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1
service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Photoprotection in Plants: Optical Screening-based Mechanisms. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
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2
M, Hardy Leslie, and Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Prenatal and Newborn Screening for HIV Infection., eds. HIV screening of pregnant women and newborns. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.
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3
O, St Louis Kenneth. Oral speech mechanism screening examination: Examiner's manual. 3rd ed. Austin, Tex: Pro-ed, 2000.
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4
Tafazoli, Shahrzad. Accelerated cytotoxic mechanism screening (ACMS) of radical hepatotoxins. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.
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5
Piazza, Gianmatteo. A screening mechanism in an efficiency wage model with adverse selection. [s.l.]: typescript, 1993.
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6
EricksonKirk, M. T. Recommended screening limits for pressurized thermal shock (PTS). Washington, DC: United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, 2010.
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7
Papadopoulos, Demetrios S. Use of unbalanced laminates as a screening method for microcracking. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.
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8
Klaus, Leonore. Untersuchungen zum Mechanismus der Kohlenstoff-Katabolit-Inaktivierung in Hefen: Entwicklung eines Screening-Systems zur Isolierung von Inaktivierungs-Mutanten und deren Charakterisierung. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 1985.
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9
Patlak, Margie. Mammography and beyond: Developing technologies for the early detection of breast cancer : a non-technical summary. Edited by National Cancer Policy Board (U.S.). Committee on the Early Detection of Breast Cancer and National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Life Sciences. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001.
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10
Solovchenko, Alexei. Photoprotection in Plants: Optical Screening-based Mechanisms. Springer, 2011.
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11
Photoprotection in Plants: Optical Screening-Based Mechanisms. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2012.
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12
Livesay, Billy R. Defect-Induced Failure Mechanisms Accelerated by Environmental Stress Screening. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Techn, 1990.
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13
HIV Screening of Pregnant Women And Newborns. Natl Academy Pr, 1990.
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14
O, St Louis Kenneth, and Dennis M. Ruscello. Oral Speech Mechanism Screening Examination. Pro ed, 1987.
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15
Bhopal, Raj S. Interrelated concepts in the epidemiology of disease: Natural history and incubation period, time trends in populations, spectrum, iceberg, and screening. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0006.
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The natural history of disease is the uninterrupted progression of disease from its initiation to either spontaneous resolution, containment by the body’s repair mechanisms, or to a clinically detectable problem. Related concepts include the changing pattern of disease in populations and levels of severity (spectrum) of disease. Often the number of cases identified is exceeded by those not discovered. An illustrative metaphor for this is the iceberg. The pyramid of disease develops this into a population concept. Screening is the application of tests to diagnose disease (or precursors) in an earlier phase of the natural history of disease, often in well people, or in a less severe part of the disease spectrum than is achieved in routine medical practice. The potential of screening is vast but there are important limitations, such as the inability to influence the natural history of many diseases.
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Darcy, Alison, and Shiri Sadeh-Sharvit. Mobile Device Applications for the Assessment and Treatment of Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.27.
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Mobile devices and applications (apps) are increasingly used in clinical practice, offering reconceptualization of and novel avenues to tracking symptoms and delivery of more personalized interventions. This chapter reviews the burgeoning approaches to the integration of mobile in screening and treating individuals with eating disorders. Promising methods of data collection such as ecological momentary assessments enhance the capabilities of detecting symptoms and recognizing patterns—both are fundamental to the screening, evaluation, and monitoring of eating disorders and lay the foundations for better treatment design. More recent advances in machine learning allow ecological momentary interventions to be delivered and continuously optimized at the individual level in real time. This chapter explores what this means for the future of personalized treatment for eating disorders, referring to apps that integrate these mechanisms. Finally, the chapter provides a framework for evaluating mobile device mental health apps in clinical care.
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Chung, Dah-Eun Chloe, Jeannette N. Stankowski, and Leonard Petrucelli. Neurobiology of FTD. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0056.
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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the third most common form of dementia, and is one that predominantly affects the frontal and temporal lobes. Pathological heterogeneity of FTD is highlighted in various types of protein inclusions in the brain, which can include tau, TDP-43, or FUS. The discovery of novel genes and mutations associated with FTD, along with the exciting advancement of molecular technologies, led to the development of numerous animal- and human-based model systems. These valuable models allow not only for the investigation of pathogenic mechanisms underlying FTD, but also for their utilization as powerful platforms for the screening of novel therapies.
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Mashregi, Mariam. Accelerated cytotoxic mechanism screening of isoniazid and phenylhydrazine using an in vitro hepatocyte inflammation model. 2006.
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19
Allen, Shelley J. Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779803.003.0002.
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We now know that the onset of the pathological processes leading to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be 15–20 years before symptoms appear. This focuses attention on synaptic changes and the early role of tau, and less on the hallmark amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tau tangles. Sensitive biomarkers to allow early screening will be essential. Familial autosomal AD is the result of mutations in one of three genes (APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2), each directly related to increased Aβ, and informs pathological mechanisms in common sporadic cases, but are also subject to influence by many risk genes and environmental factors. The essential role of apolipoprotein E in neuronal repair and Aβ clearance provides a therapeutic target but also a challenge in carriers of the risk gene APOE4. Current treatments are symptomatic, derived from neurotransmitter deficits seen; particularly cholinergic, but emerging data suggest alternative targets which may prove more productive.
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Budinski, Kenneth G., and Steven T. Budinski. Tribomaterials. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.9781627083232.
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Tribomaterials: Properties and Selection for Friction, Wear, and Erosion Applications provides practical information on the tribological behaviors of engineering materials, how they are measured, and how to account for them in order to optimize product lifetime and performance. The first few chapters describe the mechanisms and manifestations of various types of friction, erosion, and wear and how to assess their impact on design and equipment operation using proven tribotesting methods. The chapters that follow cover the tribological properties and characteristics of important engineering materials, including carbon and low-alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, nickel- and cobalt-base alloys, copper alloys, and cast iron as well as ceramics, cermets, cemented carbides, polymers, and polymer composites. The book also includes chapters on treatments and coatings, lubrication, and the selection and screening of materials for tribosystems, including medical applications. Each chapter ends with a review of terms, takeaway concepts, essential questions, and related reading. For information on the print version, ISBN: 978-1-62708-321-8, follow this link.
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Ward, Elizabeth. Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0024.
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This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms by which cancer develops and the importance of exogenous exposures in cancer causation. It describes the magnitude of cancer as a public health problem in the United States and globally, highlights temporal trends in cancer rates in the United States and variations in global cancer burden by country, income level, and region. Laboratory methods for identification of potential carcinogens are reviewed with emphasis on recent developments in toxicogenomics and high-throughput screening. The classification system used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in evaluation of potential carcinogens is described, and data are presented on occupational and environmental agents classified as “carcinogenic to humans” or “probably carcinogenic to humans.” Specific occupational and environmental carcinogens are discussed in greater detail. Topics of interest to clinicians and public health practicioners include the evaluation of occupational and community cancer clusters, primary and secondary prevention of occupational cancer, and four case studies related to cancer prevention and control and risk communication in diverse occupational settings.
22
Use of unbalanced laminates as a screening method for microcracking. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.
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23
Bell, Carl C. Juveniles. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0056.
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The incarceration of juveniles occurs in both juvenile systems and adult correctional systems, depending on jurisdiction, age, and criminal charges. Holding adolescents responsible for behavior that sometimes leads to juvenile crimes ensures that offenders will be held accountable, but also provides justice to victims. However, children are still developing, and their brains develop from bottom up and inside out causing their flight, fight, or freeze (limbic) systems to be fully engaged before their judgment and wisdom (frontal lobe) systems are in place to mediate their behavior. Children are not little adults. More simply put - children are essentially all gasoline and no brakes or steering wheel, and they need mature adults to provide braking and steering until they can develop their own internal control systems. Accordingly, the mechanisms of accountability for juveniles should not mimic adult punishments. Suicide risk, developmental disabilities such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and trauma histories are each of particular importance in this age group. Considering the complexity of the mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders of youth in corrections, there are several best-practice approaches to screening, assessment, and treatment. This chapter reviews the history of juvenile incarceration, and best or evidence-based practices in the management and treatment of incarcerated juvenile offenders.
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Bell, Carl C. Juveniles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0056_update_001.
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The incarceration of juveniles occurs in both juvenile systems and adult correctional systems, depending on jurisdiction, age, and criminal charges. Holding adolescents responsible for behavior that sometimes leads to juvenile crimes ensures that offenders will be held accountable, but also provides justice to victims. However, children are still developing, and their brains develop from bottom up and inside out causing their flight, fight, or freeze (limbic) systems to be fully engaged before their judgment and wisdom (frontal lobe) systems are in place to mediate their behavior. Children are not little adults. More simply put - children are essentially all gasoline and no brakes or steering wheel, and they need mature adults to provide braking and steering until they can develop their own internal control systems. Accordingly, the mechanisms of accountability for juveniles should not mimic adult punishments. Suicide risk, developmental disabilities such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and trauma histories are each of particular importance in this age group. Considering the complexity of the mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders of youth in corrections, there are several best-practice approaches to screening, assessment, and treatment. This chapter reviews the history of juvenile incarceration, and best or evidence-based practices in the management and treatment of incarcerated juvenile offenders.
25
Coates, Laura C., and Philip S. Helliwell. Psoriatic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0114.
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Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition affecting about 3% of Europeans and North Americans. About 15% of people afflicted with psoriasis will develop psoriatic arthritis—cutaneous risk factors for this are psoriasis of the nails, scalp, and flexures. Since most cases of arthritis develop in people with psoriasis, new screening tools, both clinical and imaging, are available. Some genetic factors may also explain susceptibility and severity. Historically, five clinical subgroups have been described but these may be simplified to axial and peripheral involvement, the latter dividing into oligo- and polyarticular patterns. The importance of these clinical subdivisions is still under debate and research but it is clear that there is marked heterogeneity in all manifestations of this disease. In recent times the importance of extra-articular features has gained prominence such that the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular morbidity are now seen as important features of 'psoriatic disease'. The diverse changes seen in bone on imaging reflect both the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and the ways in which the disease progresses. Recent work with animal models and immunohistochemistry has further advanced our understanding of these features. In the biologic era renewed interest in psoriatic arthritis has stimulated research into outcome assessment and permitted clearer understanding of how these new drugs work on the different aspects of the disease. In addition, improved recognition of the impact of the disease on the person has stimulated the development of new patient-reported outcome tools.
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Coates, Laura C., and Philip S. Helliwell. Psoriatic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0114_update_003.
Full textAbstract:
Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition affecting about 3% of Europeans and North Americans. About 15% of people afflicted with psoriasis will develop psoriatic arthritis—cutaneous risk factors for this are psoriasis of the nails, scalp, and flexures. Since most cases of arthritis develop in people with psoriasis, new screening tools, both clinical and imaging, are available. Some genetic factors may also explain susceptibility and severity. Historically, five clinical subgroups have been described but these may be simplified to axial and peripheral involvement, the latter dividing into oligo- and polyarticular patterns. The importance of these clinical subdivisions is still under debate and research but it is clear that there is marked heterogeneity in all manifestations of this disease. In recent times the importance of extra-articular features has gained prominence such that the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular morbidity are now seen as important features of ’psoriatic disease’. The diverse changes seen in bone on imaging reflect both the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and the ways in which the disease progresses. Recent work with animal models and immunohistochemistry has further advanced our understanding of these features. In the biologic era renewed interest in psoriatic arthritis has stimulated research into outcome assessment and permitted clearer understanding of how these new drugs work on the different aspects of the disease. In addition, improved recognition of the impact of the disease on the person has stimulated the development of new patient-reported outcome tools.
27
Strasburger, Victor C., and Susan M. Coupey, eds. AM:STARs: Metabolic Challenges to Adolescent Health, Vol. 19, No. 3. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581104103.
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This widely respected resource includes "The Adolescent Obesity Epidemic," "Adolescent Obesity: Etiology, Office Evaluation, and Treatment," "Medical Intervention in Adolescent Obesity," "Dietary Approaches to Healthy Weight Management for Adolescents," "Does Adolescent Media Use Cause Obesity and Eating Disorders?" "Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents: Mechanics, Metabolism, and Medical Care," "The Metabolic Syndrome: A Gathering Challenge in a Time of Abundance," "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus," "Screening Adolescents for Lipid Disorders: What Is the Best Approach?" "Body Image, Eating Disorders, and the Media," "Eating Disorders," and "Bone Metabolism During Adolescence: The Known, the Unknown, and the Controversial."
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Morawetz, Klaus. Deep Impurities with Collision Delay. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0017.
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The linearised nonlocal kinetic equation is solved analytically for impurity scattering. The resulting response function provides the conductivity, plasma oscillation and Fermi momentum. It is found that virial corrections nearly compensate the wave-function renormalizations rendering the conductivity and plasma mode unchanged. Due to the appearance of the correlated density, the Luttinger theorem does not hold and the screening length is influenced. Explicit results are given for a typical semiconductor. Elastic scattering of electrons by impurities is the simplest but still very interesting dissipative mechanism in semiconductors. Its simplicity follows from the absence of the impurity dynamics, so that individual collisions are described by the motion of an electron in a fixed potential.
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Ritchie, James, Darren Green, Constantina Chrysochou, and Philip A. Kalra. Renal artery stenosis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0214.
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Modern practice typically utilizes indirect angiography by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging as the first-line diagnostic tool for renal artery stenosis, with no established screening tool able to meaningfully impact the pre-test probability of a positive finding. Neither can any current imaging technique reliably predict patient, blood pressure, or renal outcome following renal artery revascularization, although promising developments have been made in recent years.A major mechanism of hypertension in renovascular hypertension is overproduction of renin in response to hypoperfusion. While renin levels can be useful in investigating patients likely to have secondary hypertension, in the setting of renal impairment renin levels are not particularly useful in distinguishing treatable renal artery stenosis from other causes of renal disease.
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Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Prevention of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0350.
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In the UK, the four commonest cancers—lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer—result in around 62 000 deaths every year. Although deaths from cancer have fallen in the UK over the last 20 years, the UK still suffers from higher cancer death rates than many other countries in Western Europe. In 1999, the UK government produced a White Paper called Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation that outlined a national target to reduce the death rate from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75 by 2010. The subsequent NHS Cancer Plan of 2000 designed a framework by which to achieve this target through effective prevention, screening, and treatment programmes as well as restructuring and developing new diagnostic and treatment facilities. But do we know enough about the biology of the development of cancer for government health policies alone to force dramatic changes in survival? The science behind the causes of cancer tells us that its origin lies in acquired or inherited genetic abnormalities. Inherited gene mutation syndromes and exposure to environmental mutagens cause cancer, largely through abnormalities in DNA repair mechanisms, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Although screening those thought to be at highest risk, and regulating exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco or ionizing radiation, have reduced, and will continue to reduce, cancer deaths, there are many other environmental factors that have been shown to increase the population risk of cancer. These will be outlined in this chapter. However, the available evidence is largely from retrospective and cross-sectional population-based studies and therefore limits the ability to apply this knowledge to the risk of the individual patient who may been seen in clinic. Although we may be able to put him or her into a high-, intermediate-, or low-risk category, the question ‘will I get cancer, doc?’ is one that we cannot answer with certainty. The NHS Cancer Plan of 2000, designed to reduce cancer deaths in this country and to bring UK treatment results in line with those other countries in Europe, focuses on preventing malignancy as part of its comprehensive cancer management strategy. It highlights that the rich are less likely to develop cancer, and will survive longer if they are diagnosed than those who live in poverty. This may reflect available treatment options, but is more likely to be related to the lifestyle of those with regular work, as they may be more health aware. The Cancer Plan, however, suggests that relieving poverty may be more labour intensive and less rewarding than encouraging positive risk-reducing behaviour in all members of the population. Eating well can reduce the risk of developing many cancers, particularly of the stomach and bowel. The Cancer Plan outlines the ‘Five-a-Day’ programme which was rolled out in 2002 and encouraged people to eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables per day. Obese people are also at higher risk of cancers, in particular endometrial cancer. A good diet and regular exercise not only reduce obesity but are also independent risk-reducing factors. Alcohol misuse is thought to be a major risk factor in around 3% of all cancers, with the highest risk for cancers of the mouth and throat. As part of the Cancer Plan, the Department of Health promotes physical activity and general health programmes, as well as alcohol and smoking programmes, particularly in deprived areas. Focusing on these healthy lifestyle points can potentially reduce an individual lifetime risk of all cancers. However, our knowledge of the biology of four cancers in particular has led to the development of specific life-saving interventions. Outlined in this chapter are details regarding ongoing prevention strategies for carcinomas of the lung, the breast, the bowel, and the cervix.
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Keller, Moritz, ed. EU Investment Protection Law. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509968374.
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In the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the EU has sought to implement a number of policy goals, including a new tribunal mechanism for resolving investment disputes, more precision in the wording of legal standards of protection in order to achieve better consistency in decision-making, and the inclusion of requirements on conflicts of interest of arbitrators and transparency of proceedings. This book provides a comprehensive article-by-article commentary on these ground-breaking agreements and Regulations, deconstructing the legal issues and providing practical insights. With a broader legal framework also in place in the form of three EU Regulations which underpin the investment protection law framework, the work also provides commentary on (i) Regulation (EU) No 912/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 establishing a framework for managing financial responsibility linked to investor-to-state dispute settlement tribunals established by international agreements to which the European Union is party, (ii) Regulation (EU) 1219/2012 establishing transitional arrangements for bilateral investment agreements between EU countries and non-EU countries and (iii) Regulation (EU) 2019/452 establishing a framework for screening of foreign direct investments into the European Union.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Quantum Statistical Field Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.001.0001.
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The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of non-relativistic quantum many-particle theory and condensed matter physics, are at the core of this book. As an introduction to the subject, this presentation is intended to facilitate delivery of the material in an easily digestible form to students at a relatively early stage of their scientific development, specifically advanced undergraduates (rather than second or third year graduate students), who are mathematically strong physics majors. The mechanism to accomplish this is the early introduction of variational calculus with particle sources and the Schwinger Action Principle, accompanied by Green’s functions, and, in addition, a brief derivation of quantum mechanical ensemble theory introducing statistical thermodynamics. Important achievements of the theory in condensed matter and quantum statistical physics are reviewed in detail to help develop research capability. These include the derivation of coupled field Green’s function equations of motion for a model electron-hole-phonon system, extensive discussions of retarded, thermodynamic and non-equilibrium Green’s functions, and their associated spectral representations and approximation procedures. Phenomenology emerging in these discussions includes quantum plasma dynamic, nonlocal screening, plasmons, polaritons, linear electromagnetic response, excitons, polarons, phonons, magnetic Landau quantization, van der Waals interactions, chemisorption, etc. Considerable attention is also given to low-dimensional and nanostructured systems, including quantum wells, wires, dots and superlattices, as well as materials having exceptional conduction properties such as superconductors, superfluids and graphene.
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Izzedine, Hassan, and Victor Gueutin. Drug-induced chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0087.
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The chronic form of drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN) is an insidious disease and most probably represents the common final response pattern of the kidney to a variety of agents (including analgesics, lithium, antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents, like cisplatin and nitrosoureas, and immunosuppressive drugs, such as ciclosporin and tacrolimus). Drug-induced CTIN is usually asymptomatic, presenting with slowly progressive renal impairment. Because of its insidious nature, CTIN is often diagnosed incidentally on routine laboratory screening or evaluation of CKD. The diagnosis of drug-induced CTIN largely depends on the history of exposure to a nephrotoxic drug. Clinical investigations may show modest elevation in serum creatinine, evidence of tubular dysfunction (e.g. renal tubular acidosis), or Fanconi syndrome (i.e. aminoaciduria, glycosuria, hypophosphataemia, and hypouricaemia). Urinalysis may be normal or show low-grade proteinuria (< 1.5 g/day) and/or pyuria. Diagnosis depends on renal biopsy, which reveals variable cellular infiltration of the interstitium, tubular atrophy, and fibrosis. Analgesic nephropathy is possibly still the most common category of CTIN worldwide. The amount of phenacetin-acetaminophen combination required to cause CTIN has been estimated to be at least 2–3 kg over many years. Lithium-induced CTIN occurs in a small subset of patients receiving long-term lithium therapy, who have had repeated episodes of lithium toxicity, with high serum drug levels. CTIN induced by ciclosporin or tacrolimus is common among patients receiving kidney, heart, liver, and pancreas transplants. The mechanism appears to be dependent largely on the potent vasoconstrictive effects of these drugs. The recognition of a potential association between a patient’s renal disease and exposure to a drug is crucial, because, unlike many other forms of renal disease, drug-induced CTIN can be prevented and even reversed, by avoiding additional drug exposure.