Journal articles: 'Seabed mapping'

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Gordon, Angus D. "Offshore Sydney Seabed Mapping." Journal of Coastal Research 101, sp1 (August 26, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/jcr-si101-024.1.

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Smith Menandro, Pedro, and Alex Cardoso Bastos. "Seabed Mapping: A Brief History from Meaningful Words." Geosciences 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10070273.

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Over the last few centuries, mapping the ocean seabed has been a major challenge for marine geoscientists. Knowledge of seabed bathymetry and morphology has significantly impacted our understanding of our planet dynamics. The history and scientific trends of seabed mapping can be assessed by data mining prior studies. Here, we have mined the scientific literature using the keyword “seabed mapping” to investigate and provide the evolution of mapping methods and emphasize the main trends and challenges over the last 90 years. An increase in related scientific production was observed in the beginning of the 1970s, together with an increased interest in new mapping technologies. The last two decades have revealed major shift in ocean mapping. Besides the range of applications for seabed mapping, terms like habitat mapping and concepts of seabed classification and backscatter began to appear. This follows the trend of investments in research, science, and technology but is mainly related to national and international demands regarding defining that country’s exclusive economic zone, the interest in marine mineral and renewable energy resources, the need for spatial planning, and the scientific challenge of understanding climate variability. The future of seabed mapping brings high expectations, considering that this is one of the main research and development themes for the United Nations Decade of the Oceans. We may expect a new higher resolution ocean seafloor map that might be as influential as The Floor of the Oceans map.

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PANDIAN, P. K., J. P. RUSCOE, M. SHIELDS, J. C. SIDE, R. E. HARRIS, S. A. KERR, and C. R. BULLEN. "Seabed habitat mapping techniques: an overview of the performance of various systems." Mediterranean Marine Science 10, no. 2 (December 2, 2009): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.107.

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Seabed mapping has become vital for effective management of marine resources. An important role in moving towards ecosystem based management is played by the defining and understanding of the relationships among marine habitat characteristics, species distribution and human activities. Mapping seabed characteristics by means of remote acoustic sensing, using seabed seismic profiling, sidescan sonar, or echo-sounder based classification systems, is becoming of increasing importance. This paper gives a brief overview of existing marine habitat mapping technologies and their recent developments. In singlebeam echo-sounders, using multiple frequencies will be useful in classifying the seabed. It must be observed that the resolution of a sidescan sonar with narrower along-track beam width and higher range sampling rates will be better than a multi-beam echo-sounder, although the specifications of the newer systems are much improved. Airborne LIDAR bathymetry is very useful for shallow water seabed mapping, particularly in challenging rocky areas vulnerable for ship-based mapping operations. Seabed maps are essential in any case for siting of bottom mounted energy devices. The utmost care should be taken at all stages of the classification process, such as input data, control of interfering factors, seabed acoustic attributes, classification methods and ground-truth observations.

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Blondel, Philippe. "Ultrasound in oceanography and seabed mapping." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015437.

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The scientific achievements of Paul Langevin are numerous and far-reaching. In the 150th anniversary of his birth, we look at one of his early contributions, forged in the heat and pressure of World War I. For most historians of science, Paul Langevin is the creator of sonars, and this opened a totally new window onto our world. In their first century of use, sonars quickly spread throughout the world, revealing the depths of the oceans, the complexities of marine life and the richness of oceanography. In the last decades, their capabilities were greatly augmented with the use of new materials and new techniques, from photographic techniques to computers and Artificial Intelligence. The early innovations of Paul Langevin enabled new fields of science, and this talk will explore the physics as well as the links between research, industry and governments that made these advances possible. François Rabelais, the French Renaissance humanist, wrote that “Science without conscience is only ruin of the soul,” and the life of Paul Langevin fully illustrated this sentence. This first century of ultrasound in oceanography and seabed mapping has lessons for future efforts in research efforts and its applications throughout the world, especially as oceans are crucial to climate changes.

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Kenny, A. J., I. Cato, M. Desprez, G. Fader, R. T. E. Schüttenhelm, and J. Side. "An overview of seabed-mapping technologies in the context of marine habitat classification☆." ICES Journal of Marine Science 60, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-3139(03)00006-7.

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Abstract A wide range of seabed-mapping technologies is reviewed in respect to their effectiveness in discriminating benthic habitats at different spatial scales. Of the seabed attributes considered important in controlling the benthic community of marine sands and gravel, sediment grain size, porosity or shear strength, and sediment dynamics were highlighted as the most important. Whilst no one mapping system can quantify all these attributes at the same time, some may be estimated by skilful interpretation of the remotely sensed data. For example, seabed processes or features, such as bedform migration, scour, slope failure, and gas venting are readily detectable by many of the mapping systems, and these characteristics in turn can be used to assist a habitat classification (and monitoring) of the seabed. We tabulate the relationship between “rapid” continental shelf sedimentological processes, the seabed attributes affecting these processes, and the most suitable mapping system to employ for their detection at different spatial scales.

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Valentine, Page C., Guy R. Cochrane, and Kathryn M. Scanlon. "Mapping the Seabed and Habitats in National Marine Sanctuaries—Examples from the East, Gulf and West Coasts." Marine Technology Society Journal 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533203787537465.

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The National Marine Sanctuary System requires seabed and habitat maps to serve as a basis for managing sanctuary resources and for conducting research. NOAA, the agency that manages the sanctuaries, and the USGS have conducted mapping projects in three sanctuaries (Stellwagen Bank NMS, Flower Garden Banks NMS, and Channel Islands NMS) with an emphasis on collaboration of geologists and biologists from the two agencies and from academic institutions. Mapping of seabed habitats is a developing field that requires the integration of geologic and biologic studies and the use of swath imaging techniques such as multibeam and sidescan sonar. Major products of swath mapping are shaded-relief topographic imagery which shows seabed features in great detail, and backscatter imagery which provides an indication of the types of materials that constitute the seabed. Sea floor images provide an excellent basis for conducting the groundtruthing studies (using video, photo, and sampling techniques) that are required to collect the data necessary for making meaningful interpretative maps of the seabed. The compilation of interpretive maps showing seabed environments and habitats also requires the development of a sea floor classification system that will be a basis for comparing, managing, and researching characteristic areas of the seabed. Seabed maps of the sanctuaries are proving useful for management and research decisions that address commercial and recreational fishing, habitat disturbance, engineering projects, tourism, and cultural resources.

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Whiteway, Tanya, Andrew Heap, Tara Anderson, and Rachel Przeslawski. "Marine mapping survey reveals broad-scale seabed environments of remote offshore basins in Western Australia." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09094.

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Between October 2008 and January 2009, Geoscience Australia conducted a marine mapping survey to document the seabed environments and subsurface geology of the Zeewyck, Houtman, Exmouth sub-basins and the deep-water Wallaby (Cuvier) Plateau, Western Australia. The seabed mapping survey, the second and largest mapping survey of the Federal Government’s Offshore Energy Security Program, documented seabed environments and biota from multibeam sonar and sub-bottom profiler data, towed video footage and physical samples. Preliminary analysis of the data indicates that for all of the sub-basins the seabed is comprised of carbonate mud that supports relatively sparse infaunal populations. Rocky substrates, principally in the numerous submarine canyons, supported sparse communities of sessile organisms. Interestingly, some of these hard-grounds were associated with volcanic (basaltic) peaks on the upper slope that attain 200 metres above the surrounding seabed. Data collected from the survey are being analysed in conjunction with existing environmental data to establish a series of environmental summaries that describe the key seabed habitats and biota for the offshore basins. The environmental summaries are being made available to support future acreage release in the sub-basins. The marine mapping survey was run in combination with a regional 2D seismic survey of the same offshore basins, also completed as part of the Offshore Energy Security Program.

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Misiuk, Benjamin, Vincent Lecours, and Trevor Bell. "A multiscale approach to mapping seabed sediments." PLOS ONE 13, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): e0193647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193647.

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Hughes Clarke, John E., Anand Hiroji, Glen Rice, Fabio Sacchetti, and Vera Quinlan. "Regional seabed backscatter mapping using multiple frequencies." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988963.

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Guinan, J., C. McKeon, E. O'Keeffe, X. Monteys, F. Sacchetti, M. Coughlan, and C. Nic Aonghusa. "INFOMAR data supports offshore energy development and marine spatial planning in the Irish offshore via the EMODnet Geology portal." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 54, no. 1 (July 24, 2020): qjegh2020–033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2020-033.

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The characterization of the seafloor is a fundamental first step in informing resource management, marine spatial planning, conservation, fisheries, industry and research. Integrated Mapping for the Sustainable Development of Ireland's Marine Resource (INFOMAR), Ireland's national seabed mapping programme, delivers freely available, high-resolution seabed imagery derived from multibeam echosounder data in the Irish Exclusive Economic Zone. The European Union established the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) Geology data portal, which provides harmonized broad-scale seabed substrate information for all European seas and confidence assessments of the information that underpins the geological interpretations. A multi-scale product has been produced using INFOMAR's high-resolution seabed substrate information at the 1:50 000 scale. As part of the Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Celtic Seas project, the EMODnet Geology seabed substrate data portal assisted in addressing the challenges associated with the implementation of the European Union's Marine Spatial Planning Directive. The seabed substrate data in the EMODnet Geology data portal were identified as a valuable tool for guiding the selection of sites for offshore wind farms in the Irish Sea and their subsequent characterization. This paper outlines the approach to delivering a multi-scale seabed substrate dataset for the Irish offshore and its applicability to marine spatial planning and the development of offshore energy resources.Thematic collection: This article is part of the Mapping the Geology and Topography of the European Seas (EMODnet) collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/EMODnet

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Brown, Craig J., Annika Mitchell, David S. Limpenny, Mike R. Robertson, Matthew Service, and Neil Golding. "Mapping seabed habitats in the Firth of Lorn off the west coast of Scotland: evaluation and comparison of habitat maps produced using the acoustic ground-discrimination system, RoxAnn, and sidescan sonar." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 4 (January 1, 2005): 790–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.10.008.

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Abstract In September 2003 a national workshop took place in the United Kingdom with the aim of assessing the accuracy of the acoustic ground-discrimination system (AGDS), RoxAnn™, as a tool for mapping seabed habitats in Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). A heterogeneous area of seabed, approximately 1 km2 in size, was selected for the study. The area was first surveyed using a sidescan-sonar system and a mosaic of the output was produced covering 100% of the survey area. Interpretation of the mosaic identified three acoustically distinct seabed types, the spatial distributions of which were mapped. Four RoxAnn data sets were then collected over the same area of seabed applying different survey parameters (e.g. different survey grids, track spacing, survey vessels, survey speeds, and RoxAnn systems). Extensive ground-truthing was carried out involving 26 drop-down video stations, and from these data six benthic classes (seabed habitats) were identified. Following interpolation of the RoxAnn track-point data to produce full spatial-coverage data, these six-seabed habitat categories were used to conduct supervised classification of the RoxAnn data to produce full-coverage habitat maps of the area for each of the four RoxAnn data sets. Comparisons were then made between the four RoxAnn maps and the sidescan-sonar interpreted map. The accuracy of each map was assessed and the application of this mapping approach for mapping seabed habitats in SACs is discussed.

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Lubis, Muhammad Zainuddin, Sri Pujiyati, Budhi Agung Prasetyo, and Tiggi Choanji. "Review : Bathymetry Mapping Using Underwater Acoustic Technology." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2019.4.2.3127.

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The bathymetry mapping using underwater acoustic technology very important in Indonesia waters. Bathymetry is the result of measuring the height of the seabed so that the bathymetric map provides information about the seabed, where this information can provide benefits to several fields related to the seabed. In bathymetry mapping uses underwater acoustic technology where among them is using Single beam echosounder and MBES (Multibeam Echosounder System), and multibeam echosounder (MBES) is acoustic equipment that is intensively used frequently in basic waters mapping. The advantage of using underwater acoustic technology is the acquisition and processing of data in real time, high accuracy and precision (correction of the bathymetry data was carried out with reference to the 2008 International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), and cannot be a threat or damage to objects. Retrieval of bathymetry data must use parallel patterns, namely: patterns with perpendicular sounding directions and tend to be parallel to longitudinal lines or in accordance with parallel sounding patterns.

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Menandro, Pedro S., Alex C. Bastos, Geandré Boni, Lucas C. Ferreira, Fernanda V. Vieira, Ana Carolina Lavagnino, Rodrigo L. Moura, and Markus Diesing. "Reef Mapping Using Different Seabed Automatic Classification Tools." Geosciences 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020072.

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There is a great demand to develop new acoustic techniques to efficiently map the seabed and automate the interpretation of acoustic, sedimentological, and imaging data sets, eliminating subjectivity. Here, we evaluate the potential, limitations and complementariety of distinct supervised and automatic classification techniques in the mapping of reefs by comparing these results with a reference map. The study was carried out in the Abrolhos Continental Shelf (Eastern Brazilian Continental Margin) using a multibeam echosounder and side scan sonar (SSS) dataset. Two automatic supervised techniques were applied. A reference map was derived by detailed manual interpretation carried out by three experts. The two supervised classification techniques were: benthic terrain modeler (BTM), a morphometric classification with focus on spatial analyses of the bathymetric grid derivatives, and object-based image analysis (OBIA), a segmentation applied to the backscatter data from the SSS mosaic. Both automatic techniques obtained similar values of reef coverage area, but overestimated the reef area when compared with the reference map. The agreement between BTM and OBIA results and the reference map was 69% and 67%, respectively. Disagreement was mainly due to quantity of reef (both methods over-estimated reef), while the disagreement in spatial allocation was relatively low, it indicates that both methods are reasonable representation of the spatial patterns of reef. Efficient mapping of reef in the wider area of the Abrolhos Continental Shelf will be best achieved by a further development of automatic methods tested against reference maps obained from representative areas of the seabed. By combining the results of the two automatic methods, it was possible to create an ensemble map, which achieved better agreement with the reference dataset.

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Swadi, G., K. M. Aljebory, and D. Holifield. "A Comparative Study of Prediction in Seabed Mapping." i-manager's Journal on Software Engineering 7, no. 3 (March 15, 2013): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jse.7.3.2169.

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Holland, Charles. "Mapping seabed variability: Rapid surveying of coastal regions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 3 (March 2006): 1373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2161439.

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Diesing, Markus, and David Stephens. "A multi-model ensemble approach to seabed mapping." Journal of Sea Research 100 (June 2015): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2014.10.013.

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Evans, Benjamin, and Jeremy Weirich. "US objectives with NOMEC: Enabling contributions to Seabed 2030." International Hydrographic Review 28 (November 1, 2022): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.58440/ihr-28-n11.

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Building on Seabed 2030 momentum, in 2020, the United States (US) debuted the National Strategy for Mapping, Exploring, and Characterizing the United States Exclusive Economic Zone (NOMEC Strategy). Both initiatives make comprehensive ocean mapping a priority this decade. The goals of Seabed 2030 and NOMEC are similar, but NOMEC goes further. Through NOMEC, the U.S coordinates and amplifies mapping efforts, but also explores and characterizes priority areas of coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes waters, advancing understanding of the marine environment. This note highlights key accomplishments of NOMEC over the last two years and presents domestic and international opportunities to progress collaboratively.

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Mascioli, Francesco, Valerio Piattelli, Francesco Cerrone, Davide Gasprino, Tina Kunde, and Enrico Miccadei. "Feasibility of Objective Seabed Mapping Techniques in a Coastal Tidal Environment (Wadden Sea, Germany)." Geosciences 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020049.

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The growing interest in monitoring the marine environment has strongly encouraged governmental agencies and research institutes to undertake seabed mapping programs and stimulated scientific interest in innovative mapping methods and tools. In this study, object-based image analysis was used to map a very shallow tidal inlet, characterized by high sediment variability and intense morphodynamic processes. The aim was to test the feasibility of reproducible mapping approaches within extended mapping programs of complex coastal areas. The study is based on full-coverage, high-resolution bathymetry and reflectivity, calibrated by means of sediment samples. Seafloor segmentation and classification were based on a cluster analysis performed on reflectivity, slope, and ruggedness. Statistics of clusters were extracted and analysed to identify the optimal number of clusters and evaluate the suitability of the clustering process to differentiate different seabed types. Clusters and samples data were joined to create a training and validation dataset for characterizing the seabed and carrying out an accuracy assessment. Misclassifications were explored and referred to three main reasons: (i) The not-perfect correspondence between sediment boundaries of classification systems and boundaries derived from the clustering process; (ii) the geomorphological features of the seabed; and (iii) the position accuracy of samples. The study contributes to testing of the feasibility of objective methods and highlights the importance of joining acoustic, lithological, and geomorphological analysis. It highlights issues and the need to critically analyse the mapping results and improve the accuracy of collected data.

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Cheong, Snons, Subbarao Yelisetti, and Jong-Hwa Chun. "Numerical Imaging of the Seabed and Acoustic Flares with Topography and Velocity Variance." Remote Sensing 14, no. 18 (September 17, 2022): 4652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184652.

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During seabed mapping, anomalous acoustic events in the seawater layer often degrade bathymetric quality. Acoustic-flare-like events that are induced by gas seepage occur accompanied by small seabed depressions known as pockmarks. In this study, we performed numerical imaging to verify whether acoustic flares are related to changes in the topography of the seabed. The input models assumed convex or concave upward structures which differ based on aperture size. The imaging study determined that acoustic flares appear because the sensing instrument measures the velocity changes in the water layer regardless of the seabed topography. Changes in the velocity of the seawater column can be caused by the concentration of suspended particles and the wave current above the seabed, but further quantification research is required.

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Eastwood, Paul D., Sami Souissi, Stuart I. Rogers, Roger A. Coggan, and Craig J. Brown. "Mapping seabed assemblages using comparative top-down and bottom-up classification approaches." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-058.

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Acoustic technologies yield many benefits for mapping the physical structure of seabed environments but are not ideally suited to classifying associated biological assemblages. We tested this assumption using benthic infauna data collected off the south coast of England by applying top-down (supervised) and bottom-up (unsupervised) classification approaches. The top-down approach was based on an a priori acoustic classification of the seabed followed by characterization of the acoustic regions using ground-truth biological samples. By contrast, measures of similarity between the ground-truth infaunal community data formed the basis of the bottom-up approach to assemblage classification. For both approaches, individual assemblages were mapped by first computing Bayesian conditional probabilities for ground-truth stations to estimate the probability of each station belonging to an assemblage. Assemblage distributions were then interpolated over a regular grid and characterized using an indicator value index. While the two methods of classification yielded assemblages and output maps that were broadly comparable, the bottom-up approach arrived at a slightly better defined set of biological assemblages. This suggests that acoustically derived seabed data are not ideally suited to class ifying biological assemblages over unconsolidated sediments, despite offering considerable advantages in providing rapid and low-cost assessments of seabed physical structure.

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Collin, A., P. Archambault, and B. Long. "Mapping the Shallow Water Seabed Habitat With the SHOALS." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 46, no. 10 (October 2008): 2947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.920020.

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Li, Ye, Teng Ma, Rupeng Wang, Pengyun Chen, and Qiang Zhang. "Terrain Correlation Correction Method for AUV Seabed Terrain Mapping." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 5 (April 5, 2017): 1062–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346331700011x.

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A method is proposed for improving the accuracy and self-consistency of bathymetric maps built using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to create precise prior maps for Terrain-Aided Navigation (TAN), when the Global Positioning System (GPS) or another precise location method is unavailable. This method consists of front-end and back-end. For the front-end, the AUV predicts the measurement of the bathymetry system through Terrain Elevation Measurement Extrapolation Estimation (TEMEE) and calculates the likelihood function using real measurements. After the final Inertial Navigation System (INS) error is obtained by communicating with sensor nodes, the process enters the back-end. A Terrain Correlation Correction Method (TCCM) and an Improved Terrain Correlation Correction Method (ITCCM) are proposed to solve the gradual distribution of the final INS error to each point on a path, and the accuracy of ITCCM was confirmed experimentally. Finally, a TAN simulation experiment was conducted to prove the importance and necessity of map correction using ITCCM. ITCCM was proven to be an effective and important method for correcting maps built using an AUV.

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Brown, Craig J., and Philippe Blondel. "The application of underwater acoustics to seabed habitat mapping." Applied Acoustics 70, no. 10 (October 2009): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2008.09.006.

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Howe, John A., Alan Stevenson, and Robert Gatliff. "Seabed Mapping for the 21st Century – The Marine Environmental Mapping Programme (MAREMAP): Preface." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, no. 4 (December 2014): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175569101500016x.

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Tang, K. K. W., M. R. Mahmud, A. Hussaini, and A. G. Abubakar. "EVALUATING IMAGERY-DERIVED BATHYMETRY OF SEABED TOPOGRAPHY TO SUPPORT MARINE CADASTRE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-633-2019.

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Abstract. The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia has introduced marine cadastre system to register the rights, other valid interests therein and ownership of spatially determined parcels in the context of the marine environment yet the implementation of the system is still at the rudimentary stage. One of the big issues here is gathering land-to-seabed data to create a seamless topographic base map to support its marine cadastre project. Seabed bathymetric mapping in coastal zone is one of the major components to support marine cadastre. In the past, accurate bathymetric measurements can be a very laborious task in hydrographic surveying. Traditional vessel-based acoustic soundings require a lot of time, operation cost and others. Today, human’s ingenuity to yield bathymetric depths from multispectral images as an alternative source to chart the seabed topography has brought in new revolution to hydrography. The paper is initiated for evaluating water depth determination by using imagery-derived bathymetry technique and check its correlation with in-situ bathymetry depths. In the course of experiment, it demonstrates a good correlation between the imagery-derived bathymetric depths and the in-situ bathymetric depths, and majority of the derived depths have passed the minimum requirement of the IHO S-44 survey standard. The result also shows that these empirical models deliver promising outcome which can be use over the turbid environment setting. Hence, imagery-derived bathymetry approach can be an efficient and repeatable way to derive the seabed topography over a huge segment of coastal region. This study also suggests that imagery-derived bathymetry approach can be recognised as an aid in seabed topographic mapping to support marine cadastre initiative.

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Yusop, Mohd Shukri Mohd, Mohd Norsyarizad Razali, Nazirah Md Tarmizi, Mohd Najib Abdul Ghani Yolhamid, M. N. Azzeri, and Ainul Husna Abdul Rahman. "Acoustic Approach to Determining Seabed Substrates Distribution at Mandi Darah Island, Sabah." Transactions on Maritime Science 10, no. 2 (October 21, 2021): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v10.n02.007.

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Marine ecosystems and natural habitat play the important role of the Earth’s life support system. They significantly contribute to economies and food safety and help preserve ecological processes. However, the devastation of the marine ecosystem in Malaysia due to the human factor and climate change is quite alarming. Therefore, spatial marine information, especially on the distribution of seabed substrates and habitat mapping, are of utmost importance for marine ecosystem management and conservation. Traditionally, seabed substrate and habitat mapping were classified based on direct observation techniques such as photography, video, sampling, coring and scuba diving. These techniques are often limited due to water clarity and weather conditions and only suitable for smaller scale surveys. In this study, we employed an acoustic approach using the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System (AGDS) with a high-frequency single-beam echo sounder to examine the distribution of seabed substrate at the Mandi Darah Island, Sabah. The acoustic signals recorded by AGDS are translated into hardness and roughness indices which are then used to identify the unique characteristics of the recorded seabed types. The analysis has shown that fifteen types of substrates, ranging from silt to rough/some seagrass, have been identified and classified. The findings demonstrated that the acoustic method was a better alternative for seabed substrate determination than the conventional direct observation techniques in terms of cost and time spent, especially in large scale surveys. The seabed substrate dataset from this study could be used as baseline information for the better management and conservation of the marine ecosystem.

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Wilson, Robert J., Douglas C. Speirs, Alessandro Sabatino, and Michael R. Heath. "A synthetic map of the north-west European Shelf sedimentary environment for applications in marine science." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-109-2018.

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Abstract. Seabed sediment mapping is important for a wide range of marine policy, planning and scientific issues, and there has been considerable national and international investment around the world in the collation and synthesis of sediment datasets. However, in Europe at least, much of this effort has been directed towards seabed classification and mapping of discrete habitats. Scientific users often have to resort to reverse engineering these classifications to recover continuous variables, such as mud content and median grain size, that are required for many ecological and biophysical studies. Here we present a new set of 0.125∘ by 0.125∘ resolution synthetic maps of continuous properties of the north-west European sedimentary environment, extending from the Bay of Biscay to the northern limits of the North Sea and the Faroe Islands. The maps are a blend of gridded survey data, statistically modelled values based on distributions of bed shear stress due to tidal currents and waves, and bathymetric properties. Recent work has shown that statistical models can predict sediment composition in British waters and the North Sea with high accuracy, and here we extend this to the entire shelf and to the mapping of other key seabed parameters. The maps include percentage compositions of mud, sand and gravel; porosity and permeability; median grain size of the whole sediment and of the sand and the gravel fractions; carbon and nitrogen content of sediments; percentage of seabed area covered by rock; mean and maximum depth-averaged tidal velocity and wave orbital velocity at the seabed; and mean monthly natural disturbance rates. A number of applications for these maps exist, including species distribution modelling and the more accurate representation of sea-floor biogeochemistry in ecosystem models. The data products are available from https://doi.org/10.15129/1e27b806-1eae-494d-83b5-a5f4792c46fc.

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Anderson, John T., D. Van Holliday, Rudy Kloser, Dave G. Reid, and Yvan Simard. "Acoustic seabed classification: current practice and future directions." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 6 (April 29, 2008): 1004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn061.

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Abstract Anderson, J. T., Holliday, D. V., Kloser, R., Reid, D. G., and Simard, Y. 2008. Acoustic seabed classification: current practice and future directions. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1004–1011. Acoustic remote sensing of the seabed using single-beam echosounders, multibeam echosounders, and sidescan sonars combined and individually are providing technological solutions to marine-habitat mapping initiatives. We believe the science of acoustic seabed classification (ASC) is at its nascence. A comprehensive review of ASC science was undertaken by an international group of scientists under the auspices of ICES. The review was prompted by the growing need to classify and map marine ecosystems across a range of spatial scales in support of ecosystem-based science for ocean management. A review of the theory of sound-scattering from seabeds emphasizes the variety of theoretical models currently in use and the ongoing evolution of our understanding. Acoustic-signal conditioning and data quality assurance before classification using objective, repeatable procedures are important technical considerations where standardization of methods is only just beginning. The issue of temporal and spatial scales is reviewed, with emphasis on matching observational scales to those of the natural world. It is emphasized throughout that the seabed is not static but changes over multiple time-scales as a consequence of natural physical and biological processes. A summary of existing commercial ASC systems provides an introduction to existing capabilities. Verification (ground-truthing) methods are reviewed, emphasizing the difficulties of matching observational scales with acoustic-backscatter data. Survey designs for ASC explore methods that extend beyond traditional oceanographic and fisheries survey techniques. Finally, future directions for acoustic seabed classification science were identified in the key areas requiring immediate attention by the international scientific community.

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Ma, Jingxin, Haisen Li, Jianjun Zhu, Weidong Du, Chao Xu, and Xinyang Wang. "Design and Experiments of a Portable Seabed Integrated Detection Sonar." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082633.

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The integrated observation of seabed topography, sediment geomorphology and sub-bottom profile information is very important for seabed remote sensing and mapping. To improve the efficiency of seabed detection and meet the needs of portable development of detection equipment, we developed a portable seabed feature integrated detection sonar (PSIDS) with whcih a single sonar device can simultaneously detect the above three types of seabed information. The underwater transducer is mainly composed of the following three components: a parametric emission array as the sound source, a high frequency receiving linear array for multibeam echo signal collection, and a two-dimensional vector hydrophone for receiving the low-frequency sediment echo signal. Field experiments were conducted to validate the performance of the PSIDS on 11–17 January 2018 in Jiaozhou Bay, China. (1) PSIDS could perform the functions of both multibeam sonar and sub-bottom profiler; (2) The synchronously and integrated measurement of various seabed information was achieved by alternately emitting multibeam echo-sounding and sub-bottom profiling signal using parametric source. The detection results proved the feasibility and practicability of PSIDS to achieve multiple seafloor characteristics. PSIDS provides a new idea for developing integrated seabed detection sonar. In terms of convenience and data fusion, it is a good option to use this equipment for integrated seabed detection.

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Mateo-Pérez, Vanesa, Marina Corral-Bobadilla, Francisco Ortega-Fernández, and Vicente Rodríguez-Montequín. "Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Dredging from Satellite Images: A Case Study in the Principality of Asturias (Spain)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030267.

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One of the fundamental tasks in the maintenance of port operations is periodic dredging. These dredging operations facilitate the elimination of sediments that the coastal dynamics introduce. Dredging operations are increasingly restrictive and costly due to environmental requirements. Understanding the condition of the seabed before and after dredging is essential. In addition, determining how the seabed has behaved in recent years is important to consider when planning future dredging operations. In order to analyze the behavior of sediment transport and the changes to the seabed due to sedimentation, studies of littoral dynamics are conducted to model the deposition of sediments. Another methodology that could be used to analyze the real behavior of sediments would be to study and compare port bathymetries collected periodically. The problem with this methodology is that it requires numerous bathymetric surveys to produce a sufficiently significant analysis. This study provides an effective solution for obtaining a dense time series of bathymetry mapping using satellite data, and enables the past behavior of the seabed to be examined. The methodology proposed in this work uses Sentinel-2A (10 m resolution) satellite images to obtain historical bathymetric series by the development of a random forest algorithm. From these historical bathymetric series, it is possible to determine how the seabed has behaved and how the entry of sediments into the study area occurs. This methodology is applied in the Port of Luarca (Principality of Asturias), obtaining satellite images and extracting successive bathymetry mapping utilizing the random forest algorithm. This work reveals how once the dock was dredged, the sediments were redeposited and the seabed recovered its level prior to dredging in less than 2 months.

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Nelson, Trisalyn A. "Nearshore Aquatic Habitat Monitoring: A Seabed Imaging and Mapping Approach." Journal of Coastal Research 27, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-10-00110.1.

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Swadi, Ghedhban, Dave Holifield, and Ivan Jordanov. "The use of predictors in seabed mapping: A simulation approach." Measurement 44, no. 6 (July 2011): 1038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2011.02.020.

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Hansen, Roy E., Torstein O. Sæbø, Stig A. Synnes, and Ole E. Lorentzen. "Synthetic aperture sonar interferometry for detailed seabed mapping: Performance considerations." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4989186.

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Guillaume, Mireille, Audrey Minghelli, Yannick Deville, Malik Chami, Louis Juste, Xavier Lenot, Bruno Lafrance, Sylvain Jay, Xavier Briottet, and Veronique Serfaty. "Mapping Benthic Habitats by Extending Non-Negative Matrix Factorization to Address the Water Column and Seabed Adjacency Effects." Remote Sensing 12, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12132072.

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Monitoring of coastal areas by remote sensing is an important issue. The interest of using an unmixing method to determine the seabed composition from hyperspectral aerial images of coastal areas is investigated. Unmixing provides both seabed abundances and endmember reflectances. A sub-surface mixing model is presented, based on a recently proposed oceanic radiative transfer model that accounts for seabed adjacency effects in the water column. Two original non-negative matrix factorization ( N M F )-based unmixing algorithms, referred to as W A D J U M (Water ADJacency UnMixing) and W U M (Water UnMixing, no adjacency effects) are developed, assuming as known the water column bio-optical properties. Simulations show that W A D J U M algorithm achieves performance close to that of the N M F -based unmixing of the seabed without any water column, up to 10 m depth. W U M performance is lower and decreases with the depth. The robustness of the algorithms when using erroneous information about the water column bio-optical properties is evaluated. The results show that the abundance estimation is more reliable using W A D J U M approach. W A D J U M is applied to real data acquired along the French coast; the derived abundance maps of the benthic habitats are discussed and compared to the maps obtained using a fixed spectral library and a least-square ( L S ) estimation of the seabed mixing coefficients. The results show the relevance of the W A D J U M algorithm for the local analysis of the benthic habitats.

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Lee, Gwang H., Han J. Kim, Dae C. Kim, Bo Y. Yi, Seong M. Nam, Boo K. Khim, and Moon S. Lim. "The acoustic diversity of the seabed based on the similarity index computed from Chirp seismic data." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 2 (September 8, 2008): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn142.

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Abstract Lee, G. H., Kim, H. J., Kim, D. C., Yi, B. Y., Nam, S. M., Khim, B. K., and Lim, M. S. 2009. The acoustic diversity of the seabed based on the similarity index computed from Chirp seismic data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 227–236. The similarity index (SI), computed from the singular value decomposition of seabed-echo envelopes recorded in Chirp seismic data, was tested in mapping the acoustic diversity of the seabed in Suyong Bay, Busan, Korea. Rocky bottom is characterized by low SI values, indicating acoustic heterogeneity, and sedimentary seabed by high SI values, also indicating acoustic homogeneity. Isolated areas of low SI values, not identified as rocky bottom in Chirp profiles, may suggest a shallow basement. The gradual seaward change of the substratum from coarse-grained to relatively poorly sorted, finer-grained sediments also corresponds to an overall seaward decrease in the SI value. The straightforward and quick computation of the SI makes it possible to assess the gross acoustic diversity of the seabed in almost real time.

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Cutter, George R., Kevin L. Stierhoff, and David A. Demer. "Remote sensing of habitat characteristics using echo metrics and image-based seabed classes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 8 (March 17, 2016): 1965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw024.

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Abstract The seabed can be classified using data from vertical, split-beam echosounders. This was demonstrated recently using a model parameterized with acoustic estimates of slope, roughness, normal-incidence backscattering strength, and variation of backscattering strength by frequency and incidence angle. These seabed classifications were interpreted and validated using published surficial geology maps, but the acoustic data indicated greater spatial variability. Here, classifications of sediment grain or feature size are ascribed to areas ∼10 m2. First, images of the seabed in the study area are ascribed, based on per cent coverage, to seven primary classes ranging from mud through high-relief rock, and 25 primary–secondary classes. Then, a refined seabed classifier, based on the acoustic model parameters is trained, using a nearest-neighbours algorithm, on a subset of the class data. The classifier accurately predicts 96% of the primary classes, and 93% of the primary–secondary classes from an independent data subset. These methods should be useful for characterizing, mapping, and quantifying potential seabed habitat domains of demersal fish and benthic invertebrates.

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Kloser, R. J., N. J. Bax, T. Ryan, A. Williams, and B. A. Barker. "Remote sensing of seabed types in the Australian South East Fishery; development and application of normal incident acoustic techniques and associated 'ground truthing'." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 4 (2001): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99181.

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Calibrated acoustic backscattering measurements using 12, 38 and 120 kHz were collected over depths of 30–230 m, together with benthic epi- and in-fauna, sediments, photographs and video data. Each acoustic ping was envelope detected and digitized by echo sounder to include both the first and second echoes, and specifically designed software removed signal biases. A reference set of distinct habitat types at different depths was established, and a simple classification of the seabed combined both biological and geological attributes. Four seabed types were identified as having broad biological and geological significance;the simple acoustic indices could discriminate three of these at a single frequency. This demonstrates that the acoustic indices are not directly related to specific seabed properties but to a combination of seabed hardness and roughness attributes at a particular sampling frequency. The acoustic-derived maps have greater detail of seabed structure than previously described by sediment surveys and fishers’ interpretation. The collection of calibrated digital acoustic data at multiple frequencies and the creation of reference seabed sites will ensure that new shape-and energy-based feature extraction methods on the ping-based data can begin to unravel the complexities of the seabed. The methods described can be transferred to higher-resolution swath-mapping acoustic-sampling devices such as digital side-scan sonars and multi-beam echo sounders.

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Misiuk, Benjamin, Craig J. Brown, Katleen Robert, and Myriam Lacharité. "Harmonizing Multi-Source Sonar Backscatter Datasets for Seabed Mapping Using Bulk Shift Approaches." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040601.

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The development of multibeam echosounders (MBES) as a seabed mapping tool has resulted in the widespread uptake of backscatter intensity as an indicator of seabed substrate properties. Though increasingly common, the lack of standard calibration and the characteristics of individual sonars generally produce backscatter measurements that are relative to a given survey, presenting major challenges for seabed mapping in areas that comprise multiple MBES surveys. Here, we explore methods for backscatter dataset harmonization that leverage areas of mutual overlap between surveys for relative statistical calibration—referred to as “bulk shift” approaches. We use three multispectral MBES datasets to simulate the harmonization of backscatter collected over multiple years, and using multiple operating frequencies. Results suggest that relatively simple statistical models are adequate for bulk shift harmonization procedures, and that more flexible approaches may produce inconsistent results that risk statistical overfitting. While harmonizing datasets collected using the same operating frequency from separate surveys is generally feasible given reasonable temporal limitations, results suggest that the success at harmonizing datasets of different operating frequencies partly depends on the extent to which the frequencies differ. We recommend approaches and diagnostics for ensuring the quality of harmonized backscatter mosaics, and provide an R function for implementing the methods presented here.

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Joe, Hangil, and Son-Cheol Yu. "Study on Seabed Mapping using Two Sonar Devices for AUV Application." Journal of Korea Robotics Society 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7746/jkros.2021.16.2.094.

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Gaida, Timo C., Tannaz H. Mohammadloo, Mirjam Snellen, and Dick G. Simons. "Mapping the Seabed and Shallow Subsurface with Multi-Frequency Multibeam Echosounders." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010052.

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Multi-frequency multibeam backscatter (BS) has indicated, in particular for fine sediments, the potential for increasing the discrimination between different seabed environments. Fine sediments are expected to have a varying signal penetration within the frequency range of modern multibeam echosounders (MBESs). Therefore, it is unknown to what extent the multispectral MBES data represent the surface of the seabed or different parts of the subsurface. Here, the effect of signal penetration on the measured multi-frequency BS and bathymetry is investigated. To this end, two multi-frequency datasets (90 to 450 kHz) were acquired with an R2Sonic 2026 MBES, supported by ground-truthing, in the Vlietland Lake and Port of Rotterdam (The Netherlands). In addition, a model to simulate the MBES bathymetric measurements in a layered medium is developed. The measured bathymetry difference between the lowest (90 kHz) and highest frequency (450 kHz) in areas with muddy sediments reaches values up to 60 cm dependent on the location and incident angle. In spatial correspondence with the variation in the depth difference, the BS level at the lowest frequency varies by up to 15 dB for the muddy sediments while the BS at the highest frequency shows only small variations. A comparison of the acoustic results with the ground-truthing, geological setting and model indicates that the measured bathymetry and BS at the different frequencies correspond to different parts of the seabed. However, the low-frequency BS cannot be directly related to a subsurface layer because of a significant sound attenuation in the upper layer. The simulation of the MBES bottom detection indicates that the bathymetry measured at the highest and lowest frequency can be used to determine the thickness of thin layers (∼20 cm). However, with an increasing layer thickness, the bottom detection becomes more sensitive to the incident angle and small variations in the sediment properties. Consequently, an accurate determination of the layer thickness is hampered. Based on this study, it is highly recommended to analyze multi-frequency BS in combination with the inter-frequency bathymetry difference to ensure a correct interpretation and classification of multi-frequency BS data.

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Petillot, Yvan R., Joaquim Salvi, and Elisabet Batlle. "3D Large-Scale Seabed Reconstruction for UUV Simultaneous Localization and Mapping." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41, no. 1 (2008): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20080408-3-ie-4914.00005.

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Lee, Sonny T. M., Michelle Kelly, Tim J. Langlois, and Mark J. Costello. "Baseline seabed habitat and biotope mapping for a proposed marine reserve." PeerJ 3 (December 10, 2015): e1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1446.

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Seabed mapping can quantify the extent of benthic habitats that comprise marine ecosystems, and assess the impact of fisheries on an ecosystem. In this study, the distribution of seabed habitats in a proposed no-take Marine Reserve along the northeast coast of Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, was mapped using underwater video combined with bathymetry and substratum data. As a result of the boundary extending to the 12 nautical mile Territorial Limit, it would have been the largest coastal Marine Reserve in the country. Recreational and commercial fisheries occur in the region and would be expected to affect species’ abundance. The seabed of the study area and adjacent coastal waters has been trawled up to five times per year. Benthic communities were grouped by multivariate cluster analysis into four biotope classes; namely (1) shallow water macroalgaeEckloniasp. andUlvasp. on rocky substrata (Eck.Ulv); and deeper (2) diverse epifauna of sponges and bryozoans on rocky substrata (Por.Bry), (3) brittle starAmphiurasp. and sea anemoneEdwardsiasp. on muddy sand (Amph.Edw), and (4) hydroids on mud (Hyd). In biotopes Por.Bry, Amph.Edw and Hyd, there where boulders and rocks were present, and diverse sponge, bryozoan and coral communities. Fifty species were recorded in the deep water survey including significant numbers of the shallow-water hexactinellid glass spongesSymplectella rowiDendy, 1924 andRossella ijimaiDendy, 1924, the giant pipe demospongeIsodictya cavicornutaDendy, 1924, black corals, and locally endemic gorgonians. The habitats identified in the waters to the northeast of Great Barrier Island are likely to be representative of similar depth ranges in northeast New Zealand. This study provides a baseline of the benthic habitats so that should the area become a Marine Reserve, any habitat change might be related to protection from fishing activities and impacts, such as recovery of epifauna following cessation of trawling. The habitat map may also be used to stratify future sampling that would aim to collect and identify epifauna and infauna for identification, and thus better describe the biodiversity of the area.

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Janowski, Lukasz, Radoslaw Wroblewski, Maria Rucinska, Agnieszka Kubowicz-Grajewska, and Pawel Tysiac. "Automatic classification and mapping of the seabed using airborne LiDAR bathymetry." Engineering Geology 301 (May 2022): 106615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106615.

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Gade, Kenneth, and Bjørn Jalving. "An aided navigation post processing filter for detailed seabed mapping UUVs." Modeling, Identification and Control: A Norwegian Research Bulletin 20, no. 3 (1999): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4173/mic.1999.3.2.

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Badman, T. D., M. A. Gravelle, and G. M. Davis. "Seabed imaging using a computer mapping package: an example from Dorset." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 33, no. 2 (May 2000): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh.33.2.171.

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Kloser, Rudy. "Seabed biotope mapping using multi‐beam backscatter based on reference sites." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2934857.

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El-Diasty, Mohammed. "Mapping seabed sediments for Sharm Obhur using multibeam echosounder backscatter data." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 6, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00668-x.

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Gougeon, S., K. M. Kemp, M. E. Blicher, and C. Yesson. "Mapping and classifying the seabed of the West Greenland continental shelf." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 187 (March 2017): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.01.009.

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Joo, Jongmin, Seung-Sep Kim, Jee Woong Choi, Sang-Joon Pak, Youngtak Ko, Seung-Kyu Son, Jai-woon Moon, and Jonguk Kim. "Seabed Mapping Using Shipboard Multibeam Acoustic Data for Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Ferromanganese Crusts on Seamounts in the Western Pacific." Minerals 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020155.

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Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts (Fe–Mn crusts), potential economic resources for cobalt, nickel, platinum, and other rare metals, are distributed on the surface of seamounts, ridges, and plateaus. Distribution of Fe–Mn crust deposits and their geomorphological characteristics are prerequisites to selecting possible mining sites and to predicting the environmental impact of deep-sea mining activity. Here, we map the spatial distribution of Fe–Mn crust deposits on seamount summits and flanks in the Western Pacific using shipboard multibeam echo sounder (MBES) data and seafloor images from a deep-towed camera system (DCS) and evaluate the relationship between acoustic backscatter variations and the occurrence of Fe–Mn crusts. We find a positive correlation between high backscatter intensity, steep seabed slope gradients, and the occurrence of Fe–Mn crusts. However, our analysis was not effective to distinguish the spatial boundary between several seabed types that occur over small areas in mixed seabed zones, particularly where transition zones and discontinuous seabed types are present. Thus, we conclude that MBES data can be a valuable tool for constraining spatial distribution of Fe–Mn crust deposits over a large exploration area.

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Pujiyati, Sri, Nyoman MN Natih, Baigo Hamuna, and Lisiard Dimara. "The Value of Acoustic Backscattering in Determining the Integration Thickness of the Seabed in Yos Sudarso Bay Papua." Journal of Applied Geospatial Information 3, no. 2 (October 3, 2019): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v3i2.1605.

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A considerable amount of research has already been conducted into the nature of water on the ocean floor/seabed, ranging from mapping of the seabed, volume backscattering strength (SV) of acoustics on the seabed, classification of the seabed, besides the relationship between the ocean floor and the biota above it with which it interacts. The Yos Sudarso Bay, Jayapura Papua, is a bay with a seabed which faces the floor of the Pacific Ocean and also forms the estuary of the river Anafre which contributes particles that settle on the seabed. This research aimed to collect data in order to understand differences in the integration of water thickness at 0.2 m and 0.5 m besides differences in the types of the substrate based on the results of SV. Data was collected using a single beam echosounder. The acoustic data were collected at 11 stations. The result is interval of value of SV ranged from -37.81dB to -15.62 dB (at the integration of 0.2 m) up to -15.07dB (at the integration of 0.5 m). The value of SV from the gravel was higher compared to the values found in the coarse sand, fine sand, mud mixed with sand or the pure mud. The lowest value of SV was found in the mud substrate. Results showed that thickness integration yielded different results when tested at 0.2 m and 0.5 m on the seabed. Furthermore, it was found that different types of substrate.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Seabed mapping'

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