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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Larner, A. J., ed. Cognitive Screening Instruments. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2452-8.

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2

Larner, A. J., ed. Cognitive Screening Instruments. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44775-9.

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3

Lacey, John H. Technical report: Validation of problem drinking screening instruments for DWI offenders. [Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1999.

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4

Harlander, Thomas. Entwicklung eines Change Management Screening Instruments für die Einführung von IT-Systemen. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12065-8.

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5

Winters, Ken C. Simple screening instruments for outreach for alcohol and other drug abuse infectious diseases.. Rockville, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services, 1994.

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6

Winters, Ken C. Simple screening instruments for outreach for alcohol and other drug abuse and infectious diseases. Rockville, MD (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 1994.

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7

M, Zenilman Jonathan, and Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (U.S.), eds. Simple screening instruments for outreach for alcohol and other drug abuse and infectious diseases. Rockville, MD (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 1994.

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8

Winters, Ken C. Simple screening instruments for outreach for alcohol and other drug abuse and infectious diseases. Rockville, MD (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 1994.

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9

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment. Y2K and medical devices: Screening for the Y2K bug : joint hearing before the Subcommittees on Health and Environment and Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, May 25, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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10

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations., ed. Y2K and medical devices: Screening for the Y2K bug : joint hearing before the Subcommittees on Health and Environment and Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, May 25, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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11

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment. Y2K and medical devices: Screening for the Y2K bug : joint hearing before the Subcommittees on Health and Environment and Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, May 25, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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12

Grisso, Thomas. Massachusetts youth screening instrument, Version 2: MAYSI-2 : user's manual and technical report, revised 2006. Sarasota, Florida: Professional Resource Press, 2014.

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13

Anam, Nirafat. The generation of a tool for screening the early grammatical development of Bangla-speaking children and the potential use of this instrument in classes of hearing-impaired children. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1997.

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14

Larner, A. J. Cognitive Screening Instruments: A Practical Approach. Springer, 2016.

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15

Cognitive Screening Instruments: A Practical Approach. Springer, 2018.

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16

K, Jones R., Wiliszowski Connie H, and United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration., eds. Technical report: Validation of problem drinking screening instruments for DWI offenders. [Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1999.

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17

K, Jones R., Wiliszowski Connie H, and United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration., eds. Technical report: Validation of problem drinking screening instruments for DWI offenders. [Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1999.

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18

Catalog of screening and assessment instruments for young children: Birth through age 5. 2nd ed. [Columbus: Center for Students, Families & Communities, Office of Early Learning and School Readiness, 2007.

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19

Reiser, Dana Brakman, and Steven A. Dean. From Form to Finance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190249786.003.0005.

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This chapter describes how social enterprise founders and investors can use financial instruments to credibly signal their double-bottom-line commitments to each other. Its main example is a contingent convertible debt instrument that would constrain both investors and entrepreneurs from unilaterally abandoning social mission in favor of profit. The instrument’s low yield and long term would reassure entrepreneurs by screening in only investors willing to sacrifice profit for social mission for a considerable period. Conversion rights triggered on the sale of founders’ equity would allow investors to trust founders not to sell out. In an IPO or sale before the instrument’s maturity, founders would lose a significant share of any profit to debtholders unless these lenders agreed to its terms. Through this example and others, the chapter shows how social entrepreneurs and impact investors can craft sophisticated financial instruments to overcome the trust deficit that would otherwise keep them apart.
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20

Harlander, Thomas. Entwicklung eines Change Management Screening Instruments für die Einführung von IT-Systemen: Eine Implementierungsunterstützung für die IT-Consultingpraxis. Springer, 2015.

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21

Digital I&C systems in nuclear power plants: Risk-screening of environmental stressors and a comparison of hardware unavailability with an existing analog system. Washington, DC: Division of Systems Technology, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1998.

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22

Maternal substance use assessment methods reference manual: A review of screening and clinical assessment instruments for examining maternal use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Rockville, Md. (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockwall II, Rockville 20857): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1993.

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23

Casey, Patricia. How common is adjustment disorder? (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786214.003.0002.

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Most of the large-scale epidemiological studies have neglected AD, although there are some recent smaller studies that have included it. The diagnostic tools in common use, such as SCAN or SCID, either omit AD or only allow the diagnosis to be made when all other disorders have been considered. Studies using these have found a prevalence of less than 2% in the general population or among those attending primary care. Two instruments specific for AD have been published in recent years. The ADNM is a screening instrument based on the proposed ICD-11 criteria, while the DIAD is a diagnostic tool. With these instruments, the prevalence has been shown to be much higher than earlier studies indicated, and in some settings such as liaison psychiatry its frequency eclipsed that of major depression. It is likely that the enhanced status of AD will result in more epidemiological studies that incorporate AD as well as other common disorders.
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24

Krug, David A. Phd, Joel Phd Arick, and Patrician Phd Almond. Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning. 2nd ed. Western Psychological Services, 1993.

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25

Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Concluding Comments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0007.

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The term culture should be understood from microlevels and macrolevels. Microlevel is the study of different subgroups within a society or a community such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, language, and even political orientation. At the macrolevel, cross-cultural analyses can be viewed as the comparison of different nations and continents. Incorrect screening instruments or bias diagnostic procedures lead to false implementation of treatments, and false treatments can harm clients socially, psychologically, and financially. Cross-cultural measurement development requires the researchers to be aware of cultural nuances of the target culture. Researchers should consider gender differences within the target culture at every step of the instrument development. When an instrument is developed for two or more cultural groups, representatives of these groups must be invited to participate in the research process from the formulation of the research questions, conceptualization, and operationalization of research variables to questionnaire construction and interpretation of the results.
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26

Gillberg, Christopher, Elisabeth Fernell, I. Carina Gillberg, and Björn Kadesjö. Developmental coordination disorder. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0027.

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ADHD is often comorbid with other psychiatric/neurodevelopmental disorders, and is associated with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in about half of all cases. Therefore, clinicians who are working with patients with ADHD need to be aware of the very strong association with motor impairment and should be able to diagnose motor control problems. There are evidence-based interventions for DCD, which makes it important for clinicians to be able to provide adequate assessment and early diagnosis. Several well-researched screening instruments are available, in particular the test of motor impairment, the movement assessment battery for children, and the screening devices designed by a Swedish group.
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27

Foley, Frederick W. Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses the signs and symptoms of sexual dysfunction that are common in persons with multiple sclerosis. The epidemiology of sexual dysfunction in this patient population is presented, along with techniques and instruments for screening for sexual dysfunction. Definitions of primary, secondary, and tertiary sexual dysfunction are reviewed, and a detailed discussion of treatment strategies is presented, including pharmacologic agents, devices, and behavioral interventions.
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28

Levesque, Anna, and Edward V. Nunes. Recognizing Addiction in Older Patients. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0002.

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Alcohol and substance-use disorders in older adults can present in primary care practice in subtle or confusing ways. Screening and diagnostic tools validated in younger populations may limit their recognition. The main objective of this chapter is to differentiate signs and symptoms of alcohol or substance use disorder from other medical and psychiatric comorbidities. We review normal metabolic changes associated with aging as well as clinical features of harmful drinking. The risks of combining alcohol with psychoactive prescription medications are also considered. The relevance of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria to older patients is explored, and we review the evidence for the importance of systematic screening using validated instruments in an older population. Therapeutic vs. aberrant uses of psychoactive prescription medications in the geriatric population are discussed. Finally, we review patterns of illicit substance use in older adults.
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29

McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD). Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, 2008.

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30

Martel, Marc O., and Robert N. Jamison. Adherence in Pharmacotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600075.003.0003.

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This chapter summarizes the factors that have been found to be associated with an increased risk of pharmacotherapy adherence problems among patients with chronic pain. An overview of screening instruments and strategies that can be used for the assessment and management of patients at risk of medication nonadherence is also addressed. Given that research on pharmacotherapy adherence among patients with pain has predominantly been conducted in the context of opioid therapy, a particular emphasis is placed on opioids. However, issues associated with adherence to nonopioid pharmacotherapies are also addressed throughout the various sections of this chapter. Recommendations regarding pharmacotherapy for chronic pain are provided.
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31

Parent and teacher congruency on variations of a screening instrument: An examination. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 1997.

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32

Elliott, Doug, and Linda Denehy. Post-ICU Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0051.

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More than three-quarters of patients who experience a critical illness and intensive care unit admission survive their initial physiological insult and are subsequently discharged from hospital. Some of these survivors have physical, psychological, or cognitive deficits that persist and delay optimal recovery in the following months and, in some instances, years. A range of generic screening and functional assessment strategies has been used with post-ICU cohorts, but methodological limitations were evident. Further research is therefore required, possibly using a battery of instruments to cover a broad range of function across the recovery period, to explore optimal screening times. Commencing or continuing rehabilitation strategies for patients after ICU discharge in both hospital and post-hospital environments have their own set of challenges. A key step is to improve awareness and understanding of the sequelae of critical illness among rehabilitation specialists, primary care practitioners, and the broader health community. Coordination and optimal use of scarce resources in hospital and community settings is required. Evidence supporting post-ICU rehabilitation interventions is mixed. Studies are needed to discern which patients likely to respond and the optimal amount, type, and timing of interventions. Innovative use of wearable technologies and smartphone or tablet applications may offer some solutions for monitoring, motivation, compliance, and optimal recovery for survivors of a critical illness who have identified functional deficits.
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33

Anderson, Karen L. S.I.F.T.E.R: Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk in children identified by hearing screening or who have known hearing loss : User's manual. The Interstate Printers & Publishers, 1989.

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34

Hooft, P. Seminal Zinc as a Screening Instrument for the Preliminary Identification of Semen Traces. Leuven University Press, 1992.

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35

Grisso, Thomas, and Richard Barnum. Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument - Version 2 (MAYSI-2: User's Manual and Technical Report). Professional Resource Press, 2003.

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36

Kooij, Sandra, Philip Asherson, and Michael Rösler. ADHD in adults. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0033.

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In this chapter, the diagnostic assessment of ADHD in adults is described, starting with the clinical picture, such as the symptoms and the areas of impairment. To start the diagnostic process, screening instruments may be used. During diagnostic assessment, collateral information and neuropsychological tests have their role. The assessment of frequently occurring comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, such as mood, anxiety, sleep, personality, and autism spectrum disorders, as well as addiction, is necessary to complete the clinical picture. Also, differential diagnosis is part of the diagnostic process. Finally, the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA 2.0), and the Conners Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview (CAADID) are described and discussed. Instructions for use of the DIVA are given. The adjustments in the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD, and the next edition of DIVA based on the DSM-5 criteria, DIVA-5, are described.
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37

Sullivan, Maria, and Frances Levin, eds. Addiction in the Older Patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.001.0001.

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Addictive disorders in older adults are underdiagnosed and undertreated. An important reason for this lack of recognition of a serious health problem is a paucity of clinical knowledge about how such disorders present in this population. The presentation for alcohol and substance use disorders in the elderly can be confusing, given the metabolic changes and concurrent conditions associated with aging, together with interactions between alcohol and prescribed psychoactive drugs. Further, screening instruments have not been validated for this population. Brief interventions may be effective but should take into account contextual needs such as medical conditions, cognitive decline, and mobility limitations. Treatment strategies, including detoxification regimens, need to be modified for older patients and - in the case of opioid dependence - must address the management of chronic pain in this population. Ironically, benzodiazepines are the most frequently prescribed psychoactive medication in the elderly, despite older individuals' greater sensitivity to side effects and toxicity. Older women are at particularly heightened vulnerability for iatrogenic dependence on sedatives and hypnotics. More clinical research data are needed to inform screening and referral strategies, behavioral therapies, and pharmacological treatment. At the same time, emerging technologies such as communication tools and monitoring devices offer important opportunities to advance addiction treatment and recovery management in older adults. Although research to date has been limited in this population, recent data suggest that treatment outcomes are equal or better to those seen in younger cohorts.
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38

Merchant, Roland C., and Francesca L. Beaudoin. Brief Interventions for Substance-Use Disorder in Older Patients. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0003.

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Substance-misuse brief interventions for older adults are structured interventions of relative brevity, although the purpose, number, and frequency of the intervention sessions can vary. Brief interventions provide initial linkage to appropriate follow-up care. This chapter provides an overview of brief interventions for substance misuse among older adults, a review of research examining the effectiveness of these interventions, and suggestions for research strategies on this topic. Limitations in the accuracy of screening instruments for alcohol and substance-use disorders in older adults are considered. We review age-related factors that influence the interventional needs of older adults. Contextual factors include medical and psychological conditions as well as cognitive decline and mobility challenges. We present preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of brief interventions for substance-use disorders in older adults. Future directions in research are explored, including the use of age-specific content to enhance outcomes from brief interventions.
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39

Rao, Rahul, and Ilana Crome. Assessment in the Older Patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0008.

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Increased longevity and progressive increases in substance use in older people require clinicians to be proficient in assessing substance misuse in this age group. Assessment requires age-appropriate knowledge, skills and attitudes, taking into account atypical presentations that may challenge conventional diagnostic processes. A greater focus is needed on physical and social aspects of assessment, paying special attention to the influence of comorbid psychiatric and physical disorders. Physiological and pharmacological changes in older people alter the way that substances and other drugs are processed by the body and systemic effects on end-organ function. Such effects can include intoxication, withdrawal, and dependence. Assessment should take into account capacity, elder abuse, cultural competence, and the use of age-appropriate screening instruments. Such an approach will strongly influence treatment options and outcomes. The systematic approach outlined in this chapter is fundamental to the development of a successful treatment management plan.
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40

Grisso, Thomas, and Richard Barnum. Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument -version 2 2006 (Maysi-2): User's Manual and Technical Report. Professional Resource Press, 2006.

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41

Sullivan, Maria A., and Frances R. Levin. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0001.

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Alcohol and substance-use disorders in late life have been under-studied. Alcohol and prescription drugs are frequently abused by older Americans, yet addictive disorders are often difficult to identify in this population because of screening instruments adapted to younger adults, stigma and shame that limit help-seeking in older adults, and co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions that mimic or mask both acute effects and withdrawal syndromes associated with alcohol or substance-use disorders. We will review the evidence for the effectiveness of motivational brief interventions in this population, the need to modify certain pharmacotherapies, including standard detoxification regimens, as well as how to develop age-specific treatment services which tailor the content and pace of presentation toward older adults. Older patients can demonstrate equally or more successful outcomes than younger individuals. This text is intended as a practical handbook to enhance clinical skills in identifying and treating addiction in older adults.
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42

Sullivan, Maria A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0012.

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Addiction in older adults very often goes unrecognized, for several reasons: social biases about the elderly, age-related metabolic changes, and the inappropriate use of prescription benzodiazepines and opioids to address untreated anxiety and mood conditions. Alcohol or substance-use disorders (SUDs) in older individuals may present in subtle and atypical ways. Strategies to overcome such difficulties include systematic screening using validated instruments, patient education regarding the impact of psychoactive substances on health, and cautious prescribing practices. Relying on standard DSM criteria may result in a failure to detect an SUD that presents with cognitive symptoms or physical injury, as well as the absence of work or social consequences. Older individuals can benefit from the application of risk-stratification measures, and they can be referred, e.g., to age-appropriate group therapy and non-confrontational individual therapy focusing on late-life issues of loss and sources of social support, as well as be offered medication management for alcohol or substance use disorder. Although research has been limited in this population, treatment outcomes have been found to be superior in older adults than younger adults.
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43

Gillis, Jennifer Mary. Implementing a screening instrument for autism: Effects of previous structured exposure and knowledge of developmental norms. 2002.

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44

Medicare: Millions can be saved by screening claims for overused services : report to the Chairman, Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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45

Hodges, John R. Standardized Mental Test Schedules: Their Uses and Abuses. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192629760.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 discusses various mental test schedules used over the years, from the 10-item Hodgkinson Mental Test, to the much more complex Dementia Rating Scale (DRS. For practical purposes, however, such tests can be divided into two broad groups: (i) the brief schedules that can easily be used in the clinic, or at the bedside, and do not require specialized equipment or training, and (ii) the more elaborate scales, which are used largely, at least at present, in research studies, and require the purchase of test materials and some training in their administration. The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) was developed in an attempt to bridge this divide and to provide a test with greater sensitivity to early cognitive decline than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and which could also differentiate between different brain diseases. The remainder of this chapter covers possible alternative cognitive screening instruments. It describes three of the most commonly used brief assessment schedules: the MMSE, the Information–Memory–Concentration (IMC) Test, and the 10-item Hodgkinson Mental Test, which is derived from the IMC Test; plus two longer tests, which are widely used in dementia research: the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination—Revised (CAMCOG-R). Finally it also includes a description of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog) since it has been used widely in drug evaluation studies.
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46

Development of a culturally-sensitive psychiatric screening instrument for Ethiopian populations: The influence of acculturation on idioms of psychological distress. Amsterdam: KIT Publishers, 2004.

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47

Diamond, Pamela M. Traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0053.

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During the past decade, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a frequent topic in the media. It has been a decade of expanding awareness, increased research, and growing concern about TBI of all severity levels. Consistent with this increased attention, researchers and policymakers have made strides toward greater understanding of the risks of TBI, the scope and complexity of the symptom profiles seen after TBI, and the types of treatments that optimize recovery. Recent studies have confirmed a 50 to 60% prevalence of TBI among prisoners. Most have experienced multiple injuries and experienced their first TBI in their mid-teens. Routine screening for TBI is rarely done in these settings in spite of there being a number of tested instruments available. The cognitive deficits associated with mild to moderate TBI are often indistinguishable from those associated with many mental illnesses and substance abuse. Etiology is difficult to establish; nevertheless, the common symptom patterns often make adjustment to jail or prison difficult. Educational interventions designed to improve staff knowledge of the prevalence of TBI and frequent symptom patterns are important first steps. Training staff how to modify their behavior and facilitate communication with inmates expressing these symptoms may reduce episodes of misunderstanding and potential aggression. Similarly, current programming may be modified to accommodate the cognitive deficits suffered by inmates with TBI as well as other disorders. This chapter reviews the prevalence of TBI in correctional settings, its impact on co-occurring mental illness and substance use, and opportunities to recognize, intervene, and treat patients with TBI.
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48

Blackman, Melinda. The Effective Interview. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0009.

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The face of the employment interview has been gradually transforming over the past fifty years with the culmination of new research, theory, and practices. Now more than ever, researchers and human resource professionals are demanding interview formats that accurately and reliably predict a plethora of criteria in addition to the job candidate's skill set. No longer is the implementation of the traditional structured interview format sufficient for screening applicants. The effective interview is on its way to being transformed into a multifaceted instrument that aims to surpass the predictive precision of standardized selection tests. This article outlines the impetus of research, theory, and practice that spurred on the interview's transformation and the long-term payoff which employers are receiving from the changes. It gives a glimpse of where the employment interview is headed in the upcoming decade and the factors that make today's employment interview so effective.
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49

Russo, Francesca, Tim Van Mieghem, and Jan Deprest. Fetal medicine, fetal anaesthesia, and fetal surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0007.

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Advances in prenatal imaging and the introduction of screening policies enable identification of high-risk pregnancies which can be followed up more meticulously. First-trimester evaluation is also used for assessment of risk for fetal anomalies. Further investigation may reveal a fetal anomaly. When the prognosis is poor, and treatment cannot wait until birth, fetal intervention may be warranted. This can be medical or surgical, some as simple as a needle-guided fetal blood transfusion. Over the last two decades, fetal surgery has become more popular, boosted by instrument development for minimal access fetal surgery and by successful clinical trials. More recently, open fetal surgery has become more popular again, following a successful trial on in utero repair of neural tube defects. Though not a lethal condition, prenatal surgery improves outcome as demonstrated in a randomized controlled trial. In the latter half of pregnancy, surgical intervention on the fetus requires adequate fetal anaesthesia.
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