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Journal articles on the topic 'Sea squirts'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Park, Shin Young, Yeoun Joong Jung, Ji Young Kwon, Seh Eun Kim, Myeong-In Jeong, and Sang-Do Ha. "Application of high hydrostatic pressure for the inactivation of norovirus and quality stability in fresh sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi)." Food Science and Technology International 25, no. 7 (May 9, 2019): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013219842439.

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Sea squirt ( Halocynthia roretzi) is considered a potential cause of human norovirus in Korea. This study investigated the effect of high hydrostatic pressure at 100–500 MPa for 5 min at room temperature (23 ± 2 ℃) on the inactivation of murine norovirus-1 (initial inoculum of 6–7 log10 plaque forming units/ml) as a human norovirus surrogate in fresh sea squirt. The effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the Hunter colors and pH were also examined as the main indices of quality. No reductions in murine norovirus-1 titers were observed in sea squirt treated at 100–400 MPa. However, murine norovirus-1 in sea squirt was completely inactivated by 500 MPa of high hydrostatic pressure. Furthermore, the Hunter colors (“L,” “a,” and “b”) and pH values (6.10–6.19) were not significantly ( P > 0.05) different between non-high hydrostatic pressure-treated sea squirts and all high hydrostatic pressure-treated sea squirts. Therefore, 500 MPa of high hydrostatic pressure at room temperature may be an optimal treatment for Tunicata meat without altering the food quality (color and pH).

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2

Ookubo, Masahiro, and Takao Matsuno. "Carotenoids of sea squirts—II. Comparative biochemical studies of carotenoids in sea squirts." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 81, no. 1 (January 1985): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(85)90174-9.

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3

De Tomaso, A. W. "Sea squirts and immune tolerance." Disease Models & Mechanisms 2, no. 9-10 (September 1, 2009): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.001156.

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4

Nadtochy, Victor A., Nickolay V. Kolpakov, and Ilya A. Korneichuk. "Distribution of macrozoobenthic taxa - potential indicators of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the western part of Bering Sea. 1. Anadyr Bay area." Izvestiya TINRO 189, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2017-189-156-170.

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Following recent tendencies in fisheries policy to ensure both sustainability of ecosystems and conservation of economically sustainable fisheries, protection of vulnerable resources with low direct economic value comes to the focus of fisheries management on ecosystem principles. One of the problems of modern fishing is a negative impact of bottom trawling because of destruction of benthic organisms vulnerable to mechanical impacts. This by-effect of fishing could affect negatively on functioning of bottom biocenoses, reproduction of exploited species, and decrease generally productivity of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VME). Potential VME indicators are determined for the area of the Anadyr Bay in the Bering Sea on the base of results of 4 benthic surveys using bottom sampler (1985, 2005) and bottom trawl (2008, 2012), as the most common species in some macrozoobenthic groups of epifauna. They are Gersemia rubiformis for soft corals, Myxilla incrustans , Halichondria panicea , Semisuberites cribrosa for sponges, Halocynthia aurantium , Boltenia ovifera for sea squirts, Cystisella saccata , Flustra foliacea for bryozoans, Chirona evermanni for barnacles, and Gorgonocephalus eucnemis for brittle stars. Their distribution is mapped. According to their life history and feeding habits, these species-indicators are divided onto two groups: immobile sestonophages (alcyonarians, sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, cirripedians) and mobile filtrators (brittle stars). The first group prevails on hard and mixed grounds mainly along southwestern and northeastern coasts of the Anadyr Bay at the depths of 80-90 m (sponges and bryozoans - to 250 m in the Navarin Canyon) with relatively warm water, active hydrodynamics and high biological productivity. The second group represented by G. eucnemis dominates on soft sediments in the central part of the Anadyr Bay with the depths of 50-270 m occupied by the cold water pool. Quantitative distribution of brittle star, on the one hand, and barnacles with sea squirts, on the other hand, is alternative to each other. On the contrary, barnacles, sponges and sea squirts have similar distribution of the biomass, being complementary species. Distribution patterns of all species-indicators are stable for many decades. However, biomass of some these species has changed in the southern Anadyr Bay between the similar surveys conducted in the 2008 and 2012: the mean biomass of barnacle Ch. evermanni and sea squirt H. aurantium had decreased in 6.5 and 3.7 times, respectively, whereas the mean biomass of sponges, brittle star G. eucnemis and sea squirt B. ovifera did not change. Bottom trawl fishery is not active in the northwestern Bering Sea, moreover, the habitats of immobile sestonophages with hard grounds are avoided by bottom trawlers being dangerous for fishing gears, so the observed decreasing of two species abundance is presumably caused by natural reasons or is a random error of the mosaic-distributed stocks assessment with insufficiently dense sampling grid.

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5

Brookfield, M. E. "Where Are All the Fossil Sea Squirts?" Micropaleontology 34, no. 3 (1988): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1485758.

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6

Randall, R. Lor, and Matthew G. Cable. "Trabectedin tactics: from sea squirts to sarcomas." Lancet Oncology 16, no. 3 (March 2015): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(15)70062-8.

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7

Lambert, Gretchen. "Invasive sea squirts: A growing global problem." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342, no. 1 (March 2007): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.009.

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8

Burgess, Mark. "57th Harden Conference: Proteinase Structure and Function: Oriel College, Oxford, 9–13 September 2003." Biochemist 25, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02506044.

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The 57th Harden Conference was more of a single-subject conference (although it is a pretty big subject). Speakers covered areas such drug targets, the link between cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease and the origin of BACE (β-site APP-cleaving enzyme) in sea squirts.

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9

Fukunaga, Yukiyo, Midori Kurahashi, Kenji Tanaka, Kensuke Yanagi, Akira Yokota, and Shigeaki Harayama. "Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola sp. nov., isolated from ascidians (sea squirts)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-56-4-923.

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10

Satoh, Noriyuki. "A deep dive into the development of sea squirts." Nature 571, no. 7765 (July 2019): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01967-0.

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11

Fukunaga, Yukiyo, Midori Kurahashi, Kenji Tanaka, Kensuke Yanagi, Akira Yokota, and Shigeaki Harayama. "Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola sp. nov., isolated from ascidians (sea squirts)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63879-0.

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Two bacterial strains, F423T and F10102, were isolated from two ascidians, Polycitor proliferus and Botryllidae sp., respectively, which were collected from a beach on the Boso peninsula in Japan. Cells of both isolates were motile, rod-shaped and formed star-shaped aggregates in the early stage of exponential growth, but were coccoid in stationary growth phase. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, fatty acid analysis, DNA–DNA hybridization experiments and physiological and biochemical tests indicated that the two strains were members of a novel species of the genus Pseudovibrio for which the name Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F423T (=NBRC 100514T=IAM 15084T=DSM 16392T=KCTC 12308T).

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12

Gregorin, Chiara, Luisa Albarano, Emanuele Somma, Maria Costantini, and Valerio Zupo. "Assessing the Ecotoxicity of Copper and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Comparison of Effects on Paracentrotus lividus and Botryllus schlosseri, as Alternative Bioassay Methods." Water 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050711.

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Adult sea urchins and their embryos are ideal targets to investigate the medium- and long-term effects of various toxic agents, such as organic and inorganic pollutants, to forecast and mitigate their environmental effects. Similarly, small colonial tunicates such as Botryllid ascidians may reveal acute toxicity processes and permit quick responses for the management of contaminants impacting coastal waters, to preserve the functional integrity of marine ecosystems. This investigation compares the functional responses of two model invertebrates, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and the sea squirt Botryllus schlosseri, to chronic and acute exposures to organic and inorganic toxic agents. Such heavy metals as copper produce both acute and chronic effects on marine biota, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mainly produce chronic effects at the concentrations ordinarily measured in marine coastal waters. Both models were tested over a range of concentrations of copper and PAHs. Copper triggered a clear effect in both species, producing a delay in the embryo development of P. lividus and a rapid death of sea squirts. B. schlosseri was less sensitive to PAHs than P. lividus. The results on both species may synergistically contribute to assess the toxicity of organic and inorganic compounds at various concentrations and different physiologic levels.

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13

Goel, Rajeev, Binny Mahendru, and Tushar Saini. "Marine natural products: the new generation of pharmacotherapeutics." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212389.

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The biomedical potential of the sea has gone largely unexplored so far, despite the fact that it covers three quarters of the planet surface and the fact that life on Earth originated from the sea. However, with the arrival of the professional deep sea divers, the marine researchers have gained access to all sorts of marine creatures like sponges, corals, sea urchins, sea squirts, hydroids, sea anemones, fishes and mollusks as well as to varied types of sea plants including algae and the other micro-organisms embedded in the sea bed. The biomedical scientists are exploiting these all to extract marine natural products (MNPs) having pharmacological properties that may one day cure long list of illnesses varying from bacterial infections to cancer, Alzheimer's and AIDS and was the focus of this review article.

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14

Thompson, E. David, Christer Hogstrand, and Chris N. Glover. "From sea squirts to squirrelfish: facultative trace element hyperaccumulation in animals." Metallomics 10, no. 6 (2018): 777–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mt00078f.

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15

Song, Min Gyu, So Hee Kim, Eun Bi Jeon, Kwang Soo Ha, Sung Rae Cho, Yeoun Joong Jung, Eun Ha Choi, Jun Sup Lim, Jinsung Choi, and Shin Young Park. "Inactivation of Human Norovirus GII.4 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Sea Squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) by Floating Electrode-Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma." Foods 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12051030.

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Human norovirus (HNoV) GII.4 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus may be found in sea squirts. Antimicrobial effects of floating electrode-dielectric barrier discharge (FE-DBD) plasma (5–75 min, N2 1.5 m/s, 1.1 kV, 43 kHz) treatment were examined. HNoV GII.4 decreased by 0.11–1.29 log copy/μL with increasing duration of treatment time, and further by 0.34 log copy/μL when propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment was added to distinguish infectious viruses. The decimal reduction time (D1) of non-PMA and PMA-treated HNoV GII.4 by first-order kinetics were 61.7 (R2 = 0.97) and 58.8 (R2 = 0.92) min, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus decreased by 0.16–1.5 log CFU/g as treatment duration increased. The D1 for V. parahaemolyticus by first-order kinetics was 65.36 (R2 = 0.90) min. Volatile basic nitrogen showed no significant difference from the control until 15 min of FE-DBD plasma treatment, increasing after 30 min. The pH did not differ significantly from the control by 45–60 min, and Hunter color in “L” (lightness), “a” (redness), and “b” (yellowness) values reduced significantly as treatment duration increased. Textures appeared to be individual differences but were not changed by treatment. Therefore, this study suggests that FE-DBD plasma has the potential to serve as a new antimicrobial to foster safer consumption of raw sea squirts.

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16

López-Legentil, Susanna, Bongkeun Song, Manel Bosch, Joseph R. Pawlik, and Xavier Turon. "Cyanobacterial Diversity and a New Acaryochloris-Like Symbiont from Bahamian Sea-Squirts." PLoS ONE 6, no. 8 (August 22, 2011): e23938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023938.

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17

Smith, M. J. "Vanadium biochemistry: The unknown role of vanadium-containing cells in ascidians (sea squirts)." Experientia 45, no. 5 (May 1989): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01952027.

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18

Lo Brutto, S., A. Badalucco, and L. Musco. "First occurrence of the family Botryllophilidae Sars G.O., 1921 (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) in Sicily, central Mediterranean Sea." Crustaceana 97, no. 3-4 (April 30, 2024): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-bja10374.

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Abstract A female copepod specimen belonging to the family Botryllophilidae Sars G.O., 1921 was retrieved for the first time in December 2023 from nautical ropes of the tourist marina in Palermo (Cala Marina), near the commercial port of the city. The individual lacks many of the distinctive morpho-anatomical characteristics of the class Copepoda, as usual in cyclopoid parasites. In this group, females typically carry paired multiseriate egg sacs, which are extruded from the genital openings and lead to taxonomic identification. The family is commonly associated with tunicates. There are few reports of commensal and/or parasitic copepods associated with sea squirts in the Mediterranean Sea. This record cannot be treated as a new non-indigenous species for the Italian coasts yet, as there are no extensive studies on the distribution of the taxon.

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19

Pastore, Michele. "Copepods associated with Phallusia mamillata and Ciona intestinalis (Tunicata) in the area of Taranto (Ionian Sea, southern Italy)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 3 (June 2001): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401004052.

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Commensal and parasitic copepods (Arthropoda: Crustacea: Copepoda) of two common species of sea squirts, Phallusia mamillata and Ciona intestinalis have been investigated in the sea of Taranto (southern Italy).A total of 2590 specimens of copepods were collected (five families, eight genera and 13 species). The sex ratio on 2582 specimens was 1228 males (47·56%) to 1354 females (52·44%).The species were identified by the hosts in which they were found, their sex ratio host by host, and the specific variability and affinity analysis by means of the Sørensen index and the diversity index by means of the Shannon application.Some species of copepods have been found for the first time as in Ciona intestinalis (Hermannella rostrata) and in Phallusia mamillata (Notodelphys canui, Doropygus pulex, Pachypygus gibber, Notopterophorus auritus, Lichomolgus albens, Hersiliodes latericia). The association Notodelphys canui–Doropygus pulex—Notopterophorus auritu–Lichomolgus albens is noted for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea.

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20

ANZANI, LUTHFI, HAWIS H. MADDUPPA, I. WAYAN NURJAYA, and P. JOANA DIAS. "Short Communication: Molecular identification of White Sea Squirt Didemnum sp. (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) colonies growing over corals in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200304.

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Abstract. Anzani L, Madduppa HH, Nurjaya IW, Dias PJ. 2019. Short Communication: Molecular identification of White Sea Squirt Didemnum sp. (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) colonies growing over corals in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 636-642. Indonesia is at the center of the Coral Triangle, the region with the world’s highest marine biodiversity. The Raja Ampat archipelago in east Indonesia has one of the oldest networks of marine protected areas in the country and is a top priority area for marine conservation. The area is however under anthropogenic pressure from growing tourism, developments and exploration of natural resources. The most likely associated introduction of non-native species is however largely unexplored. Colonial ascidians or ‘sea squirts’ comprise a high number of species, many of them reported as introduced or invasive worldwide. In this study, we investigate the presence of white colonial ascidian colonies noticed to overgrow sections of the coral reefs in central Raja Ampat. We use DNA barcoding to address the colonies’ species identification and explore haplotype diversity to determine the species native or introduced status. We produced 22 DNA barcodes belonging to four potential cryptic Didemnum sp. species present in the Raja Ampat archipelago, Indonesia. Overall, the high number of haplotypes found in the area suggest these to most likely to be native species. The present work represents, as far as the authors are aware, the first time that such species were investigated in Raja Ampat. We hope with this work to create awareness for the topic of introduced and invasive species in the area and motivate further studies in Indonesia.

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21

Pope, Edward C., and Andrew F. Rowley. "The heart ofCiona intestinalis: eicosanoid-generating capacity and the effects of precursor fatty acids and eicosanoids on heart rate." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 1577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.11.1577.

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SUMMARYEicosanoids are a group of oxygenated fatty-acid derivatives formed from C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids including arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. In mammals, these compounds have been shown to be key molecules in several physiological processes including regulation of the vascular system. This study determined whether eicosanoids or their precursors are involved in the regulation of heart rate in the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis. Eicosanoid generation by both heart and blood cells was measured. The major lipoxygenase products formed were both derivatives of eicosapentaenoic acid,namely 8- and 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids (8-HEPE and 12-HEPE). Smaller amounts of 8,15-dihydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (8,15-diHEPE) were also formed. The cyclo-oxygenase product prostaglandin E was also found in small amounts in the heart. Isolated hearts were exposed either to these fatty acid precursors or to 8-HEPE, 12-HEPE or prostaglandin E3, and the effect on heart rate was recorded. Both eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids stimulated the heart rate at concentrations between 50 and 200 μmoll-1. 12-HEPE(5 μmoll-1) and prostaglandin E3 (50μmoll-1) caused a modest increase in heart rate, while 8-HEPE had no significant effects at any of the time periods studied (≤180 min). Overall, the results show that arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids have limited effects on heart rate and only at concentrations unlikely to be routinely liberated in vivo. Similarly, the eicosanoids tested had a minor stimulatory activity on heart rate. The potential mechanisms for this stimulation are discussed. Overall, these results suggest that such compounds are of limited importance in regulating the heart and vascular system of sea squirts.

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22

HEO, Su-Jin, Nam-Su LEE, and Dae-Young KIM. "A Study on the Structural Change of Sea squirts Aquaculture Industry and Directions for Countermeasures." JOURNAL OF FISHRIES AND MARINE SCIENCES EDUCATION 30, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2018.06.30.3.850.

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23

Oltz, Eugene M., Reimar C. Bruening, Mitchell J. Smith, Kenneth Kustin, and Koji Nakanishi. "The tunichromes. A class of reducing blood pigments from sea squirts: isolation, structures, and vanadium chemistry." Journal of the American Chemical Society 110, no. 18 (August 1988): 6162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00226a035.

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24

Carazo, Alejandro, Přemysl Mladěnka, and Petr Pávek. "Marine Ligands of the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR): An Overview." Marine Drugs 17, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17100554.

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Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor which binds many structurally different molecules. The receptor is able to regulate the expression of a wide array of genes and is involved in cancer and different key physiological processes such as the metabolism of drugs/xenobiotics and endogenous compounds including lipids and carbohydrates, and inflammation. Algae, sponges, sea squirts, and other marine organisms are some of the species from which structurally new molecules have been isolated that have been subsequently identified in recent decades as ligands for PXR. The therapeutic potential of these natural compounds is promising in different areas and has recently resulted in the registration of trabectedin by the FDA as a novel antineoplastic drug. Apart from being potentially novel drugs, these compounds can also serve as models for the development of new molecules with improved activity. The aim of this review is to succinctly summarize the currently known natural molecules isolated from marine organisms with a proven ability to interact with PXR.

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25

Sharma, Rajesh, and Reina Ichii. "What Are the Gender Impacts of the WTO on Local Communities?: South Korea’s Import Restriction on Sea-Squirts from Nuclear Affected Areas in Japan." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 5 (May 1, 2020): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020034.

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In 2011, an earthquake triggered a tsunami off the northeastern coast of Japan, damaging the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant, which released nuclear material into the Pacific ocean. Soon afterwards, South Korea raised concerns about food safety and imposed a ban on imports of Japanese seafood from the Tohoku region of Honshu. The study reported in this article examined the impact of the South Korean government’s import bans of Japanese seafood on women in that economic sector. The focus of the study was a recent WTO decision to uphold the ban, in spite of the fact that Japan is able to prove the seafood meets safe, approved levels of radiation. The research focussed on the effect of the ban and its continuation on the women involved in the sea-squirts industry in Miyagi prefecture of Tohoku. The article concludes that it is time for the WTO to consider the impact of their decisions on women and take women’s issues into account during their decision making. Women in trade, WTO, food safety, importance of women in trade, Japan, South Korea, Fukushima, seafood

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26

Gregorin, Chiara, Luigi Musco, Emanuele Somma, and Valerio Zupo. "Behavioural Responses of the Colonial Sea Squirt Botrylloides violaceus Oka to Suspended Food Micro-Particles in Laboratory Cultures." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8121021.

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Violet sea squirts are noteworthy model organisms, because they provide insights into various physiologic processes, including cell senescence, ageing, apoptosis and allorecognition. Consequently, their culture is critical to permit experimental studies. Most papers refer to short periods of rearing using various feeds, both living and conserved, missing a formal justification for their use or indications of their actual nutritional value. Here, we use two behavioural responses—the percentage of open siphons and the frequency of zooid contractions—as compared to the abundance of suspended microparticles during feeding tests, to identify feeds able to promote filter-feeding. The results will enable to formulate compound diets that maximise positive physiological responses. Our tests demonstrated that plant items, such as dry microalgae and cyanobacteria (Arthrospira platensis, commercially known as Spirulina), along with living planktonic Haptophyta (Isochrysis galbana), trigger clear positive reactions, represented by a higher frequency of zooid contractions and larger proportions of open siphons. These responses correspond to decreases in the concentrations of suspended microparticles during the experiment and indicate higher filter-feeding activity. In contrast, feeds commonly administered to colonies, such as milk powder, dried eggs and artificial plankton, triggered negative behavioural responses, and their intake was lower during the feeding trials.

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27

Wellington, A., S. Emmons, B. James, J. Calley, M. Grover, P. Tolias, and L. Manseau. "Spire contains actin binding domains and is related to ascidian posterior end mark-5." Development 126, no. 23 (December 1, 1999): 5267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.23.5267.

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Spire is a maternal effect locus that affects both the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes of the Drosophila egg and embryo. It is required for localization of determinants within the developing oocyte to the posterior pole and to the dorsal anterior corner. During mid-oogenesis, spire mutants display premature microtubule-dependent cytoplasmic streaming, a phenotype that can be mimicked by pharmacological disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D. Spire has been cloned by transposon tagging and is related to posterior end mark-5, a gene from sea squirts that encodes a posteriorly localized mRNA. Spire mRNA is not, however, localized to the posterior pole. SPIRE also contains two domains with similarity to the actin monomer-binding WH2 domain, and we demonstrate that SPIRE binds to actin in the interaction trap system and in vitro. In addition, SPIRE interacts with the rho family GTPases RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42 in the interaction trap system. Thus, our evidence supports the model that SPIRE links rho family signaling to the actin cytoskeleton.

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28

Bates, William R. "Environmental factors affecting reproduction and development in ascidians and other protochordates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-164.

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Protochordate reproduction and development are influenced by many kinds of environmental factors. For example, spawning, sexual and asexual reproduction, larval behaviour, and life-cycle transitions (metamorphosis) are key processes known to be affected by environmental factors. This review must be restricted primarily to only one group of protochordates, the ascidians or "sea squirts", because information on the reproductive ecology of hemichordates and cephalochordates is limited to only a few studies. Topics discussed in the present review include (i) environmental factors that regulate larval settlement, (ii) how pelagic embryos avoid damage to DNA caused by UV radiation, (iii) the effect of water temperature and food availability on sexual reproduction in colonial ascidians, (iv) environmental regulation of asexual budding, (v) environmental regulation of metamorphosis, and (vi) the possible role of the environment in the evolution of direct-developing ascidians. A novel role for HSP90 and nitric oxide signaling in the integration of environmental factors with cell signaling pathways in ascidians is discussed near the end of this review. Throughout this review, the multiple roles of environmental stress on ascidian reproduction and development are emphasized.

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29

Hiscock, Keith, Sally Sharrock, James Highfield, and Deborah Snelling. "Colonization of an artificial reef in south-west England—ex-HMS ‘Scylla’." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409991457.

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An ex-Royal Navy frigate, HMS ‘Scylla’, was placed on the seabed in Whitsand Bay, south Cornwall on 27 March 2004. After five years, the reef supported a mature steel wreck community. The colonization of the reef showed wide fluctuations in species abundance in the first two years but, by 2006, most species that dominated or characterized the reef after five years had settled. Significant colonization events included settlement of barnacles, tubeworms and hydroids within a month and remarkably high settlements of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris and the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis in the first year together with starfish Asterias rubens, solitary sea squirts and ephemeral algae. The plumose anemone Metridium senile, a characteristic species of wrecks, arrived in late summer 2004 but the widely distributed dead man's fingers Alcyonium digitatum was not observed until spring 2005. Wrasse were slow to colonize the reef but were established in small numbers by the end of 2007. Sea fans, Eunicella verrucosa, were first observed in August 2007. The species count for the reef stood at 263 taxa by the end of March 2009. The inside of the reef remained poorly colonized even after five years. Areas coated with tributyltin (TBT) antifouling paint only had colonization where the paint had flaked-off or on non-toxic paint markings, but with some indication that colonization may be occurring by a very few species especially near to non-TBT areas. Many species characteristic of natural reefs had not settled and neither do they occur on older wrecks including branching axinellid sponges, some cushion sponges and the yellow cluster anemone Parazoanthus axinellae. The artificial reef developed a community that was distinctly different to nearby natural rock reefs and such artificial structures should not be considered as a replacement for damaged or destroyed natural habitats.

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Serafini, Loredana, Jay B. Hann, Dietmar Kültz, and Lars Tomanek. "The proteomic response of sea squirts (genus Ciona) to acute heat stress: A global perspective on the thermal stability of proteins." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 6, no. 3 (September 2011): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2011.07.002.

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Nicotra, Matthew, Stephen Dellaporta, and Leo Buss. "Histocompatibility in an invertebrate is controlled by a complex of polymorphic IgSF-like genes. (170.4)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 170.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.170.4.

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Abstract Animals have evolved sophisticated immune systems to distinguish self from infectious non-self. In addition, several groups of colonial marine invertebrates—animals such as sponges, corals, and sea squirts—have evolved allorecognition systems that allow them to distinguish between their own tissues and those other members of their species. Allorecognition phenomena occur when these animals, which live as encrustations on marine surfaces, grow into contact with each other. Compatible colonies fuse, while incompatible colonies reject and often compete for space. Although allorecognition phenomena have long been known to be under genetic control, the molecular basis of these phenomena remains largely unknown. One model system for the study of invertebrate allorecognition is Hydractinia, a cnidarian related to Hydra and reef corals. Using lines of Hydractinia inbred for >8 generations, we have mapped allorecognition loci to a single genomic interval, called the allorecognition complex (ARC). The ARC contains at least two histocompatibility genes, alr1 and alr2, each of was identified by positional cloning. Both genes encode polymorphic transmembrane proteins similar to immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) molecules. Sequence variation between alleles of alr1 or alr2 is concentrated in the extracellular region and is predictive of allorecognition responses in inbred and wild-type colonies. Intriguingly, alr1 is located within a family of at least 10 other IgSF-like genes.

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Shikuma, Nicholas J., Igor Antoshechkin, João M. Medeiros, Martin Pilhofer, and Dianne K. Newman. "Stepwise metamorphosis of the tubewormHydroides elegansis mediated by a bacterial inducer and MAPK signaling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 36 (August 22, 2016): 10097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603142113.

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Diverse animal taxa metamorphose between larval and juvenile phases in response to bacteria. Although bacteria-induced metamorphosis is widespread among metazoans, little is known about the molecular changes that occur in the animal upon stimulation by bacteria. Larvae of the tubewormHydroides elegansmetamorphose in response to surface-boundPseudoalteromonas luteoviolaceabacteria, producing ordered arrays of phage tail-like metamorphosis-associated contractile structures (MACs). Sequencing theHydroidesgenome and transcripts during five developmental stages revealed that MACs induce the regulation of groups of genes important for tissue remodeling, innate immunity, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Using two MAC mutations that blockP. luteoviolaceafrom inducing settlement or metamorphosis and three MAPK inhibitors, we established a sequence of bacteria-induced metamorphic events: MACs induce larval settlement; then, particular properties of MACs encoded by a specific locus inP. luteoviolaceainitiate cilia loss and activate metamorphosis-associated transcription; finally, signaling through p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK pathways alters gene expression and leads to morphological changes upon initiation of metamorphosis. Our results reveal that the intricate interaction betweenHydroidesandP. luteoviolaceacan be dissected using genomic, genetic, and pharmacological tools.Hydroides' dependency on bacteria for metamorphosis highlights the importance of external stimuli to orchestrate animal development. The conservation ofHydroidesgenome content with distantly related deuterostomes (urchins, sea squirts, and humans) suggests that mechanisms of bacteria-induced metamorphosis inHydroidesmay have conserved features in diverse animals. As a major biofouling agent, insight into the triggers ofHydroidesmetamorphosis might lead to practical strategies for fouling control.

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33

Michibata, Hitoshi, and Tatsuya Ueki. "Advances in research on the accumulation, redox behavior, and function of vanadium in ascidians." BioMolecular Concepts 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc.2010.003.

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AbstractThe discovery of high levels of vanadium-containing compounds in ascidian blood cells goes back to 1911. Ascidians, which are also known as tunicates or sea squirts, belong to a subphylum of the Chordata, between the vertebrates and invertebrates. This discovery attracted the attention of an interdisciplinary group of chemists, physiologists, and biochemists, in part because of interest in the possible role of vanadium in oxygen transport as a prosthetic group in respiratory pigments, which was later shown not to be such a role, and in part because of the fact that high levels of vanadium were unknown in other organisms. The intracellular concentration of vanadium in some ascidian species can be as high as 350 mm, which is 107times that in seawater. Vanadium ions, which are thought to be present in the +5 oxidation state in seawater, are reduced to the +3 oxidation state via the +4 oxidation state and are stored in the vacuoles of vanadium-containing cells called vanadocytes, where high levels of protons and sulfate ions are also found. Recently, many proteins and genes that might be involved in the accumulation and reduction of vanadium have been isolated. In this review, we not only trace the history of vanadium research but also describe recent advances in our understanding of the field from several viewpoints: (i) vanadium-accumulating blood cells, (ii) the energetics of vanadium accumulation, (iii) the redox mechanism of vanadium, (iv) the possible role of sulfate, and (v) the physiological roles of vanadium.

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Dudarev, Alexey, Valery Chupakhin, Sergey Vlasov, and Sveta Yamin-Pasternak. "Traditional Diet and Environmental Contaminants in Coastal Chukotka III: Metals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050699.

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The article is the third in the series of four that present the results of a study on environmental contaminants in coastal Chukotka, which was conducted in the context of a multi-disciplinary investigation of indigenous foodways in the region. The article presents the results of the analysis of metals found in the samples of locally harvested terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biota collected in 2016 in coastal Chukotka. For some species of local fauna and flora, the metals content was demonstrated for the first time. Lead and Hg were low in all foods, while As concentrations were up to four mg/kg ww in fish and marine mammals blubber. Wild plants showed accumulations of Mn (up to 190 mg/kg ww), Al (up to 75 mg/kg ww), Ni, Ba, and Sr. Seaweed contained high levels of As (14 mg/kg) and Sr (310 mg/kg); ascidians (sea squirts) contained Al (up to 560 mg/kg), Cr, and Sr; and blue mussels contained Cd (2.9 mg/kg) and Al (140 mg/kg). Exceedances over the Russian allowable levels were revealed for As, Cd, and Al in different food items. Absence of the established limits for Al and Sr in seafood, and Mn in wild plants and berries, impedes the determination of excess levels. Temporal trends and geographic comparisons of metals in foods have been carried out. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of metals by local food consumption were calculated based on the food intake frequencies. Follow-up (15 years after the first study) analyses of Hg, Pb, and Cd concentrations in local foods has not revealed any increase, while a slight decrease tendency was noted for some of the metals in several foods.

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Rueckert, Sonja, Kevin C. Wakeman, Holger Jenke-Kodama, and Brian S. Leander. "Molecular systematics of marine gregarine apicomplexans from Pacific tunicates, with descriptions of five novel species of Lankesteria." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_8 (August 1, 2015): 2598–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.000300.

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The eugregarines are a group of apicomplexan parasites that mostly infect the intestines of invertebrates. The high level of morphological variation found within and among species of eugregarines makes it difficult to find consistent and reliable traits that unite even closely related lineages. Based mostly on traits observed with light microscopy, the majority of described eugregarines from marine invertebrates has been classified into a single group, the Lecudinidae. Our understanding of the overall diversity and phylogenetic relationships of lecudinids is very poor, mainly because only a modest amount of exploratory research has been done on the group and very few species of lecudinids have been characterized at the molecular phylogenetic level. In an attempt to understand the diversity of marine gregarines better, we surveyed lecudinids that infect the intestines of Pacific ascidians (i.e. sea squirts) using ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic approaches; currently, these species fall within one genus, Lankesteria. We collected lecudinid gregarines from six ascidian host species, and our data demonstrated that each host was infected by a different species of Lankesteria: (i) Lankesteria hesperidiiformis sp. nov., isolated from Distaplia occidentalis, (ii) Lankesteria metandrocarpae sp. nov., isolated from Metandrocarpa taylori, (iii) Lankesteria halocynthiae sp. nov., isolated from Halocynthia aurantium, (iv) Lankesteria herdmaniae sp. nov., isolated from Herdmania momus, (v) Lankesteria cf. ritterellae, isolated from Ritterella rubra, and (vi) Lankesteria didemni sp. nov., isolated from Didemnum vexillum. Visualization of the trophozoites with scanning electron microscopy showed that four of these species were covered with epicytic folds, whereas two of the species were covered with a dense pattern of epicytic knobs. The molecular phylogenetic data suggested that species of Lankesteria with surface knobs form a clade that is nested within a paraphyletic assemblage species of Lankesteria with epicytic folds.

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36

Jiang, Di. "Sea squirt invaders." Science 373, no. 6554 (July 29, 2021): 530.5–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.373.6554.530-e.

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37

Baxter, Catherine. "Sea squirt genome released." Nature Reviews Genetics 4, no. 2 (February 2003): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1003.

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38

Burton, Adrian. "Sea squirt assaults sarcomas." Lancet Oncology 3, no. 11 (November 2002): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(02)00914-2.

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39

Christiaen, L., E. Wagner, W. Shi, and M. Levine. "The Sea Squirt Ciona intestinalis." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): pdb.emo138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.emo138.

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40

Saul, L. R., and R. L. Squires. "Added nerineoid gastropod evidence for a warm Turonian sea in southern California." Journal of Paleontology 76, no. 2 (March 2002): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000041767.

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Nerineoids, so typical of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous in Europe, are usually rare and lacking in diversity in North America north of Mexico. This is especially true of the Pacific slope faunas. Only three species of nerineoid gastropods have previously been reported from the Cretaceous of California (Saul and Squires, 1998). The oldest of these species, Aphanoptyxis andersoni Saul and Squires, 1998, is from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian) in northern California. The other two species are Late Cretaceous (Turonian): Aphanoptyxis californica Saul and Squires, 1998, is from northern California, and Nerinella santana Saul and Squires, 1998, is from a locality and strata in southern California near the occurrence of Nerinella califae n. sp. The description of N. califae n. sp. gives California the greatest diversity of Turonian northeastern Pacific slope nerineoids, namely, Aphanoptyxis californica and two species of Nerinella. These Turonian nerineoids are also, thus far, the geologically youngest North American Pacific slope nerineoids.

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41

Maoka, Takashi, and Chisato Tode. "A Novel Carotenoid with a Unique 2,6-Cyclo-ψ-End Group, Roretziaxanthin, from the Sea Squirt Halocynthia roretzi." Marine Drugs 20, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20120732.

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A novel carotenoid with a unique 2,6-cyclo-ψ-end group, named roretziaxanthin (1), was isolated from the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi as a minor carotenoid along with (3S,3′S)-astaxanthin, alloxanthin, halocynthiaxanthin, mytiloxanthin, mytiloxanthinone, etc. This structure was determined to be 3-hydroxy-1′,16′-didehydro-1′,2′-dihydro-2′,6′-cyclo-β,ψ-carotene-4,4′-dione by UV–VIS, MS, and NMR spectral data. The formation mechanism of roretziaxanthin in the sea squirt was discussed.

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42

Bradbury, Jane. "Sea-squirt anticancer drug shows promise." Lancet Oncology 2, no. 9 (September 2001): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(01)00474-0.

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43

Kim, Poong Ho, Min Ji Kim, Ji Hye Kim, Ji Sun Lee, Ki Hyun Kim, Hyeon Jeong Kim, You-Jin Jeon, Min Soo Heu, and Jin-Soo Kim. "Nutritional and Physiologically Active Characterizations of the Sea Squirt Halocynthia roretzi Sikhae and the Seasoned Sea Squirt." Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2014.0001.

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44

Daniel, I. Randolph, Christopher R. Moore, and E. Christopher Caynor. "SIFTING THE SANDS OF TIME: GEOARCHAEOLOGY, CULTURE CHRONOLOGY, AND CLIMATE CHANGE AT SQUIRES RIDGE, NORTHEASTERN NORTH CAROLINA." Southeastern Archaeology 32, no. 2 (December 2013): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sea.2013.32.2.006.

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45

Hamana, Koei, Masaru Niitsu, Keijiro Samejima, and Shigeru Matsuzaki. "Novel tetraamines, pentaamines and hexaamines in sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea squirt and bivalves." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 100, no. 1 (January 1991): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(91)90084-q.

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46

Jiang, Liang, Qiong Liu, and Jiazuan Ni. "In silico identification of the sea squirt selenoproteome." BMC Genomics 11, no. 1 (2010): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-289.

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47

Holland, P. "Molecular phylogeny: My sister is a sea squirt?" Heredity 96, no. 6 (May 3, 2006): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800834.

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48

Segawa, K., K. Ono, S. Oka, T. Jyo, A. Kuroiwa, and U. Yamashita. "B Cell Mitogenic Activity of Sea Squirt Antigen." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 104, no. 3 (1994): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000236676.

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49

Bishop, John, Christine Wood, Rob Mrowicki, and Joanna Harley. "The genome sequence of the light-bulb sea squirt, Clavelina lepadiformis (Müller, 1776)." Wellcome Open Research 8 (November 23, 2023): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20417.1.

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We present a genome assembly from an individual Clavelina lepadiformis (the light-bulb sea squirt; Chordata; Ascidiacea; Aplousobranchia; Clavelinidae). The genome sequence is 210.1 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 9 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 14.48 kilobases in length.

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Bishop, John, and Christine Wood. "The genome sequence of a solitary sea squirt, Ascidia mentula (Müller, 1776)." Wellcome Open Research 8 (December 29, 2023): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20415.1.

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We present a genome assembly from an individual Ascidia mentula (the (a solitary sea squirt); Chordata; Ascidiacea; Phlebobranchia; Ascidiidae). The genome sequence is 197.0 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 9 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 19.46 kilobases in length.

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