bell pepper cultivated fields were randomly selected and a total of 300 soil samples were collected and assayed for soil nematodes. The soil samples were collected using a soil auger at 0-15 cm depth, and roots were collected by the use of sterilized kitchen knife simultaneously for the isolation of nematode. The modified sieve plate method was employed for the extraction of nematodes. Nematode identification was carried out using a pictorial key. A total of 2,220 nematodes from 11 genera were reported in this study, among which 1,290 (58.1%) were recovered during the rainy season while the dry season showed 930 (41.9%) nematodes. Nematode population vary significantly between seasons in soil (P = .13) and roots of bell pepper (P = 3.90), with Heterodera species having higher density (1.44 and 1.03) during the rainy and dry seasons respectively in the soil. High density of Meloidogyne (0.97) was recorded during the rainy season and Radopholus spp (1.40) during the dry season in the root of bell pepper plant. The study showed that seasonal variations impacted on nematode population abundance in fields, establishing that nematodes are responsive to every unsteady condition of the soil environment resulting from seasonal disparity, and only species who adapt rapidly survive. Farmers should increase crop cultivation during the rainy season to boost yield, as nematodes population decline as rainfall increases.
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Rao, G. M. Narasimha, Prasanna Lakshmi K, and R. Raja Sree. "Studies on Seasonality of Marine Algae at Appikonda, Visakhapatnam District, East Coast of India." Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 11, no. 08 (August 4, 2023): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2023.v11i08.001.
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Seasonal studies on marine macro algae present along the coastal regions of Appikonda near Steel plant of Visakhapatnam was studied for a period one year during 2017 to 2018. Quadrant studies were conducted for three seasons such as winter, summer and monsoon, identified 24 macro algal forms in all three seasons of the year. Maximum number of species were recorded during winter season and minimum number of species were recorded in summer season during period of the investigation. Species of Ulva, Caulerpa, Cladophora, Chaetomorpha, Spongomorpha, Gracilaria, Gratelophia, Amphiroa, Jania, Gelidiopsis and Gelidium were present in all seasons along the intertidal habitats of the study area.
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Chanu, Chongtham Memtombi. "Hatching Success and Egg Size of Anisops Sardeus Herrich-Schaeffer (Heteroptera: Notonectidae): A Seasonal Study." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 12221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.12221ecst.
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Variations in hatching success rate and sizes of eggs of A. sardeus were assessed in different seasons. Percent of egg hatched during the monsoon season (28.95±0.31oC) was higher, about 45.20, 29.26, 19.89% than those in the winter (26.97±2.40oC), post-monsoon (25.92±1.06oC), and pre-monsoon (20.08±1.68oC) seasons, respectively. On contrary, the length and width of the eggs during the monsoon season (1.56±0.08 and 0.58±0.06 mm, respectively) was smaller than those in the winter (1.81±0.06 and 0.79±0.05 mm, respectively), post-monsoon (1.62±0.04 and 0.64±0.05 mm, respectively) and pre-monsoon (1.74±0.10 and 0.70±0.04 mm, respectively) seasons. The variation in the percent of egg hatched and egg sizes among the different seasons was statistically significant. Further, seasonal variation in the relative abundance of the nymphs of A. sardeus in the field was corresponded with the pattern of hatching success in different seasons in the laboratory.
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Okpe, Godwin Chidozie, and Anietie Francis Udoumoh. "Effect of season on structural composition of drake testes and daily spermatozoa production as determined by quantitative testicular histology." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 72, no. 10 (2016): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5572.
Full textAbstract:
Seasonal effects on the structural features of drake testes and daily spermatozoa production were investigated by a light microscopy technique, as well as morphometric and quantitative histological procedures. The present study is aimed at understanding the effects of different seasons on the reproductive potential of drakes. The results showed that the volume of the testes occupied by seminiferous tubules was similar (P>0.05) in all the seasons studied. However, the relative percentage of the primary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, epithelial height, lumen diameter, and Leydig cells were significantly higher (p<0.05) during the early and late rainy seasons compared to the early and late dry seasons. The daily sperm production per testis in the early rainy season, late rainy season, early dry season, and late dry season were 0.86 × 109± 1.30, 0.84 × 109± 1.20, 0.54 × 109± 1.13 and 0.52 × 109± 1.17, respectively. The daily sperm productions per testis and per gram of testes were significantly higher (p<0.05) during the early rainy season compared to the early and late dry seasons, respectively. All the micrographs examined, showed evidence of normal spermatogenesis throughout the year. The findings in the present study indicate that drakes in the tropical environment (south-eastern Nigeria) are capable of breeding throughout the year; however, sperm production efficiency is optimal during the early rainy season.
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Hua, Xia, Huiming Huang, Yigang Wang, Xiao Yu, Kun Zhao, and Dake Chen. "Seasonal Estuarine Turbidity Maximum under Strong Tidal Dynamics: Three-Year Observations in the Changjiang River Estuary." Water 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071854.
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The estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) under strong tidal dynamics (during spring tides) was investigated along the Deepwater Navigation Channel (DNC) in the North Passage (NP) of the Changjiang River Estuary (CRE) in wet and dry seasons of 2016, 2017 and 2018. The observed water current, salinity, stratification and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were illustrated and analyzed. Results show that the SSC was lower in wet seasons than dry seasons in 2016 and 2017 because of the weak influence of typhoons before observations in wet seasons. On the contrary, the SSC was higher in the wet season than the dry season in 2018 because of the strong influence of typhoons in the wet season. Our observations challenged the common perspective that SSC in the NP is higher in wet seasons than dry seasons, because the magnitudes of SSC were found to be easily influenced by strong winds before observations. The along-channel distribution of high SSC was determined by the location of salt wedge, and consequently, the ETM was further upstream in dry seasons than wet seasons. The observed SSC was more concentrated in lower water layers in wet seasons (“exponential” profile) than dry seasons (“linear” profile). This seasonal difference of vertical SSC was related to the flocculation setting velocity influenced by temperature rather than the weak stratification during spring tides. Moreover, on the basis of the net water/sediment transport and flux splitting, large river discharge and a low-SSC condition could reduce siltation in the middle DNC. The former vanished the convergence of water transport, and the latter reduced landward tidal pumping sediment transport. Sediment trapping and siltation in the dry seasons occurred in the seaward segment of the upper reach because of the decrease in the river discharge.
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Msigwa, Anna, Hans C. Komakech, Boud Verbeiren, Elga Salvadore, Tim Hessels, Imeshi Weerasinghe, and Ann van Griensven. "Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals." Water 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2019): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122471.
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The assessment of water withdrawals for irrigation is essential for managing water resources in cultivated tropical catchments. These water withdrawals vary seasonally, driven by wet and dry seasons. A land use map is one of the required inputs of hydrological models used to estimate water withdrawals in a catchment. However, land use maps provide typically static information and do not represent the hydrological seasons and related cropping seasons and practices throughout the year. Therefore, this study assesses the value of seasonal land use maps in the quantification of water withdrawals for a tropical cultivated catchment. We developed land use maps for the main seasons (long rains, dry, and short rains) for the semi-arid Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania. Three Landsat 8 images from 2016 were used to develop seasonal land use land cover (LULC) maps: March (long rains), August (dry season), and October (short rains). Quantitative and qualitative observation data on cropping systems (reference points and questionnaires/surveys) were collected and used for the supervised classification algorithm. Land use classifications were done using 20 land use and land cover classes for the wet season image and 19 classes for the dry and short rain season images. Water withdrawals for irrigated agriculture were calculated using (1) the static land use map or (2) the three seasonal land use maps. Clear differences in land use can be seen between the dry and the other seasons and between rain-fed and irrigated areas. A difference in water withdrawals was observed when seasonal and static land use maps were used. The highest differences were obtained for irrigated mixed crops, with an estimation of 572 million m3/year when seasonal dynamic maps were used and only 90 million m3/year when a static map was used. This study concludes that detailed seasonal land use maps are essential for quantifying annual irrigation water use of catchment areas with distinct dry and wet seasonal dynamics.
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Shrestha, Govinda, and Shiva Kumar Rai. "Algal flora of Rajarani Lake, Dhankuta and their seasonal distribution." Our Nature 15, no. 1-2 (December 25, 2017): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v15i1-2.18793.
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In this paper, a total 46 algae belonging to 34 genera and 3 classes (Chlorophyceae 54%, Bacillariophyceae 28%, Cyanophyceae 18%) have been reported from Rajarani Lake, Dhankuta, Nepal. Among these, 13 algae were reported as new to the country. Genera Ankistrodesmus, Closterium, and Desmodesmus had maximum number of species whereas 25 genera were represented by single species. Seasonal variation of algae showed that there was changing number and type of algae with physicochemical parameters in different seasons. Cyanophycean algae Microcystis flos-aque was dominant and observed in all sites in every collection of winter, summer and rainy seasons, and followed by bacillariophyceaean algae i.e., Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima. The maximum number of algae was found in summer (59%) followed by winter (50%) and rainy (31%) seasons. There were 6 common algae found in all season’s viz. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima, Flagilaria tenera, Microcystis flos-aquae, Navicula radiosa and Oedogonium sp. Algae viz., Anabaena affinis, Cyclotella meneghiana, Pinnularia divergens, Pinnularia interrupta, Tetrastrum heteracanthum, and Ulothrix subtilissima were found only in winter season whereas, Aulacoseirsa granulata var. muzzanensis, Bolbochaete sp, Closterium striolatum, Cylindrospermum muscicola, Desmodesmus abundans, Desmodesmous quadricauda var.bicaudatus, Eunotia bilunaris, Gomphonema lacusrankaloides and Gomphonema pseudoaugur were observed only in summer. Similarly, Aphanocapsa pulchra, Oscillatoria sancta and Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum were reported only in rainy season.
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Anggadiredja, Jana Tjahjana. "Seaweed Diversity and Conservation on the Warambadi Seashore of Sumba Island: Substrata and Seasonal Phenomenon." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 18, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v18i2.2032.
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The interaction between species and species diversity with their growing habitats are essential in the conservation of species. This study deals with the diversity and conservation of seaweed (marine macro-algae) with the emphasis on substrata habitats (sandy and rocky shores) and seasonal conditions (rainy and dry seasons). The study was carried out on the Warambadi seashore of Sumba Island. The t-test analysis showed that the “species diversity index of algae” (H’) on both sandy and rocky substrata did not significantly different. The (H’) during both rainy and dry seasons on different substratum (sandy and rocky substrata) did not show any significant differences. The two-way anova analysis recorded that the (H’) and the number of algae species were not affected by the differences of both substrata and seasons, but it was significantly affected by the interaction between the types of substratum and season. The study also reported that the types of substrata and seasons affected the (H’) of Chlorophyceae but not by of their interaction, and the (H’) of Rhodophyceae was affected by the types of substratum and season but not by their interaction. Moreover, the types of substratum and season affected the (H’) of Phaeophycea, but their interaction did not affect such diversity index. Substrata and seasonal phenomenon also indicate that the types of substratum, season, and their interactions affected the number of species Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Phaeophyceae.Keywords: seaweed, diversity, conservation, substrata, season
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Bozigar, Matthew, Andrew B. Lawson, John L. Pearce, Erik R. Svendsen, and John E. Vena. "Using Bayesian time-stratified case-crossover models to examine associations between air pollution and “asthma seasons” in a low air pollution environment." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): e0260264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260264.
Full textAbstract:
Many areas of the United States have air pollution levels typically below Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory limits. Most health effects studies of air pollution use meteorological (e.g., warm/cool) or astronomical (e.g., solstice/equinox) definitions of seasons despite evidence suggesting temporally-misaligned intra-annual periods of relative asthma burden (i.e., “asthma seasons”). We introduce asthma seasons to elucidate whether air pollutants are associated with seasonal differences in asthma emergency department (ED) visits in a low air pollution environment. Within a Bayesian time-stratified case-crossover framework, we quantify seasonal associations between highly resolved estimates of six criteria air pollutants, two weather variables, and asthma ED visits among 66,092 children ages 5–19 living in South Carolina (SC) census tracts from 2005 to 2014. Results show that coarse particulates (particulate matter <10 μm and >2.5 μm: PM10-2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) may contribute to asthma ED visits across years, but are particularly implicated in the highest-burden fall asthma season. Fine particulate matter (<2.5 μm: PM2.5) is only associated in the lowest-burden summer asthma season. Relatively cool and dry conditions in the summer asthma season and increased temperatures in the spring and fall asthma seasons are associated with increased ED visit odds. Few significant associations in the medium-burden winter and medium-high-burden spring asthma seasons suggest other ED visit drivers (e.g., viral infections) for each, respectively. Across rural and urban areas characterized by generally low air pollution levels, there are acute health effects associated with particulate matter, but only in the summer and fall asthma seasons and differing by PM size.
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Matsuda, Ayako, Kei Asayama, Taku Obara, Naoto Yagi, and Takayoshi Ohkubo. "Epidemiological survey to establish thresholds for influenza among children in satellite cities of Tokyo, Japan, 2014–2018." Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 13, no. 3 (July 22, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2022.13.3.911.
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Objective: We described the characteristics of children reported as having influenza across five consecutive influenza seasons and investigated the usefulness of setting influenza thresholds in two satellite cities of Tokyo, Japan. Methods: An annual survey was conducted among parents of children at preschools (kindergartens and nursery schools), elementary schools and junior high schools in Toda and Warabi cities, Saitama prefecture, at the end of the 2014–2018 influenza seasons. Using the World Health Organization method, we established seasonal, high and alert thresholds. Results: There were 64 586 children included in the analysis. Over the five seasons, between 19.1% and 22% of children annually were reported as having tested positive for influenza. Influenza type A was reported as the dominant type, although type B was also reported in more than 40% of cases in the 2015 and 2017 seasons. The median period of the seasonal peak was 3 weeks in mid-January, regardless of school level. Of the five surveyed seasons, the high threshold was reached in 2014 and 2018, with no season exceeding the alert threshold. Discussion: This study provides insights into the circulation of influenza in children in the study areas of Toda and Warabi, Japan, from 2014 to 2018. Although we were able to utilize these annual surveys to calculate influenza thresholds from five consecutive seasons, the prospective usefulness of these thresholds is limited as the survey is conducted at the end of the influenza season.
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Anava, Avner, Michael Kam, Amiram Shkolnik, and A. Allan Degen. "Seasonal daily, daytime and night-time field metabolic rates in Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps)." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 22 (November 15, 2002): 3571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.22.3571.
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SUMMARY Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps; mean adult body mass=72.5 g) inhabit extreme deserts of Israel. Previous studies have shown that their daily field metabolic rates are similar in winter and summer and that there is an increase during the breeding season. We hypothesized that the difference in seasonal daily field metabolic rate would be a consequence of differences in daytime metabolic rate, and that night-time metabolic rate would be similar during the three seasons. We used doubly labelled water to determine daily,daytime and night-time field metabolic and water-influx rates in breeding babblers in spring and nonbreeding babblers in winter and summer. Daily and daytime energy expenditure rates were higher during the breeding season than during either summer or winter, but there was no difference among seasons in night-time energy expenditure rates. Thus, our hypothesis was supported. The daytime field metabolic rates in summer and winter nonbreeding babblers were 3.92× and 4.32× the resting metabolic rate (RMR),respectively, and in breeding babblers was 5.04× RMR, whereas the night-time field metabolic rates ranged between 1.26× RMR and 1.35× RMR in the three seasons. Daily and daytime water-influx rates were highest in winter, intermediate during the breeding season and lowest in summer, but there was no difference among seasons in night-time water-influx rate. Daytime water-influx rate was greater than night-time water-influx rate by 2.5-fold in summer, 3.9-fold in the breeding season and 6.75-fold in winter. Seasonal patterns of daily and daytime energy expenditure were similar, as were seasonal patterns of daily and daytime water influx. Daily and daytime energy expenditure and water-influx rates differed among seasons whereas night-time rates of both did not. Daily and daytime field metabolic rates of babblers were highest during the breeding season, whereas daily and daytime water-influx rates were highest in winter.
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Chauhan, V. P. S., and W. G. Hill. "Seasonal grouping in a herd-year-season model of sire evaluation." Animal Science 43, no. 1 (August 1986): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610001833x.
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ABSTRACTAnalyses of variance were conducted using two separate random sets of data (25 158 and 24 084 records) on first-lactation, milk-production records of progeny of 69 British Friesian-Holstein proven sires in order to examine the criteria of seasonal grouping for a sire-evaluation model fitting herd-year-season as a fixed effect. Five different seasonal groupings were chosen each comprising two or three seasons with equal or unequal number of months and with different trends in production within season.The smallest herd-year × month of calving within-season interaction, smallest residual variance, largest effective number of daughters and smallest among-months, within-season variation were considered to be the appropriate criteria of seasonal grouping. None of the groupings examined satisfied all criteria. However, a small herd-year × month within season interaction and all small within-season variation would be desirable if milk records were pre-corrected for the effect of month of calving in sire evaluation, and the effective number of daughters should be large. Given this the grouping currently used in Britain (three seasons: December to March, April to July and August to November) was considered to be appropriate, although a grouping with two seasons: February to July and August to January gave similar results. The regional differences in production were observed to be large, but the region × month-of-calving interaction was small.
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Tep, Bengthay, Yasuhiro Morita, Shuichi Matsuyama, Satoshi Ohkura, Naoko Inoue, Hiroko Tsukamura, Yoshihisa Uenoyama, and Vutha Pheng. "Seasonal changes in the reproductive performance in local cows receiving artificial insemination in the Pursat province of Cambodia." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0893.
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Objective: The present study aimed to survey seasonal changes in reproductive performance of local cows receiving artificial insemination (AI) in the Pursat province of Cambodia, a tropical country, to investigate if ambient conditions affect the reproductive performance of cows as to better understand the major problems regarding cattle production.Methods: The number of cows receiving AI, resultant number of calving, and calving rate were analyzed for those receiving the first AI from 2016 to 2017. The year was divided into three seasons: cool/dry (from November to February), hot/dry (from March to June), and wet (from July to October), based on the maximal temperature and rainfall in Pursat, to analyze the relationship between ambient conditions and the reproductive performance of cows. Body condition scores (BCS) and feeding schemes were also analyzed in these seasons.Results: The number of cows receiving AI was significantly higher in the cool/dry season than the wet season. The number of calving and calving rate were significantly higher in cows receiving AI in the cool/dry season compared with the hot/dry and wet seasons. The cows showed higher BCSs in the cool/dry season compared to the hot/dry and wet seasons probably due to the seasonal changes in the feeding schemes: these cows grazed on wild grasses in the cool/dry season but fed with a limited amount of grasses and straw in the hot/dry and wet seasons.Conclusion: The present study suggests that the low number of cows receiving AI, low number of calving, and low calving rate could be mainly due to poor body condition as a result of the poor feeding schemes during the hot/dry and wet seasons. The improvement of body condition by the refinement of feeding schemes may contribute to an increase in the reproductive performance in cows during the hot/dry and wet seasons in Cambodia.
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Kpordzro, R., J. K. Gbadago, A. B. Andam, O. K. Adukpo, F. Otoo, I. Opoku-Ntim, M. Abubakar, and E. Amoatey. "Assessment of Seasonal Radon Concentration in Dwellings and Soils in Selected Areas in Ga East, Greater Accra Region of Ghana." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (August 24, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6600919.
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Seasonal radon levels have been studied in dwellings and soils in selected areas in Ga East, Greater Accra Region of Ghana using LR-115-type II (SSNTDs). This study was conducted to determine the seasonal correlation between soil and dwelling radon concentrations. Detectors were exposed from January to March and April to June, for dry and wet seasons, respectively. Overall, indoor radon was 133.4 ± 6.7 Bqm−3 and 72.1 ± 3.6 Bqm −3 for wet and dry seasons. The estimated annual effective dose to the lung received by the occupants at Paraku Estate, Dome, and Kwabenya was 6.9 ± 0.4, 7.2 ± 0.5, and 9.8 ± 0.8 mSvy−1 for the wet season and 3.8 ± 0.2, 4.3 ± 0.2, and 4.6 ± 0.3 mSvy−1 for the dry season. On average, the soil radon concentration was found to be 0.96 ± 0.07 kBqm−3 and 2.24 ± 0.01 kBqm−3 for wet and dry seasons. To determine the correlation between soil and dwelling radon, a positive Pearson correlation coefficient value R = (0.74) and R = (0.66) was obtained representing the dry and wet seasons. To test the statistical significance between soil and dwelling radon, P < 0.05 was obtained, indicating a statically significant relationship between the two.
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Liu, Chenyang, Zhuoya Zhang, Jiaxi Li, Hailong Ge, and Yajiao Xing. "Seasonal differences in water quality of highland lakes and its influencing factors: A case study of Dianchi Lake." Water Supply 23, no. 11 (October 28, 2023): 4449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.287.
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Abstract Water quality is of great significance to human survival and development. It is of good theoretical value to study seasonal water quality variation and driving factors in plateau lakes. This paper studied the variation of water quality parameters in different seasons and their relationship with land use and climate factors in Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province from 2001 to 2019. The results show that the factors restricting water environment in different seasons are different, but basically close. The water quality parameters of multiple water quality monitoring stations in different seasons showed a decreasing or insignificant trend. In the rainy season, the temperature and precipitation were positively correlated with most water quality parameters, while the driving effect of climate factors was not significant in the dry season. Different land types have different effects on water quality indexes in different seasons. The water quality score was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The scores of water quality stations in the south and middle of Dianchi Lake are higher than those in the north. In this study, the relationship between climate, land, and water quality is established, which provides a way for the research of water quality parameters.
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Yang, Xiaoying, Yuchen Yao, Xueying Zhang, Jiahui Zhong, Fuli Gao, Haolin Zhang, Yingying Han, Qiang Weng, and Zhengrong Yuan. "Seasonal Changes in the Distinct Taxonomy and Function of the Gut Microbiota in the Wild Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus)." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 2685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092685.
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Seasonal breeding is a normal phenomenon in which animals adapt to natural selection and reproduce only in specific seasons. Large studies have reported that the gut microbiota is closely related to reproduction. The purpose of this study was to explore the distinct taxonomy and function of the gut microbiota in the breeding and non-breeding seasons of the wild ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology was utilized to sequence the gut microbiota of the wild ground squirrel. PICRUSt analysis was also applied to predict the function of the gut microbiota. The results suggested that the main components of the gut microbiota in all samples were Firmicutes (61.8%), Bacteroidetes (32.4%), and Proteobacteria (3.7%). Microbial community composition analyses revealed significant differences between the breeding and non-breeding seasons. At the genus level, Alistipes, Mycoplasma, Anaerotruncus, and Odoribacter were more abundant in the non-breeding season, while Blautia and Streptococcus were more abundant in the breeding season. The results of a functional prediction suggested that the relative abundance of functional categories that were related to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism increased in the breeding season. The relative abundance of energy metabolism, transcription, and signal transduction increased in the non-breeding season. Overall, this study found differences in the taxonomy and function of the gut microbiota of the wild ground squirrel between the breeding and non-breeding seasons, and laid the foundation for further studies on the relationship between the gut microbiota and seasonal breeding.
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Mogno, Caterina, Paul I. Palmer, Christoph Knote, Fei Yao, and Timothy J. Wallington. "Seasonal distribution and drivers of surface fine particulate matter and organic aerosol over the Indo-Gangetic Plain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 10881–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10881-2021.
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Abstract. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is home to 9 % of the global population and is responsible for a large fraction of agricultural crop production in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. Levels of fine particulate matter (mean diameter <2.5 µm, PM2.5) across the IGP often exceed human health recommendations, making cities across the IGP among the most polluted in the world. Seasonal changes in the physical environment over the IGP are dominated by the large-scale south Asian monsoon system that dictates the timing of agricultural planting and harvesting. We use the WRF-Chem model to study the seasonal anthropogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic influences on fine particulate matter and its constituent organic aerosol (OA) over the IGP that straddles Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh during 2017–2018. We find that surface air quality during pre-monsoon (March–May) and monsoon (June–September) seasons is better than during post-monsoon (October–December) and winter (January–February) seasons, but all seasonal mean values of PM2.5 still exceed the recommended levels, so that air pollution is a year-round problem. Anthropogenic emissions influence the magnitude and distribution of PM2.5 and OA throughout the year, especially over urban sites, while pyrogenic emissions result in localised contributions over the central and upper parts of IGP in all non-monsoonal seasons, with the highest impact during post-monsoon seasons that correspond to the post-harvest season in the agricultural calendar. Biogenic emissions play an important role in the magnitude and distribution of PM2.5 and OA during the monsoon season, and they show a substantial contribution to secondary OA (SOA), particularly over the lower IGP. We find that the OA contribution to PM2.5 is significant in all four seasons (17 %–30 %), with primary OA generally representing the larger fractional contribution. We find that the volatility distribution of SOA is driven mainly by the mean total OA loading and the washout of aerosols and gas-phase aerosol precursors that result in SOA being less volatile during the pre-monsoon and monsoon season than during the post-monsoon and winter seasons.
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Thorne-Lyman, Andrew, Helen Kuo, Angela KC, Swetha Manohar, Binod Shrestha, Keith West Jr, Rolf Klemm, and Rebecca Heidkamp. "How Seasonal Is the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Children Indicator? An Investigation in Three Countries on Three Continents: Senegal, Nepal and Peru." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_070.
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Abstract Objectives A diverse diet helps to assure adequate micronutrient intakes and normal child growth and development. The revised minimum dietary diversity (MDD) indicator for children 6–23 months (>5 of 8 food groups) is often used to track dietary quality over time, but the influence of seasonality has not been explored. Methods We identified surveys with MDD data across seasons including national continuous Demographic Health Surveys in Senegal (2012–2017, N = 12,183) and Peru (2004–16, N = 36,044) and the PoSHAN substudy seasonal surveys (covering 3 seasons) in Nepal (2013–2016, N = 1364). MDD prevalence and mean food groups were estimated. In Senegal and Peru, data were disaggregated by rainy/dry season and month. Results In Senegal, MDD prevalence was similar in the rainy (10.8%) and dry (9.6%) seasons. In Nepal, MDD prevalence was stable at 35.1–34.9% from the monsoon of 2013 through the end of 2014, and then increased to 41.7–47.7% from the winter 2014 through monsoon seasons of 2015 and 2016. In Peru, the prevalence of MDD ranged from 62% in May to 72% in January, but region-season interactions were apparent, perhaps due to agro-ecological variability. Large variance existed for the MDD indicator for many datasets, with mean scores showing greater stability across seasons. Conclusions There can be periods of seasonal stability as observed in Senegal and the first two years of Nepal data, but also sustained change. Relative national stability can obscure seasonal patterns by, as seen in Peru. Variability by season may influence conclusions about change over time in some contexts if month of data collection is not considered. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, funded by the United States Agency for International Development under grant ID: AID-OAA-L-1–00006.
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Guobadia, E. E. "THE EFFECT OF SEASONAL VARIATION ON PERFORMANCE OF EGG TYPE POULTRY: A Case Study of Mitchell Farms, Mosogar, Delta State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 24, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v24i2.2306.
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The study was designed to find out the effect of seasonal variation on poultry in Delta State of Nigeria. The variables considered were mortality rate, feed intake, egg production and egg hatchability in the wet and dry seasons of the year. Secondary data were also collected from records kept in the farm. Sites 4AHI-BLK,5AKI-BLK, 9H/BF and 10H/BF were used for the study with each having an average of 2,500-3,500 birds of the same breed and sex aged 1-9 weeks and 21-52weeks. The records were grouped into dry season (October-March) and wet season (April-September) covering three years, 1991-1994. The analysis of the result showed that seasonal variation does not have any significant effect (P < 0.05) on mortality and feed intake in the two seasons. However percentage egg production and egg hatchability revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the two seasons, with a mean % egg production and hatchability of 74±.03 and 80.6 in the wet season and 53.67±0.01 and 55.9 respectively in the dry season. Recommendation is therefore made for proper planning which ensures the utilization of wet and dry season management practices to reduce the effect of high humidity and embient temperature on production.
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Ryan Norris, D., and Peter P. Marra. "Seasonal Interactions, Habitat Quality, and Population Dynamics in Migratory Birds." Condor 109, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.3.535.
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AbstractAbstract. Historically, studies of habitat selection have focused on quantifying how current patterns of habitat occupancy influence condition and survival within a season. This approach, however, is overly simplistic, especially for migratory birds that spend different periods of the year in geographically distinct places. Habitat occupancy and the resulting condition of individual birds is likely to be affected by events in the previous season, and the consequences of habitat occupancy will influence individuals and populations in subsequent seasons. Thus, for migratory birds, variation in habitat quality (and quantity) needs to be understood in the context of how events interact throughout periods of the annual cycle. Seasonal interactions can occur at the individual level or population level. Individual-level interactions occur when events in one season produce nonlethal, residual effects that carry over to influence individuals the following season. Population-level interactions occur when a change in population size in one season influences per capita rates the following season. We review various methods for estimating seasonal interactions and highlight a number of examples in the literature. Using a variety of techniques, including intrinsic and extrinsic markers, the vast majority of studies to date have measured seasonal interactions at the individual level. Obtaining estimates of density and changes in per capita rates across multiple seasons to determine population-level interactions has been more challenging. Both types of seasonal interactions can influence population dynamics, but predicting their effects requires detailed knowledge of how populations are geographically connected (i.e., migratory connectivity). We recommend that researchers studying habitat occupancy and habitat selection consider how events in previous seasons influence events within a season.
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Kim, Jong Won, Hyun Kyu Ahn, Jongcheol Ko, Dongu Lee, Jee Soo Ha, Jae Hwan Kim, So Jeong Park, and Kang Su Cho. "Seasonal Variation of Drug Prescription Rate for Overactive Bladder in Men Based on National Health Insurance Claims Data, 2012–2016." International Neurourology Journal 24, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5213/inj.2040030.015.
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Purpose: Overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms might be affected by weather, but only a few clinical studies have investigated this issue. We investigated seasonal variations in OAB-drug prescription rate (DPR) in men using nationwide claims data in Korea.Methods: A total of 2,824,140 men aged over 18 years were included from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment service – National Patient Sample data between 2012 and 2016. Depending on the monthly average temperature, the seasons were divided into 3 groups, namely, hot (June, July, August, and September), intermediate (April, May, October, and November), and cold (January, February, March, and December) seasons. OAB-DPR was estimated using the claims data, and differences in its rate were examined among the 3 seasonal groups.Results: The overall OAB-DPR was 1.97% (55,574 of 2,824,140). The OAB-DPR were 0.38%, 0.63%, 0.92%, 1.74%, 4.18%, 7.55%, and 9.69% in the age groups of under 30, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, and over 80 years, respectively; thus, the prescription rate increased with age (P<0.001), with a steeper increase after 60 years of age. OAB-DPR was 1.02% in the hot season, 1.19% in the intermediate season, and 1.27% in the cold season, with significant differences among the 3 seasonal groups (P<0.001). These seasonal variations persisted in the subgroup analysis in each age decade (P<0.001).Conclusions: OAB-DPR varied with seasons and was significantly higher in the cold season than in the hot season, suggesting that cold weather may affect development and aggravation of OAB symptoms in men.
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Havarua, Zepee, Wendy C. Turner, and John K. E. Mfune. "Seasonal variation in foraging behaviour of plains zebra (Equus quagga) may alter contact with the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 4 (April 2014): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0186.
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Pathogens transmitted via the environment are often aggregated in space, and seasonal variation in wildlife foraging behaviour may alter contact rates with environmental pathogens. The soil-borne bacterium Bacillus anthracis Cohn, 1872 causes anthrax, and herbivores acquire gastrointestinal anthrax by ingesting spores. Therefore host foraging behaviour could be a fundamental component of anthrax epidemiology. This study investigated seasonal changes in bite density and diet of plains zebras (Equus quagga Boddaert, 1785) in relation to anthrax seasonality in Etosha National Park, Namibia, where most zebra anthrax cases are observed in wet seasons. The diet of zebras shifted from more short grasses during the wet season to more tall grasses in the dry season, suggesting a greater potential for soil ingestion in wet seasons. Zebras also foraged most intensively in the wet season with the number of bites/step declining through the dry season. This higher bite density in wet seasons may lead individuals to ingest greater concentrations of the pathogen if foraging in a localized infectious area. Although sex and reproductive state affected bite density, no sex difference in anthrax occurrence was observed. This study demonstrates how considering variation in host foraging behaviour may enhance our understanding of disease seasonality for pathogens with foraging-dependent transmission.
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Syeda, JA. "Variability Analysis and Forecasting of Relative Humidity in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 2 (April 29, 2013): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14805.
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An attempt was made to investigate the trend and variability pattern for decadal, annual and seasonal (three crop seasons) average relative humidity (ARH) of six divisional stations in Bangladesh: Dhaka, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barisal, Sylhet and Chittagong. The rates of linear trend (LT) for minimum, maximum and range humidity were examined too. The monthly ARH for 2009-2012 were forecasted using the univariate Box-Jenkins ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) modelling technique. The rates of LT for annual ARH were found negative for Dhaka and Chittagong but positive for others. The rates were found negative for all the coefficient of variations (CVs). The rate for annual minimum humidity was positive for Dhaka but negative for others. The rates for annual maximum and range humidity were negative for Dhaka and Chittagong but positive for others. The rates for seasonal ARH were negative for Dhaka while positive for Rajshahi and Barisal in all the three seasons. It was negative for Kharif season, whereas positive for Prekharif and Rabi seasons for Khulna and Sylhet. It was negative for Kharif and Prekharif seasons, as the same time as positive for Rabi season for Chittagong.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14805 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 137-147 2012
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Souza-Fabjan, Joanna M. G., Lucas F. L. Correia, Ribrio I. T. P. Batista, Yann Locatelli, Vicente J. F. Freitas, and Pascal Mermillod. "Reproductive Seasonality Affects In Vitro Embryo Production Outcomes in Adult Goats." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030873.
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Reproductive seasonality may have a considerable influence on the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies in seasonal species. This study evaluated the effect of season on cleavage, blastocyst rates and quality of in vitro produced (IVP) goat embryos. In total, 2348 cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries and subjected to the same IVP system throughout 1.5 years (49 replicates). The odds ratio (OR) among seasons was calculated from values of cleavage and blastocyst rates in each season. Cleavage rate was lower (p < 0.05) in spring (anestrus), in comparison with either autumn (peak of breeding season) or summer, while the winter had intermediate values. Furthermore, lower OR of cleavage was observed in spring. Blastocyst formation rate (from initial number of COCs) was higher (p < 0.05) in autumn (52 ± 2.5%) when compared with the other seasons (combined rates: 40 ± 1.9%). Moreover, its OR was higher (p < 0.05) in autumn compared to all other seasons and impaired in the spring compared to winter (OR: 0.54) and summer (OR: 0.48). Embryo hatchability and blastocyst cell number were similar (p > 0.05) among seasons. In conclusion, the breeding season leads to improved oocyte developmental competence, resulting in higher cleavage and blastocyst yield, whereas embryo quality remained similar throughout the years.
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Osinubi, Olakunle Olutoye, Oluwasanmi Olayinka Aina, and Peter Chuka Ozegbe. "The role of sex hormones and ROS values in the control of andrology in male double-spurred Francolin (<i>Francolinus bicalcaratus</i>)." Anatomy Journal of Africa 12, no. 3 (October 9, 2023): 2481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v12i3.4.
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Background: This study explored the relationship between andrology, seasonal sex hormone fluctuations, and ROS values in adult male Francolinus bicalcaratus while establishing baseline parameters.
Methods: Double-spurred Francolins (n=5 per season) were randomly selected in both dry and rainy seasons from their natural habitat. They were carefully stabilized with dewormer, antibiotics, and multivitamins, then acclimatized for two weeks at the Experimental Animal House, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The birds were weighed, sedated, and 3 to 5 ml of blood was collected from the jugular vein in lithium heparinized bottles for serum sex hormone analysis. Testes were excised, weighed, washed with a 1.15% KCL solution, and processed for complete andrology and oxidative stress assays.
Results: Sperm count, activity, and morphological characteristics peaked during late rainy seasons, coinciding with increased mating and hatchability. This correlated with high serum testosterone and low ROS titres in the testes. Conversely, early dry seasons witnessed declines in serum testosterone, sperm parameters, and hatchability due to increased ROS titres from food scarcity. Late dry seasons saw further declines in sex hormone levels and elevated ROS titres, leading to the absence of sperm cells.
Conclusion: This study highlights how sex hormone and ROS titres influence sperm cell viability in double-spurred Francolins, with significant seasonal variations. These factors mainly support spermatogenesis and fertility during the breeding season, characterized by food abundance and cover. Dry season sex hormone values serve as baselines, while wet season sperm count and ROS levels represent baseline data for this bird species.
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Abdul Basit, Saima Siddiqui, Rehmat Ullah, and Muhammad Ghous4. "Evaluation of the Trends of Climate Variability During Different Crop Seasons in Dera Ghazi Khan." Pakistan Journal of Science 76, no. 01 (March 28, 2024): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v76i01.1094.
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Climate change is profoundly impacting ecosystems and disrupting agricultural systems by altering temperature and precipitation patterns, affecting crop yields and food production. This study evaluates the trends of climate variability during different crop seasons in Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, focusing on temperature and rainfall fluctuations from 1991 to 2020. Climatic data were collected and analyzed, including monthly average temperature and rainfall. The analysis of mean monthly decadal temperature in the study area during the Rabi crop season showed significant fluctuations ranging from 20.04°C, 20.5°C, and 19.73°C in three corresponding decades. The mean monthly seasonal temperature was calculated 20.1°C. Similarly, during the Kharif crop season, notable variations across the mean decadal temperature ranging from 34°C to 34.91°C with mean seasonal temperature 34.6°C. Overall, in both seasons during the past three decades +0.1°C was observed with an annual increase of 0.003°C. All these values were found statistically significant. Mean monthly rainfall also exhibited remarkable variability, with statistically significant differences observed for most months in both Rabi and Kharif seasons, except for November and December in the Rabi season and June and October in the Kharif season. Overall, rain has decreased in the last 30 years to -0.4mm during Rabi and -3.7mm during Kharif seasons. The literature suggests that minor changes in climatic factors remarkably impact crop production. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of climatic conditions in the region and underscore the importance of understanding and adapting to climate change for sustainable agricultural practices.
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Piotrowska, Krystyna. "Meteorological factors and airborne Rumex L. pollen concentration in Lublin." Acta Agrobotanica 65, no. 1 (2012): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2012.042.
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The aim of the present study was to analyse the <i>Rumex</i> pollen season dynamics in Lublin in 2001-2010 and to find relationships between season parameters and meteorological conditions. This study was carried out by the volumetric method using a Lanzoni VPPS 2000 trap. The start and end dates of each season were determined based on the 98% method. The effects of meteorological factors on the <i>Rumex</i> pollen seasons were analysed by employing Spearman’s correlation test. On average, the sorrel pollen season started on 13 May (±7 days), ended on 7 September (±6 days), and lasted nearly four months (±9 days). The highest pollen concentrations were recorded in June and July. A significantly negative correlation was found between season duration and Seasonal Pollen Index (SPI). During shorter pollen seasons, higher pollen counts were recorded. In all study years, the seasons were right-skewed. The pollen concentration was most strongly correlated with humidity and mean air temperature. The season parameters (onset, end, peak date, peak value, SPI value) were primarily dependent on air temperature before and during the pollen season.