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Zaidi, Zainab, Vasilis Friderikos, and Muhammad Ali Imran. "Future RAN Architecture: SD-RAN Through a General-Purpose Processing Platform." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 10, no. 1 (March 2015): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2014.2380632.
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Gingell, Luke F., and Janna R. McLean. "A Protamine Knockdown Mimics the Function of Sd in Drosophila melanogaster." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 6 (April 22, 2020): 2111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401307.
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Segregation Distorter (SD) is an autosomal meiotic drive system found worldwide in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. This gene complex induces the preferential and nearly exclusive transmission of the SD chromosome in SD/SD+ males. This selfish propagation occurs through the interplay of the Sd locus, its enhancers and the Rsps locus during spermatid development. The key distorter locus, Sd, encodes a truncated but enzymatically active RanGAP (RanGTPase-activating protein), a key nuclear transport factor in the Ran signaling pathway. When encoded by Sd, RanGAP is mislocalized to the nucleus interior, which then traps Ran inside the nucleus and disrupts nuclear import. As a result of this aberrant nuclear transport, a process known as the histone-to-protamine transition that is required for proper spermatid condensation fails to occur in SD/SD+ males. In this process, sperm-specific protamine proteins enter the spermatid nucleus and replace the formerly chromatin-complexed histones. Previously, we have shown that mutations affecting nuclear import and export can enhance distortion in an SD background, thus verifying that a defect in nuclear transport is responsible for the unequal transmission of chromosomes. Herein, we show that specifically reducing protamines induces distortion in an SD background, verifying that protamines are transported via the RanGAP/GEF pathway and indicating that E(SD) plays a significant and unique role in the process of distortion.
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Barella, Kleyton Arlindo, Vital Paulino Costa, Vanessa Gonçalves Vidotti, Fabrício Reis Silva, Marcelo Dias, and Edson Satoshi Gomi. "Glaucoma Diagnostic Accuracy of Machine Learning Classifiers Using Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Optic Nerve Data from SD-OCT." Journal of Ophthalmology 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/789129.
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Purpose. To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of machine learning classifiers (MLCs) using retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and optic nerve (ON) parameters obtained with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).Methods. Fifty-seven patients with early to moderate primary open angle glaucoma and 46 healthy patients were recruited. All 103 patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, achromatic standard automated perimetry, and imaging with SD-OCT. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were built for RNFL and ON parameters. Ten MLCs were tested. Areas under ROC curves (aROCs) obtained for each SD-OCT parameter and MLC were compared.Results. The mean age was56.5±8.9years for healthy individuals and59.9±9.0years for glaucoma patients (P=0.054). Mean deviation values were −1.4 dB for healthy individuals and −4.0 dB for glaucoma patients (P<0.001). SD-OCT parameters with the greatest aROCs were cup/disc area ratio (0.846) and average cup/disc (0.843). aROCs obtained with classifiers varied from 0.687 (CTREE) to 0.877 (RAN). The aROC obtained with RAN (0.877) was not significantly different from the aROC obtained with the best single SD-OCT parameter (0.846) (P=0.542).Conclusion. MLCs showed good accuracy but did not improve the sensitivity and specificity of SD-OCT for the diagnosis of glaucoma.
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Koutlia, K., R. Ferrús, E. Coronado, R. Riggio, F. Casadevall, A. Umbert, and J. Pérez-Romero. "Design and Experimental Validation of a Software-Defined Radio Access Network Testbed with Slicing Support." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (June 12, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2361352.
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Network slicing is a fundamental feature of 5G systems to partition a single network into a number of segregated logical networks, each optimized for a particular type of service or dedicated to a particular customer or application. The realization of network slicing is particularly challenging in the Radio Access Network (RAN) part, where multiple slices can be multiplexed over the same radio channel and Radio Resource Management (RRM) functions shall be used to split the cell radio resources and achieve the expected behaviour per slice. In this context, this paper describes the key design and implementation aspects of a Software-Defined RAN (SD-RAN) experimental testbed with slicing support. The testbed has been designed consistently with the slicing capabilities and related management framework established by 3GPP in Release 15. The testbed is used to demonstrate the provisioning of RAN slices (e.g., preparation, commissioning, and activation phases) and the operation of the implemented RRM functionality for slice-aware admission control and scheduling.
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Pechmann, Cornelia, Connor Phillips, Douglas Calder, and Judith J. Prochaska. "Facebook Recruitment Using Zip Codes to Improve Diversity in Health Research: Longitudinal Observational Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): e17554. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17554.
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Background Facebook’s advertising platform reaches most US households and has been used for health-related research recruitment. The platform allows for advertising segmentation by age, gender, and location; however, it does not explicitly allow for targeting by race or ethnicity to facilitate a diverse participant pool. Objective This study looked at the efficacy of zip code targeting in Facebook advertising to reach blacks/African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos who smoke daily for a quit-smoking web-based social media study. Methods We ran a general market campaign for 61 weeks using all continental US zip codes as a baseline. Concurrently, we ran 2 campaigns to reach black/African American and Hispanic-/Latino-identified adults, targeting zip codes ranked first by the percentage of households of the racial or ethnic group of interest and then by cigarette expenditure per household. We also ran a Spanish language campaign for 13 weeks, targeting all continental US zip codes but utilizing Facebook’s Spanish language targeting. The advertising images and language were common across campaigns. Costs were compared for advertisement clicks, queries, applications, and participants, and yields were compared for the final three outcomes. We examined outcomes before and after the Cambridge Analytica scandal that broke in March 2018. Finally, we examined 2 promoted Facebook features: lookalike audiences and audience network placement. Results Zip code targeting campaigns were effective for yielding the racial or ethnic groups of interest. The black-/African American–focused versus general market campaign increased black/African American weekly queries (mean 9.48, SD 5.69 vs general market mean 2.83, SD 2.05; P<.001) and applicants (mean 1.11, SD 1.21 vs general market mean 0.54, SD 0.58; P<.001). The Hispanic-/Latino-focused versus general market campaign increased Hispanic/Latino weekly queries (mean 3.10, SD 2.16 vs general market mean 0.71, SD 0.48; P<.001) and applicants (mean 0.36, SD 0.55 vs general market mean 0.10, SD 0.14; P=.001). Cost metrics did not differ between campaigns at generating participants (overall P=.54). Costs increased post- versus prescandal for the black-/African American–focused campaign for queries (mean US $8.51, SD 3.08 vs US $5.87, SD 1.89; P=.001) and applicants (mean US $59.64, SD 35.63 vs US $38.96, SD 28.31; P=.004) and for the Hispanic-/Latino-focused campaign for queries (mean US $9.24, SD 4.74 vs US $7.04, SD 3.39; P=.005) and applicants (mean US $61.19, SD 40.08 vs US $38.19, SD 21.20; P=.001). Conclusions Zip code targeting in Facebook advertising is an effective way to recruit diverse populations for health-based interventions. Audience network placement should be avoided. The Facebook lookalike audience may not be necessary for recruitment, with drawbacks including an unknown algorithm and unclear use of Facebook user data, and so public concerns around data privacy should be considered. Trial Registration ClinicalTrial.gov NCT02823028; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02823028
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Ferri, Laura Maria, Matteo Pedrini, and Marco Minciullo. "Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder dialogue under institutional voids: decoupling the role of corporate motives, ethics, and resources." Journal of Management and Governance 26, no. 1 (November 5, 2021): 159–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10997-021-09598-2.
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AbstractThe present study aims at further understanding the relationships between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Stakeholder Dialogue (SD) by exploring whether and how corporate motives for CSR affect the engagement into SD under institutional voids. The study also builds on the vast existing literature discussing the role of institutional mechanisms, analyzing how local ethics influence the vision of stakeholders, and on the resource-based view, highlighting how the availability of resources shapes CSR and SD. The paper discusses the results of a study we ran in Mozambique and which involved 235 domestic and foreign firms operating in the country. Mozambique is an interesting setting to analyze CSR as it is characterized by institutional voids, it has a vibrant economic environment, and it is influenced by Ubuntu ethics. Our findings confirm that under institutional voids corporate motives for CSR influence firms’ commitment to SD, especially with regards to profitability, whereas firm driven by legitimacy reasons resulted in being less involved in activities towards stakeholders. Contrary to previous studies, the study highlights that ethics do not affect SD. Differently, the study support literature on the role of resources in influencing the behaviour of companies towards CSR and SD.
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Isolani, Pedro H., Daniel J. Kulenkamp, Johann M. Marquez-Barja, Lisandro Z. Granville, Steven Latré, and Violet R. Syrotiuk. "Support for 5G Mission-Critical Applications in Software-Defined IEEE 802.11 Networks." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030693.
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With the emergence of 5G networks and the stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of Mission-Critical Applications (MCAs), co-existing networks are expected to deliver higher-speed connections, enhanced reliability, and lower latency. IEEE 802.11 networks, which co-exist with 5G, continue to be the access choice for indoor networks. However, traditional IEEE 802.11 networks lack sufficient reliability and they have non-deterministic latency. To dynamically control resources in IEEE 802.11 networks, in this paper we propose a delay-aware approach for Medium Access Control (MAC) management via airtime-based network slicing and traffic shaping, as well as user association while using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). To fulfill the QoS requirements, we use Software-Defined Networking (SDN) for airtime-based network slicing and seamless handovers at the Software-Defined Radio Access Network (SD-RAN), while traffic shaping is done at the Stations (STAs). In addition to throughput, channel utilization, and signal strength, our approach monitors the queueing delay at the Access Points (APs) and uses it for centralized network management. We evaluate our approach in a testbed composed of APs controlled by SD-RAN and SDN controllers, with STAs under different workload combinations. Our results show that, in addition to load balancing flows across APs, our approach avoids the ping-pong effect while enhancing the QoS delivery at runtime. Under varying traffic demands, our approach maintains the queueing delay requirements of 5 ms for most of the experiment run, hence drawing closer to MCA requirements.
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Muliadi, Muliadi. "Penerapan Pendekatan Permainan Hijau-Hitam Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Lari Cepat (Sprint) Siswa SD." JIKAP PGSD: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kependidikan 2, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/jkp.v1i2.5286.
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Problems in learning the sport Physical Education and Health (PJOK) ran low level learning outcomes (Sprint students. The problem is formulated as follows How Application-Black ijau game approach to improving student learning outcomes run V SD State 12 Manurunge District of Tanete Riattang Bone regency objective of the research is to describe the application to approach the game Green Black, to improve learning outcomes sprint (Sprint) fifth grade students of SD Negeri 12 Manurunge District of Tan Riattang Bone regency. the focus in the classroom action research is the application of the approach Black-green game and improve learning outcomes sprint (sprint) student. Subjects were students of class V SD Negeri 12 Manurunge District of Tanete Riattang Bone regency, Data collection techniques in this study is the observation and tests. Mechanical Analysis Data are data reduction, data presentation , Withdrawal Conclusion Outcome research that the application of the Black-green game approach can improve learning outcomes sprint (Sprint) Class V students of SD Negeri 12 Manurunge District of Tanete Riattang Bone County. This is evidenced by the increase in the results of learning sprint (sprint) with a high score.
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Bracken, M. E., D. R. Bracken, A. G. Nelson, and R. K. Conlee. "Effect of cocaine on exercise endurance and glycogen use in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.2.884.
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To determine the effects of cocaine on exercise endurance, male rats were injected intraperitoneally with cocaine (20 mg/kg body wt) or saline and then run to exhaustion 20 min later at 22 m/min and 15% grade. Saline-injected animals ran 74.9 +/- 16.5 (SD) min, whereas cocaine-treated rats ran only 29 +/- 11.6 min. The drug had no effect on resting blood glucose or lactate levels, nor did it affect resting glycogen levels in liver or red and white vastus muscle. However, it did reduce resting soleus glycogen content by 30%. During exercise liver and soleus glycogen depletion occurred at the same rate in saline- and cocaine-treated animals. In contrast, the rate of glycogen depletion during exercise in red and white vastus was markedly increased in cocaine-treated rats with a corresponding elevation in blood lactate (12 vs. only 5 mM in saline group) at exhaustion. These data suggest that cocaine administration (20 mg/kg) before submaximal exercise dramatically alters glycogen metabolism during exercise, and this effect has a negative impact on exercise endurance.
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DeLorey, Darren S., Jason J. Hamann, Zoran Valic, Heidi A. Kluess, Philip S. Clifford, and John B. Buckwalter. "α-Adrenergic receptor responsiveness is preserved during prolonged exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292, no. 1 (January 2007): H392—H398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00787.2006.
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Our laboratory has previously reported a decline in sympathetic nervous system restraint of skeletal muscle blood flow during prolonged mild-intensity exercise. This decline may be explained by a decrease in α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor responsiveness over time. Thus the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of exercise duration on α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor responsiveness during prolonged constant-load exercise. Mongrel dogs ( n = 6) were instrumented chronically with transit-time flow probes on the external iliac arteries and an indwelling catheter in a branch of the femoral artery. On separate days, flow-adjusted doses of selective α1- (phenylephrine) α2-adrenergic-receptor (clonidine) agonists, and tyramine (to evoke endogenous norepinephrine release) were infused following 5, 30 and 50 min of mild-intensity treadmill exercise (3 miles/h), with hindlimb blood flow (HBF) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) monitored continuously. Vascular conductance (VC) was calculated as HBF/MAP. While the dogs ran on the treadmill at 3 miles/h, infusion of phenylephrine resulted in similar decreases in VC after 5 [73% (SD 10)], 30 [76% (SD 9)], and 50 [73% (SD 10)] min of exercise. Infusion of the α2-agonist clonidine also produced similar decreases in VC after 5 [58% (SD 10)], 30 [58% (SD 11)], and 50 [53% (SD 12)] min of exercise. Infusion of tyramine resulted in similar decreases in VC after 5 [55% (SD 15)], 30 [51% (SD 10)], and 50 [50% (SD 7)] min of exercise. These results demonstrate that α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor responsiveness to infusion of selective α1- and α2-adrenergic-receptor agonists and endogenous norepinephrine release (tyramine) does not decline during prolonged mild-intensity exercise. Thus a decrease in α-adrenergic receptor responsiveness over time does not appear to be responsible for the decrease in sympathetic restraint of muscle blood flow during prolonged exercise.
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Olesen, H. L. "Accumulated oxygen deficit increases with inclination of uphill running." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 1130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.1130.
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This study examined whether accumulated oxygen deficit depends on treadmill grade during uphill running. Oxygen uptake was measured during steady-state submaximal running. By linear extrapolation at each grade, energy demand was estimated for short exhaustive runs. Oxygen deficit was the difference between this estimate and accumulated oxygen uptake. Six subjects ran at grades of 1, 15, and 20% (study I), and five males trained for anaerobic metabolism ran at 1, 10.5, and 15% (study II). Accumulated oxygen deficit was 40 +/- 11 (SD), 72 +/- 20, and 69 +/- 8 ml O2/kg, respectively (study I), and 57 +/- 8, 78 +/- 10, and 100 +/- 7 ml O2/kg (study II). The finding that accumulated oxygen deficit became larger with treadmill inclination could reflect involvement of an increasing muscle mass. However, variation in accumulated oxygen deficit was too large to make this possibility the only explanation. More likely at small treadmill inclinations energy demand for high-intensity running is underestimated by extrapolation from oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise. At high grades of uphill running, accumulated oxygen deficit reached a maximum that may reflect the subjects' anaerobic capacity for running. This hypothesis was substantiated by an enhanced accumulated oxygen deficit in the anaerobically trained subjects during 15%, but not during 1%, uphill running.
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Eslami, Mansour, Mohsen Damavandi, and Reed Ferber. "Association of Navicular Drop and Selected Lower-Limb Biomechanical Measures During the Stance Phase of Running." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 30, no. 2 (April 2014): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2011-0162.
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There is evidence to suggest that navicular drop measures are associated with specific lower-extremity gait biomechanical parameters. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between navicular drop and a) rearfoot eversion excursion, b) tibial internal rotation excursion, c) peak ankle inversion moment, and d) peak knee adduction moment during the stance phase of running. Sixteen able-bodied men having an average age of 28.1 (SD = 5.30) years, weight of 81.5 (SD = 10.40) kg, height of 179.1 (SD = 5.42) cm volunteered and ran barefoot at 170 steps/minute over a force plate. Navicular drop measures were negatively correlated with tibial internal rotation excursion (r= −0.53,P= .01) but not with rearfoot eversion excursion (r= −0.19;P= .23). Significant positive correlations were found between navicular drop and peak knee adduction moment (r= .62,P< .01) and peak ankle inversion moment (r= .60,P< .01). These findings suggest that a low navicular drop measure could be associated with increasing tibial rotation excursion while high navicular drop measure could be associated with increased peak ankle and knee joint moments. These findings indicate that measures of navicular drop explained between 28% and 38% of the variability for measures of tibial internal rotation excursion, peak knee adduction moment and peak ankle inversion moments.
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Burgess, M. L., J. M. Davis, T. K. Borg, and J. Buggy. "Intracranial self-stimulation motivates treadmill running in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 1593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.4.1593.
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Most animal running models have traditionally used aversive motivators to induce exercise tasks. This study demonstrates treadmill running motivated by reinforcement of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), providing an alternative model with which to study physiological responses to exercise. Twenty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats were stereotaxically implanted with bipolar electrodes aimed at the ventral tegmental area of the brain. After 7 days of operant lever-press training for ICSS, rats that pressed at least 50 presses/min were randomly divided into three conditions: exercise-reinforcing brain stimulation (Ex-St), exercise-aversive shock (Ex-Sh), and sedentary controls (C). Ex-St and Ex-Sh ran for 30 min at 25 m/min at 5% grade for 2 wk with ICSS and electric shock as the motivator, respectively, while C did not run. At the end of 2 wk, Ex-St and Ex-Sh performed an endurance run. Results show that Ex-St ran longer than Ex-Sh [63 +/- 10 vs. 42 +/- 10 (SD) min; P less than 0.05]. HR was higher in Ex-St than in C (P less than 0.05). Rectal temperature increased similarly in both exercise groups. This model provides a highly effective method to motivate treadmill running in rats and as such can be used to characterize physiological responses to exercise without the potentially confounding influence of stress associated with an aversive shock motivator.
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Kiti, Gift, Ndola Prata, and Patience A. Afulani. "Continuous Labor Support and Person-Centered Maternity Care: A Cross-Sectional Study with Women in Rural Kenya." Maternal and Child Health Journal 26, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03259-4.
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Abstract Objective This study assessed whether having continuous support during labor is associated with better person-centered maternity care (PCMC) among women in rural Kenya. Methods Data are from a cross-sectional survey with women aged 15–49 years who delivered in the 9 weeks preceding survey completion (N = 865). PCMC was operationalized using a validated 13-item scale, with a summative score developed from responses that capture dignity and respect, communication and autonomy, and supportive care from providers (excluding support from a lay companion). Continuous support was operationalized as the continuous presence of a lay companion (friend or family) during labor. We carried out bivariate analyses using chi-squared and t-tests and ran multivariable linear regression models to examine the association between continuous labor support and PCMC. Results The average PCMC score was 24.2 (SD = 8.4) out of a total score of 39. About two-thirds (68%) of women had continuous support during labor. The average PCMC scores among women who had continuous support was 25.7 (SD = 8.4) compared to 21.0 (SD = 7.6) among those who did not have continuous support (p-value ≤ 0.001). After controlling for various confounders this association was still significant (coefficient = 4.0; 95% CI 2.9, 5.2; p-value ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Women who have continuous labor support during childbirth are more likely to have improved PCMC. Efforts to promote PCMC should thus include continuous labor support.
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W. Judge, Lawrence, David Bellar, Beau Links, Andrew Mullally, Mark King, Zachry Waterson, Brian Fox, Makenzie Schoeff, Nicholas Nordmann, and Henry Wang. "Comparing Training Load and Intensity Perceptions between Female Distance Runners and Their Coach." Journal of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery 1, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2767-5130/2020/2.1109.
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Coaches are trusted to create effective training plans based on the abilities of their athletes. However, there can exist a discrepancy between the coaches’ intended training intensity and the intensity perceived by their athletes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate athletes’ perceptions of training intensity and how they compared to their coach’s intended training intensity. Six female collegiate track and field athletes who ran >800 meter events were recruited for this study (Mean [SD]: 21.3 [1.2] years). Training duration, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), average heart rate for each training session and hours slept nightly were recorded for the next 14 weeks. Easy training days showed a discernible difference with actual session RPE rating higher than the target value (mean [SD] perception 3.25 [.847], target 1.51 [.692], p<.001), while hard training days were perceived as easier than intended (mean [SD] perception 6.26 [1.24], target 8.16 [.646], p<.001). Similarly, average training load (defined as the product of Session RPE and exercise duration) was higher than coach’s intentions on easy days (actual load mean [SD] 117.28 [19.15] p=.046), and lower than the coach’s intentions on hard days (p=.029). Workouts that are more intense than intended may lead to overtraining syndrome in athletes, and workouts that are less intense than intended may lead to undertraining, and athletes not achieving their full potential. Appropriate monitoring of training load can provide important information to athletes and coaches. Training load needs to be accurately determined to establish other recovery factors.
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Sasahara, Chihoko, Stephen F. Burns, Masashi Miyashita, and David J. Stensel. "Beneficial effects of combined olive oil ingestion and acute exercise on postprandial TAG concentrations in healthy young women." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 10 (January 23, 2012): 1773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511007380.
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Foods high in monounsaturated fat, such as olive oil, and endurance exercise are both known to independently reduce postprandial TAG concentrations. We examined the combined effects of exercise and dietary fat composition on postprandial TAG concentrations in nine healthy pre-menopausal females (age 26·8 (sd 3·3) years, BMI 22·3 (sd 2·0) kg/m2). Each participant completed four, 2 d trials in a randomised order: (1) butter–no exercise, (2) olive oil–no exercise, (3) butter–exercise, (4) olive oil–exercise. On day 1 of the exercise trials, participants walked or ran on a treadmill for 60 min. On the no-exercise trials, participants rested on day 1. On day 2 of each trial, participants rested and consumed an olive oil meal (saturated fat 15 % and unsaturated fat 85 %) or a butter meal (saturated fat 71 % and unsaturated fat 29 %) for breakfast. Venous blood samples were obtained in the fasted state and for 6 h postprandially on day 2. A significant main effect on physical activity (exercise or control) was obtained for plasma TAG concentration (three-way ANOVA, P = 0·043), and the total area under the concentration v. time curve for TAG was 26 % lower on the olive oil–exercise trial (4·40 (sd 0·40) mmol × 6 h/l) than the butter–no exercise trial (5·91 (sd 1·01) mmol × 6 h/l) (one-way ANOVA, P = 0·029). These findings suggest that the combination of exercise and a preference for monounsaturated dietary fat intake in the form of olive oil may be most beneficial for reducing postprandial TAG concentrations.
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Zhang, Jie, Jing Cong, Jie Yang, Jesper Skovhus Thomsen, Arne Andreasen, Shi-Jie Chang, Kai-Yue Wang, Ling Gu, and Xiao-Yue Zhai. "Morphologic and morphometric study on microvasculature of developing mouse kidneys." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 315, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): F852—F860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00615.2017.
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A proper morphogenesis of the renal microvasculature is crucial not only for fulfilling the renal function but also to slow down the progression of chronic kidney disease in adulthood. However, the current description of the developing microvasculature is incomplete. The present study investigated the morphogenesis and volume densities of the renal microvasculature using computer-assisted tubular tracing, immunohistochemistry for CD34, and unbiased stereology. The earliest glomerular capillaries were observed at the lower cleft of the S-shaped nephrons, as simple loops connecting the afferent and efferent arterioles. In parallel with this, the peritubular capillaries were established. Noticeably, from early nephrogenesis on, the efferent arterioles of the early-formed glomeruli ran in close proximity to their own thick ascending limbs. In addition, the ascending vasa recta arising from the arcuate or interlobular veins also ran in close proximity to the thick descending limb. Thus, the tubules and vessels formed the typical countercurrent relation in the medulla. No loop bends were observed between descending and ascending vasa recta. The volume density of the cortical and medullary peritubular capillary increased 3.3- and 2.6-fold, respectively, from 2.34 (0.13) and 7.03 (0.09)% [means (SD)] at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) to 7.71 (0.44) and 18.27 (1.17)% at postnatal day 40 (P40). In contrast, the volume density of glomeruli changed only slightly during kidney development, from 4.61 (0.47)% at E14.5 to 6.07 (0.2)% at P7 to 4.19 (0.47)% at P40. These results reflect that the growth and formation of the renal microvasculature closely correspond to functional development of the tubules.
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Kerdok, Amy E., Andrew A. Biewener, Thomas A. McMahon, Peter G. Weyand, and Hugh M. Herr. "Energetics and mechanics of human running on surfaces of different stiffnesses." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01164.2000.
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Mammals use the elastic components in their legs (principally tendons, ligaments, and muscles) to run economically, while maintaining consistent support mechanics across various surfaces. To examine how leg stiffness and metabolic cost are affected by changes in substrate stiffness, we built experimental platforms with adjustable stiffness to fit on a force-plate-fitted treadmill. Eight male subjects [mean body mass: 74.4 ± 7.1 (SD) kg; leg length: 0.96 ± 0.05 m] ran at 3.7 m/s over five different surface stiffnesses (75.4, 97.5, 216.8, 454.2, and 945.7 kN/m). Metabolic, ground-reaction force, and kinematic data were collected. The 12.5-fold decrease in surface stiffness resulted in a 12% decrease in the runner's metabolic rate and a 29% increase in their leg stiffness. The runner's support mechanics remained essentially unchanged. These results indicate that surface stiffness affects running economy without affecting running support mechanics. We postulate that an increased energy rebound from the compliant surfaces studied contributes to the enhanced running economy.
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Kumahara, Hideaki, Yves Schutz, Makoto Ayabe, Mayumi Yoshioka, Yutaka Yoshitake, Munehiro Shindo, Kojiro Ishii, and Hiroaki Tanaka. "The use of uniaxial accelerometry for the assessment of physical-activity-related energy expenditure: a validation study against whole-body indirect calorimetry." British Journal of Nutrition 91, no. 2 (February 2004): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20031033.
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Assessing the total energy expenditure (TEE) and the levels of physical activity in free-living conditions with non-invasive techniques remains a challenge. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the accuracy of a new uniaxial accelerometer for assessing TEE and physical-activity-related energy expenditure (PAEE) over a 24 h period in a respiratory chamber, and to establish activity levels based on the accelerometry ranges corresponding to the operationally defined metabolic equivalent (MET) categories. In study 1, measurement of the 24 h energy expenditure of seventy-nine Japanese subjects (40 (SD 12) years old) was performed in a large respiratory chamber. During the measurements, the subjects wore a uniaxial accelerometer (Lifecorder; Suzuken Co. Ltd, Nagoya, Japan) on their belt. Two moderate walking exercises of 30 min each were performed on a horizontal treadmill. In study 2, ten male subjects walked at six different speeds and ran at three different speeds on a treadmill for 4 min, with the same accelerometer. O2 consumption was measured during the last minute of each stage and was expressed in MET. The measured TEE was 8447 (SD 1337) kJ/d. The accelerometer significantly underestimated TEE and PAEE (91·9 (SD 5·4) and 92·7 (SD 17·8) % chamber value respectively); however, there was a significant correlation between the two values (r 0·928 and 0·564 respectively; P<0·001). There was a strong correlation between the activity levels and the measured MET while walking (r2 0·93; P<0·001). Although TEE and PAEE were systematically underestimated during the 24 h period, the accelerometer assessed energy expenditure well during both the exercise period and the non-structured activities. Individual calibration factors may help to improve the accuracy of TEE estimation, but the average calibration factor for the group is probably sufficient for epidemiological research. This method is also important for assessing the diurnal profile of physical activity.
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Daouda, Oumou Salama, Mounia N. Hocine, and Laura Temime. "Determinants of healthcare worker turnover in intensive care units: A micro-macro multilevel analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): e0251779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251779.
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Background High turnover among healthcare workers is an increasingly common phenomenon in hospitals worldwide, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). In addition to the serious financial consequences, this is a major concern for patient care (disrupted continuity of care, decreased quality and safety of care, increased rates of medication errors, …). Objective The goal of this article was to understand how the ICU-level nurse turnover rate may be explained from multiple covariates at individual and ICU-level, using data from 526 French registered and auxiliary nurses (RANs). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in ICUs of Paris-area hospitals in 2013. First, we developed a small extension of a multi-level modeling method proposed in 2007 by Croon and van Veldhoven and validated its properties using a comprehensive simulation study. Second, we applied this approach to explain RAN turnover in French ICUs. Results Based on the simulation study, the approach we proposed allows to estimate the regression coefficients with a relative bias below 7% for group-level factors and below 12% for individual-level factors. In our data, the mean observed RAN turnover rate was 0.19 per year (SD = 0.09). Based on our results, social support from colleagues and supervisors as well as long durations of experience in the profession were negatively associated with turnover. Conversely, number of children and impossibility to skip a break due to workload were significantly associated with higher rates of turnover. At ICU-level, number of beds, presence of intermediate care beds (continuous care unit) in the ICU and staff-to-patient ratio emerged as significant predictors. Conclusions The findings of this research may help decision makers within hospitals by highlighting major determinants of turnover among RANs. In addition, the new approach proposed here could prove useful to researchers faced with similar micro-macro data.
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Nicol, Colin L., Jeffrey C. Jorgensen, Caleb B. Fogel, Britta Timpane-Padgham, and Timothy J. Beechie. "Spatially overlapping salmon species have varied population response to early life history mortality from increased peak flows." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 79, no. 2 (February 2022): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0038.
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In the Pacific Northwest, USA, climate change is expected to result in a shift in average hydrologic conditions and increase variability. The relative vulnerabilities to peak flow changes among salmonid species within the same basin have not been widely evaluated. We assessed the impacts of predicted increases in peak flows on four salmonid populations in the Chehalis River basin. Coupling observations of peak flows, emissions projections, and multi-stage Beverton–Holt matrix-type life cycle models, we ran 100-year simulations of spawner abundance under baseline, mid-century, and late-century climate change scenarios. Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) shared the highest projected increase in interannual variability (SD = ±15%). Spring Chinook salmon had the greatest reduction in median spawner abundance (–13% to –15%), followed by coho and fall Chinook salmon (–7% to –9%), then steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (–4%). Our results show that interspecies and life history variability within a single basin is important to consider. Species with diverse age structures are partially buffered from population variability, which may increase population resilience to climate change.
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Hetzler, R. K., N. Warhaftig-Glynn, D. L. Thompson, E. Dowling, and A. Weltman. "Effects of acute caffeine withdrawal on habituated male runners." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1043.
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This study investigated the effects of caffeine withdrawal on six trained caffeine-habituated male runners: age 29.8 +/- 5.8 (SD) yr, height 180.4 +/- 5.4 cm, weight 77.3 +/- 6.7 kg, maximal O2 uptake 63.0 +/- 5.4 ml.kg-1.min-1, and daily caffeine intake 674 +/- 128 mg. The subjects received a loading dose (5 mg/kg body wt) of caffeine 48 h before each testing session. They were then given (using a repeated-measures double-blind design) additional doses of caffeine (5 mg/kg body wt) or a placebo 36, 24, 12, and 2 h before testing. They ran at a velocity corresponding to their lactate threshold for 60 min in a caffeine withdrawal or caffeinated condition. Caffeine withdrawal resulted in no significant differences in absolute O2 uptake, O2 uptake relative to maximal O2 uptake, respiratory exchange ratios, or free fatty acid concentrations. Glycerol concentrations were significantly attenuated in the withdrawal condition. No significant differences were revealed in calculated substrate utilization. It was concluded that caffeine withdrawal significantly affects lipolysis but not substrate utilization during prolonged running.
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Amaral, A. P., M. J. Nascimento, and C. Rocha. "Social networks, depressive symptoms and quality of life in the elderly: Results of an intergenerational program." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1245.
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IntroductionIntergenerational programs involving children and the elderly promote intergenerational interactions and can positively affect physical and mental health, and the quality of life of the elderly.ObjectivesTo test the effects of an intergenerational intervention in social isolation, depressive symptoms and quality of life of the elderly.MethodsThis study employed a pretest-posttest design. Measures: Portuguese versions of Geriatric Depression Scale, Lubben Social Networks Scale and WHOQOL-OLD. Participants: 12 elderly, 75% females, with mean age of 80.8 years (sd=8.8) and 20 kindergarten children (65% female) with mean age of 4,1 years (sd=0.79). The intervention ran for 6 weeks, with 11 intergenerational group sessions, each range between 30 and 120 minutes. A nonparametric paired samples tests was conducted to evaluate the impact of the intervention.ResultsAfter the intervention, when comparing elderly with and without depressive symptoms, results showed significant differences in the total value of quality of life (p=.048) and in the facets: 1) Sensory functioning, 2) Autonomy, 3) Past, present and future activities (p=.003; p=.018; p=.030, respectively). 12,5% of de elderly with depressive symptoms before the intervention no longer have depressive symptoms after the intervention. Regarding social networks, there were no significant differences (p=.576) between the mean values of the two assessments.ConclusionsThe implemented intergenerational program was effective in promoting quality of live and minimized depressive symptoms. After the intervention, the number of the elderly without depressive symptoms have increased and these presented a higher quality of life. Finally, longitudinal studies with a large sample are needed to consolidate results.
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Holloway, Caitlyn, Neeti Pathare, Jean Huta, Dana Grady, Andrea Landry, Claire Christie, Patricia Pierce, and Charity Bopp. "The Impact of a Less Restrictive Poststernotomy Activity Protocol Compared With Standard Sternal Precautions in Patients Following Cardiac Surgery." Physical Therapy 100, no. 7 (April 17, 2020): 1074–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa067.
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Abstract Objective Guidelines following median sternotomy typically include strict sternal precautions (SP). Recently, alternative approaches propose less functional restrictions while avoiding excessive stress to the sternum. The study aimed to determine the effect of a less restrictive (LR) approach versus a standard SP protocol after median sternotomy. Methods The study was a cross-sectional design (n = 364; SP: n = 172, 66.3 [SD = 11.2] years; LR: n = 196, 65.2 [SD = 11.2] years). This study ran in 2 consecutive phases and compared 2 groups after median sternotomy at a community-based hospital. The LR group received instructions on the Keep Your Move in the Tube approach. At 2 to 3 weeks after discharge, sternal instability was assessed using the Sternal Instability Scale, and patients completed a self-reported survey (perceived pain rating/frequency, sternal instability, and functional mobility). The 2 groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test (P < .05). Results There were no significant differences between the 2 groups for all the outcomes, Sternal Instability Scale, pain rating, pain frequency, perceived sternal instability, difficulty with functional mobility, length of stay, and discharge disposition. Conclusions In our study, the implementation of the LR approach, Keep Your Move in the Tube, had no adverse effect on outcomes 2 to 3 weeks following median sternotomy. Although no statistically significant differences were noted for all outcomes, patients with the LR approach reported less difficulty with functional mobility. Impact Statement These data are useful in clinical decision-making regarding alternative approaches for mobility following sternotomy.
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Noce, Antonin Della, Stergios Christodoulidis, Antonio Di Meglio, Julie Havas, Alicia Tran-Dien, Fabrice André, Ines Vaz-Luis, Paul-Henry Cournède, and Stefan Michiels. "Abstract P4-07-17: Association between plasma-based sequential windowed acquisition mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) and invasive disease free survival (iDFS) in HR+/HER2- early breast cancer in the CANTO cohort." Cancer Research 82, no. 4_Supplement (February 15, 2022): P4–07–17—P4–07–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p4-07-17.
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Abstract Background: The definition of breast cancer (BC) prognosis has historically relied on clinico-pathological factors. Novel omics markers including proteomic analyses could improve our understanding of the biological host drivers of breast cancer recurrence and survival. We aimed at identifying patients (pts) at high risk of recurrence based on proteomic markers in plasma.Methods: CANTO is a multicenter, prospective cohort study of stage I-III BCS (NCT01993498). Plasma samples were collected on HR+/HER2- pts at diagnosis (dx) and analyzed by SWATH-MS, implemented by Biognosys AG (Schlieren, Switzerland), resulting in a relative quantification of the abundance of 500 proteins in the plasma. A Cox model was fitted to estimate to associate proteomic and clinical variables with the primary endpoint IDFS Clinical covariates consisted of age, stage and grade. An adaptive Lasso method was used to perform model selection. The discrimination performances of the model were assessed on 100 random train-test partitions of the cohort. Results: There were 457 pts with analyzed plasma samples. The median age at dx was 59.3 years, and the repartition of cancer stage was 52% for stage I, 37% for stage II and 11% for stage III. The mean duration of follow-up was 5.4 years, and 53 (11.5%) IDFS events (non local recurrences, second primary cancers and deaths) were reported. In total, 7 proteins were selected by the adaptive Lasso process; associated with the age, the stage and the grade at dx, 3 proteins were retained as having a significant impact on the IDFS: GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran (RAN), involved in cell division and GTP metabolic process, C4b-binding protein alpha-chain (C4BPA), involved in complement activation, and prothrombin (THRB), involved in acute-phase response and blood activation. Concordance indices were computed on 100 random test subsets of the cohort for the model with clinical variables only (0.67+/- 0.08), for the model with selected protein features only (0.74 +/- 0.07) and for the model with both proteomic and clinical covariates (0.75 +/-0.06). Conclusion: The discrimination performances of the estimated model suggest that proteomics provide relevant markers associated with BC prognosis. Validation on an independent validation set is required. Host related plasma proteins represent an avenue worth exploring to improve our understanding of BC relapse risk Table 1.Estimated hazard ratios of the linear Cox model.FeaturesHR* (95% CI)p-valuesRAN (for 1 SD increase)0.66 (0.51-0.85)<0.005THRB (for 1 SD increase)1.43 (0.99-2.06)0.05C4BPA (for 1 SD increase)1.44 (1.02-2.02)0.04stage--II vs I1.68 (0.82-3.46)0.16III vs I4.29 (1.88-9.75)<0.005HR = hazard ratio CI = confidence interval * adjusted by age and grade Citation Format: Antonin Della Noce, Stergios Christodoulidis, Antonio Di Meglio, Julie Havas, Alicia Tran-Dien, Fabrice André, Ines Vaz-Luis, Paul-Henry Cournède, Stefan Michiels. Association between plasma-based sequential windowed acquisition mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) and invasive disease free survival (iDFS) in HR+/HER2- early breast cancer in the CANTO cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-17.
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Goodarzi, Nader, and Toraj Shah Hoseini. "Morphologic and Osteometric Analysis of the Skull of Markhoz Goat (Iranian Angora)." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/972682.
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This study provides some comprehensive osteometric and morphologic descriptions of the skull region of the Markhoz goat. Totally, 17 osteometric parameters of eight skulls of Markhoz goat were measured and expressed as mean ± SD. A skull length of18.67±0.66, a cranial length of11.1±0.38, a facial length of10.23±0.76, a skull index of47.77±1.96, a cranial index of54.04±2.29, a facial index of100.77±6.85and a foramen magnum index of89.32±14.1were recorded. Morphologically frontal bone did not constitute the caudal extent of frontal surface; rather it was formed by the parietal bone. There were two supraorbital foramina in both sides. The prominent facial tuberosity lies dorsally to the 3rd cheek tooth. The infraorbital foramen was single on either side which was located directly dorsally to the junction of the first and second upper premolar. The orbits were round and complete and located on a frontolateral oblique plane. The basilar part of the occipital bone was surrounded by two pairs of muscular tubercles with similar size. The temporal line was continuous of the temporal crest and ran over the parietal bone. In conclusion, the morphologic and osteometric data of Markhoz goat are comparable to other ruminants.
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Sussman, Donald H., Hesham Alrowayeh, and Martha L. Walker. "PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT COMPRESSIVE FORCES DURING BACKWARD AND FORWARD RUNNING AT THE SAME SPEED." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 04, no. 02 (June 2000): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957700000136.
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A previous study found that the patellofemoral joint compressive force (PFJRF) during backward running was less than during forward running at a self-selected speed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the patellofemoral joint compressive forces during backward and forward running at the same speed. Ten runners (four females, six males) between the ages of 20–25 (X=22.25, SD=2.25) ran in backward and forward directions at a very slow speed of 2.3 mph (1.0 ms -1). Using a mathematical model of patellofemoral joint that does not assume equal forces of the quadriceps and patellar tendon, the PFJRFs during the very slow backward and forward running were calculated. Results showed that the PFJRF and knee extensor moment during backward and forward running were similar. The PFJRF and knee extensor moment were 3.51 BW and 144.52 Nm, respectively, during the very slow backward running, and 3.41 BW and 141.60 Nm, respectively, during the very slow forward running. In conclusion, slow backward and forward running put similar compressive forces on the patellofemoral joint. Moreover, backward running does not protect the patellofemoral joint from higher compression forces, but very slow speed does.
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Lu, Elizabeth. "817 A Proactive Feeding Regimen on Meeting Caloric Goals with Continuous Enteral Nutrition Support: A Quality Improvement Project." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S247—S248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.394.
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Abstract Introduction Severe burn injuries are characterized by elevated metabolic demands. Numerous studies have documented iatrogenic underfeeding of critical care patients, which can lead to malnutrition, impaired wound healing, weakened immune response, and increased risk of infections. Enteral nutrition (EN) support is often utilized to help meet the increased caloric demands of burn patients. However, discrepancies between prescribed and delivered EN can occur due to frequent interruptions, delays initiating EN, gradual advancement of EN rate, and/or physician directed changes. The objective of this quality improvement project is to assess whether a proactive calculation of EN regimens can improve the provision of calories compared to a traditional calculation method. Methods A retrospective review of patients in a pediatric acute burn unit that received continuous EN for greater than three days was performed. The pre-protocol group consisted of patients from January 1st, 2017 to November 30th, 2017 who had continuous EN rates calculated by the dietitian based on 24 hours per day. This group was compared to patients from September 1st, 2018 to July 31st, 2019 who had EN rates calculated by the dietitian based on 23 hours per day (post-protocol group). Periods in which parenteral nutrition was administered or the EN regimen was prescribed in a non-continuous fashion were excluded. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of admissions in which patients met at least 85% of calorie estimations. This project was undertaken as a Quality Improvement initiative and, as such, was not formally supervised by an Institutional Review Board. Results A total of 132 patients (73 pre- and 59 post-protocol) from 134 separate inpatient admissions (73 pre- and 61 post-protocol) were identified. The average total body surface area burn was 40.9% (SD 18.8) vs. 49.4% (SD 19.8) and average age was 8.6 years (SD 5.9) vs. 7.9 years (SD 5.4) in the pre- and post-protocol groups, respectively. Continuous EN ran for an average of 20 hours a day (SD 2.2, median = 21) vs. 21 hours a day (SD 2.7, median = 22) in the pre- and post-protocol groups, respectively. The average number of days on continuous EN was comparable in both groups. The post-protocol group had 75% of admissions meet at least 85% of calorie estimations compared to the pre-protocol group with 52% of admissions having met the goal. Conclusions Due to the heightened metabolic demands of burn patients and the barriers to meeting caloric goals, it is important to minimize calorie deficits with EN support. Although a seemingly small change, calculating continuous EN rates based on 23 hours per day can yield improved caloric provisions compared to rates based on 24 hours per day. Applicability of Research to Practice A proactive approach to calculating continuous EN support should be considered to help decrease caloric deficits.
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Berkman, Carolina, Luisa Gouvea Teixeira, Marsel Carvalho Pereira, Rita de Cássia de Lima Sampaio, Nara Saraiva Bernardi, José Correia de Lacerda Neto, Antonio de Queiroz Neto, and Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz. "Distance exercised during submaximal training on race winnings for Thoroughbred racehorses." Ciência Rural 45, no. 7 (July 2015): 1268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140403.
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Evaluations of the physical fitness of Thoroughbred racehorses have been correlated with race earnings, but few reports exist about the influence of the distance exercised during training on both physical conditioning indices and financial productivity. During one training season sixteen claiming Thoroughbred horses were subjected to submaximal training and monitored by a global positioning system (GPS) coupled to a heart rate monitor. After initial and single monitoring, the horses were distributed into two groups of eight individuals each; one group exercised short distances (SD) between 1600 and 1900m, while the other exercised long distances (LD) between 2000 and 2350m. The duration (min) and mean and maximal velocities (ms-1)attained during each session were determined, as well as the difference in distances exercised (m) between official races and each training session. Blood lactate concentration ([LA]) during recovery was also determined. Student's t-test was used for a non-paired analysis, with P≤0.05 considered significant. The winnings (USD) of each horse were correlated with the peak heart rate (HRpeak) attained during the training session. The distances exercised in the training sessions were greater in relation to the official races distances by 24.7% and 40% for SD and LD, respectively. Lactatemia did not differ between the groups. The HRpeak obtained during the training session was lower in LD group. The velocity at which the heart rate reached 200 bpm (V200) was higher in LD group. There was a moderate correlation (r= 0.42) between the highest winnings and lowest HRpeak. The horses that ran longer distances during their submaximal training session had better cardiac conditioning and tendency to increase financial productivity
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Mutchler, Jessica A., Klarie Macias, Barry A. Munkasy, Samuel J. Wilson, John C. Garner, and Li Li. "Kinematic and Coordination Variability in Runners with and Without Patellofemoral Pain." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 8, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.8n.3p.58.
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Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common overuse injury that has been suggested to cause abnormal gait kinematics and variability in runners with PFP. Conflicting results have been presented as to the variability of joint kinematics and joint coordination. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the variability of lower extremity kinematics and joint coordination in the presence of PFP and exertion. Methods: Six female runners with PFP and matched controls (CON) ran at a self-selected pace on an instrumented treadmill until exertion or pain criteria was met. Sixteen anatomical retroreflective markers and seven tracking clusters were placed on the participants’ lower extremities. Data collected for 20 steps from the beginning, middle, and end of the run were processed. Kinematic variability was assessed for each participant by calculating the standard deviation (SD) of peak knee flexion, internal rotation, and adduction angle and their velocities. Continuous relative phase (CRP) mean values were calculated from normalized phase plots for coordination relationships between knee horizontal plane motion and hip sagittal, frontal, and horizontal and ankle frontal plane motion. Coordination variability was calculated as the CRP coupling SD over 100% of stance for each time point for each participant. Statistical comparisons were assessed through a 2 (PFP vs. CON) x 3 (beginning, middle, end) repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There was an increase in variability for peak knee adduction angle, peak knee adduction velocity, hip flexion/knee rotation CRP, and knee rotation/rearfoot eversion CRP over time for the PFP group compared with CON (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pain and exertion increase the variability of joint kinematics and joint coordination reflecting decreased movement control towards the end of a run.
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Guadagni, Veronica, Ford Burles, Silvana Valera, Emeleigh Hardwicke-Brown, Michele Ferrara, Tavis Campbell, and Giuseppe Iaria. "The Relationship Between Quality of Sleep and Emotional Empathy." Journal of Psychophysiology 31, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000177.
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Abstract. Sleep loss is known to severely disturb individuals’ mood and emotion processing. Here, we tested the hypothesis that quality of sleep is predictive of individuals’ performance on a task evaluating emotional empathy. We tested 34 healthy undergraduate students [19 males, mean (SD) age = 21.82 (3.26) years; mean (SD) education = 14.98 (1.91) years] recruited through the University of Calgary research participation system. We collected objective (actigraphy) and subjective (questionnaires and self-reports) sleep measures to characterize individuals’ sleep quality, and asked participants to solve a computerized emotional empathy task. We first performed a dimensionality reduction analysis on the sleep-related measures, which resulted in six principal components, and then ran a stepwise multiple regression analysis to investigate the sleep measures that best predicted participants’ scores on the emotional empathy task. We found that subjective sleep quality, together with sleep phase, best predicted participants’ empathic sensitivity to negative images while they explicitly evaluated the emotions of others (i.e., direct component of emotional empathy). Also, subjective sleep quality resulted to be the best predictor of participants’ arousal state in response to negative images, which is an implicit manifestation of their empathic experience (i.e., indirect component of emotional empathy). In both cases, lower subjective sleep quality was associated with lower empathic sensitivity to negative stimuli. Finally, sleep duration best predicted average empathic responses to stimuli of all valences, with shorter sleep durations associated with lower average empathic responses. Our findings provide evidence of a significant relationship between individuals’ quality of sleep and their ability to share the emotions experienced by others. These findings may have important implications for individuals employed in professions requiring social interaction and empathic experience coupled with schedules that interfere with nighttime sleep.
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Vinding, Rebecca Kofod, Jakob Stokholm, Astrid Sevelsted, Bo L. Chawes, Klaus Bønnelykke, Malin Barman, Bo Jacobsson, and Hans Bisgaard. "Fish Oil Supplementation in Pregnancy Increases Gestational Age, Size for Gestational Age, and Birth Weight in Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy204.
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ABSTRACT Background Randomized trials have reported that supplementation with n–3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in pregnancy can prolong pregnancy and thereby increase birth weight. Objective We aimed to examine the relations of n–3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy with duration of pregnancy, birth weight, and size for gestational age (GA). Methods This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted in 736 pregnant women and their offspring, from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2010cohort. They were recruited between weeks 22 and 26 in pregnancy and randomly assigned to either of 2.4 g n–3 LCPUFA or control (olive oil) daily until 1 wk after birth. Exclusion criteria were endocrine, cardiovascular, or nephrologic disorders and vitamin D supplementation intake >600 IU/d. In this study we analyzed secondary outcomes, and further excluded twin pregnancies and extrauterine death. The primary outcome for the trial was persistent wheeze or asthma. Results The random assignment ran between 2008 and 2010. Six hundred and ninety-nine mother-infant pairs were included in the analysis. n–3 LCPUFA compared with control was associated with a 2-d prolongation of pregnancy [median (IQR): 282 (275–288) d compared with 280 (273–286) d, P = 0.02], a 97-g higher birth weight (mean ± SD: 3601 ± 534 g compared with 3504 ± 528 g, P = 0.02), and an increased size for GA according to the Norwegian population-based growth curves-Skjærven (mean ± SD: 49.9 ± 28.3 percentiles compared with 44.5 ± 27.6 percentiles, P = 0.01). Conclusion Supplementing pregnant women with n–3 LCPUFAs during the third trimester is associated with prolonged gestation and increased size for GA, leading to a higher birth weight in this randomized controlled trial. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00798226.
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Hamer, David, and Ian Pengelly. "Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) seeds as food for bears (Ursus spp.) in Banff National Park, Alberta." Canadian Field-Naturalist 129, no. 1 (May 31, 2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v129i1.1662.
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The large, nutrient-rich seeds of Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelmann) are important food for bears (Ursus spp.) in Yellowstone National Park. In Banff National Park, studies have shown that American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) eat these seeds, but little additional information is available. We studied Whitebark Pine in Banff National Park to address this information gap. Because bears obtain Whitebark Pine seeds from Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) middens, our objective was to measure the abundance, habitat characteristics, and use by bears of middens in Whitebark Pine forests. A second objective was to determine whether Grizzly Bears (U. arctos) in Banff National Park also eat Whitebark Pine seeds. In 2011–2012, we ran 29 ha of 20–50 m wide transects at 10 sites with accessible Whitebark Pine stands and found 0–3.7 middens/ha (mean 1.23, SD 1.17, n = 10). Midden density was weakly related to total basal area of all conifers but not to basal area of Whitebark Pine. Middens were located in the upper subalpine at an average elevation of 2110 m (SD 90, n = 8) on 41–248° facing slopes with a mean steepness of 28° (SD 5, n = 8). Bears had excavated middens at all eight sites where we found middens; at the remaining two sites, middens did not occur within our transects. Overall, 24 (67%) of the 36 middens located in our transects had been dug by bears. In October 2013, we searched areas where three global positioning system (GPS)-collared Grizzly Bears had been located in late September 2013 and found five recently dug middens located less than 6 m from GPS fixes. These observations are, to our knowledge, the first conclusive evidence that grizzly Bears in Banff National Park eat Whitebark Pine seeds. Because Whitebark Pine occurs at high elevations on steep slopes where human use is low, this resource may be important in keeping bears in habitat where risk of human-caused mortality is lower. Our results may assist managers responsible for conservation of bears in Banff National Park, where both American Black Bears and Grizzly Bears are subject to high levels of human-caused mortality.
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Mastrotheodoros, Stefanos, Olga Kornienko, Adriana Umaña-Taylor, and Frosso Motti-Stefanidi. "Developmental Interplay between Ethnic, National, and Personal Identity in Immigrant Adolescents." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 50, no. 6 (April 17, 2021): 1126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01434-y.
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AbstractDeveloping a personal identity is a core developmental task for all adolescents. Immigrant adolescents need to integrate the meaning that their belonging to their ethnic group and the receiving nation has for them into their personal identity. The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal interplay between personal, ethnic, and national identities of a middle school sample of immigrant youth (N = 765, Mage = 12.7 years, SD = 0.6 at T1; 46% girls) enroled in Greek schools. Data were collected in three waves with repeated measures. To test the link between these identities, two trivariate Cross-Lagged Panel Models were ran, one examining identity exploration and the other examining identity commitment. The results revealed robust within time positive links between ethnic, national and personal identities for both exploration and commitment at all three time-points. There was some evidence that ethnic and national identities were negatively linked longitudinally, and limited support for longitudinal associations between these domains and personal identity. Follow-up analyses suggest that these processes may be specific to second generation youth and that findings may differ by ethnic background. Finally, the findings that emerged are discussed with attention to the socio-political climate in the receiving nation.
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Rubio-Codina, Marta, Orazio Attanasio, and Sally Grantham-McGregor. "Mediating pathways in the socio-economic gradient of child development." International Journal of Behavioral Development 40, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415626515.
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Research has previously shown a gap of near 0.5 of a standard deviation (SD) in cognition and language development between the top and bottom household wealth quartile in children aged 6–42 months in a large representative sample of low- and middle-income families in Bogota, using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. The gaps in fine motor and socio-emotional development were about half that size. Developmental deficits increased with age. The current study explored the associations amongst child development, household socio-economic status (SES), and a set of potential mediating variables—parental characteristics, child biomedical factors, and the quality of the home environment—in this sample. We ran mediation tests to quantify the contribution of these variables to the SES gap, and explored the role of age as a moderator. Parental education, particularly maternal education, and the quality of the home environment mediated the SES gap in all outcomes examined. Height-for-age mediated a small amount of the deficit in language scales only. More educated mothers provided better home stimulation than less educated mothers and the home environment partly mediated the effect of maternal education. These results suggested that in interventions aimed at promoting child development, those focusing on the quality of the home environment should be effective.
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Fleseriu, Maria, Beverly M. K. Biller, Jerome Bertherat, Jacques Young, Giorgio Arnaldi, Paul O’Connell, Miguel Izquierdo, Alberto M. Pedroncelli, and Rosario Pivonello. "Long-Term Control of Urinary Free Cortisol With Osilodrostat in Patients With Cushing’s Disease: Final Results From the LINC 2 Study." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A521—A522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1063.
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Abstract Introduction: During the 22-week core LINC 2 study, the oral 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor osilodrostat normalized mean urinary free cortisol (mUFC) in 79% (15/19) of patients with Cushing’s disease. This report describes long-term LINC 2 efficacy and safety results following an optional extension. Methods: Patients receiving clinical benefit at week 22 could enter the extension (that ran until Oct 22, 2019), continuing the same osilodrostat dose; dose adjustments were permitted based on efficacy and safety. Response rate (mUFC ≤ULN [controlled] or mUFC >ULN but ≥50% decrease from baseline [BL; partially controlled]) was assessed over time. Efficacy/safety were assessed for all patients from core BL until study end. Results: Of 19 enrolled patients (female:male 14:5; mean [SD] age 36.8 years [8.4]), 16 entered the optional extension and 8 of them remained on treatment until study end. Median (range) osilodrostat exposure was 282 weeks (2-351). Mean mUFC decreased from BL (9.9 x ULN) to ≤ULN by week 4 and remained stable throughout the study. All 19 patients achieved mUFC ≤ULN at least once during the study. At each assessment up to month 70 of the extension phase, 50-88% of ongoing patients were controlled, and up to 18% were partially controlled. Mean percentage change in clinical signs from BL (mean [SD]) to last assessment were: fasting plasma glucose, -10.8% (22.1) (from BL: 105.6 mg/dL [49.2]); HbA1c, -2.1% (9.0) (from BL: 5.7% [0.7]); systolic BP, -3.3% (12.6) (from BL: 132.6 mmHg [11.6]); diastolic BP, -2.0% (10.4) (from BL: 85.0 mmHg [6.5]); BMI, -5.9% (8.8) (from BL: 30.7 kg/m2 [7.0]). Overall, 9 patients discontinued treatment (n=2 core and n=7 extension), mostly because of AEs or no longer requiring treatment (n=3 each). The most common AEs during the entire treatment period were nausea (n=10), adrenal insufficiency, and headache (both n=9). AEs related to hypocortisolism and adrenal hormone precursor accumulation occurred in 11 (mostly adrenal insufficiency, n=9) and 12 patients (mostly hypertension, n=4), respectively; most were grade 1/2 and managed with dose adjustment/interruption and/or concomitant medication. Mean (SD) plasma ACTH increased from 1.8 x ULN (0.9) at BL to 7.1 x ULN (12.3) at week 22 and 6.9 x ULN (12.6) at last assessment. Mean (SD) 11-deoxycortisol increased from 1.2 x ULN (1.3) at BL to 13.6 x ULN (12.2) at week 22 and 3.6 x ULN (4.2) at last assessment. In females, mean (SD) testosterone increased from 0.8 x ULN (0.4) at BL to 2.4 x ULN (2.1) at week 22 and 1.0 x ULN (0.9) at last assessment. Two patients, both female, reported an AE of hirsutism. Conclusions: Rapid reductions in mUFC were sustained for up to 6 years of osilodrostat treatment and were accompanied by improvements in clinical signs of hypercortisolism. Osilodrostat was well tolerated, with no new safety signals during long-term treatment.
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Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola, Marco Campera, Marianna Chimienti, Carly Murray, Michela Balestri, and Zak Showell. "Training in the Dark: Using Target Training for Non-Invasive Application and Validation of Accelerometer Devices for an Endangered Primate (Nycticebus bengalensis)." Animals 12, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040411.
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Accelerometers offer unique opportunities to study the behaviour of cryptic animals but require validation to show their accuracy in identifying behaviours. This validation is often undertaken in captivity before use in the wild. While zoos provide important opportunities for trial field techniques, they must consider the welfare and health of the individuals in their care and researchers must opt for the least invasive techniques. We used positive reinforcement training to attach and detach a collar with an accelerometer to an individual Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) at the Shaldon Wildlife Trust, U.K. This allowed us to collect accelerometer data at different periods between January–June 2020 and January–February 2021, totalling 42 h of data with corresponding video for validation. Of these data, we selected 54 min where ten behaviours were present and ran a random forest model. We needed 39 15-min sessions to train the animal to wear/remove the collar. The accelerometer data had an accuracy of 80.7 ± SD 9.9% in predicting the behaviours, with 99.8% accuracy in predicting resting, and a lower accuracy (but still >75% for all of them apart from suspensory walk) for the different types of locomotion and feeding behaviours. This training and validation technique can be used in similar species and shows the importance of working with zoos for in situ conservation (e.g., validation of field techniques).
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Hurst, Philip, Samantha Saunders, and Damian Coleman. "No Differences Between Beetroot Juice and Placebo on Competitive 5-km Running Performance: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 30, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0034.
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The authors examine the effect of an acute dose of beetroot juice on endurance running performance in “real-world” competitive settings. In total, 70 recreational runners (mean ± SD: age = 33.3 ± 12.3 years, training history = 11.9 ± 8.1 years, and hours per week training = 5.9 ± 3.5) completed a quasi-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 5-km competitive time trials. Participants performed four trials separated by 1 week in the order of prebaseline, two experimental, and one postbaseline. Experimental trials consisted of the administration of 70-ml nitrate-rich beetroot juice (containing ∼4.1 mmol of nitrate, Beet It Sport®) or nitrate-depleted placebo (containing ∼0.04 mmol of nitrate, Beet It Sport®) 2.5 hr prior to time trials. Time to complete 5 km was recorded for each trial. No differences were shown between pre- and postbaseline (p = .128, coefficient variation = 2.66%). The average of these two trials is therefore used as baseline. Compared with baseline, participants ran faster with beetroot juice (mean differences = 22.2 ± 5.0 s, p < .001, d = 0.08) and placebo (22.9 ± 4.5 s, p < .001, d = 0.09). No differences in times were shown between beetroot juice and placebo (0.8 ± 5.7 s, p < .875, d = 0.00). These results indicate that an acute dose of beetroot juice does not improve competitive 5-km time-trial performance in recreational runners compared with placebo.
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Molinari, Claire A., Johnathan Edwards, and Véronique Billat. "Maximal Time Spent at VO2max from Sprint to the Marathon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 9250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249250.
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Until recently, it was thought that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was elicited only in middle-distance events and not the sprint or marathon distances. We tested the hypothesis that VO2max can be elicited in both the sprint and marathon distances and that the fraction of time spent at VO2max is not significantly different between distances. Methods: Seventy-eight well-trained males (mean [SD] age: 32 [13]; weight: 73 [9] kg; height: 1.80 [0.8] m) performed the University of Montreal Track Test using a portable respiratory gas sampling system to measure a baseline VO2max. Each participant ran one or two different distances (100 m, 200 m, 800 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 10 km or marathon) in which they are specialists. Results: VO2max was elicited and sustained in all distances tested. The time limit (Tlim) at VO2max on a relative scale of the total time (Tlim at VO2max%Ttot) during the sprint, middle-distance, and 1500 m was not significantly different (p > 0.05). The relevant time spent at VO2max was only a factor for performance in the 3000 m group, where the Tlim at VO2max%Ttot was the highest (51.4 [18.3], r = 0.86, p = 0.003). Conclusions: By focusing on the solicitation of VO2max, we demonstrated that the maintenance of VO2max is possible in the sprint, middle, and marathon distances.
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Slapšinskaite, Agne, Selen Razon, Natàlia Balagué, Arunas Šciupokas, Robert Hristovski, and Gershon Tenenbaum. "Idiosyncratic Pain Patterns During Exhaustive Exercise." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 6 (April 27, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n6p44.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamical distribution of pain in constant cycling and running tasks up to the point of exhaustion. Ten participants (M = 20.8 years old, SD = ± 1.03) ran and cycled at a “hard” intensity level (e.g., Borg’s RPE (6–20) = 15). During task performance, participants reported their pain on a body map every 15s. Three distinct and consistent pain distribution patterns emerged: adders who added pain locations, jumpers who switched among pain locations, and adders-jumpers who both added and switched among pain locations throughout the effort. These distribution patterns had a significant effect (p < .001) on pain stability (i.e., the time spent within the same pain location) and on total number of changes in pain locations (p < 0.04); which differed between the adders and jumpers (p < .035). Task endurance was associated with the total number of changes of pain locations (r = .46, p < .04). Finally, a significant effect of time on the number of symmetric locations χ2 (10,4) = 16.17, p < .003 emerged in running. Idiosyncratic pain distribution patterns with more switching among pain locations throughout effort seemed to increase time on task. Further scientific evidence is needed for confirming the extent to which idiosyncratic pain distribution patterns account for and/or help pain management within clinical settings.
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Novarina, Gheanurma Ekahasta, Anang Santoso, and Furaidah Furaidah. "Model Pelaksanaan Gerakan Literasi Sekolah di Sekolah Dasar." Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan 4, no. 11 (November 26, 2019): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v4i11.12989.
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<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This study describe the implementation of school literacy movement consisting of its habituation, development and learning and obstacles in SD Muhammadiyah 4 of Surabaya. Habituation stage covers literacy activities habituation, supporting facilities, creating a literacy-rich environment, and public involvement. Development stage covers habits of literacy activities, literacy activities supporting program, educators and education force in literacy activities, school literacy team and professional literacy development for educator and education force. Learning stage includes the use of enrichment book, textbook selection, responding to the text activities, and facilities utilization in learning. The research findings showed that the implementation of school literacy movement ran optimally. During its implementation, there were some obstacles such as the time to conduct the literacy activities, the availability of reading materials in the class, and diminishing commitment of the teachers to run the literacy activities inside the class along with the changing policy of the literacy habituation from the headmaster.</p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Studi ini mendeskripsikan tentang pelaksanaan gerakan literasi sekolah yang terdiri dari pembiasaan, pengembangan dan pembelajaran dan kendalanya di SD Muhammadiyah 4 Kota Surabaya. Dalam tahap pembiasaan meliputi pembiasaan kegiatan literasi, penyediaan sarana dan prasarana, pengadaan lingkungan kaya teks dan pelibatan publik. Tahap pengembangan, meliputi kebiasaan kegiatan literasi, program pendukung kegiatan literasi, partisipasi pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan dalam kegiatan literasi, tim literasi sekolah, dan pengembangan profesional literasi bagi pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan. Tahap pembelajaran, meliputi penggunaan buku pengayaan, pemilihan buku teks pembelajaran, kegiatan menanggapi teks, pemanfaatan sarana dan prasarana dalam pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan gerakan literasi sekolah berjalan optimal, namun masih terdapat kendala dalam pelaksanaannya, seperti masalah waktu pelaksanaan kegiatan literasi, berkurangnya koleksi baca di dalam kelas, dan berkurangnya komitmen guru dalam melaksanakan kegiatan pembiasaan membaca di kelas bersamaan dengan berubahnya kebijakan dari kepala sekolah atas pentingnya pembiasaan literasi untuk siswa.
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Busemeyer, Daniel T., Stephan Pelikan, Robert S. Kennedy, and Steven H. Rogstad. "Genetic diversity of Philippine Rubus moluccanus L. (Rosaceae) populations examined with VNTR DNA probes." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 6 (November 1997): 867–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400011044.
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ABSTRACTTwo synthetic DNA probes composed of tandemly repeated ‘core’ sequences (GACA and GATA) were used to examine genetic diversity at multiple variable-number-tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci within and among four spatially isolated Philippine populations of Rubus moluccanus L. (Rosaceae), an uncultivated bramble widely distributed throughout southeast Asia – Malesia. Central goals were to determine whether apomictic propagation was detectable in R. moluccanus and to examine whether populations isolated on separate islands, or on mountain tops on a single island, were genetically differentiated. Sampling 22 individuals per population, the findings include: (1) no two individuals shared identical VNTR band profiles and thus apomictic propagation was not detected; (2) the mean number of bands scored per individual was 24.3 (SD = 3.91) and the proportion of polymorphic loci within populations ranged from 0.69 to 1.00 (mean = 0.86 ± SD = 0.085); (3) the average proportion of bands shared between individuals within populations ranged from 0.39 to 0.67 (0.50 ± 0.067), while average interpopulation similarity ranged from 0.21 to 0.50 (0.32 ± 0.092); and (4) estimated heterozygosity within populations ranged from 0.42 to 0.79 (0.62 ± 0.083), while interpopulation heterozygosity ran from 0.62 to 0.81 (0.74 ± 0.062). Permutation tests were used to estimate the statistical significance of differences in similarity between populations. A Luzon population isolated by 1200 km was always significantly different in similarity tests when compared with each of the other three populations, all located on Mindanao (and separated by at least 100 km but less than 250 km). Of the latter three, only one population differed significantly from the other two in the degree of VNTR markers shared, possibly reflecting biogeographic partitioning suggested for the island. Across all populations, average estimated Fst was 0.154, although mean inter-island Fst (0.224) was significantly higher than mean intra-island Fst (0.085). These results suggest that, while intra-island gene flow is relatively high, significant differentiation of tropical species may occur even over short distances on individual islands. Preservation of only a limited number of populations may result in a significant loss of genetic diversity in such species.
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Burke, Louise, and Graham Naylor. "Smartphone App–Based Noncontact Ecological Momentary Assessment With Experienced and Naïve Older Participants: Feasibility Study." JMIR Formative Research 6, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): e27677. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27677.
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Background Smartphone app–based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) without face-to-face contact between researcher and participant (app-based noncontact EMA) potentially provides a valuable data collection tool when geographic, time, and situational factors (eg, COVID-19 restrictions) place constraints on in-person research. Nevertheless, little is known about the feasibility of this method, particularly in older and naïve EMA participants. Objective This study aims to assess the feasibility of app-based noncontact EMA as a function of previous EMA experience, by recruiting and comparing a group of participants who had never participated in EMA before against a group of participants who had been part of an earlier in-person EMA study, and age, by recruiting middle-aged to older adults. Methods Overall, 151 potential participants were invited via email; 46.4% (70/151) enrolled in the study by completing the baseline questionnaire set and were emailed instructions for the EMA phase. Of these participants, 67% (47/70) downloaded an EMA app and ran the survey sequence for 1 week. In total, 5 daytime surveys and 1 evening survey, each day, assessed participants’ listening environment, social activity, and conversational engagement. A semistructured exit telephone interview probed the acceptability of the method. As markers of feasibility, we assessed the enrollment rate, study completion rate, reason for noncompletion, EMA survey response rate, and likelihood of reporting an issue with survey alerts and requested assistance from researchers, family, or friends. Results Enrollment rates among invitees (63.3% vs 38.2%; P=.004) and completion rates among enrollees (83.9% vs 53.8%; P<.001) were higher in the experienced than in the naïve EMA group. On average, experienced participants responded to 64.1% (SD 30.2%) of the daytime EMA surveys, and naïve participants responded to 54.3% (SD 29.5%) of the daytime EMA surveys (P=.27). Among participants who retrospectively reported issues with survey alerts, only 19% (3/16) requested researcher assistance during data collection. Older participants were more likely to report not being alerted to EMA surveys (P=.008), but age was unrelated to all other markers of feasibility. Post hoc analyses of the effect of the phone operating system on markers of feasibility revealed that response rates were higher among iOS users (mean 74.8%, SD 20.25%) than among Android users (mean 48.5%, SD 31.35%; P=.002). Conclusions Smartphone app–based noncontact EMA appears to be feasible, although participants with previous EMA experience, younger participants, and iOS users performed better on certain markers of feasibility. Measures to increase feasibility may include extensive testing of the app with different phone types, encouraging participants to seek timely assistance for any issues experienced, and recruiting participants who have some previous EMA experience where possible. The limitations of this study include participants’ varying levels of existing relationship with the researcher and the implications of collecting data during the COVID-19 social restrictions.
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Braczkowski, Aleksander, Ralph Schenk, Dinal Samarasinghe, Duan Biggs, Allie Richardson, Nicholas Swanson, Merlin Swanson, Arjun Dheer, and Julien Fattebert. "Leopard and spotted hyena densities in the Lake Mburo National Park, southwestern Uganda." PeerJ 10 (January 27, 2022): e12307. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12307.
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Robust measures of animal densities are necessary for effective wildlife management. Leopards (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta Crocuta) are higher order predators that are data deficient across much of their East African range and in Uganda, excepting for one peer-reviewed study on hyenas, there are presently no credible population estimates for these species. A lack of information on the population status and even baseline densities of these species has ramifications as leopards are drawcards for the photo-tourism industry, and along with hyenas are often responsible for livestock depredations from pastoralist communities. Leopards are also sometimes hunted for sport. Establishing baseline density estimates for these species is urgently needed not only for population monitoring purposes, but in the design of sustainable management offtakes, and in assessing certain conservation interventions like financial compensation for livestock depredation. Accordingly, we ran a single-season survey of these carnivores in the Lake Mburo National Park of south-western Uganda using 60 remote camera traps distributed in a paired format at 30 locations. We analysed hyena and leopard detections under a Bayesian spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) modelling framework to estimate their densities. This small national park (370 km2) is surrounded by Bahima pastoralist communities with high densities of cattle on the park edge (with regular park incursions). Leopard densities were estimated at 6.31 individuals/100 km2 (posterior SD = 1.47, 95% CI [3.75–9.20]), and spotted hyena densities were 10.99 individuals/100 km2, but with wide confidence intervals (posterior SD = 3.35, 95% CI [5.63–17.37]). Leopard and spotted hyena abundance within the boundaries of the national park were 24.87 (posterior SD 7.78) and 39.07 individuals (posterior = SD 13.51) respectively. Leopard densities were on the middle end of SECR studies published in the peer-reviewed literature over the last 5 years while spotted hyena densities were some of the first reported in the literature using SECR, and similar to a study in Botswana which reported 11.80 spotted hyenas/100 km2. Densities were not noticeably lower at the park edge, and in the southwest of our study site, despite repeated cattle incursions into these areas. We postulate that the relatively high densities of both species in the region could be owed to impala Aepyceros melampus densities ranging from 16.6–25.6 impala/km2. Another, potential explanatory variable (albeit a speculative one) is the absence of interspecific competition from African lions (Panthera leo), which became functionally extinct (there is only one male lion present) in the park nearly two decades ago. This study provides the first robust population estimate of these species anywhere in Uganda and suggests leopards and spotted hyenas continue to persist in the highly modified landscape of Lake Mburo National Park.
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Avramova, Margarita. "EFFECTIVENESS OF SPECIALIZED KINESITHERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH SPASTIC HEMIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 27, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 3842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2021273.3842.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Doman-Delacato and Perfetti methods in addition to routine kinesitherapy for children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Material and Methods: 60 children with a spastic hemiplegic CP were randomly divided into two groups – the control group (CG) received routine kinesitherapy method, and the experimental group (EG) received, in addition, specialized neurodevelopmental methods of Doman-Delacato and Perfetti. For children in both groups, kinesitherapy was applied three times a week for 50 min each procedure. Assessment was done using Ashworth Modified Scale, the Holt and Hoskins - Squires Test and GMFM – 88. The study period ran from April 2018 to November 2018. The evaluation was done before and 8 months later. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 3.0 andSPSS 19.0. The level of significance was accepted as p<0.05. Results: 60children, 27 girls and 33 boys managed (X±SD) for EG 4.8±1.3 and for CG 5.06±1.4 were included. Muscle spasticity in EG children decreases much earlier and more than in children in CG. Man Witney criteria show statistically significant differences at the end of the treatment (р=0,03<α=0,05). Hottest and GMFM-88dataobtainedalsoreceivedstatisticallysignificantdifferencesof t – criteria between initial and final measurements in EG. Conclusions: EG children improvement is better and occurs much earlier. Therefore, we could assert that our methodology optimizes the treatment of children with CPD and improves their quality of life.
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Wasse, Lucy K., Caroline Sunderland, James A. King, Masashi Miyashita, and David J. Stensel. "The influence of vigorous running and cycling exercise on hunger perceptions and plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations in lean young men." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0154.
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Vigorous running suppresses plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations but the limited literature on cycling suggests that acylated ghrelin is unchanged, perhaps because body mass is supported during cycling. It is important from a research and applied perspective to determine whether acylated ghrelin and hunger responses are exercise-mode specific. This study sought to examine this. Eleven recreationally active males fasted overnight and completed three 4-h trials: control, running, and cycling, in a random order. Participants rested throughout the control trial and ran or cycled at 70% of mode-specific maximal oxygen uptake for the first hour during exercise trials, resting thereafter. Hunger was measured every 0.5 h using visual analogue scales. Eight venous blood samples were collected to determine acylated ghrelin concentrations and a standardised meal was consumed at 3 h. Compared with the control trial, acylated ghrelin concentrations were suppressed to a similar extent at 0.5 and 1 h during the running (p < 0.005) and cycling (p < 0.001) trials. Area under the curve values for ghrelin concentration over time were lower during exercise trials versus control (Control: 606 ± 379; Running: 455 ± 356; Cycling: 448 ± 315 pg·mL−1·4 h−1; mean ± SD, p < 0.05). Hunger values did not differ significantly between trials but an interaction effect (p < 0.05) indicated a tendency for hunger to be suppressed during exercise. Thus, at similar relative exercise intensities, plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations are suppressed to a similar extent during running and cycling.
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Samuel, Roy David, Yair Galily, Or Guy, Elad Sharoni, and Gershon Tenenbaum. "A decision-making simulator for soccer referees." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 4 (August 2019): 480–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119858696.
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Decision-making is a critical aspect of soccer referees’ performance. Yet current training methods that simulate the refereeing task are limited. Skilled soccer referees ( N = 22, M age = 27.14 years, SD = 6.40) were tested on a new decision-making simulator during the active part of the season. They ran on a treadmill for 60 min at varying paces while watching two video sections depicting real matches, in context and in mixed order, and called their match decisions out loud. They completed pre- and post-test assessments of their feelings and perceived exertion, and a post-test assessment of their performance. The referees reported positive feelings prior to and following the test, and rated their performance favourably. They felt the simulator was moderately representative of a real match, and their perceived exertion increased progressively during the test. Decision accuracy levels were higher for simple decisions, such as out of play (73.81%), than for careless fouls (62.86%) or yellow/red cards (25.97%). Decision accuracy levels for yellow/red cards decisions were significantly higher in the in-context section (28.91%) than in the mixed section (20.83%). Decision accuracy levels peaked in the third quarter and decreased during the final quarter. Self-control during the test correlated moderately with overall accuracy. Careless foul decision accuracy was on par with previous studies, supporting the simulator’s validity. The findings support the use of the simulator as a potentially innovative method for training referees in sequential decision-making.
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Wasse, Lucy K., Caroline Sunderland, James A. King, Rachel L. Batterham, and David J. Stensel. "Influence of rest and exercise at a simulated altitude of 4,000 m on appetite, energy intake, and plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin and peptide YY." Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 4 (February 15, 2012): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00090.2011.
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The reason for high altitude anorexia is unclear but could involve alterations in the appetite hormones ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY). This study examined the effect of resting and exercising in hypoxia (12.7% O2; ∼4,000 m) on appetite, energy intake, and plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin and PYY. Ten healthy males completed four, 7-h trials in an environmental chamber in a random order. The four trials were control-normoxia, control-hypoxia, exercise-normoxia, and exercise-hypoxia. During exercise trials, participants ran for 60 min at 70% of altitude-specific maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) and then rested. Participants rested throughout control trials. A standardized meal was consumed at 2 h and an ad libitum buffet meal at 5.5 h. Area under the curve values for hunger (assessed using visual analog scales) tended to be lower during hypoxic trials than normoxic trials (repeated-measures ANOVA, P = 0.07). Ad libitum energy intake was lower ( P = 0.001) in hypoxia (5,291 ± 2,189 kJ) than normoxia (7,718 ± 2,356 kJ; means ± SD). Mean plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations were lower in hypoxia than normoxia (82 ± 66 vs. 100 ± 69 pg/ml; P = 0.005) while PYY concentrations tended to be higher in normoxia (32 ± 4 vs. 30 ± 3 pmol/l; P = 0.059). Exercise suppressed hunger and acylated ghrelin and increased PYY but did not influence ad libitum energy intake. These findings confirm that hypoxia suppresses hunger and food intake. Further research is required to determine if decreased concentrations of acylated ghrelin orchestrate this suppression.
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Nappini, Sergio, Francesco Arba, Giovanni Pracucci, Valentina Saia, Danilo Caimano, Nicola Limbucci, Leonardo Renieri, et al. "Bridging versus direct endovascular therapy in basilar artery occlusion." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 92, no. 9 (May 25, 2021): 956–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-325328.
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BackgroundWe evaluated safety and efficacy of intravenous recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator plus endovascular (bridging) therapy compared with direct endovascular therapy in patients with ischaemic stroke due to basilar artery occlusion (BAO).MethodsFrom a national prospective registry of endovascular therapy in acute ischaemic stroke, we selected patients with BAO. We compared bridging and direct endovascular therapy evaluating vessel recanalisation, haemorrhagic transformation at 24–36 hours; procedural complications; and functional outcome at 3 months according to the modified Rankin Scale. We ran logistic and ordinal regression models adjusting for age, sex, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), onset-to-groin-puncture time.ResultsWe included 464 patients, mean(±SD) age 67.7 (±13.3) years, 279 (63%) males, median (IQR) NIHSS=18 (10–30); 166 (35%) received bridging and 298 (65%) direct endovascular therapy. Recanalisation rates and symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage were similar in both groups (83% and 3%, respectively), whereas distal embolisation was more frequent in patients treated with direct endovascular therapy (9% vs 3%; p=0.009). In the whole population, there was no difference between bridging and direct endovascular therapy regarding functional outcome at 3 months (OR=0.79; 95% CI=0.55 to 1.13). However, in patients with onset-to-groin-puncture time ≤6 hours, bridging therapy was associated with lower mortality (OR=0.53; 95% CI=0.30 to 0.97) and a shift towards better functional outcome in ordinal analysis (OR=0.65; 95% CI=0.42 to 0.98).ConclusionsIn ischaemic stroke due to BAO, when endovascular therapy is initiated within 6 hours from symptoms onset, bridging therapy resulted in lower mortality and better functional outcome compared with direct endovascular therapy.
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Amaral, A. P., and A. Loureiro. "Evaluation of the impact of a socio-educational intervention in quality of life and mental health of institutionalized elderly." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1243.
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IntroductionWith the huge increase of life expectancy in developed countries, new needs for long-term care arise in order to guarantee an active ageing for an increasing older adult population. One way to promote emotional well-being and quality of life in elderly is through socio-educational interventions.ObjectivesTo test the effects of a socio-educational intervention in quality of life and mental health of institutionalized elderly.MethodsThis study employed a pretest-posttest design. Measures: Portuguese version of Mental Health Inventory (Ribeiro, 2001) and WHOQOL-OLD (Vilar, Sousa & Simões, 2009). Qualitative assessment was made using a logbook. Participants: 15 institutionalized elderly, 60% females, with mean age of 82.5 years (sd=8.5). The intervention ran for 2 months, with 12 group sessions, 60 minutes each, held twice a week. A nonparametric paired samples tests was conducted to evaluate the impact of the intervention.ResultsAfter the intervention, results showed a significant increase of total value of mental health (p=.021). Concerning dimensions: significant increase of positive psychological well-being (p=.014), emotional ties (p=.050), positive affect (p=.004), behavioural emotional control (p=.018), and a significant decrease of depression (p=.043). Concerning quality of live, the results showed a significant increase of the mean values of the facets: social participation and intimacy (p=.005; p=.027, respectively).ConclusionsOverall, the intervention implemented with institutionalized elderly had good results, with significant increase of positive psychological well-being and decrease of depression. Although there was no control group, the results suggest that the socio-educational intervention implemented can contribute to promote mental health in elderly.