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Journal articles on the topic 'SEA'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Becker, J., K. Rademann, and F. Hensel. "Electronic and Geometrical Structure of Se5, Se6, Se7, and Se8." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 46, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1991-0513.

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AbstractThe vacuum-UV-photoelectron spectra of Se2, Se5, Se6, Se7, and Se8 have been recorded at a photon energy of h ν= 10.0 eV. The isolated molecules are examined in a supersonic molecular beam employing a new photoelectron-photoion coincidence technique. The structure of the photoelectron spectra of selenium molecules with even and odd numbers of atoms differs in a characteristic manner. While the spectra of Se6 and Se8 show one single broad band, three separated bands with different intensities are observed for Se5 and two for Se7. The spectra are compared to molecular orbital energy calculations based on theoretically supposed geometries. The comparison indicates that Se6 and Se8 have Dnd-symmetrical ring structures, whereas Se5 and Se7 are C1h-symmetrical rings

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2

Gao, Fei, Le Wang, Rong Zhao, Yixiong Wang, Yankun Ma, Rulan Yang, Qi Zhang, and Chuangyun Wang. "Rational Combination of Selenium Application Rate and Planting Density to Improve Selenium Uptake, Agronomic Traits, and Yield of Dryland Maize." Plants 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2024): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13101327.

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Exogenous selenium application could effectively improve the selenium absorption of crops affected by different climatic conditions due to changes in the planting environment and planting conditions. We planted maize at planting densities of 67,500 plants ha−1 (D1) and 75,000 plants ha−1 (D2). Five selenium fertilizer gradients of 0 mg m−2 (Se0), 7.5 mg m−2 (Se1), 15.0 mg m−2 (Se2), 22.5 mg m−2 (Se3), and 30.0 mg m−2 (Se4) were applied to investigate the response of the plants to selenium fertilizer application in terms of the gradient selenium absorption and substance accumulation. With the increase in the amount of selenium fertilizer applied, more of the selenium fertilizer will be absorbed and transported from the leaves to the grains, and the selenium content of the grains will gradually increase and exceed the selenium content of leaves. Under the D2 density in 2022, the selenium content of the grains under Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments increased by 65.67%, 72.71%, and 250.53%, respectively, compared with that of Se0. A total of 260.55% of the plants showed a gradient of grain > leaf > cob > stalk from the Se2 treatment, and the overall selenium content of the plants increased first and then decreased. Under the D1 density, compared with the Se0, the dry matter mass of the Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments significantly improved by 5.84%, 1.49%, and 14.26% in 2021, and significantly improved by 4.84%, 3.50%, and 2.85% in 2022. The 1000-grain weight under Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments improved by 8.57%, 9.06%, and 15.56% compared to that under the Se0 treatment, and the yield per ha under the Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments was 18.58%, 9.09%, and 21.42% higher than that under Se0 treatment, respectively. In addition, a reasonable combination of selenium application rate and density could improve the chlorophyll content and stem growth of dryland maize. This lays a foundation for the efficient application of selenium fertilizer and provides an important reference.

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3

D'Onghia, Gianfranco, Domingo Lloris, Chrissi-Yianna Politou, Letizia Sion, and John Dokos. "New records of deep-water teleost fish in the Balearic Sea and Ionian Sea (Mediterranean Sea)." Scientia Marina 68, S3 (December 30, 2004): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2004.68s3171.

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4

Speroff, Leon. "Sea to sea." Menopause 18, no. 1 (January 2011): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181faa801.

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5

Wang, Le, Fei Gao, Liguang Zhang, Li Zhao, Yan Deng, Hongxia Guo, Lixia Qin, and Chuangyun Wang. "Effects of Basal Selenium Fertilizer Application on Agronomic Traits, Yield, Quality, and Se Content of Dryland Maize." Plants 11, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 3099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223099.

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To explore the efficiency of selenium (Se) fertilizer application in dryland maize, we tested five Se fertilizer application treatments: 0 g ha−1 (Se0), 75 g ha−1 (Se1), 150 g ha−1 (Se2), 225 g ha−1 (Se3), and 300 g ha−1 (Se4). Compared with Se0, Se2 increased the leaf area, chlorophyll content, internode length, plant height, and ear height by 7.95%, 3.20%, 13.19%, 1.89%, and 7.98%, respectively. Se2 and Se3 significantly affected the stem internode diameter, cortex thickness, and cellulose content, which were positively correlated with lodging resistance. Compared with Se0, Se3 promoted the contents of soluble sugar, crude protein, crude fat, and starch in grains, which increased by 9.48%, 6.59%, 1.56%, and 4.82%, respectively. It implies that maize grain application of Se significantly improves their Se content. Se1 did not observably influence the growth of maize, and the promoting effect of Se4 on maize decreased. The lodging resistance of maize as analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis correlated with the application of Se fertilizer. It proved that higher yield, grain quality, grain Se content, and lodging resistance of stems were concerned with Se fertilizer application in the range of 150–225 g ha−1. The results provide useful information for Se fertilizer treatment in dryland maize.

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6

Williams, Susan L. "From sea to sea." Nature 530, no. 7590 (January 20, 2016): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16869.

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7

MacInnes, Mairi. "The Sea! The Sea!" Sewanee Review 115, no. 1 (2007): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sew.2007.0014.

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8

Marshall, Michael. "Lost treasures: The sea-monster seal." New Scientist 213, no. 2850 (February 2012): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(12)60313-3.

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9

Howard, Virginia J. "From Sea to Shining Sea." Stroke 38, no. 8 (August 2007): 2210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.107.490425.

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10

Rutledge, Steven A., V. Chandrasekar, Brody Fuchs, Jim George, Francesc Junyent, Brenda Dolan, Patrick C. Kennedy, and Kyla Drushka. "SEA-POL Goes to Sea." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 11 (November 2019): 2285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0233.1.

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AbstractA new, advanced radar has been developed at Colorado State University (CSU). The Sea-Going Polarimetric (SEA-POL) radar is a C-band, polarimetric Doppler radar specifically designed to deploy on research ships. SEA-POL is the first such weather radar developed in the United States. Ship-based weather radars have a long history, dating back to GATE in 1974. The GATE radars measured only reflectivity. After GATE, ship radars also provided Doppler measurements. SEA-POL represents the next advancement by adding dual-polarization technology, the ability to transmit and receive both horizontal and vertical polarizations. This configuration provides information about hydrometeor size, shape, and phase. As a result, superior rain-rate estimates are afforded by the dual-polarization technology, along with hydrometeor identification and overall improved data quality. SEA-POL made its first deployment as part of the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study, second field phase (SPURS-2) fall 2017 cruise to the eastern tropical Pacific, sailing on the R/V Roger Revelle. SPURS-2 was a field project to investigate the fate of freshwater deposited on the ocean’s surface. Oceanographers are keenly interested in how fast these freshwater patches mix out by wind and upper-ocean turbulence, as the less dense rainfall sitting atop the salty ocean inhibits mixing through increased stability. To this end, during SPURS-2, SEA-POL produced rain maps identifying the location of freshwater lenses on the ocean’s surface thereby providing context for measurements of SST and salinity. Examples of SEA-POL polarization measurements are also discussed to assess microphysical processes within oceanic convection. Future ocean-based field campaigns will now benefit from SEA-POL’s advanced dual-polarization technology.

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11

Southgate, M. Therese. "Sea Grasses and Blue Sea." JAMA 290, no. 1 (July 2, 2003): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.1.13.

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12

Jordà, Gabriel, Damià Gomis, and Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul. "The VANI2-ERA hindcast of sea-level residuals: atmospheric forcing of sea-level variability in the Mediterranean Sea (1958-2008)." Scientia Marina 76, S1 (September 3, 2012): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03612.19c.

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13

Cheng, Yongcun, Hans-Peter Plag, Benjamin D. Hamlington, Qing Xu, and Yijun He. "Regional sea level variability in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea." Continental Shelf Research 111 (December 2015): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.11.005.

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14

Galil, Bella S. "The limit of the sea: the bathyal fauna of the Levantine Sea." Scientia Marina 68, S3 (December 30, 2004): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2004.68s363.

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15

Glantz, Michael H. "Aral Sea Basin: A Sea Dies, a Sea Also Rises." AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 36, no. 4 (June 2007): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[323:asbasd]2.0.co;2.

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16

YAMAZAKI, Toru, and Takuya MIYAHARA. "Construction of an SEA Model Using Predictive SEA." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2002 (2002): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2002.39.

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17

Han, Lu, Haihua Chen, Lei Guan, and Lele Li. "Multiple Sea Ice Type Retrieval Using the HaiYang-2B Scatterometer in the Arctic." Remote Sensing 15, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030678.

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Sea ice type classification is of great significance for the exploration of waterways, fisheries, and offshore operations in the Arctic. However, to date, there is no multiple remote sensing method to detect sea ice type in the Arctic. This study develops a multiple sea ice type algorithm using the HaiYang-2B Scatterometer (HY-2B SCA). First, the parameters most applicable to classify sea ice type are selected through feature extraction, and a stacking model is established for the first time, which integrates decision tree and image segmentation algorithms. Finally, multiple sea ice types are classified in the Arctic, comprising Nilas, Young Ice, First Year Ice, Old Ice, and Fast Ice. Comparing the results with the Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI-SAF) Sea Ice Type dataset (SIT) indicates that the sea ice type classified by HY-2B SCA (Stacking-HY2B) is similar to OSI-SAF SIT with regard to the changing trends in extent of sea ice. We use the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) high-resolution sea ice type data and EM-Bird ice thickness data to validate the result, and accuracies of 87% and 88% are obtained, respectively. This indicates that the algorithm in this work is comparable with the performance of OSI-SAF dataset, while providing information of multiple sea ice types.

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18

Karle, Martina, Manfred Frechen, and Achim Wehrmann. "Holocene coastal lowland evolution: reconstruction of land-sea transitions in response to sea-level changes (Jade Bay, southern North Sea, Germany)." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 168, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2017/0105.

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19

Munk, Walter. "Spirals on the sea." Scientia Marina 65, S2 (December 30, 2001): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65s2193.

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20

Čož-Rakovac R, R., I. Strunjak-Perović, N. Topić Popović, M. Hacmanjek, B. Šimpraga, and E. Teskeredžić. "Health status of wild and cultured sea bass in the northern Adriatic Sea." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 8 (March 30, 2012): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5828-vetmed.

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A complex survey has been conducted in the northern Adriatic Sea over a period of one year that included comparative parasitological, bacteriological, virological, histological and biochemical studies of the cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). The results show that parasite infestations were due mainly to ectoparasitic monogenea Diplectanum sp. in both cultured and wild sea bass. Philometra sp. and Lernaea sp. were detected in wild sea bass while Triaenophorus sp. and Eimeria sp. were found in reared sea bass. Bacterial pathogens isolated from both reared and wild sea bass belong to Pseudomonadaceae (Pseudomonas sp., P. fluorescens) and unknown Gram-negative bacteria. Moraxellaceae (Acinetobacter sp.), Vibrionaceae (Shewanella putrefaciens), Enterobacteriaceae (Pantoea agglomerans) and Flavobacterium sp. were isolated from reared fish only. Virological examinations were negative. Histological analysis revealed “fatty liver” (fatty infiltration and degeneration) in the cultured fish. Triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose levels were higher in cultured sea bass (2.55 ± 1.77 mmol/l, 3.68 ± 1.43 mmol/l and 9.97 ± 3.33 mmol/l, respectively) than in wild fish (0.80 ± 0.57 mmol/l, 2.95 ± 0.77 mmol/l and 4.79 ± 3.29 mmol/l, respectively). The present paper contributes to establishing a relationship between disease and pathophysiological conditions in wild and cultured fish.

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21

Candan, K. Selçuk, Mehmet E. Dönderler, Terri Hedgpeth, Jong Wook Kim, Qing Li, and Maria Luisa Sapino. "SEA." ACM Transactions on Information Systems 27, no. 3 (May 2009): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1508850.1508853.

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22

Lillywhite, Harvey B., Coleman M. Sheehy, François Brischoux, and Alana Grech. "Pelagic sea snakes dehydrate at sea." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (May 7, 2014): 20140119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0119.

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Secondarily marine vertebrates are thought to live independently of fresh water. Here, we demonstrate a paradigm shift for the widely distributed pelagic sea snake, Hydrophis ( Pelamis ) platurus , which dehydrates at sea and spends a significant part of its life in a dehydrated state corresponding to seasonal drought. Snakes that are captured following prolonged periods without rainfall have lower body water content, lower body condition and increased tendencies to drink fresh water than do snakes that are captured following seasonal periods of high rainfall. These animals do not drink seawater and must rehydrate by drinking from a freshwater lens that forms on the ocean surface during heavy precipitation. The new data based on field studies indicate unequivocally that this marine vertebrate dehydrates at sea where individuals may live in a dehydrated state for possibly six to seven months at a time. This information provides new insights for understanding water requirements of sea snakes, reasons for recent declines and extinctions of sea snakes and more accurate prediction for how changing patterns of precipitation might affect these and other secondarily marine vertebrates living in tropical oceans.

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23

Trubridge, Sam. "On Sea/At Sea – An Introduction." Performance Research 21, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2016.1173903.

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24

Magurran, Anne E. "To sea or not to sea?" Environmental Biology of Fishes 36, no. 1 (January 1993): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005984.

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25

Milner, Nigel. "FISH ATLAS OF THE CELTIC SEA, NORTH SEA, AND BALTIC SEA." Journal of Fish Biology 89, no. 2 (August 2016): 1511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13072.

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26

Khalaf, T. A., M. M. Abubaker, I. M. Abdul-Sahib, and N. A. Alshwafy. "Some sea shells of the coastal region of huneish island southern red sea , yemen." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE 3, no. 1 (2006): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijaq.2006.3.1.3.

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27

Mir Calafat, Francisco, and Marta Marcos Moreno. "Comparison of satellite altimetry sea level anomalies and hydrographic observations in the Mediterranean Sea." Scientia Marina 76, no. 3 (August 30, 2012): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03515.02g.

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28

Mikolajewicz, Uwe, Dmitry V. Sein, Daniela Jacob, Torben Königk, Ralf Podzun, and Tido Semmler. "Simulating Arctic sea ice variability with a coupled regional atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 14, no. 6 (December 19, 2005): 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0083.

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29

Shi, Wei, and Menghua Wang. "Satellite views of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea." Progress in Oceanography 104 (October 2012): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.05.001.

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30

Pesce, Dolores. "The Other Sea in MacDowell's Sea Pieces." American Music 10, no. 4 (1992): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3052033.

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31

Barnes, Hugh. "North Sea oil: Women not at sea." Nature 313, no. 6000 (January 1985): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/313260a0.

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32

Harms, Sabine, Eberhard Fahrbach, and Volker H. Strass. "Sea ice transports in the Weddell Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 106, no. C5 (May 15, 2001): 9057–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jc000027.

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33

de Villiers, Dawid W. "Being at Sea: Ontologising the Sea Narrative." English Studies in Africa 55, no. 1 (May 2012): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138398.2012.682463.

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34

Pistek, P., F. de Strobel, and C. Montanari. "Deep-sea circulation in the Alboran Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, no. C3 (1985): 4969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc090ic03p04969.

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35

Gustafsson, Bo. "Interaction between Baltic Sea and North Sea." Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift 49, no. 2-3 (September 1997): 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02764031.

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36

Sukhorukov, Sergiy, and Sveinung Løset. "Friction of sea ice on sea ice." Cold Regions Science and Technology 94 (October 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.06.005.

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37

Torres, R. Ricardo, and Michael N. Tsimplis. "Sea level extremes in the Caribbean Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119, no. 8 (August 2014): 4714–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jc009929.

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38

Hsü, Kenneth J. "Gaia and the Mediterranean Sea." Scientia Marina 65, S2 (December 30, 2001): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65s2133.

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39

Raschke, Ehrhard. "Editorial: BALTEX: Baltic Sea Experiment." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 9, no. 1 (April 26, 2000): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/9/2000/5.

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40

Raschke, Ehrhard. "Editorial: BALTEX: Baltic Sea Experiment." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 9, no. 2 (July 14, 2000): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/9/2000/75.

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41

M, Leclerc. "The Sea Star B Lymphocyte." Vaccines & Vaccination Open Access 8, no. 2 (August 4, 2023): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/vvoa-16000163.

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42

Blank, Stephen. "The Critical Black Sea Zone." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 21, no. 4 (2022): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.21.4.29.

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43

Mujtaba, Mustafa. "Antiviral inducing properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin mimetic peptides (VAC9P.1065)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 145.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.145.5.

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Abstract Superantigens, like the staphylococcal enterotoxins, activate vast numbers of T-cells to produce large amounts of cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and eventually cause these cells to undergo apoptosis. The objective of this research was to design mimetic peptides of staphylococcal enterotoxins that are not toxic to cells, but can produce antiviral activity in cells via production of IFN-γ. Based on the amino acid sequences of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) A, B, C, and toxic shock syndrome toxin, peptides were designed to mimic the antigenic sites of these superantigens. Whole protein superantigens (SEA) at concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 10.0ng/mL stimulated T-cell proliferation and induced IFN-γ production. Superantigen concentrations at or above 100ng/mL showed cellular toxicity. Of the eight mimetic peptides tested, SEA 3 was the only peptide that induced IFN-γ production, as determined by the IFN-γ ELISA kit, in HPBMC but did not induce cellular proliferation. SEA1, SEA2, and TSST peptides induced cellular proliferation but no IFN-γ stimulation. The peptides showed no toxicity directly on HeLa cells or HPBMC at 100 ug/mL or lower. Cell supernatant from the SEA3 peptide treated HPBMC also had antiviral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus. Thus, this study showed that mimetic peptides of superantigens could be developed that can induce T-cells to produce IFN-γ without the cellular toxicity associated with superantigens.

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44

Dettmering, Denise, Felix L. Müller, Julius Oelsmann, Marcello Passaro, Christian Schwatke, Marco Restano, Jérôme Benveniste, and Florian Seitz. "North SEAL: a new dataset of sea level changes in the North Sea from satellite altimetry." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 3733–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3733-2021.

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Abstract. Information on sea level and its temporal and spatial variability is of great importance for various scientific, societal, and economic issues. This article reports about a new sea level dataset for the North Sea (named North SEAL) of monthly sea level anomalies (SLAs), absolute sea level trends, and amplitudes of the mean annual sea level cycle over the period 1995–2019. Uncertainties and quality flags are provided together with the data. The dataset has been created from multi-mission cross-calibrated altimetry data preprocessed with coastal dedicated approaches and gridded with an innovative least-squares procedure including an advanced outlier detection to a 6–8 km wide triangular mesh. The comparison of SLAs and tide gauge time series shows good consistency, with average correlations of 0.85 and maximum correlations of 0.93. The improvement with respect to existing global gridded altimetry solutions amounts to 8 %–10 %, and it is most pronounced in complicated coastal environments such as river mouths or regions sheltered by islands. The differences in trends at tide gauge locations depend on the vertical land motion model used to correct relative sea level trends. The best consistency with a median difference of 0.04±1.15 mm yr−1 is reached by applying a recent glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model. With the presented sea level dataset, for the first time, a regionally optimized product for the entire North Sea is made available. It will enable further investigations of ocean processes, sea level projections, and studies on coastal adaptation measures. The North SEAL data are available at https://doi.org/10.17882/79673 (Müller et al., 2021).

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45

Jugier, Rémi, Michaël Ablain, Robin Fraudeau, Adrien Guerou, and Pierre Féménias. "On the uncertainty associated with detecting global and local mean sea level drifts on Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B altimetry missions." Ocean Science 18, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 1263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1263-2022.

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Abstract. An instrumental drift in the point target response (PTR) parameters has been detected on the Copernicus Sentinel-3A altimetry mission. It will affect the accuracy of sea level sensing, which could result in errors in sea level change estimates of a few tenths of a millimeter per year. In order to accurately evaluate this drift, a method for detecting global and regional mean sea level relative drifts between two altimetry missions is implemented. Associated uncertainties are also accurately calculated thanks to a detailed error budget analysis. A drift on both Sentinel-3A (S3A) and Sentinel-3B (S3B) global mean sea level (GMSL) is detected with values significantly higher than expected. For S3A, the relative GMSL drift detected is 1.0 mm yr−1 with Jason-3 and 1.3 mm yr−1 with SARAL/AltiKa. For S3B, the relative GMSL drift detected is −3.4 mm yr−1 with Jason-3 and −2.2 mm yr−1 with SARAL/AltiKa. The drift detected at global level does not show detectable regional variations above the uncertainty level of the proposed method. The investigations led by the altimeter experts can now explain the origin of this drift for S3A and S3B. The ability of the implemented method to detect a sea level drift with respect to the length of the common period is also analyzed. We find that the minimum detectable sea level drift over a 5-year period is 0.3 mm yr−1 at the global scale and 1.5 mm yr−1 at the 2400 km regional scale. However, these levels of uncertainty do not meet the sea level stability requirements for climate change studies.

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46

Kabakcioglu, Fuat, and Ertekin Bayraktarkatal. "Wave Spectrum Based Fatigue Analysis for Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Aegean Sea." International Journal of Ocean System Engineering 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2013): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5574/ijose.2013.3.2.061.

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47

Cronin, Thomas M., Matt O'Regan, Christof Pearce, Laura Gemery, Michael Toomey, Igor Semiletov, and Martin Jakobsson. "Deglacial sea level history of the East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea margins." Climate of the Past 13, no. 9 (September 5, 2017): 1097–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1097-2017.

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Abstract. Deglacial (12.8–10.7 ka) sea level history on the East Siberian continental shelf and upper continental slope was reconstructed using new geophysical records and sediment cores taken during Leg 2 of the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition. The focus of this study is two cores from Herald Canyon, piston core SWERUS-L2-4-PC1 (4-PC1) and multicore SWERUS-L2-4-MC1 (4-MC1), and a gravity core from an East Siberian Sea transect, SWERUS-L2-20-GC1 (20-GC1). Cores 4-PC1 and 20-GC were taken at 120 and 115 m of modern water depth, respectively, only a few meters above the global last glacial maximum (LGM; ∼ 24 kiloannum or ka) minimum sea level of ∼ 125–130 meters below sea level (m b.s.l.). Using calibrated radiocarbon ages mainly on molluscs for chronology and the ecology of benthic foraminifera and ostracode species to estimate paleodepths, the data reveal a dominance of river-proximal species during the early part of the Younger Dryas event (YD, Greenland Stadial GS-1) followed by a rise in river-intermediate species in the late Younger Dryas or the early Holocene (Preboreal) period. A rapid relative sea level rise beginning at roughly 11.4 to 10.8 ka ( ∼ 400 cm of core depth) is indicated by a sharp faunal change and unconformity or condensed zone of sedimentation. Regional sea level at this time was about 108 m b.s.l. at the 4-PC1 site and 102 m b.s.l. at 20-GC1. Regional sea level near the end of the YD was up to 42–47 m lower than predicted by geophysical models corrected for glacio-isostatic adjustment. This discrepancy could be explained by delayed isostatic adjustment caused by a greater volume and/or geographical extent of glacial-age land ice and/or ice shelves in the western Arctic Ocean and adjacent Siberian land areas.

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48

HABARA, YOSHINOBU, HOLGER B. NIELSEN, and MASAO NINOMIYA. "BOSON SEA VERSUS DIRAC SEA: GENERAL FORMULATION OF THE BOSON SEA THROUGH SUPERSYMMETRY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, no. 32 (December 30, 2004): 5561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04020233.

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We consider the long standing problem in field theories of bosons that the boson vacuum does not consist of a "sea," unlike the fermion vacuum. We show with the help of supersymmetry considerations that the boson vacuum indeed does also consist of a sea in which the negative energy states are all "filled," analogous to the Dirac sea of the fermion vacuum, and that a hole produced by the annihilation of one negative energy boson is an antiparticle. Here, we must admit that it is only possible if we allow — as occurs in the usual formalism anyway — that the "Hilbert space" for the single particle bosons is not positive definite. This might be formally coped with by introducing the notion of a double harmonic oscillator, which is obtained by extending the condition imposed on the wave function. This double harmonic oscillator includes not only positive energy states but also negative energy states. We utilize this method to construct a general formalism for a boson sea analogous to the Dirac sea, irrespective of the existence of supersymmetry. The physical result is consistent with that of the ordinary second quantization formalism. We finally suggest applications of our method to the string theories.

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Høyer, Jacob L., and Ioanna Karagali. "Sea Surface Temperature Climate Data Record for the North Sea and Baltic Sea." Journal of Climate 29, no. 7 (March 24, 2016): 2529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0663.1.

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Abstract A 30-yr climate data record (CDR) of sea surface temperature (SST) has been produced with daily gap-free analysis fields for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea region from 1982 to 2012 by combining the Pathfinder AVHRR satellite data record with the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) Reprocessing for Climate (ARC) dataset and with in situ observations. A dynamical bias correction scheme adjusts the Pathfinder observations toward the ARC and in situ observations. Largest Pathfinder–ARC differences are found in the summer months, when the Pathfinder observations are up to 0.4°C colder than the ARC observations on average. Validation against independent in situ observations shows a very stable performance of the data record, with a mean difference of −0.06°C compared to moored buoys and a 0.46°C standard deviation of the differences. The mean annual biases of the SST CDR are small for all years, with a negligible temporal trend when compared against drifting and moored buoys. Analysis of the SST CDR reveals that the monthly anomalies for the North Sea, the Danish straits, and the central Baltic Sea regions show a high degree of correlation for interannual and decadal time scales, whereas the monthly variability differs from one region to another. The linear trends of the 1982–2012 SST anomaly time series range from 0.037°C yr−1 for the North Sea to 0.041°C yr−1 for the Baltic Sea.

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Høyer, Jacob L., and Jun She. "Optimal interpolation of sea surface temperature for the North Sea and Baltic Sea." Journal of Marine Systems 65, no. 1-4 (March 2007): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.03.008.

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