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Academic literature on the topic 'Scrubland'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Scrubland"

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Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., and Laura Pañinao-Monsálvez. "First record of giant Beelzebub bee-eater Mallophora leschenaulti (Diptera: Asilidae) in Chile." Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 79, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25085/rsea.790410.

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In this note we report the presence of Beelzebub bee-eater fly Mallophora leschenaulti Macquart, 1938 (Diptera: Asilidae) from northern Chile. A female was collected from highland scrublands in Chapiquiña town, Arica y Parinacota region. In addition, two females are reported from Lluta valley near Peru border. This is the second Mallophora species registered in Chile, distributed in scrubland and cropland ecosystems. We discuss some native carpenter bees and bumblebees as potential preys

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Fanelli, Giuliano, Fabio Attorre, Matteo Del Giudice, Ermelinda Gjeta, and Michele De Sanctis. "Phlomis fruticosa scrublands in the central Mediterranean region: syntaxonomy and ecology." Phytocoenologia 45, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2015/0041.

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Phlomis fruticosa is a weakly lignified shrub which colonizes large expanses in Albania and Greece in overgrazed areas, and is also present throughout the northern Mediterranean region from Italy to Cyprus. It is characteristic for species-rich vegetation, with up to 65 species on 50 m2. We assembled a dataset of 129 original and published relevés and analyzed the floristic variability and the ecology of vegetation containing Phlomis fruticosa in the central Mediterranean region. We floristically and ecologically differentiated three previously described associations: a) the Salvio fruticosae-Phlomidetum fruticosae, distributed in Sicily, is characterized by high species richness of nano-phanerophytes, and is restricted to the warmest and more oceanic part of the range of P. fruticosa; b) the Sideritido italicae-Phlomidetum fruticosae is characterized by high chamaephyte richness, and occurs in cooler, relatively oceanic areas; c) the Allio pulchelli-Phlomidetum fruticosae is very rich in therophytic species and occupies the drier, more continental part of the distribution area of P. fruticosa. The vegetation syntaxa of the P. fruticosa scrubland belong to two structural types: a relatively low scrubland with a poorly developed herb layer on limestone boulders, and a taller, more open scrubland with a rich herb layer that grows in pastures and abandoned fields. Our results suggest that scree and boulders is the primary habitat of low-growing P. fruticosa scrublands (first structural type), from which the species colonized overgrazed areas and abandoned fields, after humans cleared the primeval Mediterranean forest.

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Bustamar, A., Juniarti, O. Emalinda, Gusnidar, and D. Fiantis. "Assessing soil organic carbon stock under different land-uses in Koto XI Tarusan District, West Sumatra." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1160, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1160/1/012033.

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Abstract Organic carbon in soil can be utilized to assess soil quality and aid to climate change mitigation. Soil organic carbon stock assessment in West Sumatra is still limited. This research focused on soil organic carbon stock distribution in various land-uses in Duku, Koto XI Tarusan, Pesisir Selatan Regency. Research area included secondary forest, scrubland, paddy field, and dryland agriculture. Soil samples were obtained by stratified sampling. Samples were taken at depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm from each land-use type with the same slope and soil type. A soil unit polygon was randomly selected for sampling. 21 samples were collected and analyzed for bulk density, texture, soil respiration, total nitrogen content, and organic carbon. Secondary forest had the highest soil organic carbon storage (128.82 - 294.09 tons per hectare), followed by paddy fields (16.99 - 227.14 tons per hectare), dryland agriculture (10.40 - 65.43 tons per hectare), and scrubland (13.39 - 53.19 tons per hectare). Nitrogen content was higher in secondary forest>paddy soil>scrubland>dry land. Bulk density was found to be higher in scrubland than in dry land, paddy soils, and secondary forest. Soil pH was greater in paddy soil>scrubland>dryland>forest.

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Barrantes Barrantes, Edwin Alberto, and Víctor Hugo Méndez Estrada. "Wealth of water resources and its relation to vegetation cover in the Forest Reserve Greece, Alajuela, Costa Rica." UNED Research Journal 8, no. 1 (June 10, 2016): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v8i1.1215.

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Ecosystems provide various environmental services such as key recharge and ow of the water resource, but they can be damaged by human activity. Understanding vegetation cover allows administrators to predict the effects of such changes on groundwater and the actions needed in ad- ministration. Grecia Forest Reserve is a 2000-hectare zone in Costa Rica that affects eleven settlements in the region. There we measured vegetation cover and water volume in all water springs (N=70). We identified four vegetation groups: secondary forest, scrubland, pasture and pine forest; and an overall mean ow of 1,12 l/s/ha. Most water springs were found in secondary forest, which had the highest vegetation cover; however, scrublands had higher flows.

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Prawito, Priyono, Impetus Hasada Windu Sitorus, Zainal Muktamar, Bandi Hermawan, and Welly Herman. "Soil Properties Variability Under Various Agroecosystems In Ultisols Of Bengkulu." TERRA : Journal of Land Restoration 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/terra.4.2.53-59.

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Understanding the relation of agroecosystem types, ages, and soil properties are vital in maintaining good quality soil. This study aims to explore the variation of selected soil properties with agroecosystem types and ages. The research has been conducted in North Bengkulu, Indonesia. Soil properties on agroecosystems of 5-yr, 10-yr, 15-yr oil palm plantation, 5-yr, 10-yr, 15-yr rubber plantation, food cropland, and scrubland were evaluated. The study found that soil in oil palm and rubber plantations of any age have a similar texture, bulk density (BD), and actual soil moisture (ASM). All plantation agroecosystems and scrubland have higher clay and lower silt content than that in food cropland. In addition, the scrubland has the highest ASM content among the agroecosystems. On the other hand, both agroecosystems enhances soil chemical properties than food cropland and scrubland as indicated by the improvement of organic-C, total-N, available P, exchangeable K and CEC of Ultisols. Older plantation also provides higher soil chemical improvement than younger one. This finding is significant for management of sub optimal soil mainly Ultisols for oil palm and rubber plantation.

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Román, J., G. Ruiz, M. Delibes, and E. Revilla. "Factores ambientales condicionantes de la presenciade la lagartija de Carbonell Podarcis carbonelli (Pérez-Mellado, 1981) en la comarca de Doñana." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 29, no. 1 (June 1, 2006): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2006.29.0073.

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Environmental factors determining the presence of the Carbonell lizard Podarcis carbonelli (Pérez-Mellado, 1981) in the Doñana area The Carbonell lizard (Podarcis carbonelli) is an Iberian endemism. The region of Doñana is its southernmost and more isolated stronghold. We used logistic regressions to investigate the factors conditioning the presence of this lizard in Doñana. All selected models retained the distance to the coast as the main variable. This variable is related with less humidity and more continental climatic conditions, including more extreme temperatures, when further from the coast. This climatic factor was observed both spatially and temporarily, with adult lizards drastically reducing their activity both in winter and in summer. We observed juveniles from June to January, with a maximum in September. Scrubland management was another important environmental factor affecting the presence of lizards. The probability of finding this species was higher where the scrubland was partially cleared, and lower in areas with a high plant cover (hygrophytic scrubland) or in areas with sparse vegetation (dune scrubland), probably due to a lower amount of incident light and less protection when moving between refuges, respectively.

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Juárez-Pérez, Alicia, Alicia Melgoza-Castillo, Carmelo Pinedo-Álvarez, and Eduardo Estrada-Castillón. "Classification of plant communities in Sierra Rica, Manuel Benavides, Chihuahua, Mexico." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 13, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v13.i1.842.

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Sierra Rica is a mountain island located in the plains of the northeastern region of the Chihuahua Desert and has a diversity of vegetation patterns. To study this patterns the vegetation was characterized using GIS and cluster analysis, which identified five community types: pine forest (780 ha), oak forest (1640 ha), grassland (550 ha), desert scrub (866 ha), and rosetophyllous desert scrubland (628 ha). By the use of TWINSPAN software, four main vegetation groups containing 10 main plant associations were identified: (1) Pinus-Quercus forest, (2) grassland, (3) pine forest, (4) Rhus-Juniperus, (5) Pinus-Quercus and xeric species, (6) grassland-desert scrub, (7) desert microphyll scrub, (8) Quercus-Aloysia-Bouteloua association, (9) Acacia constricta scrubland, and (10) Larrea tridentata scrubland. The association among groups and species was significant (P < 0.0001). The subsequent analysis shows a high dependence among species inside the main groups and independence between groups.

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Torre, Ignasi, Tomàs Pulido, Marc Vilella, and Mario Díaz. "Mesocarnivore Distribution along Gradients of Anthropogenic Disturbance in Mediterranean Landscapes." Diversity 14, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14020133.

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Wildfires are important sources of landscape change in Mediterranean environments, creating large patches of low-growth natural habitats (i.e., scrublands) inside protected areas, whereas woodland patches remain mostly near well protected human settlements. Landscape patterns resulting from these gradients influence habitat suitability for mesocarnivores regarding food and shelter. In winter and summer 2019, we sampled 16 independent line-transects with four camera traps each (64 cameras overall), covering the main habitats of the study area (woodlands, scrublands, and crops). Cameras were baited to compensate for the low detectability of target species, and mesocarnivore contacts were analysed by means of GLMMs and occupancy models. Our results showed a positive and stronger association of wild species with woodland habitats, despite the low proportion of habitat available, higher presence of competitors (other mesocarnivores), and potential predators (human pets, i.e., dogs), and low natural prey availability than in scrubland (i.e., small mammals). However, mesocarnivores will find protection against predators and resting sites in forests as well as other food opportunities in crops and urban areas, despite the possible interference with humans and their pets. Potential cascading effects linked to ecological roles of Mediterranean mesocarnivores on the succession of Mediterranean landscapes would imply longer-term effects of human disturbance on landscape trends.

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Dupont, L. M., T. Caley, J. H. Kim, I. Castañeda, B. Malaizé, and J. Giraudeau. "Glacial-interglacial vegetation dynamics in South Eastern Africa coupled to sea surface temperature variations in the Western Indian Ocean." Climate of the Past 7, no. 4 (November 9, 2011): 1209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1209-2011.

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Abstract. Glacial-interglacial fluctuations in the vegetation of South Africa might elucidate the climate system at the edge of the tropics between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. However, vegetation records covering a full glacial cycle have only been published from the eastern South Atlantic. We present a pollen record of the marine core MD96-2048 retrieved by the Marion Dufresne from the Indian Ocean ∼120 km south of the Limpopo River mouth. The sedimentation at the site is slow and continuous. The upper 6 m (spanning the past 342 Ka) have been analysed for pollen and spores at millennial resolution. The terrestrial pollen assemblages indicate that during interglacials, the vegetation of eastern South Africa and southern Mozambique largely consisted of evergreen and deciduous forests. During glacials open mountainous scrubland dominated. Montane forest with Podocarpus extended during humid periods was favoured by strong local insolation. Correlation with the sea surface temperature record of the same core indicates that the extension of mountainous scrubland primarily depends on sea surface temperatures of the Agulhas Current. Our record corroborates terrestrial evidence of the extension of open mountainous scrubland (including fynbos-like species of the high-altitude Grassland biome) for the last glacial as well as for other glacial periods of the past 300 Ka.

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Dupont, L. M., T. Caley, J. H. Kim, I. Castaneda, B. Malaizé, and J. Giraudeau. "Glacial-interglacial vegetation dynamics in south eastern Africa depend on sea surface temperature variations in the west Indian Ocean." Climate of the Past Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 6, 2011): 2261–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-2261-2011.

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Abstract. Glacial-interglacial fluctuations in the vegetation of South Africa might elucidate the climate system at the edge of the tropics between Indian and Atlantic Ocean. However, vegetation records covering a full glacial cycle have only been published from the eastern South Atlantic. We present a pollen record of the marine core MD96-2048 retrieved by the Marion Dufresne from the Indian Ocean ~120 km south of the Limpopo River mouth. The sedimentation at the site is slow and continuous. The upper 6 m (down till 342 ka) have been analysed for pollen and spores at millennial resolution. The terrestrial pollen assemblages indicate that during interglacials the vegetation of eastern South Africa and southern Mozambique largely consisted of evergreen and deciduous forests. During glacials open mountainous scrubland dominated. Montane forest with Podocarpus extended during humid periods favoured by strong local insolation. Correlation with the sea surface temperature record of the same core indicates that the extension of mountainous scrubland primarily depends on sea surface temperatures of the Agulhas Current. Our record corroborates terrestrial evidence of the extension of open mountainous scrubland (including elements with affinity to the Cape Flora) for the last glacial as well as for other glacial periods of the past 300 ka.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Scrubland"

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Da, Prato Stanley Robert Duncan. "The ecology of three species of warblers, Sylviidae, in scrubland in south east Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13541.

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Guan, Dong-sheng, and 管東生. "A study of primary productivity and nutrients in the grassland, fernland and scrubland of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31233569.

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Guan, Dong-sheng. "A study of primary productivity and nutrients in the grassland, fernland and scrubland of Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13616286.

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Froustey, Nicolas. "Évaluer et quantifier les effets des aménagements soutenus ou réalisés par les Fédérations des chasseurs en faveur de la petite faune gibier sédentaire de plaine sur la biodiversité ordinaire et remarquable en zone méditerranéenne française." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES007.

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La riche biodiversité observée dans les régions du bassin méditerranéen souligne l'importance des pratiques agricoles traditionnelles dans la gestion des paysages et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. La déprise agricole dans les zones rurales ont conduit à l'expansion des garrigues. Cette fermeture des milieux met en péril le bon fonctionnement des écosystèmes méditerranéens de plaine, génère des pertes en espèces de milieux ouverts et fragilise de nombreux services écosystémiques, culturels et patrimoniaux. Ces dernières décennies, les gestionnaires à des fins cynégétiques souhaitent restaurer des zones favorables aux espèces de petit gibier, ces dernières étant en régression partout en Europe. Or, les effets de ces actions sur la biodiversité restent méconnus. Ce travail de thèse a pour objet d'évaluer le potentiel écologique de stratégies de gestion de l'habitat pour le petit gibier sur la conservation de la biodiversité. Si les avantages de la garrigue aménagée pour le petit gibier ont été relevés pour les passereaux, des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour préciser l'impact de ces stratégies sur la conservation des chauves-souris, des petits mammifères terrestres et des macro-arthropodes, les résultats actuels demeurent préliminaires voire ambivalents. L'activité saisonnière des chauves-souris est influencée par d'autres facteurs que les aménagements eux-mêmes. Les communautés de petits mammifères terrestres présentent une diversité naturellement limitée dans les garrigues, rendant difficile l'évaluation de l'impact des aménagements sur celles-ci. Enfin, l'organisation et l'enrichissement des communautés de macro-arthropodes terrestres dans les garrigues sont influencés par divers descripteurs spatiaux du paysage à l'échelle locale. Dans ce manuscrit il est proposé (1) quatre études comparatives des zones garrigues aménagées pour la petite faune gibier, par rapport à des zones non aménagées, afin d'évaluer l'impact de la gestion de l'habitat sur la conservation d'espèces non ciblées ; (2) des méthodes d'inventaire développées et adaptées aux environnements contraints d'accès, caractérisés par de denses végétations à feuilles persistantes et épineuses ; (3) des pistes de réflexion pour orienter les futurs travaux de recherche dans l'élaboration d'un itinéraire technique simplifié pour les chasseurs désireux de s'investir dans l'aménagement des territoires, en faveur d'une chasse durable et soucieuse de la biodiversité
The high biodiversity seen in the Mediterranean basin underlines the importance of traditional agricultural practices in landscape management and ecosystem functioning. Agricultural abandonment in rural areas has led to the spread of scrubland. This closure of environments is jeopardizing the proper functioning of Mediterranean lowland ecosystems, generating losses of species in open environments and undermining a large number of ecosystem, cultural and heritage services. Nowadays, hunting managers have been keen to restore areas suitable for small game species, which are in decline throughout Europe. However, the effects of these actions on biodiversity remain poorly understood. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to assess the ecological value of habitat management actions for small game in relation to biodiversity conservation. While the benefits of habitat management actions for small game species have been highlighted for passerines, further studies are needed to assess the impact of these actions on the conservation of bats, small terrestrial mammals and macro-arthropods, as current results remain preliminary, if not mixed. Seasonal bat activity is impacted by factors other than the habitat management itself. The diversity of small terrestrial mammal communities is naturally restricted in scrublands, making it difficult to assess the impact of habitat management on them. Moreover, the structure and enrichment of terrestrial macro-arthropod communities in scrublands are affected by various spatial descriptors of the local landscape. This manuscript proposes (1) four comparative studies of scrubland areas managed for small game fauna, compared with unmanaged areas, in order to assess the impact of habitat management on the conservation of non-target species; (2) inventory methods designed and suited to environments with restricted access, featuring dense evergreen and thorny vegetation ; (3) ideas to guide future research into the design of a simplified technical itinerary for hunters wishing to become involved in land-use planning, in support of sustainable, biodiversity-friendly hunting

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Books on the topic "Scrubland"

1

Szaro, Robert C. Riparian forest and scrubland community types of Arizona and New Mexico. Superior, AZ: University of Arizona, 1989.

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Hammer, Chris. Scrublands. London: Wildfire, 2019.

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Deserts and scrublands. Chicago, Ill: World Book, Inc., 2012.

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Garth, Rosell, and Flewelling Stan, eds. The millionaire and the scrublady, and other parables. Grand Rapids, Mich: Broadmoor Books, 1990.

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Burchett, Bob, and Mike Rucker. The Scrubland Critters and the Cedar Key Catastrophe. The Peppertree Press, 2015.

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Scrublands. Fantagraphics, 2006.

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Hammer, Chris. Scrublands. Allen & Unwin, 2018.

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Scrublands. Touchstone, 2019.

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Hammer, Chris. Scrublands. Touchstone, 2019.

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Scrublands. Atria Books, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Scrubland"

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Silva-Pando, Fransisco Javier, Maria José Rozados Lorenzo, and María Pilar González Hernández. "Grasslands and scrublands in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula: Silvopastoral systems and nature conservation." In Pasture Landscapes and Nature Conservation, 271–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55953-2_21.

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"Scrubland." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 907. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_300351.

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"scrubland [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 878. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_12365.

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"oak scrubland [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 635. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_8682.

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"scrubland [n], oak." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 878. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_12366.

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Bierhorst, John. "Tricksters of the Chaco." In The Mythology of South America, 119–26. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195146240.003.0009.

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Abstract Called Chaco or Gran Chaco, the flat low-lying region centering on western Paraguay takes its name from the old Argentine Quechua word chacu, meaning “hunting ground.” In fact deer, peccary, ostrich, and lesser game were once fairly common in the arid scrubland of the western Chaco. Toward the east, where rivers spread out and form swamps, ducks and other water birds are still plentiful.

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Larkin, Maurice. "France in the l930s." In France Since the Popular Front, 1–33. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198731528.003.0001.

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Abstract FRANCE in the 1930s was geographically the most varied country in Western Europe, stretching from the wind-swept agricultural plains of the north to the sun-baked scrubland of the Mediterranean. Its lateral sweep was no less chequered, ranging from the vineyards and sandy forests of the Atlantic seaboard to Europe’s highest mountain range in the east. If its mineral deposits were poor, its diversity of crops was prodigious, extending from potatoes and beet in the north to rice and olives in the south. Its wild animals included the seals of the Somme Estuary and the bears of the Pyrenees; there were wild boar within thirty miles of Paris, and scorpions in the gardens of Nice. And all this within a country that lay between narrower latitudes than the British Isles. Its variety of life and spectacle was such that even half a century later the great majority of its people chose to spend their holidays in France.

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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe, and Susan P. Harrison. "Serpentine Plant Assemblages: A Global Overview." In Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0015.

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Serpentine substrates are found in many parts of the world, but there is considerable variation in the structure, composition, and diversity of the flora they support. To place western North America in a worldwide context, this chapter provides a brief sketch of global patterns in serpentine plant life, drawing on the reviews by Brooks (1987), Baker et al. (1992), and Roberts and Proctor (1992), as well as other sources. Following this is an overview of some of the main physical factors known to cause variation in the vegetation on serpentine both at the regional and local levels. Finally, we discuss what is known about the roles of competition, fire, herbivory, and other ecological processes in shaping plant assemblages on serpentine. The availability of botanical information varies considerably around the world. In most countries where serpentine occurs, it is possible to name at least some of the plant species and vegetation types found on it. But in countries where surveys are incomplete, or where information has not been synthesized at a national or larger level, it is generally not possible to estimate the number of serpentine-endemic taxa or to describe patterns of variation within the serpentine vegetation. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phillippines, and Brazil are particularly notable as countries with serpentine floras that are potentially rich but in need of more study. With this caveat, however, some of the major global trends can be described based on available knowledge. Flora and vegetation of selected parts of the world are summarized in table 10-1, and global contrasts between the vegetation of serpentine and other soils are summarized in table 10-2. New Caledonia and Cuba lead the world in known serpentine endemic diversity with 900+ species each, >90% of which are also endemics to these islands. Depending on elevation, rainfall, and fire history, the serpentine vegetation on both islands varies from sclerophyllous scrubland that contrasts visibly with the neighboring vegetation, to medium-stature rainforest that is not strikingly different in appearance from the vegetation growing in other soils.

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Dutta Gupta, Varun, G. Areendran, Krishna Raj, Swagata Ghosh, Shyamal Dutta, and Mehebub Sahana. "Assessing habitat suitability of leopards (Panthera pardus) in unprotected scrublands of Bera, Rajasthan, India." In Forest Resources Resilience and Conflicts, 329–42. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822931-6.00026-5.

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G. Neary, Daniel. "Recent Megafires Provide a Tipping Point for Desertification of Conifer Ecosystems." In Conifers - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101595.

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Recent megafires and gigafires are contributing to the desertification of conifer forest ecosystems due to their size and severity. Megafires have been increasing in their frequency in the past two decades of the 21st century. They are classed as such because of being 40,469 to 404,694 ha in size, having high complexity, resisting suppression, and producing desertification due to erosion and vegetation type conversion. Increasingly, gigafires (>404,694 ha) are impacting coniferous forest ecosystems. These were once thought of as only pre-20th century phenomena when fire suppression was in its infancy. Climate change is an insidious inciting factor in large wildfire occurrences. Fire seasons are longer, drier, hotter, and windier due to changes in basic meteorology. Conifer forests have accumulated high fuel loads in the 20th and 21st centuries. Ignition sources in conifer forests have increased as well due to human activities, economic development, and population demographics. Natural ignitions from lightning are increasing as a result of greater severe thunderstorm activity. Drought has predisposed these forests to easy fire ignition and spread. Wildfires are more likely to produce vegetation shifts from conifers to scrublands or grasslands, especially when wildfires occur with higher frequency and severity. Severe erosion after megafires has the collateral damage of reducing conifer resilience and sustainability.

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