Journal articles on the topic 'Seafaring life – History – 18th century'
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Tackley, Catherine. "Shanty singing in twenty-first-century Britain." International Journal of Maritime History 29, no. 2 (May 2017): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871417694014.
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The revival of the shanty accompanied the decline of the UK’s shipping industry in the mid-twentieth century. It was dominated by the larger-than-life figure of Stan Hugill, a former shantyman who ensured the continuation of this musical tradition through his performances and books. But in fact, as shanty authority the late Roy Palmer has pointed out, the idea of reviving a dying art had been a concern by the end of the nineteenth century. Following this, folk-song collectors like Cecil Sharp made concerted efforts to document shanties but also to make adaptations (such as censoring the lyrics and providing piano accompaniments) to enable them to be performed on land – even on the concert platform – by those who had little or no direct experience of seafaring. Although this seems to be the complete opposite to Hugill’s approach of connecting the songs with their traditional maritime context, both aimed to ensure that shanties remained relevant. This article considers the continuation of these attitudes to the shanty in the twenty-first century. The recent resurgence in shanty singing in the UK has taken place alongside the regeneration of many UK port areas, the (re-)development of sailortowns as contemporary tourist destinations and associated attempts to connect the public with maritime heritage. I will focus in particular on the Falmouth (Cornwall) International Sea Shanty Festival, exploring the aims and motivations of different performing groups and analysing their contemporary approaches to music which is inextricably linked with seafaring history.
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Eich, Thomas. "Everyday Life & Consumer Culture in 18th-Century Damascus." Die Welt des Islams 51, no. 1 (2011): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006011x560576.
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Desbarats, Kate. "Time Travel to the 18th Century: Life In New World Settlements." Urban History Review 27, no. 1 (October 1998): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016615ar.
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Barreiros, Maria Helena. "Urban Landscapes: Houses, Streets and Squares of 18th Century Lisbon." Journal of Early Modern History 12, no. 3-4 (2008): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006508x369866.
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AbstractThis article retraces Lisbon's urban evolution, both planned and spontaneous, from the beginning of the Age of Discovery until the first decades of the 19th century. It highlights the 1755 earthquake as a powerful agent of transformation of Lisbon, both of the city's image and architecture and of street life. The article begins by summing up urban policies and urban planning from Manuel I's reign (1495-1521) to João V's (1707-1750); it goes on to depict Lisbon's daily life during the Ancien Regime, focusing on the uses of public and private spaces by common people. The Pombaline plans for the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake are reappraised, stressing the radically original morphology and functions of the new streets and housing types. The contrast between pre- and post-1755 Lisbon's public spaces is sharp, in both their design and use, and gradually streetscape became increasely regulated in accordance with emergent bourgeois social and urban values. More than a century later, the city's late 19th- and early 20th-century urban development still bore the mark of Pombaline plans, made just after 1755, for the revived Portuguese capital.
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Jabpar, Abdul. "MUHAMMAD’S LIFE HISTORY: A GENEALOGICAL DISCOURSE THROUGH WESTERN 18 - 20 CENTURY VIEWS." Imtiyaz: Jurnal Ilmu Keislaman 3, no. 1 (August 10, 2019): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46773/imtiyaz.v3i1.24.
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This paper describes the discourse of the image and biography of Prophet Muhammad in the view of Western scholars from the 18th century to the 20th century. Photographing the dynamics and development of their thinking in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach, through Foucault’s genealogy. The discourse focused on the features and characteristics of three important scholars of his time: Edward Gibbon, R. Bosworth Smith, and W. Montgomery Watt
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Čuček, Filip. "K problematiki štajersko-hrvaške dravske meje konec 18. stol." Contributions to Contemporary History 56, no. 2 (November 9, 2016): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.56.2.06.
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On the basis of the archival materials the author focuses on the Styrian-Croatian border river Drava (between Ormož and Središče) at the end of the 18th century, when (due to the river bed changes) the competent authorities under Maria Theresa and Joseph II started to focus on the consequent border disputes. After the massive floods of the river Drava in the 18th century, the border residents who suffered damages (on the Styrian side) complained more and more frequently, trying to solve the situation at hand. The author is specifically interested in how the river bed changes influenced the life of the residents of the areas by the river and how these people solved the mutual local disputes at the turn of the century (before the border was agreed upon and drawn at the beginning of the 19th century).
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González Vázquez, Araceli, and Montserrat Benítez Fernández. "British 18th-Century Orientalism and Arabic Dialectology." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 61–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.03gon.
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Summary This article examines a relatively unknown 18th century European source on Moroccan Arabic. It is the article entitled “Dialogues on the vulgar Arabick of Morocco”, published in London in 1797 by William Price (1771–1830), a self-taught linguist and orientalist from Worcester, England. Price’s work is one of the few European texts predating 1800 focused on Moroccan Arabic, and providing some information about this linguistic variety. As we explain, Price obtained these “Dialogues” from “some natives of Barbary”, who happened to be in London. In the first four sections of the article, we examine the life and works of William Price, we place his activities as an expert in Arabic and other of the so-called “Oriental languages” in the context of 18th century British Orientalism, and we analyse the contents of the “Dialogues” provided in his article. These “Dialogues” consist of a conversation between two interlocutors who are taking a stroll in a walled coastal town of the Moroccan Atlantic strip. The fifth section of our contribution is a linguistic dialectological analysis of both the Arabic and Latin character transcriptions of Moroccan Arabic provided by Price. We analyse different issues concerning the transcriptions given, and we focus our linguistic study on phonological, morphological and syntactical issues.
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Veremenko, Valentina, Vladimir Shaidurov, and Darya Melnikova. "Pages of Georg Magnus Sprengtporten’s daily life." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 6-1 (June 1, 2021): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202106statyi05.
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In the second half of the 18th - early 19th century some representatives of the Swedish nobility hatched plans for the creation of an independent Finland. One of them was Georg Magnus Sprengtporten, who joined the Russian Empire in 1786 and even became Governor-General of Finland (1808-1809). In the article about the daily life of a foreigner in the Russian service, the authors used both published materials and documents from various archives (GARF, RGIA, RGVIA).
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Devi, R. "An Introduction to the Second Veeranaikar Diary." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v4i4.2413.
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Human life is subject to change over time. In that way, man made a habit of taking note of events in everyday life. This was later called the diary. The forerunner of the diaries is the Greek memorandum known as “Ephemerides”. The diary-writing system developed in the 18th century among Tamils. Anandarangappillai, who was the head of the French government in Puducherry, records the political and social situation in Puducherry in the 18th century. Many have since written a dairy, In that order Rajagopala Nayakar’s son ll Veeranaikar, who played the second lord (Nayinar) post in the French court’s both during the French rule of Puducherry in the late 18th century, wrote a dairy from 1778 to 1792. The introduction of ll Veeranayakar as well as information about Puducherry, history of Veeranaaykar’s dairy, Hints about printer of Veeranaikar’s diary,process of process printing information’s explained in this article.
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Ciappara, Frans. "Parish Priest and Community in 18th-century Malta: Patterns of Conflict." Journal of Early Modern History 9, no. 3 (2005): 329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006505775008464.
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AbstractThis essay explores the relations between parish priests and their parishioners in eighteenth-century Malta. It argues that pastors did not succeed in governing the community and controlling local religious life. Generally, they were outsiders. This was a great liability since rivalry between villages was intense and the inhabitants were reluctant to admit new people, to whom they were often hostile. But the main reason for the rivalry between the faithful and the pastor was that the people themselves took an active role in the parish. They regarded the office of parish priest as a subservient one for which service they paid the priest handsomely, and provided him with a livelihood. Pastors were to concern themselves only with vital religious services and leave the administration of the parish to the parishioners. The essay also emphasizes that in the struggle with their parish priest the people found the support from the assistant clergy.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir N., Natalia A. Sapronova, Yurii M. Goncharov, and Tadeush A. Novogrodski. "Gypsies in Siberia (end of the 18th – 20th century)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2022-2-60-72.
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The history of the Roma in Russia is a poorly studied topic. The article discusses the main stages in the formation and development of the Gypsy community in Siberia during the late 18th – 20th century. The authors came to the conclusion that the main source for the emergence and growth of the number of Roma in the region was migration, in which Belarusian Roma played an important role. On the basis of various sources, a description is given of the measures taken by the authorities in relation to the Roma population, aimed at its homogenisation and integration into the economic and socio-cultural processes in Siberia. However, all campaigns to combat Gypsy vagrancy in the 19th and 20th centuries did not lead to its complete eradication. The repressive steps both in the second quarter of the 19th century and in the 1930s did not help to solve the problem either. Only a part of the Gypsies switched from a traditional to a semi-sedentary way of life. Archival materials from central and regional archives. Most of the documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Sosnovtseva, Elizaveta G. "On the Cult of Prince Andrey Bolshoy in Uglich and the Creation of his Life." Slovene 4, no. 1 (2015): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.29.
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The article studies the local practice of the cult of Prince Andrey Bolshoy in Uglich, where he ruled during the last third of the 15th century. This work is based on data from the chronicles, especially the Uglich Chronicle of the 18th century; this is the primary source used in this study, and the most detailed information appears in the latest full versions, which date to the second half of the 18th century. These chronicles have “moved” the key biographical events of the last years of Prince Andrey’s life (his arrest and funeral) from Moscow to Uglich, which differs from other historical sources. According to the hagiography of Uglich saints, Prince Andrey was buried in the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Uglich Kremlin, not in the Cathedral of the Archangel in Moscow. The cult of Prince Andrey was mentioned for the first time in hagiographic writings, not only for saints who were contemporaries of Prince Andrey (SS. Paisius and Cassian), but also for saints who lived later (Prince Roman of Uglich and Tsarevich Dmitry of Uglich). It was only later, in the 18th century, that the unique copy of the Life of Prince Andrey appeared. This source is now held in the State Historical Museum in Moscow. The article shows how the text of the Life is connected with other hagiographic texts relating to Uglich.
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Russev, Nicolai, and Fedor Markov. "Budzhak Population: an experience of a fugitive review of 18th-century observations." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2165374.
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Budzhak (in modern Moldova and Ukraine) is the western part of the Eurasian steppe, the natural character of which had determined the ways of the local life for centuries. The Ottoman and the Russian Empires had clashed here in the eighteenth century, on the eve of the European Enlightenment. This fight was to determine further prospects for development, while many contemporaries and eyewitnesses tried to guess any signs of these prospects. A profound social crisis in south-eastern Europe contributed to political and ethnic and confessional changes and was changing the natural landscape. The Turkic Muslim population had to leave these lands under the growing pressure of these changes, and the new population was predominantly Christian. Now the Christians determined the way of life in Budzhak, even its flora and fauna.
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Wishnitzer, Avner. "INTO THE DARK: POWER, LIGHT, AND NOCTURNAL LIFE IN 18TH-CENTURY ISTANBUL." International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 3 (July 18, 2014): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814000579.
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AbstractThis article analyzes different traditions of nocturnal conviviality in 18th-century Istanbul and demonstrates their importance for social, political, and cultural life. The main argument is that the palace used the night to demonstrate its power in spectacles of light and to cultivate personal relations within the elite, both of which were crucial for a patrimonial government based on face-to-face interaction. Yet, it was exactly the reliance on such interaction that marked the limits of the palace's hold of the night. With the neighborhood gaze blinded by darkness, communal policing lost much of its effectiveness, leaving nocturnal social life largely concealed from the eyes of the authorities. Nighttime therefore offered opportunities for illicit modes of socialization and, at times, for subversive political action.
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Dukhanina, Alexandra V. "The Life of St. Stephen of Perm in the Printed Prologue: Textual Criticism and Codicological Value." Труды Отдела древнерусской литературы 68 (2020): 135–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0130-464x-2020-67-135-174.
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The Life of St. Stephen of Perm in a specific redaction was included in the second edition of the Prologue of 1642—1643 and reprinted in all subsequent editions of the Prologue in the 17th—18th centuries. Eight handwritten copies of the text belonging to this redaction have been found in 17th- and 18th-century manuscripts. In most editions of the Prologue the text reveals minor linguistic and stylistic changes that provide material for the history of editing of the Prologue, as well as for the history of the Russian literary language. They also allow determining which particular edition served as a model for this or that manuscript copy of the Life. Knowing the publication year of the editions has helped to clarify the dating of some manuscripts of this redaction of the Life and even to correct some data from an album of seventeenth-century watermarks
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Petrov, Alexej, Angelina Dubskikh, and Anna Butova. "Historiosophy & Eros in Russian anacreontics." SHS Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185504016.
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“Love is the eminence grise of history”, – once one of the greats of the past said. Few doubt that history is driven by human, more or less conscious interests – economic, political, religious, etc. As for feelings, passions and instincts, their role in the historical process is not so obvious, particularly of those that are connected with policy or economy indirectly. The objective necessity to rehabilitate the position of Eros in the political life of 18th-century Russia determines the significance of the current research. The article aims to analyse how the feeling of love and/or the underpinning instincts of procreation and self-preservation affect the political life and the course of history. The most important task is to examine some of the poetic texts of the 18th – early 19th centuries, the authors of which are the part of this still non-trivial historiosophical paradigm. So, it is mainly going to be about love, but not always – about love poems. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the fact that mythological and political issues of Anacreonic poetry have already become the matter of literary criticism [1, 2], while the hidden historiosophical senses have been still neglected. Certain creative works of the 18th-century poets: M.V. Lomonosov, G.R. Derzhavin, S.S. Bobrov served as research material. The practical significance of the investigation consists in the fact that the results can be used for further studying of 18th-century literature and historiosophical problems as well as to develop special courses in historical poetry.
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Chirskova, Irina M. "Cats’ state service in the 18th century Russia." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 4, no. 27 (2021): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-4-27-231-237.
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In the Russian tradition, cats have always been loved, symbolizing well-being and prosperity. They could enter churches, guarded food supplies in monasteries and parishes. Cats that could catch mice were highly valued. The 18th century holds a special place in the history of the cat's state service in Russia. It was then that the service became legal, which was also a recognition of the cat's successful «work» in the earlier years. The key place in the regulation of cat «service» belongs to the reign of Elizaveta Petrovna, when a series of decrees was issued on the order of recruitment, organization of service, rewarding and special housing for the cats at court. The problem of rodent control in Russia was acute throughout the XVIII century, as, indeed, in later years. Since only castrated cats were assigned to the service, and the raids of mice and rats followed with unfortunate regularity, recruiting for state service took place quite often. The 18th century was also the time when the image of a cat - a freedom-loving and cunning creature - firmly entered Russian culture and was even noticed by the nascent censorship. Apart from the «official» duties cats’ service now included making everyday life of the court beautiful. The cat itself became the favorite of people for many years. And in today's society, the cat still helps people. It has to hunt rather rarely, but the very presence of furry «employees» makes rodents avoid their «work» places.
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Marcinkowski, Roman. "Interreligious dialogue in the Polish lands in the 18th century." Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 46, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v46i2.830.
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Abstract: Dov Ber of Bolechov (1723-1805), Jewish wine merchant and polyglot, known for his dispute with the Frankists in Lwów (Lemberg) in 1759, left the Hebrew manuscripts of his two main works: זכרונות ר׳ דוב מבולחוב (The Memoirs of Dov Ber of Bolechov) and iדברי בינה (Understanding Words). In the former work he describes his life story and the story of his family but also the history of Jews in Eastern Galicia, writing also about important events from the history of Poland, and his description as an outside observer seems to be reliable. In the latter work Dov Ber reveals his attitude towards other religions, especially towards Christianity, and the defence of Rabbinic Judaism and its main book Talmud, or more precisely, of the complete reliability of the Oral Torah, is the leitmotif of Diwre binah. Can we speak of religious dialogue in the 18th century?
The purpose of the paper is to present Christian-Jewish relations in the Polish lands, in particular in Eastern Galicia in the 18th century from a Jewish perspective in the description of Dov Ber of Bolechov.
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Kareva, Natalia V., and Evgeny G. Pivovarov. "A.S. Barsov and Academic Book Printing in the 18th century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 68, no. 6 (February 2, 2020): 614–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2019-68-6-614-626.
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In 2018, we celebrated three hundred years birth anniversary of the prominent Russian scholar A.S. Barsov (1718—1763). While scientific legacy of other Lomonosov’s contemporaries has been hugely studied in dozens of articles and books, Barsov’s name has been rarely mentioned in the indexes of the extensive literature devoted to M.V. Lomonosov. Meanwhile, a vast array of documents have been preserved and partially published, indicating that Barsov played an important role in the development of book printing in Russia and elaboration of the Russian literary language norms. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of A.S. Barsov in the process of formation of new, secular culture in the post-Petrine time. The authors attempted to highlight the life and manners of academic students and employees in the middle of the 18th century, to show in what difficult conditions there were created the book masterpieces of the Academy, preserved in hundreds of libraries around the world. The article established the main milestones of A.S. Barsov’s life path. He was born in the family of priest; studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. After five years at the Academy Gymnasium and University, he was examined by professors and appointed proofreader at the Academic printing house; later on — supervisor of the printing house and its Figure chamber; shortly before his death, he was subjected to severe administrative sanctions. The authors analyse the fate of A.S. Barsov as one of the typical representatives of the early development stage of the academic science in Russia. The article introduced into scientific circulation a number of sources that allow assessing from a new, unexpected angle the evolution of the Academy of Sciences in the 1730s — 1760s. The authors revealed the degree of influence of his activity on the development of publishing activity and librarianship in Russia. The results of this study can be used in preparation of fundamental works in the field of science studies, library science, history of publishing, historiography, as well as special courses on the history of culture.
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Kiełbik, Jerzy. "The history of reforms in the municipality of Pisz (Johannisburg) in the eighteenth century." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 295, no. 1 (April 5, 2017): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134991.
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The Prussian state carried out reforms in the second half of the 17th and early 18th centuries with the aim of building a strong absolutist state. These changes affected various areas of life that were intended to strength the state’s centralised power. This paper, based on the example of Pisz, consider how the reforms were carried out in towns. On the one hand, the transformation and strengthening of the authorities are presented, and on the other, their professionalisation, especially in the field of legal sciences.
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Matwijów, Maciej. "The Dawn of Editing Historical Sources in Poland in the 18th Century." Quaerendo 52, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700690-12341499.
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Abstract The paper is devoted to one of Poland’s first publications (and at the same time one counted among the largest of that time in Europe) of documentary source materials entitled Epistolae historico-familiares (vol. 1–3, Brunsbergae 1709–1711, vol. 4, Wratislaviae 1761), covering the history of Poland between 1667 and 1710. The article focuses on presenting the circumstances in which the work was created, its contents and the issues relating to the authenticity of some of the materials contained therein. The work was compiled over several years (1706–1710) in the immediate surroundings and under the guidance of Bishop of Warmia Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski and comprised ca. 2,040–2,050 textual documents, mainly his correspondence as well as various historical materials and current public life materials. Despite controversies related to Załuski falsifying some of his letters, the work has lost nothing of its significant source value to this day.
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Tchaparian, Vicky. "Hypocricy of the Rich vs Honesty of the Poor in the English Society of the 18$^\text{th}$ Century." Armenian Folia Anglistika 16, no. 2 (22) (October 15, 2020): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2020.16.2.119.
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During the 18th century, life was unpleasant and disturbing due to the Horrible Plague and the Great Fire that attacked England and turned the English society upside down. There was a big gap between the rich and the poor. Violence and crimes were everywhere. However, along with all the misfortunes, 18th century was also a period of elegance for England. Education flourished, and the novel genre developed impressively along with fine music and theatre performances. During these times, the rich led a luxurious life, while the poor in extreme poverty hardly preserved their miserable existence. The whole atmosphere was that of contrasts between brightness and staleness, wellness and sickness, abundance and insufficiency, virtue and vice, along with charity and selfishness which, combined with other characteristic features of the English society, created a chaotic situation. Henry Fielding’s novel, The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend Mr. Abraham Adams, often called Joseph Andrews artistically mingles all these contrasts on different levels of different aspects of life, depicting the age he lived in while giving credit to the poor and the abandoned, making the good successfully triumphant and the bad miserably overwhelmed until at the end he makes his characters reach poetic justice punishing the vicious and rewarding the virtuous. The article aims at revealing the chaotic situation of the 18th century England through H. Fielding’s novel in question and the writer’s critical attitude to it.
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Mashkhura Adilzhanovna Darmonova. "Khorezm school of calligraphy and its representatives." International Journal on Integrated Education 3, no. 9 (December 3, 2020): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.928.
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The formation of the Khorezm school of calligraphy has a long history, and in the 16th century, schools of calligraphy and writing were formed in the palace libraries of the rulers. Since the beginning of the 18th century, the art of calligraphy has developed as an independent school. The article describes the school of calligraphy that developed in Khorezm at the beginning of the 19th-20th centuries, as well as the life and spiritual heritage of its representatives.
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Kriskó, Andrea, and Tibor Tatay. "From Walking Bankers to Blockchain Technology The History of Payment Systems." Regional and Business Studies 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33568/rbs.2377.
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The technique and technology of payment settlement systems has completed an enormous journey from the 18th century to modern times. Nowadays, we have gone from bilateral settlements to global payment systems. Numerous payment options are available to us, from paper based settlements to mobile wallets. In my study, I am primarily tracking the development of the technology on the basis of the payment systems of the USA, introducing the primary open and closed loop systems, as well as the changing customer needs which have brought the bank card and Bitcoin to life.
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Khromov, Oleg. "TWO PRINTS BY LEONTY BUNIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY SERBIAN GRAPHIC." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 16, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2020-16-2-100-113.
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The article is devoted to two engravings depicting Jesus Christ and the Mother of God in lush ornamental cartouches. They are well known to Serbian art critics and are published in the catalogs of Serbian metal engravings of the 18th century. Copper engraved boards of these engravings, which Serbian researchers attribute to the end of the 18th or the beginning of the 19th century, are preserved in the Krka Monastery. Prints from them of the 18th-19th centuries are unknown in Serbian collections. In Serbia, the first prints from these boards were made in the 20th century. However, prints from these engravings were well known in Russia in the 17th-18th centuries. They were primarily used as illustrations in Russian manuscript books. The engravings were made by a Russian master at the end of the 17th century. According to the features of engraving, manner, and stylistics, they can be attributed to Moscow engraver Leonty Bunin. In Russian manuscripts, they were usually used as illustrations in the book The Passion of Christ along with the 14-sheet series The Passion of Christ by Leonty Bunin. Cases of using them as independent illustrations are known. In the 1730s, these engravings disappeared from the illustrations in The Passion of Christ series in Russian manuscript books. Their later prints are unknown in Russia. The history of their appearance in Serbia, in the Krka Monastery, remains unknown. Perhaps they appeared there as gifts from Russia which the monastery regularly received. In the 18th century, Serbian religious art experienced a powerful influence from Dutch graphics. As iconographic sources, Serbian masters used Flemish and Dutch engravings of the 16th and 17th centuries. They were the same ones that were used by Russian masters of the 17th century, especially of the second half of the century, as iconographic examples. The identity of the artistic processes that took place in the art of Serbia in the 18th century and Russia of the 17th century turned out to be so close that Serbian art historians regarded the Russian prints of the 17th century by Leonty Bunin as Serbian works of an unknown engraver of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. The biography of Leonty Bunin is considered in detail in the article, some facts of his life are presented for the first time.
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Sakai, Tatsuo, and Yuh Morimoto. "The History of Infectious Diseases and Medicine." Pathogens 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101147.
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From ancient times to the present, mankind has experienced many infectious diseases, which have mutually affected the development of society and medicine. In this paper, we review various historical and current infectious diseases in a five-period scheme of medical history newly proposed in this paper: (1) Classical Western medicine pioneered by Hippocrates and Galen without the concept of infectious diseases (ancient times to 15th century); (2) traditional Western medicine expanded by the publication of printed medical books and organized medical education (16th to 18th century); (3) early modern medicine transformed by scientific research, including the discovery of pathogenic bacteria (19th century); (4) late modern medicine, suppressing bacterial infectious diseases by antibiotics and elucidating DNA structure as a basis of genetics and molecular biology (20th century, prior to the 1980s); and (5) exact medicine saving human life by in vivo visualization and scientifically verified measures (after the 1990s). The historical perspectives that these five periods provide help us to appreciate ongoing medical issues, such as the present COVID-19 pandemic in particular, and remind us of the tremendous development that medicine and medical treatment have undergone over the years.
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Mkhitaryan, Gohar. "ETHNOPOLITICAL PICTURE OF ASTRAKHAN ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE ''PHYSICAL'' EXPEDITION OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IN 1768–1774." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, no. 3 (October 10, 2022): 585–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch183585-605.
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Ethno-political processes and the ethnic-confessional image of Astrakhan in the second half of the 18th century have been the subject of several scientific publications and studies, but the problem has not been fully exhausted. In this work, we aim to recreate the most complete and objective picture of the formation of the ethnic and confessional composition of Astrakhan in the second half of the 18th century and the life of its communities based on the materials of the ''physical'' expedition of the Academy of Sciences in 1768–1774, which previously did not often attract the attention of researchers. ''Physical'' expeditions of the 18th century occupy an important place in the activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences. They were one of the main methods to study the territory of the Russian Empire and neighbouring countries to obtain new facts, accumulate ethnographic material, collect museum collections, etc. The methodological basis of the study is the principle of historicism, i.e. an approach to the object under study as changing in time, and objectivity, in which the assessment of events is based on a comprehensive analysis, reliability and informativeness of the historical source. Within the framework of these principles, the study applied the method of source criticism based onarchival and printed material. The study showed that ethnic and confessional processes in Astrakhan were greatly influenced by events of a foreign political, trade and economic nature in the region. Astrakhan was the centre of international trade, linking Europe with Asia, and European mores and traditions quickly seeped into the city, which absorbed a certain amount of foreign elements. However, the author has revealed that each of the city's communities possessed its own identity, and set of traditions and values, simultaneously creating a distinctive ethnocultural landscape of Astrakhan, as an example of interethnic and inter-confessional unity within a multi-ethnic state. Moreover, the main source of population growth in Astrakhan in the 18th century was not natural increase, but migration.
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Grömer, Karina, and Michael Ullermann. "Functional Analysis of Garments in 18th Century Burials from St. Michael’s Crypt in Vienna, Austria." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica, no. 35 (December 30, 2020): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6034.35.08.
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The Michaelergruft in Vienna (St. Michael’s crypt), Austria, is located near the imperial palace Vienna and has been used between 1560 and 1784 by the local nobility of the city center in Vienna. The inventory of a large number of coffins has been preserved due to favorite environmental conditions, it offers the possibility to study specific details about the funeral customs of the 17th and 18th century in Central Europe. Selected burials dating to the 18th century from the Michaelergruft serve as case studies for developing new theoretical and methodological approaches in investigating the textiles and garments found in the coffins.
Garments found in crypts usually are analysed due to costume history, aspects of conservation and preparation. Also textile analysis and modern analytical methods are applied to the material. In discussing the garments from St. Michael’s crypt, questions about the interpretation of the costume arise such as if they are “normal” daily life (or festivy) garments or specific funeral costumes. In the following paper criteria are discussed which enable to distinguish between “functional garments” worn also in daily life, “adapter garments” (daily life clothing that has been re-sewn, cut or altered to be used as garment for the dead), and “funeral costumes” that have been deliberately made.
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Božić Bogović, Dubravka. "Vjerska svakodnevica u kanonskim vizitacijama za područje Srijema u 18. i prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća." Miscellanea Hadriatica et Mediterranea 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/misc.1358.
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Based on the data from canonical visitations to the dioceses in the territory of Syrmia in the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, this paper analyses the determinants of the religious life of Catholics with a view to describing the basic characteristics of everyday religious life. The analysis and interpretation focus on determining the degree of acceptance of church regulations concerning cult and service issues, on religious practice, forms of popular piety, believers’ morality and behaviour, as well as religious disciplining and conformism. It determines the relation between the Catholic and other religious communities, particularly in the context of religious identity building. The paper also estimates the value of canonical visitations as a source for the history of everyday religious life.
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Myers, Scott. "A Survey of British Literature on Buenos Aires During the First Half of the 19th Century." Americas 44, no. 1 (July 1987): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006849.
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The British involvement with Argentina has a long and, at times, tumultous history. Dating as far back as the 18th century the Rio de la Plata basin held a great attraction for British merchants. England needed Spanish America as a source of bullion and an outlet for individual goods.As early as the 1540s British vessels explored the coastlines, of Argentina. There already existed a considerable amount of trade between Brazil and England throughout the sixteenth century. The buccaneer William Hawkins, along with other Englishmen, was intent on expanding on this clandestine trade to other areas in the New World. Sometimes with the cooperation of the Spanish authorities, certain British merchants were able to maneuver themselves into the commercial life of these new colonies. By the eighteenth century the British had established numerous slave markets in Hispanic America including one in Buenos Aires.
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Straube, Gvido. "Is the Livonian peasant rich or poor?" Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (28) (2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2020.203.
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For a long time, the dominant opinion in the historiography was that the situation of the peasants in Livonia and later in Vidzeme in the 17th-18th centuries was steadily worsening year by year. But analysis of the information on the peasant households in the so called Hackenrevision of the 17th and 18th century. It shows that the situation was more complicated. If we compare the data of 1624, 1730, 1750–1751 we can see the following tendencies. There is a quantitative growth of all indicators of prosperity of the peasantry. The number of cattle, horses and workers per household increased several times (from one or four in 1624 to 12 at the maximum in the 18th century). A horse was important for field work, and the more horses in a farm, the more effectively the work was organized, the easier it was to allocate resources to carrying the barch, the horses could rest after hard work. In addition, a large number of horses on a farm already indicated a certain well-being, when they were kept not only for work, but also for prestige and representation. Increased numbers of cows helped to improve the diet of families and servants (increasing the proportion of meat and dairy products in it) as well as raising the sales of dairy products in the market. A larger number of cows enabled more abundant fertilisation of the fields, thereby increasing their productivity. The increase in the number of able-bodied people on the farms indicates an increase in the demographic indicators. The farm could provide a normal life for more people. The bigger the labour force, the higher the economic potential of the farm. More land could be farmed, more livestock could be kept, more food could be provided, and it was easier to fulfil one’s obligations to the landowner. All this shows that the thesis about the worsening of the situation of the livonian peasants in the 17th–18th centuries is not supported by the sources. On the contrary, growing prosperity meant that the farmstead owner could afford to do less physical work and pay more attention to farm organization. This developed his mental capacities.
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Tsyb, S. V., and T. V. Kaigorodova. "Russian Printed Paskhalistic Books of the 18th — Early 20th Centuries." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 3(119) (July 9, 2021): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)3-10.
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The article deals with the process of transformation of the old handwritten tradition of describing Paskhaliya into a printed one. Understanding the calculations of the day of Easter was important for the daily life of the population of Ancient Rus, and therefore Old Russian writers paid attention to describing the rules of Easter calculations. For a long time, these descriptions took the form of handwritten manuscripts. After the reforms of Peter the Great in Russia, works of this genre began to take the form of printed editions. The authors aim to consider the features of the transformation of the handwritten manuscripts into modern books. As part of study, it has been found that the descriptions of Paskhaliya, published in the typographic way first, tried to repeat the handwritten samples, but then began to turn into popular descriptions of the rules for calculating Easter. Moreover, the authors of these writings looked to the development of new ways of calculating the dates of the Easter celebration. It has been linked to the fact that after the authors-priests (18th century), secular writers (journalists, officials, officers, etc.) joined the genre of describing Paskhaliya in the first half of the 19th century. The way of transformation of Paskhalistics into an entertaining genre of popular-science literature became likely, but in the second half of the 19th century the representatives of academic science restored the scientific status of this field of knowledge. At present, the achievements of the science of Paskhaliya have become an important element in the study of the chronology of ancient Russian history. In modern science, studying the history of timekeeping, Paskhalistics became one of the necessary elements for studying the chronology of ancient Russian history. It can be recognized that the printed editions of Paskhaliya played an important role in the development of modern chronological science.
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Fedorov, Aleksandr V. "RUSSIAN INVESTIGATION AS VIEWED BY A HISTORIAN." Russian investigator 12 (November 27, 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3783-2019-12-3-10.
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The article is dedicated to the famous Russian historian and legal expert Doctor of History Dmitriy O. Serov and a brief analysis of his studies concerning the establishment and development of the Russian law enforcement authorities in the first third of the 18th century: courts, prosecutor’s office, fiscal service, investigative authorities. Having started his scientific activities from studies of history of the spiritual life of the Russian society from the 17th to the 18th century, D.O. Serov then moved on to the legal aspects of history of the 18th to the 20th century, history of the personnel of the national government machine focusing on investigative authorities and was recognized in our country and abroad as one of the best experts of the Peter the Great’s epoch, specialist in history of the Russian law enforcement and judicial systems, leading scientist studying history of the Russian investigative authorities. D.O. Serov developed new areas of historical and legal research; identified, researched and introduced into scientific discourse many earlier unknown or briefly mentioned archive files including the Instruction to Major’s Investigative Chancelleries of December 9, 1717. The educational course History of the Russian Investigative Authorities was launched based on his research; a new professional holiday, the Day of an Investigation Officer of the Russian Federation, was introduced by Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 741 of August 27, 2013 (July 25, the day of establishment of the first M.I. Volkonskiy investigative chancellery); some memorable dates of history of the national pre-trial investigation were introduced (including December 9, the Day of Establishment of Major’s Investigative Chancelleries). D.O. Serov justified that the Russian investigative authorities originated in the form of investigative chancelleries. The basis for acknowledgment of such chancelleries as investigative authorities is their characteristics as an independent permanent government authority, designated to investigate criminal cases on the pre-trial stage, being the only function of this authority. D.O. Serov’s research showed that the reason for a short life of such authorities was not their low efficiency. Quite the opposite, major’s investigative chancelleries were in advance of their time and turned out to be misfitting even for the reformed state mechanism of Russia.
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Reid, Christopher. "Whose parliament? Political oratory and print culture in the later 18th century." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 9, no. 2 (May 2000): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394700000900202.
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A recurrent feature of the long history of the British Parliament has been its resistance to the media which facilitate public access to its proceedings. Throughout the 18th century the reporting of parliamentary debates was technically a breach of privilege and it was not until the 1770s that the publication of proceedings in newspapers became an established fact of political life. The emergence of this extra-parliamentary public sphere had important implications for parliamentary discourse itself. With opinion increasingly being made and exchanged outside Westminster, parliament itself came under pressure to adapt to changing circumstances and readerships. Focusing on the House of Commons, this article examines how a parliamentary culture of gentlemanly orality began to negotiate a relationship with an increasingly dominant culture of print. With particular reference to the early 1780s it considers the extent to which the publication of debates complicated oratorical performance, requiring speakers to conceive of their productions as engaging with a new kind of public and inducing them to refashion themselves rhetorically in recognition of shifting conceptions of political sincerity, accountability and trust.
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Perutz, Max. "Book reviews." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 54, no. 3 (September 22, 2000): 387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0119.
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Twelve book reviews in the September 2003 issue of Notes and Records : Georgina Ferry, Dorothy Hodgkin: a life . J.D. Bernal: a life in science and politics . Edited by Brenda Swann and Francis Aprahamian. Max Perutz, I wish I'd made you angry earlier. Essays on science and scientists . A. Rupert Hall, Isaac Newton: eighteenth-century perspectives . G.I. Brown, Count Rumford. The extraordinary life of a scientific genius . The correspondence of Michael Faraday , volume 4. Edited by Frank A.J.L. James. The philosopher's tree: A selection of Michael Faraday's writings . Compiled, with commentary, by Peter Day. Science and exploration in the Pacific. European voyages to the Southern Oceans in the 18th century . Edited by Margarette Lincoln. Gillian Beer, Open fields: science in cultural encounter . Rocky Kolb, Blind watchers of the sky . Jan Golinski, Making natural knowledge. Constructivism and the history of science . Simon Conway Morris, The crucible of Creation: the Burgess Shale and the rise of animals .
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Kosman, Janina. "Fons sapientiae – przykłady XVII- i XVIII-wiecznych druków szkolnych ze zbioru biblioteki Archiwum Państwowego w Szczecinie." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 11 (December 29, 2017): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2017.30.
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The Library of the State Archives in Szczecin has got a valuable collection of old printed books, including a large collection of handbooks. The article presents selected examples of 17th and 18th century publications produced in Szczecin, in one of the most important local schools, the Paedagogium Ducale, later transformed into the Gymnasium Carolinum. These materials, referring to various manifestations of school life, illustrate reflect activities of educational institutions of that time. They are also an important supplement to the history of culture and social life in Szczecin and in the Western Pomerania.
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Janjic, Marina. "Zaharija Orfelin’s primer and its place in Serbian cultural history." Juznoslovenski filolog 72, no. 3-4 (2016): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1604159j.
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The paper illuminates the enlightenment work of Zaharija Orfelin from the viewpoints of broader cultural and historical and narrower linguistic and didactic guidelines. In the social context of 18th-century Serbia, which cannot be considered one-sided, amidst the fusion of cultural values of the East and West, Orfelin conceptualized the key of national values in education. The Primer is more than the first book - it is a latent proclamation of the coming of the Enlightenment ideas. The aim of this work is point to the fact that in the cultural history of Serbia he was the precursor of modern Serbian language teaching long before it came to life in our modern teaching under the influence of foreign methodologists.
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Dębicka, Malwina K. "Dzieje opiniowania sądowo-lekarskiego w Królestwie Prus w XVIII stuleciu." Archives of Forensic Medicine and Criminology 71, no. 1-2 (2021): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16891716amsik.21.002.14225.
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W artykule przedstawiono historię i przebieg opiniowania sądowo-lekarskiego w Królestwie Prus w XVIII wieku. Opisano działalność pierwszych instytucji zajmujących się sprawami z zakresu medycyny publicznej w kraju, w tym medyczno-sądowymi. W artykule przedstawiono działalność uczelni i wydziałów medycznych, pionierskie badania wybitnych profesorów medycyny, a także najważniejsze regulacje prawne dotyczące orzecznictwa sądowo-lekarskiego. Omówiono problematykę udziału biegłych lekarzy w postępowaniu sądowym w celu rozstrzygnięcia kwestii związanych z oceną stanu zdrowia i życia. Opiniowanie sądowo-lekarskie w Prusach rozwijało się niezwykle prężnie w XVIII stuleciu (szczególnie na tle innych krajów europejskich), zaś swoją tradycją sięga czasów Lex Caroliny z 1532 roku oraz Lex Bambergiany z 1508 roku. The history of medicolegal opinions in the Kingdom of Prussia in the 18th century The article presents the history and the course of medicolegal opinions in the Kingdom of Prussia in the 18th century. The activities of the first institutions dealing with matters in the field of public medicine in the country, including medico-forensics, are described. The article presents the activities of universities and medical faculties, pioneering research by eminent professors of medicine, as well as the most important legal regulations concerning medicolegal judgments. The issue of the participation of expert doctors in court proceedings in order to resolve issues related to the assessment of health and life was discussed. Medicolegal opinions in Prussia developed very dynamically in the 18th century (especially compared to other European countries), and its tradition dates back to the times of Lex Carolina from 1532 and Lex Bambergiana from 1508.
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Heras, Antonio J., Pierre-Charles Pradier, and David Teira. "What was fair in actuarial fairness?" History of the Human Sciences 33, no. 2 (September 15, 2019): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119856292.
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In actuarial parlance, the price of an insurance policy is considered fair if customers bearing the same risk are charged the same price. The estimate of this fair amount hinges on the expected value obtained by weighting the different claims by their probability. We argue that, historically, this concept of actuarial fairness originates in an Aristotelian principle of justice in exchange (equality in risk). We will examine how this principle was formalized in the 16th century and shaped in life insurance during the following two hundred years, in two different interpretations. The Domatian account of actuarial fairness relied on subjective uncertainty: An agreement on risk was fair if both parties were equally ignorant about the chances of an uncertain event. The objectivist version grounded any agreement on an objective risk estimate drawn from a mortality table. We will show how the objectivist approach collapsed in the market for life annuities during the 18th century, leaving open the question of why we still speak of actuarial fairness as if it were an objective expected value.
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Turov, Sergei V. "FLOODS IN WESTERN SIBERIA IN THE CONTEXT OF NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP (18TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY)." Ural Historical Journal 74, no. 1 (2022): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-109-115.
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In terms of scale and devastating consequences, floods are the most dangerous thing among natural disasters. The article is an attempt to assess their impact on the settlements and economic development in the Ob-Irtysh river system within the West Siberian region in the 18th — early 20th centuries. Floods which had high waters were associated with spring floods, but the water could not subside until the fall or even before the ice break. There were also catastrophic ones with a very high level. In addition, some complications such as long high-water cycles accrued at the time when the level and frequency of flooding increased. During severe and catastrophic floods settlements and agricultural land were flooded, livestock died, houses and outbuildings were destroyed or rendered unusable, and communication routes were interrupted for a long time. In the north of the region (Lower Ob region) during catastrophic floods, fishing trade was almost stopped and the opportunities for cattle breeding in the flooded floodplain were sharply reduced. Floodplain agriculture fell into decay during high-water cycles in the southern boreal forest area. The population of coastal areas tried to protect themselves from flooding with storage dams, but they were not built everywhere and often could not withstand the pressure of water. The only effective means of flood defense was relocation to high river banks. Therefore, the floods in 1912 and 1914 years provoked the relocation of the Irtysh River low-cost residents of the Tobolsk province. The authorities facilitated this relocation. Assistance was provided to flood victims, even though not so often. In these conditions, the population often had to rely only on themselves and God’s help. Thus, for example, in the city of Berezov the cult of St. Epiphanius was formed. On his Memorial Day people asked the higher forces for help in eliminating the consequences of the flood. But the most effective tool in combating floods was folk natural science knowledge. Over the long history of life on the river, the Russian population has developed omens, which helped them to judge the level of the upcoming flood. Among the enlightened part of the local population, there were ideas about the cyclical nature of catastrophic floods.
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Souckova, Tatana. "Matthias Bel and the Russian Academic Milieu during the Enlightenment." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.209.
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Since the 1950s the Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian scholars have carried out research aimed at analysing the personal correspondence of Matthias Bel, a Hungarian polymath and one of the most significant intellectuals of the first half of the 18th century in the Habsburg monarchy. Analysis of Bel’s letters has revealed many interesting facts about Bel’s life as a Baroque scholar. It has also brought to light the sphere of his collaborations with various colleagues, both domestic and foreign ones. Amongst Bel’s contacts, there were also German scientists from the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, most importantly, Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer and Christian Goldbach. With the recent emergence of the projects supporting the publication of the bilingual Latin-Slovak translations of Bel’s major work Notitia Hungariae novae historico geographica, historians have been seeking for to widen a range of its possible interpretations or to compare Bel’s opus magnum with similar works of his contemporaries. The study thus focuses on the analysis of a trace, which Bel’s communication left in the Russian historical milieu in the first half of the 18th century. On the basis of historical sources, and with corresponding relevant scholarship, a connection with Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev’s work Istoriia rossiiskaia is outlined. With Bayer being in contact with both Bel and Tatishchev, a rather unexpected bridge was built between the Hungarian and Russian science in the era of the early Enlightenment. The aim of the study is to introduce new, and yet unpublished discoveries about the work of Matthias Bel and Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev.
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de Oliveira Torres, Rodrigo. "Seafaring life, shipboard routine and Temperance propaganda in mid-nineteenth century American whaling communities as depicted in Francis Allyn Olmsted’s Incidents of a Whaling Voyage (1841)." International Journal of Maritime History 28, no. 3 (July 27, 2016): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871416648086.
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Tychinskikh, Z. A., and S. R. Muratova. "“... And Their Mosques From Churches of God to Build in Distant Places”: to Qquestion of Formation of Interethnic and Interfaith Borders in Western Siberia in 18<sup>th</sup> Century." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 9 (September 29, 2021): 512–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-9-512-536.
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The process of building ethno-religious boundaries in the 18th century in the social space of Western Siberia is considered on the example of the provincial center — Tobolsk. The relevance of the study is due to the transformation of ethno-confessionalism from a cultural phenomenon into an instrument that can be used for political purposes in modern Russia. One of the methodological research tools is the method of analysis of the “new local history”, which allows you to create a holistic perception of the study of the social life of the past “at a local object”. The main stages of the state ethno-confessional policy in the 18th century are highlighted. The facts of the forced Christianization of Muslims are clarified. The authors draw attention to the role of the personal (subjective) factor in the processes under study. On the example of the activities of Metropolitan Sylvester Glovatsky and the governor F. I. Soimonov, the vector of the development of interfaith relations is considered, which often depends on the foresight and ideological attitudes of local authorities. Particular attention is paid to government decrees reflecting the position of the state in the ethno-religious sphere. The features are revealed and the main stages of the process of Christianization of Siberian Muslims during the 18th century are highlighted. The process of formation of interfaith boundaries in the multiethnic Siberian region is analyzed. The historiography of the topic under study is presented.
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Owczarek-Ciszewska, Joanna. "Hammer mechanism instruments and their role in shaping the composition style of pieces written for keyboard instruments in the period of 1730-1780, part 2 – The making of stringed keyboard instruments in the 18th century." Notes Muzyczny 2, no. 10 (December 20, 2018): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9811.
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The article is the continuation of the cycle of texts devoted to hammer mechanism instruments from the 18th century, which was initiated in the previous issue of the magazine “Notes Muzyczny”. This instalment presents an overview of the phenomena related to keyboard instrument making in the described period – classification of instruments in terms of terminology, structure and sound (cf. classification of instruments in table 1). A general tendency of the development of keyboard instruments in the 18th century seems to be the search for original construction-related solutions of individual instrument makers, assuming, however, that there was a paramount pursuit of expanding expressive capacities. A greater diversification of sound was an answer to the changing musical language of the galant and Empfindsamkeit styles, which were aimed at touching audiences, referring to their sensitivity and not just their intellect. Subsequent subchapters present a review of the most important inventions of that vivid period. A special emphasis was placed on new forms of instruments, some of which only became part of history as experiments – unfinished projects or singular copies – whereas others functioned in the musical life of the 18th century for a longer time. The described instruments are, respectively: Hebenstreit’s pantalon, French hammer mechanism projects by Jean Marius, tangent pianos, instruments for home use – table pianos and other miniature forms, and also the development of the Vienna-type mechanism as presented by the instrument maker Andreas Stein, and hybrid instruments combining different types of mechanisms in one body.
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Bates, Ann, and A. W. Bates. "Lãn Ông (Lê Hũ'u Trác, 1720–91) and the Vietnamese medical tradition." Journal of Medical Biography 15, no. 3 (August 2007): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-30.
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The 18th-century physician Hai Thu'o'ng Lãn Ông is the most celebrated practitioner of Vietnamese medicine. He wrote medical texts and poetry that included, unusually for the time, an autobiographical element and he is the first Vietnamese physician for whom significant biographical information is available. Educated in classical Chinese medicine, he incorporated into the pharmacopoeia traditional herbal remedies indigenous to Vietnam. Despite his inclination to pursue a secluded life, he became the foremost physician of his day and was summoned to the corrupt court of the Trinh Lords in Hanoi, of which he left a revealing account. Since the 19th century his writings have been central to the canon of traditional Vietnamese medicine.
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Sprutta, Justyna. "Presence and Formation of Adults in the Sodality of Our Lady: Contribution to the Native History." Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne, no. 37 (April 19, 2021): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pst.2020.37.08.
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The Christian Life Community is the successor of the Sodality of Our Lady. The Christian Life Community today is mostly made up of adults. They are formed spiritually and morally. This formation had already existed since the beginning in the Sodality of Our Lady, that is since the foundation of the first Sodality of Our Lady by the Jesuit John Leunis in 1563 at the Collegium Romanum. The adults who co-created the Sodality of Our Lady until the 18th century were kings, aristocrats, bishops, nobles, townsmen, craftsmen, servants, but the presence of adults most fully developed after the reactivation of the Society of Jesus (1814). The indications presented in the Guide by the Jesuit Jan Rostworowski have shaped the characters and attitudes of the adult members of the Marian Sodalities for centuries.
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Baldwin, Ian. "Discovery of Electricity and the Electromagnetic Force: Its Importance for Environmentalists, Educators, Physicians, Politicians, and Citizens." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 362–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.712.9532.
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The discovery of static electricity in the 18th century and electromagnetism in the 19th was one of the most momentous scientific-technological events in human history. In the 21st century our way of life depends on the electromagnetic force so totally that were our electromagnetic infrastructure to collapse, our civilization would collapse virtually simultaneously. Despite this situation of profound dependency, few citizens understand the electromagnetic force, how it was discovered, how it works, and what wonders of modern life it controls. Nor do citizens understand the roles that Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and global electric circuit play in making electricity and life possible. Here, I review Earth’s natural electric environment and how electricity first began to be scientifically understood with the innovation of the Leyden jar in the mid-18th century; Franklin’s insights about electricity’s positive and negative poles, and its movement (later named a “current”); Galvani’s discovery of bioelectricity; and Volta’s seminal invention of the bi-metallic electrochemical battery in 1800. Ørsted’s discovery that an electric current affected a magnetized needle, causing it to swivel, in 1820 led to experiments with electromagnets by Schweigger, Arago, Ampère, Sturgeon, Henry, Faraday, and others over the course of the next decade. Observing how conducting wires induced magnetism in iron bars whenever the wires were electrified, Faraday and Henry separately discovered the principle of induction, whereby a moving magnetic field could reciprocally induce electricity in a coiled wire. Out of these momentous discoveries the “magneto-electric” telegraph was invented, and, within a single generation, the world was wired.
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Rosset, François. "HOW TO STUDY LITERARY CULTURE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT?" Wiek Oświecenia, no. 38 (September 25, 2022): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0137-6942.wo.38.1.
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It has long been known which books were read most widely throughout enlightened Europe and to which intellectual authorities particular social groups referred. After the long history of research about the 18th century, modernity has also inherited various research habits consisting mainly of constant verification of the recognised hierarchy of authors, publications, and actors of intellectual life. However, the question remains: how to study this literary culture in given continent areas? Speaking of literary culture, we mean the prevailing patterns in the reception, evaluation, assimilation and imitation of literature, information and evaluation channels, local conditions that have a decisive influence on choices and opinions. The author proposes to speak about this matter based on the recently completed work on literary culture in French-speaking Switzerland in the 18th century. Despite its specificity and evident provincialism, this example provides material for a general, theoretical and methodological reflection: is it worth researching production from the second (and further) shelf? If so, how should this material be approached? What does it tell us about the evaluation procedures? The article presents and analyses these issues.
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Kaplun, M. V. "Plays on Plot of Tamerlane and Bayazet on Russian Stage of Late 17th — Early 18th Centuries: Northern European Sources." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-6-207-224.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the little-studied Northern European sources of Russian plays on the plot about Tamerlane and Bayazet of the late 17th — early 18th centuries. The material was the play “Temir-Aksakovo Action” in 1675, a not preserved version of the play of the early 18th century “The Clear History of Tamerlane, the Tatar Khan how he defeated Saltan of Tursk Bayazet”, plays from the repertoire of “English comedians” of the 17th century, plays by the German playwright Andreas Gryphius and the English playwright Nicholas Roe. It is shown that the interludes of the play “Temir-Aksakovo Action” could be taken from the little-known play “The Comedy of Tamerlane”, staged in Nuremberg in 1667. Analysis of the play by German playwright Andreas Gryphius “The Armenian Leo” in 1656 makes it possible to talk about general formulas in constructing the theme of the overthrow of tyranny, the baroque theme of the mutability of life in the German and Russian drama of the 17th century. The play “The Clear History of Tamerlane ...”, staged at the court of Peter I in the 1700s, has been brought into consideration. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the typological commonality of the Russian play with the play by the English playwright Nicholas Rowe “Tamerlane” in 1701, containing real historical allusions to the present.
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Hellman, Lisa. "Life in the foreign quarters of Canton: The case of the Swedish East India Company in the long eighteenth century." International Journal of Maritime History 27, no. 4 (November 2015): 798–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871415610289.
Full textAbstract:
This note describes a project analysing the everyday life in the foreign quarters of Canton, focusing on the Swedish East India Company employees 1730–1830. Canton was a well-known hub in the global trade during the long 18th century. However, it had strict restrictions on the foreign traders. Additionally, this port had a complex make-up in terms of ethnicity, class and religion, and I argue for the need to take its many groups into account. The Swedish company is a rare topic of study compared to other, larger companies, but it provides an unusual perspective: that of the small and non-colonial European company meeting a large and powerful Asian empire. The intercultural interaction in Canton took place in a very small space. This environment, in a restricted space, under Asian control, with many different groups, made for special relations among the foreign traders, and between the foreigners. This is particularly clear when focusing on the everyday life. I have studied the daily life Swedish employees in terms of how they acted as parts of groups, how they lived in this cramped space, their communication (amongst themselves and with others), their consumption and material practices, and finally which practices and strategies they used to establish trust.