Journal articles on the topic 'Sea/Land Transition identification'
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Luppichini, Marco, Monica Bini, Marco Paterni, Andrea Berton, and Silvia Merlino. "A New Beach Topography-Based Method for Shoreline Identification." Water 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 3110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113110.
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The definition of shoreline is not the same for all contexts, and it is often a subjective matter. Various methods exist that are based on the use of different instruments that can determine and highlight a shoreline. In recent years, numerous studies have employed photogrammetric methods, based on different colours, to map the boundary between water and land. These works use images acquired by satellites, drones, or cameras, and differ mainly in terms of resolution. Such methods can identify a shoreline by means of automatic, semi-automatic, or manual procedures. The aim of this work is to find and promote a new and valid beach topography-based algorithm, able to identify the shoreline. We apply the Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques to reconstruct a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model by means of a drone for image acquisition. The algorithm is based on the variation of the topographic beach profile caused by the transition from water to sand. The SfM technique is not efficient when applied to reflecting surfaces like sea water resulting in a very irregular and unnatural profile over the sea. Taking advantage of this fact, the algorithm searches for the point in the space where a beach profile changes from irregular to regular, causing a transition from water to land. The algorithm is promoted by the release of a QGIS v3.x plugin, which allows the easy application and extraction of other shorelines.
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Xia, Geng, Caroline Draxl, Michael Optis, and Stephanie Redfern. "Detecting and characterizing simulated sea breezes over the US northeastern coast with implications for offshore wind energy." Wind Energy Science 7, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-815-2022.
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Abstract. With the planned construction of vast offshore wind farms along the US East Coast, identifying and understanding key coastal processes, such as sea breezes, has become a critical need for the sustainability and development of US offshore wind energy. In this study, a new two-step identification method is proposed to detect and characterize three types of sea breezes (pure, corkscrew and backdoor) over the US northeastern coast from a year-long WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) simulation. The results suggest that the proposed detection method can identify the three different types of sea breezes in the model simulation. Key sea breeze features, such as the calm zone associated with pure sea breezes and coastal jets associated with corkscrew sea breezes, are evident in the sea breeze composite imagery. In addition, the simulated sea breeze events indicate a seasonal transition from pure to corkscrew sea breeze between March and August as the land–sea thermal contrast increases. Furthermore, the location and extension of the sea breeze front are different for each type of sea breeze, suggesting that the coastal impact of sea breeze varies with sea breeze type. From the wind energy perspective, the power production associated with a 10 MW offshore wind turbine would be approximately 3 to 4 times larger during a corkscrew sea breeze event than the other two types of sea breezes. This highlights the importance of identifying the correct type of sea breeze in numerical weather/wind energy forecasting.
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Dangendorf, Sönke, Marta Marcos, Guy Wöppelmann, Clinton P. Conrad, Thomas Frederikse, and Riccardo Riva. "Reassessment of 20th century global mean sea level rise." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (May 22, 2017): 5946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616007114.
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The rate at which global mean sea level (GMSL) rose during the 20th century is uncertain, with little consensus between various reconstructions that indicate rates of rise ranging from 1.3 to 2 mm⋅y−1. Here we present a 20th-century GMSL reconstruction computed using an area-weighting technique for averaging tide gauge records that both incorporates up-to-date observations of vertical land motion (VLM) and corrections for local geoid changes resulting from ice melting and terrestrial freshwater storage and allows for the identification of possible differences compared with earlier attempts. Our reconstructed GMSL trend of 1.1 ± 0.3 mm⋅y−1 (1σ) before 1990 falls below previous estimates, whereas our estimate of 3.1 ± 1.4 mm⋅y−1 from 1993 to 2012 is consistent with independent estimates from satellite altimetry, leading to overall acceleration larger than previously suggested. This feature is geographically dominated by the Indian Ocean–Southern Pacific region, marking a transition from lower-than-average rates before 1990 toward unprecedented high rates in recent decades. We demonstrate that VLM corrections, area weighting, and our use of a common reference datum for tide gauges may explain the lower rates compared with earlier GMSL estimates in approximately equal proportion. The trends and multidecadal variability of our GMSL curve also compare well to the sum of individual contributions obtained from historical outputs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. This, in turn, increases our confidence in process-based projections presented in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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Tri Martuti, Nana Kariada, Yustinus Ulung Anggraito, and Septiana Anggraini. "Vegetation Stratification in Semarang Coastal Area." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v11i1.18621.
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The coastal region is a dynamic area as a transition between the land and the sea. The ecological function of the coastal area is affected mainly by the structure and composition of vegetation factors. This study aims to analyze the vegetation stratification of terrestrial to marine ecosystems in the coastal area of Semarang City, Central Java Indonesia as an effort to manage a sustainable ecosystem. A striped path combined with nested plots were applied in this research. The plots were placed by systematic purposive sampling based on the homogeneity of vegetation found along with the topographic conditions of the research location. Analysis of qualitative data used by way of inventorying plants and identifying plants based on morphological characteristics that can be observed. Data analysis was performed based on the results of an inventory of the structure and composition of vegetation obtained including the index of diversity, evenness, and species richness. The results of plant identification found in the three locations recorded 51 plant species consisting of 29 families. The different types of vegetation in Taman Lele, Tapak, and Tirang Beach affect the diversity, richness, and evenness index of vegetation in all three locations. Therefore, it can be concluded that different environmental factors contribute to the vegetation stratification from the land to the sea. This is the first report on the Semarang coastal area vegetation stratification. The results can have a positive impact on the coastal area conservation strategy for sustainable management, as well as to be a media for environmental education purpose.
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Hu, J., L. Lu, J. Xu, and J. Zhang. "A FAST SEGMENTATION ALGORITHM FOR C-V MODEL BASED ON EXPONENTIAL IMAGE SEQUENCE GENERATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 13, 2017): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-761-2017.
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For the island coastline segmentation, a fast segmentation algorithm for C-V model method based on exponential image sequence generation is proposed in this paper. The exponential multi-scale C-V model with level set inheritance and boundary inheritance is developed. The main research contributions are as follows: 1) the problems of the "holes" and "gaps" are solved when extraction coastline through the small scale shrinkage, low-pass filtering and area sorting of region. 2) the initial value of SDF (Signal Distance Function) and the level set are given by Otsu segmentation based on the difference of reflection SAR on land and sea, which are finely close to the coastline. 3) the computational complexity of continuous transition are successfully reduced between the different scales by the SDF and of level set inheritance. Experiment results show that the method accelerates the acquisition of initial level set formation, shortens the time of the extraction of coastline, at the same time, removes the non-coastline body part and improves the identification precision of the main body coastline, which automates the process of coastline segmentation.
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Wu, Feng, Mei Li, Baowen Liao, Xin Shi, and Yong Xu. "DNA Barcoding Analysis and Phylogenetic Relation of Mangroves in Guangdong Province, China." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010056.
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Mangroves are distributed in the transition zone between sea and land, mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. They provide important ecosystem services and are therefore economically valuable. DNA barcoding is a useful tool for species identification and phylogenetic reconstruction. To evaluate the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in identifying mangrove species, we sampled 135 individuals representing 23 species, 22 genera, and 17 families from Zhanjiang, Shenzhen, Huizhou, and Shantou in the Guangdong province, China. We tested the universality of four DNA barcodes, namely rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA, and the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS), and examined their efficacy for species identification and the phylogenetic reconstruction of mangroves. The success rates for PCR amplification of rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA, and ITS were 100%, 80.29% ± 8.48%, 99.38% ± 1.25%, and 97.18% ± 3.25%, respectively, and the rates of DNA sequencing were 100%, 75.04% ± 6.26%, 94.57% ± 5.06%, and 83.35% ± 4.05%, respectively. These results suggest that both rbcL and trnH–psbA are universal in mangrove species from the Guangdong province. The highest success rate for species identification was 84.48% ± 12.09% with trnH-psbA, followed by rbcL (82.16% ± 9.68%), ITS (66.48% ± 5.97%), and matK (65.09% ± 6.00%), which increased to 91.25% ± 9.78% with the addition of rbcL. Additionally, the identification rate of mangroves was not significantly different between rbcL + trnH-psbA and other random fragment combinations. In conclusion, rbcL and trnH-psbA were the most suitable DNA barcode fragments for species identification in mangrove plants. When the phylogenetic relationships were constructed with random fragment combinations, the optimal evolutionary tree with high supporting values (86.33% ± 4.16%) was established using the combination of matK + rbcL + trnH-psbA + ITS in mangroves. In total, the 476 newly acquired sequences in this study lay the foundation for a DNA barcode database of mangroves.
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Cuccoli, Fabrizio, Luca Facheris, and Francesco Sermi. "Coordinate Registration Method based on Sea/Land Transitions Identification for Over-the-Horizon Sky-Wave Radar: Numerical Model and Basic Performance Requirements." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 47, no. 4 (2011): 2974–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2011.6034678.
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Piacentini, Daniela, Francesco Troiani, Davide Torre, and Marco Menichetti. "Land-Surface Quantitative Analysis to Investigate the Spatial Distribution of Gravitational Landforms along Rocky Coasts." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 5012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245012.
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The increasing availability of high-quality digital elevation models (DEMs) has been associated with a growing interest in developing quantitative analyses aimed at taking advantage of these detailed, updated, and promising digital datasets. Land-surface quantitative (LSQ) analysis is valuable for describing the land-surface topography and performing measures of the signature of specific geomorphic processes, taking into account site-specific geological contexts and morphoclimatic settings, proving to be particularly effective in transitional environments, such as rocky coasts. This paper presents the results of research aimed at investigating the spatial distribution of gravitational landforms along rocky coasts, by means of LSQ analysis based on a DEM with a ground resolution of 2 m, derived from airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging) surveys. The study area is at Mt. San Bartolo (Northern Marche, Italy) and characterized by a sea cliff diffusely affected by gravitational phenomena of different sizes and types. Geomorphological and geological field data, interpretations of remotely sensed datasets derived from ad hoc unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights, and DEM-derived hillshades were also adapted to support LSQ analysis. In detail, four morphometric variables (slope, roughness, terrain ruggedness index, and elevation standard deviation) were computed and the outputs evaluated based on visual–spatial inspections of derived raster datasets, descriptive statistics, and joint comparison. Results reveal the best performing variables and how combined interpretations can support the identification and mapping of zones characterized by varying spatial distribution of gravitational landforms of different types. The findings achieved along the Mt. San Bartolo rocky coast confirm that an approach based on land-surface quantitative analysis can act as a proxy to efficiently investigate gravitational slope processes in coastal areas, especially those that are difficult to reach with traditional field surveys.
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Dachev, D., and S. Zlatanova. "Pollution sources identification in the “land-sea” system." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 8 (October 1, 2002): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0144.
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It is our opinon that the new scientific thinking and education in the 21st century will increase the significance of the multidisciplinary nature knowledge. The nature of the marine sediments as well as the biochemical features of the littoral organisms appear to be in close relation to the geochemical impact of the coastal onshore. The biogeochemical analysis of the terrestrial and marine biocenosis is still fragmental, without balance between the casual and sequential relationships. Along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast the latter necessitates the geological pattern clarification of the areas south of Bourgas. Even a superficial overview of the geological features of the region highlights the impact of the geochemical anomalies related to Rosen and Zidarovo volcanic apparatuses and intrusions, other ore deposits south and south-west as well. However, the intensive anthropogenic impact on the geochemical haloes should be pointed out in the complex of ecological damage to the coast. Through complementary geoecological studies a significant updating of the knowledge is suggested. The geoecological mapping is needed to present the ratio of the lands saturated with geonoxes, and anthropogenically polluted ones. The new methodology recommended was applied to make the distinction of such lands in the regions of Pirdop and Kardjali. Another key element appears to be the ecologicalÐeconomic characteristics in the offshore-onshore balance. The marine resources will be studied in the alternative context: benefit-damage from the onshore polluters, and the biogeochemical characteristics of the littoral zone. The coastal areas environmental status should make a distinction between the environmentally undamaged, environmentally damaged by nature, anthropogenically damaged and complex damaged lands. Each ecological study or analysis presenting the ecological condition of the environment in a status quo (at a certain moment and at a certain location) is described in this work as a Status Geoecological System. For environmental management and protection of the Black Sea we refer to an indispensable Data File representing the Dynamic Geoecological System.
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Durand, Pierre, Aime Druilhet, and Serge Briere. "A Sea-Land Transition Observed during the COAST Experiment." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 46, no. 1 (January 1989): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0096:asltod>2.0.co;2.
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Caspermeyer, Joseph. "First by Land, Then by Sea: Origins of Dietary Adaptations for Whales and Dolphins during Land to Sea Transition." Molecular Biology and Evolution 33, no. 12 (October 20, 2016): 3317.1–3317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw207.
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Hariga, Nejla Tlatli, Thouraya Nouri Baranger, and Rachida Bouhlila. "Land–sea interface identification and submarine groundwater exchange (SGE) estimation." Computers & Fluids 88 (December 2013): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2013.10.015.
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Goit, Jay Prakash, and Asim Önder. "The effect of coastal terrain on nearshore offshore wind farms: A large-eddy simulation study." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 14, no. 4 (July 2022): 043304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094476.
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Performance of offshore wind farms built in the nearshore region will be affected by onshore terrain with higher turbulence in the flow when wind is blowing from land toward sea. Current study employs large-eddy simulation to investigate the effect of coastal terrain on the performance of large nearshore offshore wind farms. At first, two atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) simulation cases are defined to investigate the evolution of an internal boundary layer (IBL) during the sea-to-land and land-to-sea transition of the flow. The growth rate of the IBL was similar for both ABL simulation cases. However, the mean velocity-based definition of IBL heights, which essentially are the equilibrium layer, were half the height of shear stress-based IBLs. The first wind farm simulation case only considers an offshore surface, while the second case includes the region with land-to-sea transition upstream of the wind farm. Better wake recovery is observed in the case that considers the effect of onshore terrain. This is attributed to the higher inflow turbulence level, which resulted in higher entrainment of kinetic energy from the flow above. The farm-induced IBL for a land-to-sea transition case shows rapid growth for the first few turbine rows, while the offshore only case shows gradual growth. However, the difference between the two IBLs decreases with downstream distance, implying that for sufficiently long wind farms, both IBLs will converge. Total power output of the land-to-sea transition case is 17% higher than the offshore only case for the farm layout and roughness heights considered in this study.
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Jiménez, Maria A., Gemma Simó, Burkhard Wrenger, Maja Telisman-Prtenjak, Jose A. Guijarro, and Joan Cuxart. "Morning transition case between the land and the sea breeze regimes." Atmospheric Research 172-173 (May 2016): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.12.019.
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ZHAO, Zhigang, Hao ZHANG, Yuchi CUI, Wu TANG, and Peijun QIAO. "Cenozoic Sea‐land Transition and its Petroleum Geological Significance in the Northern South China Sea." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 95, no. 1 (February 2021): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14628.
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Houssaye, Alexandra, Paul Tafforeau, Christian de Muizon, and Philip D. Gingerich. "Transition of Eocene Whales from Land to Sea: Evidence from Bone Microstructure." PLOS ONE 10, no. 2 (February 25, 2015): e0118409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118409.
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Meng, Y., Y. Cao, H. Tian, and Z. Han. "THE IDENTIFICATION OF LAND UTILIZATION IN COASTAL RECLAMATION AREAS IN TIANJIN USING HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 1275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-1275-2018.
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In recent decades, land reclamation activities have been developed rapidly in Chinese coastal regions, especially in Bohai Bay. The land reclamation areas can effectively alleviate the contradiction between land resources shortage and human needs, but some idle lands that left unused after the government making approval the usage of sea areas are also supposed to pay attention to. Due to the particular features of land coverage identification in large regions, traditional monitoring approaches are unable to perfectly meet the needs of effectively and quickly land use classification. In this paper, Gaofen-1 remotely sensed satellite imagery data together with sea area usage ownership data were used to identify the land use classifications and find out the idle land resources. It can be seen from the result that most of the land use types and idle land resources can be identified precisely.
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Li, Changsuo, Chao Jia, Henghua Zhu, and Weijiang Yu. "Research on the migration patterns of sea-land transitional zone in the coastal area of Longkou and Zhaoyuan." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.054.
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Abstract Sea-level rise due to global warming and over-exploitation of groundwater resources in coastal areas will induce seawater intrusion into inland groundwater which is leading to the migration of the transition zone, and is affecting the security of regional social economy and water resources. Taking the blue economic zone of Shandong Peninsula as the research background, selecting the coastal area of Longkou and Zhaoyuan as the study area, this paper firstly depicts the groundwater flow field pattern in the research area, and then carries out the quantitative analysis for the migration patterns of the transition zone under changing groundwater levels. The results demonstrate that the width of sea-land transitional zone in the research area is about 1.5–4.5 km. The groundwater level is higher, the migration speed of the sea-land transitional zone is smaller. The results are of significance to study the migration of the sea-land transitional zone in the blue economic zone of Shandong peninsula.
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Rodriguez-Vera, Geidy, Rosario Romero-Centeno, Christopher L. Castro, and Víctor Mendoza Castro. "Coupled Interannual Variability of Wind and Sea Surface Temperature in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico." Journal of Climate 32, no. 14 (June 20, 2019): 4263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0573.1.
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Abstract This work describes dominant patterns of coupled interannual variability of the 10-m wind and sea surface temperature in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (CS&GM) during the period 1982–2016. Using a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) between the monthly mean anomalies of these fields, four coupled variability modes are identified: the dipole (March–April), transition (May–June), interocean (July–October), and meridional-wind (November–February) modes. Results show that El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences almost all the CS&GM coupled modes, except the transition mode, and that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in February has a strong negative correlation with the dipole and transition modes. The antisymmetric relationships found between the dipole mode and the NAO and ENSO indices confirm previous evidence about the competing remote forcings of both teleconnection patterns on the tropical North Atlantic variability. Precipitation in the CS and adjacent oceanic and land areas is sensitive to the wind–SST coupled variability modes from June to October. These modes seem to be strongly related to the interannual variability of the midsummer drought and the meridional migration of the intertropical convergence zone in the eastern Pacific. These findings may eventually lead to improving seasonal predictability in the CS&GM and surrounding land areas.
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Voss, M., B. Deutsch, R. Elmgren, C. Humborg, P. Kuuppo, M. Pastuszak, C. Rolff, and U. Schulte. "Source identification of nitrate by means of isotopic tracers in the Baltic Sea catchments." Biogeosciences 3, no. 4 (December 20, 2006): 663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-663-2006.
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Abstract. Nitrate input to a river is largely controlled by land use in its catchment. We compared the information carried by the isotopic signatures of nitrate in 12 Baltic rivers, in relation to the vegetation cover, land use, and fertilization of agricultural land of their catchments. We found isotope values in nitrate ranging from −2 to 14‰ for δ15N and 8 to 25‰ for δ18O. The annual variability of riverine nitrate isotope signatures is presented in detail for one Nordic, the Kemijoki, and two southern rivers, the Vistula and Oder. Nordic rivers with relatively pristine vegetation in their catchments show not only low δ15N values and high δ18O-NO3− but also lower annual variability than rivers draining densely populated land. Seasonal signals were found in all the rivers. We used load weighted nitrate isotope data and data from the three major N sources (farmland/sewage, atmospheric deposition and from runoff of pristine soils) to theoretically estimate the shares of nitrate from these sources. The results of an isotope mixing model (IMM-1) agree reasonably well with the same estimates for agricultural land derived from a Global Land Cover (GLC) data base, with a deviation varying from −16% to +26%. The comparison with an emission model (EM) reveals relatively good agreements for intensively used catchments (−18 to +18% deviation). Rather unsatisfactory agreement was found between the IMM-1 and GLC calculations for pristine catchments (−36 to +50% deviation). Advantages and limitations of the tested model are discussed.
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Handayani, Christian Novia N., Estradivar, Dirga Daniel, Oki Hadian, Khairil Fahmi Faisal, Dicky Sucipto, and Puteri Maulida. "IDENTIFICATION OF CONSERVATION PRIORITY LOCATION IN INDONESIA BASED ON LAND-SEA CONNECTIVITY." Coastal and Ocean Journal (COJ) 1, no. 2 (November 3, 2017): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/coj.1.2.13-26.
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The environment quality around those rivers and canals will affect the health of the coastal ecosystem and biota living in it. Empirically, there is an ecological connection between ecosystem in coastal areas and between coastal areas to the mainland and the high seas. Therefore, marine spatial planning should consider any change on landscape upstream. The aim of this study was to define new locations which have high conservation value based on connectivity between terrestrial and marine. The method used in this study was spatial analysis using systematic conservation planning approach with Marxan as the decision support tool. Marxan works based on scenarios developed by spatial planner. This study was using two primary scenarios: first, consider the existing protected areas; second did not consider the existing protected areas (PAs) to identify the gaps between new priority locations and the existing PAs. The data used in this study were basic spatial data, ecological data, and biodiversity data from various sources. The study area were all islands of Indonesia, devided into seven clusters. Based on those two scenarios, the result of the study shows that there are 108 locations in Indonesia which identified as areas which have high conservation value and also hold potential land-sea connection at once, inside and outside existing protected areas. Based on this study, if in the future the stakeholder have plans to do intervention in those areas primary in conservation field, those identified locations could be considered as new areas.
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Spatial analysis, Marxan, Conservation, Connectivity, Land-sea
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Sun, Jielun, and Jeffrey R. French. "Air–Sea Interactions in Light of New Understanding of Air–Land Interactions." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 10 (September 21, 2016): 3931–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0354.1.
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Abstract Air–sea interactions are investigated using the data from the Coupled Boundary Layers Air–Sea Transfer experiment under low wind (CBLAST-Low) and the Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment (SWADE) over sea and compared with measurements from the 1999 Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) over land. Based on the concept of the hockey-stick transition (HOST) hypothesis, which emphasizes contributions of large coherent eddies in atmospheric turbulent mixing that are not fully captured by Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, relationships between the atmospheric momentum transfer and the sea surface roughness, and the role of the sea surface temperature (SST) and oceanic waves in the turbulent transfer of atmospheric momentum, heat, and moisture, and variations of drag coefficient Cd(z) over sea and land with wind speed V are studied. In general, the atmospheric turbulence transfers over sea and land are similar except under weak winds and near the sea surface when wave-induced winds and oceanic currents are relevant to wind shear in generating atmospheric turbulence. The transition of the atmospheric momentum transfer between the stable and the near-neutral regimes is different over land and sea owing to the different strength and formation of atmospheric stable stratification. The relationship between the air–sea temperature difference and the turbulent heat transfer over sea is dominated by large air temperature variations compared to the slowly varying SST. Physically, Cd(z) consists of the surface skin drag and the turbulence drag between z and the surface; the increase of the latter with decreasing V leads to the minimum Cd(z), which is observed, but not limited to, over sea.
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Crowe-Riddell, Jenna M., Edward P. Snelling, Amy P. Watson, Anton Kyuseop Suh, Julian C. Partridge, and Kate L. Sanders. "The evolution of scale sensilla in the transition from land to sea in elapid snakes." Open Biology 6, no. 6 (June 2016): 160054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.160054.
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Scale sensilla are small tactile mechanosensory organs located on the head scales of many squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). In sea snakes and sea kraits (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae), these scale organs are presumptive scale sensilla that purportedly function as both tactile mechanoreceptors and potentially as hydrodynamic receptors capable of sensing the displacement of water. We combined scanning electron microscopy, silicone casting of the skin and quadrate sampling with a phylogenetic analysis to assess morphological variation in sensilla on the postocular head scale(s) across four terrestrial, 13 fully aquatic and two semi-aquatic species of elapids. Substantial variation exists in the overall coverage of sensilla (0.8–6.5%) among the species sampled and is broadly overlapping in aquatic and terrestrial lineages. However, two observations suggest a divergent, possibly hydrodynamic sensory role of sensilla in sea snake and sea krait species. First, scale sensilla are more protruding (dome-shaped) in aquatic species than in their terrestrial counterparts. Second, exceptionally high overall coverage of sensilla is found only in the fully aquatic sea snakes, and this attribute appears to have evolved multiple times within this group. Our quantification of coverage as a proxy for relative ‘sensitivity’ represents the first analysis of the evolution of sensilla in the transition from terrestrial to marine habitats. However, evidence from physiological and behavioural studies is needed to confirm the functional role of scale sensilla in sea snakes and sea kraits.
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Parlichev, Dimitar, and Atanas Vasilev. "New opportunities for identification of precursors of sea earthquakes." Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 35, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/igh.35.1.15.
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In many publications, as well as in media statements, prominent foreign and Bulgarian seismologists admit that seismology still does not have reliable methods and technical means for the identification of earthquake precursors in marine conditions (short-term forecast). Several facts, circumstances, and considerations are presented, motivating the need to immediately start experimental research in this area. A Bulgarian patent of a device for capturing underwater gas sources is offered for transmitting characteristics of the underwater gas source to a receiving device on land, indicating an impending earthquake. A strategy for experimentation and application of the device through the implementation of a new European project, uniting the forces and capabilities of the South European countries, is being proposed.
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Baumgardt, Douglas R., and Zoltan Der. "Identification of presumed shallow underwater chemical explosions using land-based regional arrays." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880020581.
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Abstract Seismic events located in the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea, and the North Sea, recorded at the regional seismic arrays NORESS and FINESA, have characteristics of underwater blasts observed hydroacoustically. Spectral analysis of regional phases associated with the events reveals strong time-independent spectral scalloping indicating that the waveforms are made up of correlated “pulse-echo” type signals. Cepstral analysis gives consistent delay times between the pulse-echo pairs with the most common delays between 400 and 600 msec. Some cepstra also have negative peaks at quefrencies between 150 and 350 msec. The cepstral peaks are observed in all phases associated with the event, and events recorded at both arrays have the same delay times. The higher time delays are consistent with bubble-pulse delays commonly observed in underwater blasts recorded hydroacoustically. The lower-quefrency negative peaks are caused by echoes with reversed polarities relative to the primary pulse and are consistent with reflections from the top of the water column. Generally, these events have large Pn/Lg amplitude ratios similar to those observed from quarry blasts. Somewhat smaller high-frequency Pn/Lg ratios are observed for Baltic Sea events compared with the North Sea events, which may be due to differences in the water-bottom geologies of the two regions. Simple source models of underwater blasts explain many of the features of the observed cepstra and indicate that the shot depths had to be shallow (around 40 to 80 m) for shot sizes between 75 and 150 kg. This study shows that the seismic sensor network, called for by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), can augment the smaller network of hydroacoustic stations for the detection and identification of clandestine under-water nuclear-explosion tests in the near offshore environment.
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K¨osters, Michael, Hans-Jürgen Götze, Sabine Schmidt, Jürgen Fritsch, and Manuel Araneda. "Gravity field of a continent-ocean transition mapped from land, air, and sea." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 78, no. 2 (1997): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97eo00010.
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Cui, Jiaxing, Xuesong Kong, Jing Chen, Jianwei Sun, and Yuanyuan Zhu. "Spatially Explicit Evaluation and Driving Factor Identification of Land Use Conflict in Yangtze River Economic Belt." Land 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010043.
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Regional land use transitions driven by the adaptive reconciliation of existing land use conflict with socioeconomic development can lead to positive economic effects as well as new land use conflict. Although research on land use transition has progressed considerably, limited studies have explored the spatiotemporal dynamic pattern of land use conflict during the land use transition period. Previous evaluation approaches on land use conflict that mainly focus on status or potential conflict lack conflict intensity evaluation during the land use transition process. A new spatially explicit evaluation framework of land use conflict that directly examines three aspects of conflict, namely, ecological and agricultural (EAC), agricultural and construction (ACC), and ecological and construction (ECC) land conflicts based on ecological quality and agricultural suitability, is proposed in this study. The spatiotemporal dynamic pattern and driving factors of land use conflict in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China in the period of 2000–2018 are evaluated. The results indicated that comprehensive land use conflict (CLUC) intensity slightly decreased by 9.91% and its barycenter showed a trend toward the west during 2000–2018. ACC is the most drastic conflict among the three aspects of conflict. The mean intensity of ACC reduced remarkably by 38.26%, while EAC increased by 33.15% and ECC increased by 28.28% during the research periods. The barycenter of EAC moved toward the east while the barycenter of ACC and ECC moved toward the west. The changes in the intensity and spreading pattern of land use conflict indices demonstrated the changes in the pattern of territorial space development. Total population, population density, per capita GDP, number of mobile phone users, and road density were strong drivers that influenced the land use conflict of territorial space. Multiple policy recommendations including improving territorial space planning and governance ability, and improving land use efficiency, were proposed to manage and resolve the land use conflict of territorial space. The results and conclusions of this study will help improve future regional land use policies and reduce land use conflict.
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Granskog, Mats A., Tõnu A. Martma, and Rein A. Vaikmäe. "Development, structure and composition of land-fast sea ice in the northern Baltic Sea." Journal of Glaciology 49, no. 164 (2003): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830872.
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AbstractThe structural and stable-oxygen-isotopic properties of sea-ice samples collected on land-fast sea ice in the northern Baltic Sea, at 60.2–65.7° N, 21.3–26.9° E, were used to estimate the contribution of snow ice to the total sea-ice thickness, and the fraction of snow in the snow-ice layers and in the total sea-ice thickness. The textural analysis of the sea-ice cores revealed a general structure of a granular surface layer and a columnar basal layer. Using different isotopic criteria to distinguish snow-ice layers, we estimate that snow-ice layers contributed on average 24–32% of the total ice thickness in the study region. Transition ice (intermediate granular–columnar ice) also contributed significantly to the total ice thickness. The snow in the snow-ice layers contributed on average 18–21% of the total sea-ice thickness (by mass), a significant contribution when compared to other regions with sea-ice cover. The methods used could be improved to give more accurate estimates, especially by improving knowledge of the temporal variability of the isotopic properties of the snow incorporated into the sea-ice cover. However, our results can be regarded as plausible estimates for the contribution of snow ice and snow to sea-ice growth in the study area.
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Hu, Weidong, Zhiyu Yao, Shi Chen, Zhihao Xu, Yang Liu, Zhiyan Feng, and Leo Ligthart. "Spatial Resolution and Data Integrity Enhancement of Microwave Radiometer Measurements Using Total Variation Deconvolution and Bilateral Fusion Technique." Remote Sensing 14, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 3502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143502.
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Passive multi-frequency microwave sensors are indispensable instruments for worldwide environmental monitoring. However, they often suffer from the issues of poor spatial resolution and the original land–sea transition zone data are contaminated severely. Conventional analytical deconvolution methods enhance the spatial resolution at the expense of noise amplification and Gibbs fluctuations in the land–sea transition zone. In order to enhance the spatial resolution as well as simultaneously enhance the integrity of the Microwave Radiometer data, a method based on Total Variation deconvolution, Bilateral Filter, and data fusion (TVBF+) is proposed. Our method substantially improves data integrity and obtains similar enhanced resolution compared to existing methods. Experiments performed using both simulated and actual microwave radiation Imager (MWRI) data demonstrate the method’s robustness and effectiveness.
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Qian, Tingting, Craig C. Epifanio, and Fuqing Zhang. "Topographic Effects on the Tropical Land and Sea Breeze." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 130–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-011.1.
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Abstract The effect of an inland plateau on the tropical sea breeze is considered in terms of idealized numerical experiments, with a particular emphasis on offshore effects. The sea breeze is modeled as the response to an oscillating interior heat source over land. The parameter space for the calculations is defined by a nondimensional wind speed, a scaled plateau height, and the nondimensional heating amplitude. The experiments show that the inland plateau tends to significantly strengthen the land-breeze part of the circulation, as compared to the case without terrain. The strengthening of the land breeze is tied to blocking of the sea-breeze density current during the warm phase of the cycle. The blocked sea breeze produces a pool of relatively cold, stagnant air at the base of the plateau, which in turn produces a stronger land-breeze density current the following morning. Experiments show that the strength of the land breeze increases with the terrain height, at least for moderate values of the height. For very large terrain, the sea breeze is apparently blocked entirely, and further increases in terrain height lead to only small changes in land-breeze intensity and propagation. Details of the dynamics are described in terms of the transition from linear to nonlinear heating amplitudes, as well as for cases with and without background winds. The results show that for the present experiments, significant offshore effects are tied to nonlinear frontal propagation, as opposed to quasi-linear wave features.
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Sari, Embun, Muhammad Yamin, Hasim Purba, and Rosnidar Sembiring. "Land Procurement for Public Interest Against Destroyed Land: Natural Events and Legal Certaint." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-06-06.
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Based on a case study on the construction of the Semarang-Demak Toll Road, this study aims to investigate and investigate land acquisition for the public interest for land that has been destroyed as a result of natural events and its legal certainty. The research method used is socio-legal with primary data in identification, field measurements, and other supporting data. Semarang-Demak Toll Road property acquisition demonstrated tidal inundation on the north shore. Subsidence exacerbates Semarang's flooding. On flooded land, sea dikes and retention ponds prevent tidal floods. If just for transportation, the Semarang-Demak Toll Road can be built in flood-free areas or over the sea, like Bali's Mandra Toll Road. Land acquisition concerns delayed the Semarang-Demak Toll Road. Lack of land limitations has delayed land purchases. In the Semarang-Demak Toll Road land acquisition, destroyed land is not a problem under Indonesian law. 2021's Regulation 18 defines destroyed land. Destroyed land will drive people to take better care of their land and be more concerned about global warming or land subsidence. The state honors the landowner's emotional connection by paying for spiritual care. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-06-06 Full Text: PDF
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Long, D. "The identification of features due to former permafrost in the North Sea." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.32.
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AbstractAnalysis of offshore data at scales varing from macroscopic to kilometric suggest the former presence of permafrost in the North Sea. However due to the nature of marine data, the techniques used in recognizing features due to former permafrost differ from that used on land. The evidence can also occur in forms unique to the marine field. Awareness of the former existence of permafrost in the North Sea will aid geological assessment of offshore site investigations.
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V, HAMZA, and C. A. BABU. "Boundary layer characteristics associated with sea breeze circulation over Cochin." MAUSAM 58, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i1.1134.
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Features of sea and land breezes, surface fluxes and drag coefficient over Cochin are studied using more than 300 daily observations of air temperature, wind speed and direction data. The duration and intensity of sea breeze circulation vary with the rain or cloud as it reduces the differential heating. Onset of sea breeze is early in summer season for the near equatorial station compared to winter season. Cessation is almost same for all seasons and is around 1900 hours. The sea breeze circulation is almost westerly and land breeze circulation is almost easterly in all the seasons. It is found that in most of the cases, the temperature and wind speed decreases at the time of onset of sea breeze and turning of wind direction with height becomes counter clockwise (backing) during the transition period from land breeze to sea breeze. In all seasons, the momentum flux is directed downward. High values of momentum flux were found during the presence of sea breeze in pre-monsoon season. Average sensible heat flux is directed upward during the entire period and during nighttime it is almost zero in the winter and monsoon seasons. The intensity of momentum flux decreases during onset and cessation of sea breeze for all the cases. The cold air advection associated with the sea breeze results in the decrease of sensible heat flux at the time of onset of sea breeze. Averaged surface momentum and sensible flux patterns resemble closely to the instantaneous pattern for all the seasons. Generally, sea breeze is stronger than land breeze in all the seasons. Accordingly, the drag coefficient power relationship with wind is different for sea breeze and land breeze circulations.Key words – Sea breeze circulation, Monsoon boundary layer, Surface fluxes, Drag coefficient, Diurnal variation.
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Quinn, Nelson. "New stewardship of Country." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 133, no. 1 (2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs21007.
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The Royal Societies of Australia webinar series recognises that we need a new approach to our land and seascape stewardship if we are to recover from past degradation and prosper in the future. We have to work with history – the Aboriginal foundation, our modern production systems and our laws and institutions. We can succeed if we adopt a custodial approach to land and sea – ‘caring for country’ – as our highest priority, so we safeguard the effective functioning of our ecosystems. We will need changes to our laws and institutions, and active intervention in our land and seascapes with public support, as we transform our society to reflect this new model of stewardship. There are many things we can do now as part of this transition, as individuals, governments, businesses, educators and land and sea managers.
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Rimkus, Egidijus, Edvinas Stonevicius, Justinas Kilpys, Viktorija Maciulyte, and Donatas Valiukas. "Drought identification in the eastern Baltic region using NDVI." Earth System Dynamics 8, no. 3 (July 17, 2017): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-627-2017.
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Abstract. Droughts are phenomena that affect large areas. Remote sensing data covering large territories can be used to assess the impact and extent of droughts. Drought effect on vegetation was determined using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) in the eastern Baltic Sea region located between 53–60° N and 20–30° E. The effect of precipitation deficit on vegetation in arable land and broadleaved and coniferous forest was analysed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) calculated for 1- to 9-month timescales. Vegetation has strong seasonality in the analysed area. The beginning and the end of the vegetation season depends on the distance from the Baltic Sea, which affects temperature and precipitation patterns. The vegetation season in the southeastern part of the region is 5–6 weeks longer than in the northwestern part. The early spring air temperature, snowmelt water storage in the soil and precipitation have the largest influence on the NDVI values in the first half of the active growing season. Precipitation deficit in the first part of the vegetation season only has a significant impact on the vegetation on arable land. The vegetation in the forests is less sensitive to the moisture deficit. Correlation between VCI and the same month SPI1 is usually negative in the study area. It means that wetter conditions lead to lower VCI values, while the correlation is usually positive between the VCI and the SPI of the previous month. With a longer SPI scale the correlation gradually shifts towards the positive coefficients. The positive correlation between 3- and 6-month SPI and VCI was observed on the arable land and in both types of forests in the second half of vegetation season. The precipitation deficit is only one of the vegetation condition drivers and NDVI cannot be used universally to identify droughts, but it may be applied to better assess the effect of droughts on vegetation in the eastern Baltic Sea region.
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Dong, Guanglong, Yibing Ge, Haiwei Jia, Chuanzhun Sun, and Senyuan Pan. "Land Use Multi-Suitability, Land Resource Scarcity and Diversity of Human Needs: A New Framework for Land Use Conflict Identification." Land 10, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101003.
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Land use conflicts are intensifying due to the rapid urbanization and accelerated transformation of social and economic development. Accurate identification of land use conflicts is an important prerequisite for resolving land use conflicts and optimizing the spatial pattern of land use. Previous studies on land use conflict using multi-objective evaluation methods mainly focused on the suitability or competitiveness of land use, ignoring land resource scarcity and the diversity of human needs, hence reducing the accuracy of land use conflict identification. This paper proposes a new framework for land use conflict identification. Considering land use multi-suitability, land resource scarcity and the diversity of human needs, the corresponding evaluation index system was constructed, respectively, and the linear weighted sum model was used to calculate the land use conflict index. Taking Jinan as the study area, the spatial distribution characteristics of land use conflicts are accurately identified and analyzed. The results show that: (1) Land use multi-suitability in Shanghe county and Jiyang district is high, but the intensity of land use conflict is not. This indicates that land use multi-suitability is the premise and basis of land use conflict, but it is not the only determinant, which is consistent with our hypothesis. (2) Land use conflicts in Jinan were dominant by medium conflict, accounting for 43.89% of the conflicts, while strong and weak land use conflicts accounted for 25.21% and 30.90% of the conflicts, respectively. The spatial distribution of land use conflicts is obviously different, with high conflicts in the north and low conflicts in the south. Strong land use conflicts are concentrated in the urban and rural transition zones of Tianqiao, Huaiyin and Shizhong districts and in the northern parts of Licheng and Zhangqiu districts. (3) Inefficient land use and land resource waste aggravated regional land use conflicts in Licheng and Zhangqiu districts. (4) The new framework for land use conflict identification proposed in this study can accurately identify land use conflicts, providing a scientific reference and new ideas for accurate identification of land use conflicts.
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Ibrgaimov, K. F. "Underwater monuments of Absheron and the role of Khazar (Kaspia) in determining age Baku." Universum Humanitarium, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2499-9997-2021-1-41-59.
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The alternation of transgressions and regressions of the Caspian Sea led to the fact that these tracks were alternately found on the seabed, then on land. And, of course, these traces of the past must be looked for at those depths that at times became dry land. The identification of these monuments provides valuable material on the history of the peoples who inhabited this water basin, reflecting the life of the sea for many millennia and centuries, and sunken ships and their rigging allow shedding light on the issues of ancient navigation in the Caspian.
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Lézine, A. M., and H. Hooghiemstra. "Land-sea comparisons during the last glacial-interglacial transition: pollen records from West Tropical Africa." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 79, no. 3-4 (August 1990): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(90)90025-3.
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Simões, Bruno F., David J. Gower, Arne R. Rasmussen, Mohammad A. R. Sarker, Gary C. Fry, Nicholas R. Casewell, Robert A. Harrison, et al. "Spectral Diversification and Trans-Species Allelic Polymorphism during the Land-to-Sea Transition in Snakes." Current Biology 30, no. 13 (July 2020): 2608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.061.
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Chang, C.-P., Zhuo Wang, John McBride, and Ching-Hwang Liu. "Annual Cycle of Southeast Asia—Maritime Continent Rainfall and the Asymmetric Monsoon Transition." Journal of Climate 18, no. 2 (January 15, 2005): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3257.1.
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Abstract In general, the Bay of Bengal, Indochina Peninsula, and Philippines are in the Asian summer monsoon regime while the Maritime Continent experiences a wet monsoon during boreal winter and a dry season during boreal summer. However, the complex distribution of land, sea, and terrain results in significant local variations of the annual cycle. This work uses historical station rainfall data to classify the annual cycles of rainfall over land areas, the TRMM rainfall measurements to identify the monsoon regimes of the four seasons in all of Southeast Asia, and the QuikSCAT winds to study the causes of the variations. The annual cycle is dominated largely by interactions between the complex terrain and a simple annual reversal of the surface monsoonal winds throughout all monsoon regions from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea and the equatorial western Pacific. The semiannual cycle is comparable in magnitude to the annual cycle over parts of the equatorial landmasses, but only a very small region reflects the twice-yearly crossing of the sun. Most of the semiannual cycle appears to be due to the influence of both the summer and the winter monsoon in the western part of the Maritime Continent where the annual cycle maximum occurs in fall. Analysis of the TRMM data reveals a structure whereby the boreal summer and winter monsoon rainfall regimes intertwine across the equator and both are strongly affected by the wind–terrain interaction. In particular, the boreal winter regime extends far northward along the eastern flanks of the major island groups and landmasses. A hypothesis is presented to explain the asymmetric seasonal march in which the maximum convection follows a gradual southeastward progression path from the Asian summer monsoon to the Asian winter monsoon but experiences a sudden transition in the reverse. The hypothesis is based on the redistribution of mass between land and ocean areas during spring and fall that results from different land–ocean thermal memories. This mass redistribution between the two transition seasons produces sea level patterns leading to asymmetric wind–terrain interactions throughout the region, and a low-level divergence asymmetry in the region that promotes the southward march of maximum convection during boreal fall but opposes the northward march during boreal spring.
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Wielenga, Ben. "Shifting land use in German coastal mainland destinations: historical development of tourism in Norden-Norddeich." Journal of Tourism Futures 4, no. 3 (September 7, 2018): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-04-2018-0014.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the way in which the mainland of the German Wadden Sea area transitioned from traditional sectors into an almost entirely tourism destination, and which factors contributed to and/or necessitated such a development. Design/methodology/approach The overall approach in this paper has adopted a focus on an extensive case study of the German mainland of the Wadden Sea area. Scientific articles have been used to, first, structuring the theoretical framework and then to gain a general understanding on what a transition exactly entails. As a result, the theoretical framework has been written in an examination of existing literature on transitions and functioned as the theoretical support and foundation for the case study analysis. The analysis has been shaped by means of a number of scientific articles, branch reports, books and websites that, in most instances, specifically focused on the chosen case. Since the area of study is located in Germany, specific literature on this area was mostly limited to the German language, a language of which the author has a basic, yet not thorough, understanding. However, the overall scope of the developments in the case in regard to the transition from agricultural and fishing communities to communities in which tourism plays a substantial role has been understandable. Findings One of the most important sectors that economically benefit the Wadden Sea region, especially on the Dutch and German Wadden islands, is tourism. While tourism development on the Dutch mainland is minimal, the sector considerably developed in the past few decades on the German mainland, generally as a result of declining yields through multifarious unfavorable developments in traditional sectors such as agriculture and fishing, amongst others. Throughout previous centuries, Norden-Norddeich possessed some small-scale tourism facilities; however, negative developments in those traditional sectors required the municipality to prevent an impasse situation, resulting in altering business models and upscaling tourism facilities. Initiatives in different layers (micro, meso and macro) were initiated and gradually intensified in order to develop Norden-Norddeich as a counter destination for the expensive German islands. Following the phases of transition, Norden-Norddeich gradually developed and can now be regarded as a stable and dynamic holiday destination as well as a system that nowadays almost completely adheres to tourism. It took Norden-Norddeich ten years to transition toward tourism. Presently, Norden-Norddeich is the most visited mainland destination at the German Wadden Sea coast. In contrast, small-scale activities are set up in the mainland part of the Wadden Sea area in the Netherlands, but miss out on effective collaboration between different stakeholders that are involved in both planning and management (such as policy makers) and executive roles (such as the people who organize activities and/or facilities). Furthermore, the area is managed in such a way that does not contribute yet to upscaling economic development, mostly as a result of regulatory issues that hinder such developments. However, increasing efforts by several stakeholders are being taken that should ultimately lead to a sustainable socio-economic development of the Dutch mainland part of the Wadden Sea area. Originality/value Analyzing the stages of transition on the German mainland of the Wadden area might function as an example for stakeholders in villages or cities located on the mainland of the Dutch Wadden to become aware of how processes of tourism transitions occur, what factors are needed to start off such a transition and what effects a transition might have on the revitalization of a certain area. Moreover, the case of Norden-Norddeich could stand out as an example for Dutch stakeholders in the Wadden region to perceive in what way a locked-in situation could be prevented or solved by shifting from one system to another by taking on a wide range of initiatives that might be led and stimulated by different actors.
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Natoli, Michael B., and Eric D. Maloney. "Intraseasonal Variability of the Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation in the Philippines." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 3633–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0152.1.
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Abstract Precipitation in the region surrounding the South China Sea over land and coastal waters exhibits a strong diurnal cycle associated with a land–sea temperature contrast that drives a sea-breeze circulation. The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) is an important modulator of diurnal precipitation patterns, an understanding of which is a primary goal of the field campaign Propagation of Intraseasonal Tropical Oscillations (PISTON). Using 21 years of CMORPH precipitation for Luzon Island in the northern Philippines, it is shown that the diurnal cycle amplitude is generally maximized over land roughly 1 week before the arrival of the broader oceanic convective envelope associated with the BSISO. A strong diurnal cycle in coastal waters is observed in the transition from the inactive to active phase, associated with offshore propagation of the diurnal cycle. The diurnal cycle amplitude is in phase with daily mean precipitation over Mindanao but is nearly out of phase over Luzon. The BSISO influence on the diurnal cycle on the eastern side of topography is nearly opposite to that on the western side. Using wind, moisture, and radiation products from the ERA5 reanalysis, it is proposed that the enhanced diurnal cycle west of the mountains during BSISO suppressed phases is related to increased insolation and weaker prevailing onshore winds that promote a stronger sea-breeze circulation when compared with the May–October mean state. Offshore propagation is suppressed until ambient midlevel moisture increases over the surrounding oceans during the transition to the active BSISO phase. In BSISO enhanced phases, strong low-level winds and increased cloudiness suppress the sea-breeze circulation.
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VAN DE WATER, RICK. "Reconsidering the Beast from the Sea (Rev 13.1)." New Testament Studies 46, no. 2 (April 2000): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500000151.
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The discrepancy between the historical evidence for Domitian's reign and the persecuting ‘beasts’ from the land and sea in the Revelation of John discourages the identification of the latter with the Roman government. For the author of Revelation, they are meant to represent political messianism in Palestinian and diaspora Judaism. The conflict between political messianism and Christian messianism is best illustrated by the contrast between the Messiah who emerges from the sea in 4 Ezra 13 and the ‘beast’ from the sea in Rev 13.1.
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Haus, Brian K., David G. Ortiz-Suslow, James D. Doyle, David D. Flagg, Hans C. Graber, Jamie MacMahan, Lian Shen, Qing Wang, Neil J. Willams, and Caglar Yardim. "CLASI: Coordinating Innovative Observations and Modeling to Improve Coastal Environmental Prediction Systems." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 103, no. 3 (March 2022): E889—E898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0304.1.
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Abstract The Coastal Land–Air–Sea Interaction (CLASI) project aims to develop new “coast-aware” atmospheric boundary and surface layer parameterizations that represent the complex land–sea transition region through innovative observational and numerical modeling studies. The CLASI field effort involves an extensive array of more than 40 land- and ocean-based moorings and towers deployed within varying coastal domains, including sandy, rocky, urban, and mountainous shorelines. Eight Air–Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoys are positioned within the coastal and nearshore zone, the largest and most concentrated deployment of this unique, established measurement platform. Additionally, an array of novel nearshore buoys and a network of land-based surface flux towers are complemented by spatial sampling from aircraft, shore-based radars, drones, and satellites. CLASI also incorporates unique electromagnetic wave (EM) propagation measurements using a coherent array, drone receiver, and a marine radar to understand evaporation duct variability in the coastal zone. The goal of CLASI is to provide a rich dataset for validation of coupled, data assimilating large-eddy simulations (LES) and the Navy’s Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). CLASI observes four distinct coastal regimes within Monterey Bay, California (MB). By coordinating observations with COAMPS and LES simulations, the CLASI efforts will result in enhanced understanding of coastal physical processes and their representation in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models tailored to the coastal transition region. CLASI will also render a rich dataset for model evaluation and testing in support of future improvements to operational forecast models.
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Wang, Linlin, Qiyuan Hu, Liming Liu, and Chengcheng Yuan. "Land Use Multifunctions in Metropolis Fringe: Spatiotemporal Identification and Trade-Off Analysis." Land 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010087.
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As the transition zone between urban and rural, the metropolis fringe is an area where various functions permeate and compete fiercely with each other. Understanding land use functions (LUFs) and their relationships are crucial for both urban and rural sustainable development. In this study, we established a conceptual framework of land use multifunctions in the urban fringe and proposed an improved evaluation method to quantify LUFs at the grid scale. The bivariate spatial autocorrelation method was used to explore the trade-offs among LUFs. Taking Qingpu District in Shanghai as a case study, we found that LUFs displayed pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The economic- and social-dominated functional trade-off mainly occurred in the east part of Qingpu, whereas the ecological function dominated in the west. Human preference and corresponding policies were the key factors leading to these trade-offs. Additionally, land use function zoning was proposed to resolve existing conflicts. These findings can provide scientific information for efficient land use management in the metropolis fringe.
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Kim, Je-Won, and Song-Lak Kang. "Identification of sea/land breeze circulation using a band-pass filter and the ensemble approach." Journal of the Korean Data And Information Science Society 31, no. 3 (May 31, 2020): 591–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2020.31.3.591.
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Heiblum, R. H., I. Koren, and O. Altaratz. "Analyzing coastal precipitation using TRMM observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 24 (December 21, 2011): 13201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13201-2011.
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Abstract. The interaction between breezes and synoptic gradient winds, and surface friction increase in transition from sea to land can create persistent convergence zones nearby coastlines. The low level convergence of moist air promotes the dynamical and microphysical processes responsible for the formation of clouds and precipitation. Our work focuses on the winter seasons of 1998–2011 in the Eastern Mediterranean. During the winter the Mediterranean sea is usually warmer than the adjacent land, resulting in frequent occurrence of land breeze that opposes the common synoptic winds. Using rain-rate vertical profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution of average hydrometeor mass in clouds as a function of the distance from coastlines. Results show that coastlines in the Eastern Mediterranean are indeed favored areas for precipitation formation. The intra-seasonal and diurnal changes in the distribution of hydrometeor mass indicate that the land breeze may likely be the main responsible mechanism behind our results.
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Fan, Jiwen, Yuwei Zhang, Zhanqing Li, Jiaxi Hu, and Daniel Rosenfeld. "Urbanization-induced land and aerosol impacts on sea-breeze circulation and convective precipitation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 14163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14163-2020.
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Abstract. Changes in land cover and aerosols resulting from urbanization may impact convective clouds and precipitation. Here we investigate how Houston urbanization can modify sea-breeze-induced convective cloud and precipitation through the urban land effect and anthropogenic aerosol effect. The simulations are carried out with the Chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-Chem), which is coupled with spectral-bin microphysics (SBM) and the multilayer urban model with a building energy model (BEM-BEP). We find that Houston urbanization (the joint effect of both urban land and anthropogenic aerosols) notably enhances storm intensity (by ∼ 75 % in maximum vertical velocity) and precipitation intensity (up to 45 %), with the anthropogenic aerosol effect more significant than the urban land effect. Urban land effect modifies convective evolution: speed up the transition from the warm cloud to mixed-phase cloud, thus initiating surface rain earlier but slowing down the convective cell dissipation, all of which result from urban heating-induced stronger sea-breeze circulation. The anthropogenic aerosol effect becomes evident after the cloud evolves into the mixed-phase cloud, accelerating the development of storm from the mixed-phase cloud to deep cloud by ∼ 40 min. Through aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI), aerosols boost convective intensity and precipitation mainly by activating numerous ultrafine particles at the mixed-phase and deep cloud stages. This work shows the importance of considering both the urban land and anthropogenic aerosol effects for understanding urbanization effects on convective clouds and precipitation.
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Fokker, Peter A., Freek J. van Leijen, Bogdan Orlic, Hans van der Marel, and Ramon F. Hanssen. "Subsidence in the Dutch Wadden Sea." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 97, no. 3 (September 2018): 129–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2018.9.
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AbstractGround surface dynamics is one of the processes influencing the future of the Wadden Sea area. Vertical land movement, both subsidence and heave, is a direct contributor to changes in the relative sea level. It is defined as the change of height of the Earth's surface with respect to a vertical datum. In the Netherlands, the Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP) is the official height datum, but its realisation via reference benchmarks is not time-dependent. Consequently, NAP benchmarks are not optimal for monitoring physical processes such as land subsidence. However, surface subsidence can be regarded as a differential signal: the vertical motion of one location relative to the vertical motion of another location. In this case, the actual geodetic height datum is superfluous.In the present paper, we highlight the processes that cause subsidence, with specific focus on the Wadden Sea area. The focus will be toward anthropogenic causes of subsidence, and how to understand them; how to measure and monitor and use these measurements for better characterisation and forecasting; with some details on the activities in the Wadden Sea that are relevant in this respect. This naturally leads to the identification of knowledge gaps and to the formulation of notions for future research.
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Cheng, Ke-Sheng, Cheng-Yu Ho, and Jen-Hsin Teng. "Wind and Sea Breeze Characteristics for the Offshore Wind Farms in the Central Coastal Area of Taiwan." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030992.
Full textAbstract:
Renewable energy is crucial for achieving net zero emissions. Taiwan has abundant wind resources and most major wind farms are offshore over the Taiwan Strait due to a lack of space on land. A thorough study that includes time series modeling of wind speed and sea breeze identification and evaluation for Taiwan’s offshore wind farms was conducted. The time series modeling identified two periodic (annual and diurnal) components and an autoregressive model for multiple-year wind speed time series. A new method for sea breeze type identification and magnitude evaluation is proposed. The method (named as EACH) utilizes a vector and an ellipse to represent the wind condition of a day. Verification of the type identification determined by the new method in two cases of different seasons has been conducted by using surface weather charts and wind data measured by lidar. It is a concise, effective, and programmable way to filter a number of dates for type identification and speed change precursor of sea breeze. We found that the typical daily wind power production of corkscrew sea breeze in Central Taiwan is more than 33 times that of pure sea breeze and more than 9 times that of backdoor sea breeze, which highlights the impact of sea breeze types on wind power.