Journal articles on the topic 'Screen addiction behaviors'
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Blum, Kenneth, David Baron, Lisa Lott, Jessica V. Ponce, David Siwicki, Brent Boyett, Bruce Steinberg, et al. "In Search of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)-Free Controls: The “Holy Grail” in Genetic Addiction Risk Testing." Current Psychopharmacology 9, no. 1 (April 25, 2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211556008666191111103152.
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Background: The search for an accurate, gene-based test to identify heritable risk factors for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) was conducted based on hundreds of published studies about the role of dopamine in addictive behaviors, including risk for drug dependence and compulsive/impulsive behavior disorders. The term RDS was first coined by Blum’s group in 1995 to identify a group of behaviors with a common neurobiological mechanism associated with a polymorphic allelic propensity for hypodopaminergia. Objectives: To outline the process used to select risk alleles of reward genes for the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test. Consequently, to address the limitations caused by inconsistent results that occur in many case-control behavioral association studies. These limitations are perhaps due to the failure of investigators to adequately screen controls for drug and alcohol use disorder, and any of the many RDS behaviors, including nicotine dependence, obesity, pathological gambling, and internet gaming addiction. Method: Review of the literature related to the function of risk alleles of reward genes associated with hypodopaminergia relevant case-control association studies for the selection of alleles to be measured by the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test. Result: The prevalence of the DRD2 A1 allele in unscreened controls (33.3%), compared to “Super-Controls” [highly screened RDS controls (3.3%) in proband and family] is used to exemplify a possible solution. Conclusion: Unlike One Gene-One Disease (OGOD), RDS is polygenetic, and very complex. In addition, any RDS-related behaviors must be eliminated from the control group in order to obtain the best possible statistical analysis instead of comparing the phenotype with diseaseridden controls.
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Moitra, Panchali, and Jagmeet Madan. "Impact of screen time during COVID-19 on eating habits, physical activity, sleep, and depression symptoms: A cross-sectional study in Indian adolescents." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): e0264951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264951.
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Objective This study attempted to address the limited knowledge regarding the impact of screen time (ST) on lifestyle behaviors in Indian adolescents during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives were to 1) evaluate frequency and duration of using screens, and screen addiction behaviors in 10–15 years old adolescents in Mumbai during the COVID-19 pandemic and 2) examine the association of ST with lifestyle behaviors- eating habits, snacking patterns, physical activity (PA) levels, sleep quality and depression symptoms. Methods An online survey was completed between January and March 2021. Eating habits, snacking patterns, time spent in different screen-based activities, and screen addiction behaviors were reported. The PA levels, sleep quality, and depression symptoms were evaluated using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children/Adolescents (PAQ C/A), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the impact of ST on lifestyle behaviors. Results Adolescents (n = 1298, Mage 13.2(1.1), 53.3% boys) reported the mean weekday and weekend ST as 442.3 (201.5) minutes/d and 379.9 (178.2) minutes/d respectively. Overall, 33.4% spent > 6hours/d for studying or doing homework, 65.4% used social networking sites for at least 2–3 hours/d, and 70.7% agreed that ST had taken up the majority of their leisure time. Only 12% engaged in moderate to vigorous PA (PAQ C/A scores <2). More than half (52.5%) reported PSQI >5 indicating poor sleep quality and 8.6% scored ≥ 3 on PHQ-2 to suggest a risk of depression. A higher ST was associated with lower PA and increased sleep problems and a greater screen addiction was inversely associated with the eating habit, PA, and sleep-related variables. Conclusion The study draws attention to a high prevalence of excess ST and its impact on eating habits, PA levels, and sleep quality in Indian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Targeted health promotion interventions that encourage judicious use of screens for education and entertainment and emphasize the adverse health effects of excess ST are required.
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Schulz van Endert, Tim. "Addictive use of digital devices in young children: Associations with delay discounting, self-control and academic performance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 22, 2021): e0253058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253058.
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The use of smartphones, tablets and laptops/PCs has become ingrained in adults’ and increasingly in children’s lives, which has sparked a debate about the risk of addiction to digital devices. Previous research has linked specific use of digital devices (e.g. online gaming, smartphone screen time) with impulsive behavior in the context of intertemporal choice among adolescents and adults. However, not much is known about children’s addictive behavior towards digital devices and its relationship to personality factors and academic performance. This study investigated the associations between addictive use of digital devices, self-reported usage duration, delay discounting, self-control and academic success in children aged 10 to 13. Addictive use of digital devices was positively related to delay discounting, but self-control confounded the relationship between the two variables. Furthermore, self-control and self-reported usage duration but not the degree of addictive use predicted the most recent grade average. These findings indicate that children’s problematic behavior towards digital devices compares to other maladaptive behaviors (e.g. substance abuse, pathological gambling) in terms of impulsive choice and point towards the key role self-control seems to play in lowering a potential risk of digital addiction.
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Khoo, Shuna Shiann, and Hwajin Yang. "Smartphone Addiction and Checking Behaviors Predict Aggression: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 13020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413020.
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Despite the potential risks of excessive smartphone use for maladaptive outcomes, the link between smartphone use and aggression remains less understood. Furthermore, prior findings are inconclusive due to a narrow focus on limited aspects of smartphone use (e.g., screen time) and reliance on self-reported assessments of smartphone use. Therefore, using objective measures of smartphone use, we sought to examine the associations between several key indices of smartphone use—screen time, checking behaviors, and addictive tendency—and multifaceted aggression (i.e., confrontation, anger, and hostility). In a cross-sectional study, we administered a series of questionnaires assessing aggressive tendencies (i.e., The Aggression Questionnaire) and various aspects of smartphone use (N = 253, Mage = 21.8 years, female = 73.2%). Using structural equation modeling, we found that smartphone checking and addictive smartphone use predicted only hostility. In contrast, both objective and subjective measures of screen time did not predict any facets of aggression. These results highlight differing impacts of various indices of smartphone use on aggression and imply that excessive checking and addictive smartphone use are problematic smartphone-use behaviors that require more targeted interventions with respect to hostility.
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Al Mukhaini, Ameena M., Fakhriya A. Al Houqani, and Rahma M. Al Kindi. "Internet Addiction and Depression Among Postgraduate Residents." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 21, no. 3 (August 29, 2021): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.4.2021.008.
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Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of social media usage and Internet addiction among Oman Medical Specialty Board (OMSB) residents and to determine associations between Internet addiction and sociodemographic characteristics and symptoms of depression. Methods: This cross-sectional study took place between January and March 2017. All 499 residents enrolled in OMSB training programmes during the 2016–2017 academic year were targeted. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to collect information concerning sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Internet Addiction Test were used to screen for depression and Internet addiction, respectively. Results: A total of 399 residents participated in the study (response rate: 80%). Overall, 115 residents (28.8%) had varying degrees of depression and 149 (37.3%) were addicted to the Internet; moreover, among those addicted, 54 (36.2%) had depression. While no significant associations were observed between Internet addiction and sociodemographic characteristics, the association between Internet addiction and depression was statistically significant (P = 0.004). Conclusion: Internet addiction was clearly detected among OMSB residents, with a significant association observed between Internet addiction and depression. Although a causal link between these two variables cannot be established as depression is multifactorial in origin, the disadvantages and harmful effects of excessive Internet and social media usage need to be addressed. Further research on the consequences of Internet addiction and its effect on quality of life and academic achievement is recommended.
Keywords: Internet; Social Media; Social Networking; Addictive Behaviors; Depression; Medical Students; Oman.
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Sulla, Francesco, Michela Camia, Maristella Scorza, Sara Giovagnoli, Roberto Padovani, and Erika Benassi. "The Moderator Effect of Subthreshold Autistic Traits on the Relationship between Quality of Life and Internet Addiction." Healthcare 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020186.
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People with sub-threshold autistic traits (SATs) are more prone to develop addictive behaviors such the ones linked to Internet abuse. The restrictions for anti-COVID-19 distancing measures encourage social isolation and, consequently, increase screen time, which may lead to Internet addiction (IA). However, a better quality of life (QoL) may have function as a protective factor against the development of IA. This study wanted to investigate the relation between SATs, QoL, and the overuse of the Internet in a group of 141 university students in the North of Italy. Participants completed a battery of tests. Results suggest that QoL is a predictive factor of IA and that the relationship between QoL and IA is significantly moderated by SATs. This could mean that SATs might represent a risk factor for IA, even when people have a better quality of life. Differences between female and male students are discussed, as well as possible implications for practice.
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Chen, Kevin H., John L. Oliffe, and Mary T. Kelly. "Internet Gaming Disorder: An Emergent Health Issue for Men." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318766950.
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Internet gaming is a legitimate leisure activity worldwide; however, there are emerging concerns that vast numbers of gamers are becoming addicted. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) classified Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) as a condition warranting more clinical research ahead of formalizing it as a mental disorder. Proposed as a behavioral addiction, IGD shares many similarities in both physical and psychosocial manifestations with substance use disorder, including cerebral changes on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Among the gaming population, compared to females, adolescent and adult males demonstrate far more addictive internet gaming use in terms of screen hours, craving, and negative impacts on health, which have, in isolated incidents, also caused death. The current article draws findings from a scoping review of literature related to IGD as a means to raising awareness about an emergent men’s health issue. Included are three themes: (a) unveiling the nature, impacts and symptoms of IGD; (b) conceptualizing IGD through neuroscience; and (c) treatment approaches to IGD. Afforded by these themes is an overview and synthesis of the existing literature regarding IGD as a means of providing direction for much needed research on gaming addiction and orientating primary care providers (PCPs) to the specificities of IGD in men’s health. The findings are applied to a discussion of the connections between IGD and masculinity and the importance of recognizing how behaviors such as social isolation and game immersion can be maladaptive coping strategies for males.
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Schluter, Magdalen G., David C. Hodgins, Barna Konkolÿ Thege, and T. Cameron Wild. "Predictive utility of the brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addictions for identifying self-attributed problems." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00064.
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AbstractBackground and aimsThe Brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addictions (SSBAs) was developed to assess a common addiction construct across four substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine), and six behaviors (gambling, shopping, videogaming, eating, sexual activity, and working) using a lay epidemiology perspective. This paper extends our previous work by examining the predictive utility of the SSBA to identify self-attributed addiction problems.MethodParticipants (N = 6,000) were recruited in Canada using quota sampling methods. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROCs) analyses were conducted, and thresholds established for each target behavior's subscale to predict self-attributed problems with these substances and behaviors. For each substance and behavior, regression models compared overall classification accuracy and model fit when lay epidemiologic indicators assessed using the SSBA were compared with validated screening measures to predict selfattributed problems.ResultsROC analyses indicted moderate to high diagnostic accuracy (Area under the curves (AUCs) 0.73–0.94) across SSBA subscales. Thresholds for identifying self-attributed problems were 3 for six of the subscales (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, shopping, and gaming), and 2 for the remaining four behaviors (gambling, eating, sexual activity, and working). Compared to other instruments assessing addiction problems, models using the SSBA provided equivalent or better model fit, and overall had higher classification accuracy in the prediction of self-attributed problems.Discussion and conclusionsThe SSBA is a viable screening tool for problematic engagement across ten potentially addictive behaviors. Where longer screening tools are not appropriate, the SSBA may be used to identify individuals who would benefit from further assessment.
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Park, Jennifer J., Daniel L. King, Laura Wilkinson-Meyers, and Simone N. Rodda. "Content and Effectiveness of Web-Based Treatments for Online Behavioral Addictions: Systematic Review." JMIR Mental Health 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): e36662. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/36662.
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Background Very few people seek in-person treatment for online behavioral addictions including gaming and gambling or problems associated with shopping, pornography use, or social media use. Web-based treatments have the potential to address low rates of help seeking due to their convenience, accessibility, and capacity to address barriers to health care access (eg, shame, stigma, cost, and access to expert care). However, web-based treatments for online behavioral addictions have not been systematically evaluated. Objective This review aimed to systematically describe the content of web-based treatments for online behavioral addictions and describe their therapeutic effectiveness on symptom severity and consumption behavior. Methods A database search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar was conducted in June 2022. Studies were eligible if the study design was a randomized controlled trial or a pre-post study with at least 1 web-based intervention arm for an online behavioral addiction and if the study included the use of a validated measure of problem severity, frequency, or duration of online behavior. Data on change techniques were collected to analyze intervention content, using the Gambling Intervention System of CharacTerization. Quality assessment was conducted using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool. Results The review included 12 studies with 15 intervention arms, comprising 7 randomized controlled trials and 5 pre-post studies. The primary focus of interventions was gaming (n=4), followed by internet use inclusive of screen time and smartphone use (n=3), gambling (n=3), and pornography (n=2). A range of different technologies were used to deliver content, including websites (n=6), email (n=2), computer software (n=2), social media messaging (n=1), smartphone app (n=1), virtual reality (n=1), and videoconferencing (n=1). Interventions contained 15 different change techniques with an average of 4 per study. The techniques most frequently administered (>30% of intervention arms) were cognitive restructuring, relapse prevention, motivational enhancement, goal setting, and social support. Assessment of study quality indicated that 7 studies met the criteria for moderate or strong global ratings, but only 8 out of 12 studies evaluated change immediately following the treatment. Across included studies, two-thirds of participants completed after-treatment evaluation, and one-quarter completed follow-up evaluation. After-intervention evaluation indicated reduced severity (5/9, 56%), frequency (2/3, 67%), and duration (3/7, 43%). Follow-up evaluation indicated that 3 pre-post studies for gaming, gambling, and internet use demonstrated reduced severity, frequency, and duration of consumption. At 3-month evaluation, just 1 pre-post study indicated significant change to mental health symptoms. Conclusions Web-based treatments for online behavioral addictions use an array of mechanisms to deliver cognitive and behavioral change techniques. Web-based treatments demonstrate promise for short-term reduction in symptoms, duration, or frequency of online addictive behaviors. However, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of web-based treatments over the longer term due to the absence of controlled trials.
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Rolland, Benjamin, Frédéric Haesebaert, Elodie Zante, Amine Benyamina, Julie Haesebaert, and Nicolas Franck. "Global Changes and Factors of Increase in Caloric/Salty Food Intake, Screen Use, and Substance Use During the Early COVID-19 Containment Phase in the General Population in France: Survey Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): e19630. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19630.
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Background The international outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led many countries to enforce drastic containment measures. It has been suggested that this abrupt lockdown of populations will foster addiction-related habits such as caloric/salty food intake, screen use, and substance use. Objective Our aim was to assess the global changes and factors of increase in addiction-related habits during the early COVID-19 containment phase in France. Methods A web-based survey was provided from day 8 to day 13 of the containment and was completed by 11,391 participants. The questions explored sociodemographic features, psychiatric/addiction history, material conditions of lockdown, general stress, mental well-being, and reported changes in several addiction-related behaviors. Global changes were described and factors of increase were explored using population-weighted and adjusted logistic regression models, providing adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and their 95% confidence intervals. Results Overall, the respondents reported more increases in addiction-related habits than decreases, specifically 28.4% (caloric/salty food intake), 64.6% (screen use), 35.6% (tobacco use), 24.8% (alcohol use), and 31.2% (cannabis use). Reduced well-being scores and increased stress scores were general factors of increase in addiction-related habits (P<.001 for all habits). Factors of increase in caloric/salty food intake (n=10,771) were female gender (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.48-1.77), age less than 29 years (P<.001), having a partner (aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06-1.35), being locked down in a more confined space (per 1 square meter/person decrease: aOR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03), being locked down alone (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.11-1.49), and reporting current (aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.62-2.31) or past (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09-1.47) psychiatric treatment. Factors of increase in screen use (n=11,267) were female gender (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.21-1.43), age less than 29 years (P<.001), having no partner (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.06-1.32), being employed (P<.001), intermediate/high education level (P<.001), being locked down with no access to an outdoor space (aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05-1.29), being locked down alone (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.32), living in an urban environment (P<.01), and not working (P<.001). Factors of increase in tobacco use (n=2787) were female gender (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11-1.55), having no partner (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.06-1.59), intermediate/low education level (P<.01), and still working in the workplace (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.17-1.86). Factors of increase in alcohol use (n=7108) were age 30-49 years (P<.05), a high level of education (P<.001), and current psychiatric treatment (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.10-1.88). The only significant factor of increase in cannabis use (n=620) was intermediate/low level of education (P<.001). Conclusions The early phase of COVID-19 containment in France led to widespread increases in addiction-related habits in the general population. Reduced well-being and increased stress were universal factors of increase. More specific factors were associated with increases in each of the explored habits.
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Grant, Therese M., Natalie Novick Brown, J. Christopher Graham, Nancy Whitney, Dan Dubovsky, and Lonnie A. Nelson. "Screening in treatment programs for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders that could affect therapeutic progress." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 2, no. 3 (October 25, 2013): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.116.
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Grant, T., Novick Brown, N., Graham, J., Whitney, N., Dubovsky, D. , & Nelson, L. (2013). Screening in treatment programs for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders that could affect therapeutic progress. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 2(3), 37-49. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.116 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.116)Aims: While structured intake interviews are the standard of care in substance abuse treatment programs, these interviews often do not screen for cognitive impairments, such as those found in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and other brain-based developmental disorders. The research reported here supports a brief interview protocol, the Life History Screen (LHS), that screens clients unobtrusively for adverse life-course outcomes typically found in FASD, so as to guide follow-up assessments and treatment planning.Design: Two-group observational study.Setting: A three-year case management intervention program in Washington State for high-risk women who abuse alcohol and/or drugs during pregnancy.Participants: Group 1: No prenatal alcohol exposure (N = 463); Group 2: Diagnosed with FASD (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder, fetal alcohol effects, or static encephalopathy) by a qualified physician (N = 25), or suspected of having FASD (reported prenatal alcohol exposure and displayed behaviors consistent with a clinical diagnosis of FASD) (N = 61).Measures: The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was administered to participants at intake. We analyzed eleven ASI items that corresponded to questions on the LHS in order to assess the potential of the LHS for identifying adults with possible FASD. The Life History Screen itself was not administered.Findings: Analysis of group differences between the diagnosed FASD and suspected FASD groups supported our decision to collapse the two groups for the main analysis. The Life History Screen shows promise as an efficient pre-treatment screen, in that core items are significantly associated with FASD group membership on factors involving childhood history, maternal drinking, education, substance use, employment, and psychiatric symptomatology.Conclusions: The Life History Screen may have utility as a self-report measure that can be used at the outset of treatment to identify clients with cognitive impairments and learning disabilities due to prenatal alcohol exposure.
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Khazaal, Yasser, Sophia Achab, Joel Billieux, Gabriel Thorens, Daniele Zullino, Magali Dufour, and Stéphane Rothen. "Factor Structure of the Internet Addiction Test in Online Gamers and Poker Players." JMIR Mental Health 2, no. 2 (April 22, 2015): e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.3805.
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Background The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is the most widely used questionnaire to screen for problematic Internet use. Nevertheless, its factorial structure is still debated, which complicates comparisons among existing studies. Most previous studies were performed with students or community samples despite the probability of there being more problematic Internet use among users of specific applications, such as online gaming or gambling. Objective To assess the factorial structure of a modified version of the IAT that addresses specific applications, such as video games and online poker. Methods Two adult samples—one sample of Internet gamers (n=920) and one sample of online poker players (n=214)—were recruited and completed an online version of the modified IAT. Both samples were split into two subsamples. Two principal component analyses (PCAs) followed by two confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were run separately. Results The results of principal component analysis indicated that a one-factor model fit the data well across both samples. In consideration of the weakness of some IAT items, a 17-item modified version of the IAT was proposed. Conclusions This study assessed, for the first time, the factorial structure of a modified version of an Internet-administered IAT on a sample of Internet gamers and a sample of online poker players. The scale seems appropriate for the assessment of such online behaviors. Further studies on the modified 17-item IAT version are needed.
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Aşut, Özen, Gulifeiya Abuduxike, Songül Acar-Vaizoğlu, and Sanda Cali. "Relationships between screen time, internet addiction and other lifestyle behaviors with obesity among secondary school students in the turkish republic of northern cyprus." Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 61, no. 4 (2019): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2019.04.014.
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Benarous, Xavier, Pierre Morales, Cora Cravero, Barbara Jakubowicz, Nadège Bourvis, David Cohen, and Yves Edel. "Problematic Substance Use in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: Rates, Clinical Correlates and Effects on Therapeutic Outcomes." Adolescent Psychiatry 11, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676611666211105115828.
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Aims: : We aimed to document the clinical rates and correlates of problematic substance use among adolescent inpatients. Background: Adolescents referred to psychiatric inpatient care are likely to present family and social risk factors making them at high risk of substance use disorder. Objective: The objective of this study is to document the rates, clinical correlates, and effects of associated problematic substance use on therapeutic outcomes in adolescents referred to psychiatric inpatient care. Method: The DEP-ADO questionnaire was used to systematically screen out problematic substance use in two 12-18 adolescent inpatient units between January 2017 to December 2018. Inpatients who were screened positively based on the DEP-ADO questionnaire and/or information gathered from repeated interviews with the youths and their families were reported to the liaison addiction unit for diagnosis. The chart-review procedure was used to document clinical correlates (i.e., suicidal behavior, DSM-5 psychiatric diagnoses, the Clinical Global Impression-Severity score) and therapeutic outcomes (i.e., the Clinical Global Impression- Improvement score, change in Children-Global Assessment Scale score during patients’ stay and length of stay). Result: Over two years, 150 adolescents completed the DEP-ADO questionnaire (Mean Age =14.7 ± 1.7; 42% girls). Thirty percent of adolescent inpatients reported some type of problematic substance use, with a higher likelihood of daily tobacco use (OR=2.4), regular cannabis use (OR=2.3), and occasional opioid/heroin use (OR=9.8) compared to the general population. Adolescent inpatients who misused illegal substances prior to admission were 2.5 times more likely to report suicidal behaviors. A strong association was reported between binge drinking behavior and a discharge diagnosis of bipolar disorder (OR=11.0). Therapeutic outcomes were not statistically different with regards to alcohol or illicit substance use status. Conclusion: Inpatient adolescents were at high risk of associated problematic substance use. Patients with co-existing problematic substance use seem to have more severe and chronic forms of mood disturbances, although the response rate to therapeutics provided during their stay was not found to be lower compared to their counterparts without problematic substance use.
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Mathew K V, Binoy, and Maryelizabeth Tidiya Walarine. "Neck pain among smartphone users: an imminent public health issue during the pandemic time." Journal of Ideas in Health 3, Special1 (September 29, 2020): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol3.issspecial1.65.
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COVID-19 Pandemic resulted in social mobility and travel restrictions to contain the infection. It has been reported that there happened post-pandemic surge in the use of the internet and social media as people rely on it more often for entertainment, work, and learning purposes. It is also been used as an unhealthy coping strategy for pandemic related stress. The smartphone was found to be the most common gadget used for accessing internet-based services. Owing to the postural alterations related to the small screen size of smartphones, neck pain was reported very commonly among smartphone users. Neck pain among smartphone users is a public health concern needing immediate attention in the pandemic time. Many of the risk factors leading to neck pain among smartphone users are modifiable. The authors outline preventive strategies that are mostly self- regulated. The strategies recommended include reducing Smartphone usage time (Smartphone-Free Time, Smartphone-Free Zone), maintaining ideal posture (Focus Breaks, Mobility Breaks, How am I keeping my posture?, Hands-free alternatives), doing regular exercises, preparing and following an activity schedule, and inculcating healthy habits.
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Toh SH, Coenen P, Howie EK, Smith AJ, Mukherjee S, Mackey DA, et al. A prospective longitudinal study of mobile touch screen device use and musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health in adolescents. Appl Ergon. 2020; 85:103028. https://doi.org/1016/j.apergo.2019.103028
Lee S, Kang H, Shin G. Head flexion angle while using a smartphone. Ergonomics. 2015 Feb 17;58(2):220–6. https://doi.org/1080/00140139.2014.967311
Guan X, Fan G, Chen Z, Zeng Y, Zhang H, Hu A, et al. Gender difference in mobile phone use and the impact of digital device exposure on neck posture. Ergonomics. 2016;59(11):1453–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2016.1147614
Han H, Shin G. Head flexion angle when web-browsing and texting using a smartphone while walking. Appl Ergon. 2019; 81:102884. https://doi.org/1016/j.apergo.2019.102884
Singla D, Veqar Z. Association between forward head, rounded shoulders, and increased thoracic kyphosis: a review of the literature. J Chiropr Med. 2017;16(3):220–9. https://doi.org/1016/j.jcm.2017.03.004
Park J-H, Kang S-Y, Lee S-G, Jeon H-S. The effects of smart phone gaming duration on muscle activation and spinal posture: Pilot study. Physiother Theory Pract. 2017;33(8):661–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2017.1328716
Xie Y, Szeto GPY, Dai J, Madeleine P. A comparison of muscle activity in using touchscreen smartphone among young people with and without chronic neck–shoulder pain. Ergonomics. 2016;59(1):61–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1056237
Hansraj KK. Assessment of stresses in the cervical spine caused by posture and position of the head. Surg Technol Int. 2014; 25:277–9.
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Namwongsa S, Puntumetakul R, Neubert MS, Boucaut R. Factors associated with neck disorders among university student smartphone users. Work. 2018;61(3):367–78. https://doi.org/3233/WOR-182819
Ko P-H, Hwang Y-H, Liang H-W. Influence of smartphone use styles on typing performance and biomechanical exposure. Ergonomics. 2016;59(6):821–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1088075
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Mekkawy, Lamis H., and Mahmoud M. Abdel-Haleem. "SMART SCREEN EXPOSURE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ADDICTIVE FOOD BEHAVIOR AND SLEEP DISORDERS IN CHILDREN. WHAT’S BEYOND THE SCENE?" Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 5 (October 30, 2022): 660–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.5.54.
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In today’s digital age, the increasing currency of smart screen exposure in our children’s lives is becoming a global public health concern. The reciprocal ability, and enjoyment value, with the increased demand for using smart screen devices have led to their rising merge into day-to-day activities. This study is an observational cross-sectional study conducted in 632 children, aiming to comprehensively investigate Egyptian children’s attitude towards smart screens and whether children who are more exposed to smart screens are prone to have a higher BMI percentile, addictive eating behavior, and disturbed sleep. The research results have shown that 69.6% of the children had a high exposure rate, 1.9% had a low exposure rate and 28.5% were in-between. Furthermore, 51% of the children demanded the products seen on smart screens every day, 32% had a demand a few times per week while 17% demanded those products once a week. In addition, 56% of the participants had obesity while 44% had normal BMI, out of which 35.9% had both obesity and addictive food behavior. Smart screen exposure is associated with disturbed sleep and short sleep duration. A statistically significant correlation was revealed between the periods in which children were most exposed to smart screens and disturbed sleeping habits in all participants in this study. To conclude, it is important to monitor children’s media exposure and identify the negative consequences of smart screens to support behavioral changes and alter communication styles, prompt strategies, and set goals toward a better healthy life.
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Johnston, Kelly. "Engagement and Immersion in Digital Play: Supporting Young Children’s Digital Wellbeing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 10179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910179.
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For many families, young children’s engagement with screen-based technology is an ongoing concern in terms of physical, social and cognitive development. They are uneasy with the difficulty children have disengaging from screens and concerned that this behavior is obsessive or a sign of addiction. However, technology is recognized as having a “rightful role” in early childhood contexts. This scoping paper reports on a review of literature relating to digital play for children aged birth to five years, with the aim of further understanding digital wellbeing. Csikszentmihalyi’s flow theory serves as a theoretical framework for understanding why many young children enjoy digital play and become deeply engaged, with a disconnect between how young children and adults perceive digital play. Concerns about children’s deep immersion with digital play are interrogated to understand the connections with perceived addictive traits. The review highlights the critical importance of supporting children’s agency and digital citizenship skills from a young age, including the ability to critique content, balance screen-time with non-screen time and to develop self-control and self-regulation as a means to promote long-term positive outcomes for children in their digital lifeworlds and beyond.
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Lichtenstein, M., and R. K. Støving. "Exercise addiction: Identification and prevalence in physically active adolescents and young eating disordered patients." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S116—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.127.
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IntroductionExercise addiction is characterized by increasing exercise amounts, withdrawal symptoms and lack of control. Eating disorders and exercise addiction often appear together, but only eating disorders are recognized as diagnoses. However, exercise addiction can exist independently from eating disorders and can be as harmful as any other addictive behavior.ObjectivesThe Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) is useful to identify exercise addiction symptoms in adults and prevalence rates of 3–10% have been found. But a scale for adolescents does not yet exist even though behavioral addictions seem to be more prevalent among young people.AimsTo develop an instrument for identification of exercise addiction in adolescents and to estimate the prevalence and negative consequences.MethodsWe developed a Youth version of the EAI and screened 383 adolescents in sport settings and 69 patients from an eating disorder department (age range 11–20 years).ResultsThe psychometric properties of the scale were good (Cronbachs alpha 0.71). The prevalence of exercise addiction was 5.5% in adolescents in sport settings and 21.2% in eating disorder patients. We found a positive linear relationship between EAI-score and “high weekly exercise amounts” (r = 0.4, P = 0.00), “the tendency to exercise in spite of injury” (r = 0.4, P = 0.00), “feelings of guilt when not exercising” (r = 0.5, P = 0.00), “reduced sport performance related to overtraining” (r = 0.2, P = 0.00), and “food dominating life” (r = 0.2, P = 0.00).ConclusionsOn basis of this study, we recommend the EAI-Y for identification of exercise addiction in adolescents. Early identification is important since it can prevent excessive and obsessive exercise, injuries, reduced sport performance and eating disorder pathology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ruppert, Ryan, Shanna K. Kattari, and Steve Sussman. "Review: Prevalence of Addictions among Transgender and Gender Diverse Subgroups." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 8843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168843.
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We conducted an analysis of the prevalence of substance and behavioral addictions across different transgender and gender diverse (TGD) subgroups. We performed a scoping review using MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases and examined 12 addictions, including alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, illicit drugs, gambling, eating/food, internet, sex, love, exercise, work, and shopping. We presented prevalence rates for each addiction as a function of an individual’s gender identity (stratified into transgender females, transgender males, and gender nonconforming), and used cisgender women and men as reference groups. We included 55 studies in our final analysis, the majority of which investigated substance use disorders among TGD subgroups. Overall findings indicated that substantial differences in substance use exist among US TGD subgroups. There were far fewer publications that examined the prevalence of behavioral addictions across TGD subgroups. However, despite limited research in this area, findings still suggest that notable differences in behavioral addictions may exist between individual TGD subgroups. The conclusions of our review may provide clinicians with a better ability to screen for and treat at-risk individuals within the TGD community.
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Rudnova, Natalia, Dmitry Kornienko, Yuri Semenov, and Vladimir Egorov. "Characteristics of Parental Digital Mediation: Predictors, Strategies, and Differences among Children Experiencing Various Parental Mediation Strategies." Education Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13010057.
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The process of digitalization has become an integral part of the social situation of a child’s growth in the modern world. Child development in the digital environment demands the involvement of adults as mediators. This practice is called parental digital mediation. Previous studies have identified the significant parental and environmental aspects of parental mediation, but there has been little information about the relationships between the children’s characteristics and parental digital mediation. The current study aims to fill this gap by identifying the behavioral (social network and screen time) and emotional (social network addiction and happiness) predictors of the two dimensions of digital mediation: parental support and parental control. The study also examines the differences among children influenced by various parental mediation strategies. A total of 4011 students (42% male and 58% female) ranging in age from 13 to 15 years (M = 14.07; SD = 0.76) took part in the study. The parental mediation of their children’s internet use, social media addiction, social network time, screen time, and happiness were measured. According to the results, both the behavioral and emotional characteristics of the children served as predictors of parental mediation. A small amount of time spent on social networks or screens and low social media addiction and happiness were identified as the predictors of parental support, whereas a large amount of time spent on social networks and screens and low social media addiction were identified as the predictors of parental control. Three groups of children experiencing different parental mediation strategies were determined. The children with parents who enabled mediation were happier than the others. Children under instructive mediation demonstrated the highest tendency to social media addiction. Children under selective mediation spent the most time (of all groups) on gadgets, but they showed a low tendency towards social media addiction.
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Kondati, Sathyanarayana, Nandhini L., L. S. Thiruneelan, Hilda Solomon, Jayanthi Swaminathan, and Anitha Rani A. "Awareness Among Parents Working in the Healthcare Sector on Screen Addiction and Its Impact on Children and Adolescents." International Journal of Current Research and Review 14, no. 19 (2022): 09–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2022.141902.
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Introduction: The digital life of our children begins at an early age as they are exposed to a variety of screens (mobile phones, TV screens, tablets and computers). It has become more important for parents to suggest appropriate screen time and type of media exposure for children in recent years. Aim: The present study aimed to understand the awareness of parents who are health care workers on their child’s screen timing and associated behavioral changes, post lockdown. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the health care workers, who are parents of child aged between 3 - 18 years at Apollo Hospitals, between December 2021 - Feb 2022. Results: A total of 105 responses were received from medical and non-medical sectors. In the study, 47.61% were fathers followed by mothers (44.76%) and guardians (7.61%). The majority of the children belong to the age group of 6 to 12 years (42.85%) and were secondary school level (29.52%). The majority of the children watch mobile phones, followed by television. The daily screen time for child was reported as 3 hours in weekdays and > 4 hours on weekends. Among behavioral changes, age groups of 3-6 years and 12-18 years showed lack of concentration, whereas in 6-12 years age group personal hygiene was reduced. Further, there is a change in eating patterns (70%) and sleeping patterns (92%), and an increase in their monthly bills (42%) towards the mobiles/ screen apps due to increased screen time. On the other hand, digital technology increases the understanding of the concept easily and improves the learning outcome. Thus, parents feel that they need to find the right balance in the usage of technology (39.4%) for the prolonged use of digital technology. Conclusion: To conclude, it is fairly impossible to provide techno free zone to children in this digital world. Thus, parents have to focus and limit the screen usage time to reduce the ill effects, further parental screen addiction awareness and co- viewing avoid the behavioral problem
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Modestino, Edward Justin, Kenneth Blum, Catherine A. Dennen, B. William Downs, Debasis Bagchi, Luis Llanos-Gomez, Igor Elman, et al. "Theorizing the Role of Dopaminergic Polymorphic Risk Alleles with Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED), Violent/Aggressive Behavior and Addiction: Justification of Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Testing." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12121946.
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Scientific studies have provided evidence that there is a relationship between violent and aggressive behaviors and addictions. Genes involved with the reward system, specifically the brain reward cascade (BRC), appear to be associated with various addictions and impulsive, aggressive, and violent behaviors. In our previous research, we examined the Taq A1 allele (variant D2 dopamine receptor gene) and the DAT-40 base repeat (a variant of the dopamine transporter gene) in 11 Caucasian boys at the Brown School in San Marcus, Texas, diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder. Thirty supernormal controls were screened to exclude several reward–deficit behaviors, including pathological violence, and genotyped for the DRD2 gene. Additionally, 91 controls were screened to exclude ADHD, pathological violence, alcoholism, drug dependence, and tobacco abuse, and their results were compared with DAT1 genotype results. In the schoolboys vs. supercontrols, there was a significant association with the D2 variant and a trend with the dopamine transporter variant. Results support our hypothesis and the involvement of at least two gene risk alleles with adolescent violent/aggressive behaviors. This study and the research presented in this paper suggest that violent/aggressive behaviors are associated with a greater risk of addiction, mediated via various genes linked to the BRC. This review provides a contributory analysis of how gene polymorphisms, especially those related to the brain reward circuitry, are associated with violent behaviors.
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Konstantaras, K., and A. N. Piperopoulou. "Stock market trading: Compulsive gambling and the underestimation of risk." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71777-1.
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IntroductionAlthough gamblers and investors have been found to exhibit many common traits, no existing studies associate retail investors with an explicit addictive behavior, or account for the degree of addiction's influence on investors’ and gamblers’ risk attitude and risk perception.ObjectivesThe study explores whether trading in the stock market is a potentially compulsive form of behavior. Furthermore, it explores the psychological risk perception versus economic risk taking of individuals engaged in active stock market trading and those in gambling, for various degrees of addiction.AimThe study aims to develop the profile of an addicted retail investor across demographic and risk variables.MethodsThe South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur & Blume, 1987), adapted for stock market trading, the financial part of the Risk Taking Scale and Risk Perception Scale (Weber et al., 2002) and a demographics questionnaire was completed by a sample (582 responses) of active investors, gamblers and a control group in Greece at three distinctive time periods.ResultsResults suggest that retail trading in the stock market exhibits significant incidence of compulsive behavior (11.2%) across diverse stock market environments, probably more for females. The decision to become an active investor or gambler entails greater risk friendliness. Pathologically addicted retail investors underestimate the risk of trading in the stock market. Demographics also play a critical role in risk perception and risk underestimation.ConclusionThere is an apparent addiction problem between active retail investors that should be taken into account. Psychotherapeutic interventions are discussed.
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Brazeau, Brad W., and David C. Hodgins. "User engagement with technology-mediated self-guided interventions for addictions: scoping review protocol." BMJ Open 12, no. 8 (August 2022): e064324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064324.
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IntroductionTechnology-mediated self-guided interventions (TMSGIs) for addictive disorders represent promising adjuncts and alternatives to traditional treatment approaches (eg, face-to-face psychotherapy). However, meaningful evaluation of such interventions remains elusive given the lack of consistent terminology and application. Preliminary findings suggest that TMSGIs are useful but engagement remains modest for various reasons reported by users, including lack of personalisation. The aim of this review is to explore how TMSGIs have been defined and applied in addictions populations with an emphasis on technical and logistical features associated with greater user engagement.Methods and analysisThis scoping review protocol was developed in accordance with the Arksey and O’Malley framework. Articles from electronic databases (ie, PsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE and CINAHL) will be included if they targeted adolescents or adults with one or more substance or behavioural addictions, excessive behaviours or aspects thereof (eg, cravings) using a privately accessible technology-mediated intervention. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts for relevance before commencing full-text reviews. Extracted data will be presented in descriptive, tabular and graphical summaries as appropriate.Ethics and disseminationEthics committee approval is not required for this study. Review findings will be used to guide the development of preliminary recommendations for real-time addiction intervention development and provision. Emphasis will be placed on practical considerations of user engagement, accessibility, usability and cost. Knowledge users, including clinicians, researchers and people with lived experience, will be engaged for development of one such intervention following publication of review findings.RegistrationThis scoping review was registered with the Open Science Framework on 15 April 2022 and can be located at http://www.osf.io/3utp9/.
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Simon, Roland, and Robert West. "Models of addiction and types of interventions: An integrative look." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 4, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.198.
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Simon, R., & West, R. (2015). Models of addiction and types of interventions: An integrative look. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 13-20. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.198Background: Use of psychoactive substances and problem gambling create serious harm to individuals who engage in these practices and to society as a whole (World Health Organization, 2002). The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) regularly monitors drug-related problems and interventions, as well as the efficiency of interventions. The scope and methodology of monitoring, however, depends on the conceptualization of “addiction.”Methods: The relevant literature was screened for models and theories relating to “addiction,” resulting in a systematic overview of the concepts and related approaches (EMCDDA, 2013). Using this as a background, different approaches for interventions and their theoretical bases are discussed.Results: Models of addiction follow two approaches. Most of these focus on the individual addict, involving constructs such as emotions, drive states, habits, choice, and goal-oriented processes, or else taking a more integrative or change-oriented view. Others are population-based models, including social network, economic, communication, and organizational system models.While substance- and non-substance-related addictions differ in a number of respects, they share key elements: a repeated powerful motivation to engage in a particular behavior, acquired through enacting the behavior, despite the experience or risk of significant harm. Nine different types of intervention to combat addiction found in the literature involve attempts to change one or more of three factors that interact to underpin behavior: capability, opportunity, and motivation (the “COM-B” model). The models of addiction reviewed may serve as a basis for such interventions.
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Elias, Brenda, Madelyn Hall, Say P. Hong, Erich V. Kliewer, and Lyna Hart. "When the Data Does Not Match the Story: Do Trauma Histories and Addiction Issues Really Characterize Poor Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Among Manitoba First Nation Women Living On-Reserve?" International Journal of Indigenous Health 8, no. 1 (June 9, 2013): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijih81201212357.
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First Nations women have historically used cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) screening services less than non-First Nations women, and have correspondingly higher rates of cervical cancer compared to non-Aboriginal women. It has been suggested that trauma/mental health histories and addiction behaviours may present barriers and result in less use of Pap screening. This study examined the potential influence of trauma/mental health histories and addiction on self-reports of Pap screening. Data from the Manitoba First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey 2002/2003 were used to explore the association of social demographic characteristics, trauma history, and addiction behaviours with Pap screening among a sample of 1,707 First Nations adult women living on-reserve in Manitoba, Canada. Women younger than 50 years, those who reported suicidal thoughts and/or attempts over their lifetime, and those with polysubstance addictions were more likely to have been screened in the three years prior to the survey. Contrary to the perceptions of some older First Nations women, women with a challenging past were indeed engaging in Pap screening. Trauma histories and addiction behaviours did not reduce the use of cervical screening for First Nations women in this study. Screening uptake, however, is still less than optimal for older women and women with less than high school education. Culturally appropriate and gender-sensitive communication and health service efforts are required to undo existing misperceptions, and to encourage women, regardless of age or current or past circumstances, to participate in cancer screening for their own wellbeing.
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Everett, Nicholas A., Harry A. Carey, Jennifer L. Cornish, and Sarah J. Baracz. "Sign tracking predicts cue-induced but not drug-primed reinstatement to methamphetamine seeking in rats: Effects of oxytocin treatment." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 1271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120954052.
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Background: The incentive sensitisation theory of addiction posits that drug-associated stimuli become imbued with incentive motivational properties, driving pathological drug seeking. However, pre-existing variability in the incentive salience to non-drug reward cues (‘sign trackers’ (STs); ‘goal trackers’ (GTs)) is also predictive of the desire for and relapse to cocaine and opioids. Here, we asked whether variation in propensity to attribute incentive salience to a food cue is predictive of reinstatement to the highly addictive psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH), and whether treatment with the promising anti-addiction therapy oxytocin differentially reduces METH behaviour between STs and GTs. Methods: Rats were trained to associate a Pavlovian cue with delivery of a sucrose pellet over 8 days. They then received jugular vein catheters for intravenous METH self-administration, followed by behavioural extinction, and cue-induced and METH-primed reinstatement to METH-seeking behaviours. Oxytocin was administered prior to self-administration and reinstatement tests. Results: Despite the self-administration of similar amounts of METH, STs reinstated more to METH cues than did GTs, yet METH-priming reinstated STs and GTs similarly. Furthermore, oxytocin attenuated cue-induced reinstatement more so in STs than in GTs, and reduced METH-primed reinstatement to a greater extent in the top quartile of reinstaters, indicating that oxytocin treatment may be most effective for those at highest risk of addiction. Conclusions: This pre-existing bias towards reward cues presents a possible tool to screen for METH addiction susceptibility and may be useful for understanding the neurobiology of addiction and for pharmacotherapeutic discovery.
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Gupta, Nidhi. "RF12 | PSUN103 Wireless Mobile Device Overuse and Obesity: Understanding the Neuroscience, Implications and Interventions." Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.059.
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Abstract Background While wireless mobile device (WMD) overuse might be perceived as normal behavior in people of all ages, the pathophysiology of WMD addiction is similar to that of substance addiction. Increasing prevalence of disorders related to screentime/sedentary lifestyle such as obesity, dyslipidemia, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus calls for comprehensive and cost-effective interventions. Objectives We aimed to synthesize existing data on the neuroscience that underlies WMD addiction, its adverse health outcomes and suggest practical strategies to achieve life-technology balance at home and work. Methods Comprehensive search of databases (PubMed and MEDLINE) was conducted until May 2021, for smartphone, screentime and phone addiction. The data were collected as part of a population-based educational initiative, Phreedom (Freedom from smartPhone), to inspire individuals to achieve life-technology balance. Results From the initial 655 citations, 234 were included. The addictive use of WMDs was linked to the 'incentive sensitization theory of addiction': repeated exposure to potentially addictive stimuli (i.e., notifications) can cause persistent structural and functional brain changes in the prefrontal cortex. As a result, an individual's executive functions and cue-reactivity could be impaired. The hyper-reactive dopamine system could also drive this compulsive behavior in the form of a habit-loop of cue, craving, response, and reward. Each hour/day increase in screentime was associated with 0.05-0.07 increase in body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001), likely due to food marketing, distracted eating, reduced satiety, and procrastination of physical activity. Overuse of WMDs was associated with insufficient and low-quality sleep, daytime tiredness, daytime sleepiness, depression, and daily cognitive failures. Nine of 10 Americans reported using a technological device in the hour before bed. The more interactive the device, the higher the difficulty falling asleep and unrefreshing sleep (p < 0.05). The younger the age at initial exposure and the longer the duration of exposure, the higher the odds of adverse health outcomes, such as illegal substance use. High users of screens were more likely to have been diagnosed with anxiety or depression, requiring medication. Practical strategies to disrupt the addictive dopamine habit-loop included WMD triage and uncluttering, eliminating redundant notifications, deleting time-consuming applications, modifying the digital environment at home and work, and replacing screentime with greentime. Other tactics could include using an alarm clock, wearing a wristwatch, specifying times to check emails and social media, refocusing teams to decrease reliance on text messages and lowering expectations of immediate responses. Conclusions While it would be irrational to suggest complete avoidance of all WMDs, moderation, balance, and real-life engagement together with strategies aimed at disrupting the dopamine habit loop will be critical components of any intervention plan. Educating patients about the neuroscience of WMD addiction and empowering them with tips to curb WMD use might impact their behavior substantially. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:30 p.m. - 1:35 p.m., Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
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Dresp-Langley, Birgitta, and Axel Hutt. "Digital Addiction and Sleep." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 6910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116910.
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In 2020, the World Health Organization formally recognized addiction to digital technology (connected devices) as a worldwide problem, where excessive online activity and internet use lead to inability to manage time, energy, and attention during daytime and produce disturbed sleep patterns or insomnia during nighttime. Recent studies have shown that the problem has increased in magnitude worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. The extent to which dysfunctional sleep is a consequence of altered motivation, memory function, mood, diet, and other lifestyle variables or results from excess of blue-light exposure when looking at digital device screens for long hours at day and night is one of many still unresolved questions. This article offers a narrative overview of some of the most recent literature on this topic. The analysis provided offers a conceptual basis for understanding digital addiction as one of the major reasons why people, and adolescents in particular, sleep less and less well in the digital age. It discusses definitions as well as mechanistic model accounts in context. Digital addiction is identified as functionally equivalent to all addictions, characterized by the compulsive, habitual, and uncontrolled use of digital devices and an excessively repeated engagement in a particular online behavior. Once the urge to be online has become uncontrollable, it is always accompanied by severe sleep loss, emotional distress, depression, and memory dysfunction. In extreme cases, it may lead to suicide. The syndrome has been linked to the known chronic effects of all drugs, producing disturbances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of the GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems. Dopamine and serotonin synaptic plasticity, essential for impulse control, memory, and sleep function, are measurably altered. The full spectrum of behavioral symptoms in digital addicts include eating disorders and withdrawal from outdoor and social life. Evidence pointing towards dysfunctional melatonin and vitamin D metabolism in digital addicts should be taken into account for carving out perspectives for treatment. The conclusions offer a holistic account for digital addiction, where sleep deficit is one of the key factors.
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Agafonov, Sergey, Stepan Chub, and Svetlana Trufanova. "Actual problems of physical development of children in the age of digital technologies." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 09034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127309034.
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The active spread of digital technologies all over the world, the mobile availability of high-speed Internet have caused a sharp increase in the time the population spends at the screens of smartphones, tablets, televisions and other media devices. In particular, this tendency influenced the model of behavior of the younger generation in relation to health, lifestyle, and the level of physical activity. The sedentary lifestyle of children and adolescents, associated with screen addiction, causes various diseases, social problems, poor academic performance, and negatively affects the indicators of their physical and mental health. The current study presents data that reflect the dynamic relationship of "screen time" with indicators of physical development of adolescents. The participants were children of primary school age from 6 to 10 years old (n-74). Measurements were carried out using fitness tests, anthropometry, questionnaires, self-report diaries of physical activity and time spent by the study participants with digital technology. The paper discusses the main effective means and methods to improve the motivation of young people for regular exercise. Actions for the formation of a strategy for the behavior of the younger generation in ways of interacting with digital technologies are outlined.
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Ryan, Deirdre Anne, and Pauline Boland. "A scoping review of occupational therapy interventions in the treatment of people with substance use disorders." Irish Journal of Occupational Therapy 49, no. 2 (November 16, 2021): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijot-11-2020-0017.
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Purpose Diagnosis of substance use disorders and addictive behaviours are growing worldwide. It is timely to examine and collate literature on the nature of occupational therapy intervention in this field, to increase understanding of current practice and inform future directions. The purpose of this paper is to source and synthesise literature on occupational therapy interventions used in the treatment of people experiencing addiction. Design/methodology/approach Four databases were searched in August 2019. A total of 597 titles were screened, and 18 studies with varying methods met inclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis of the included literature was arranged into themes to summarise key findings. Findings Findings were grouped into three themes about occupational therapy provision to people experiencing addiction: single occupation focused intervention; skills training (including sub-themes on daily living skills and vocational skills); and establishing a community-based sober routine. Research limitations/implications Further research on this topic should focus on efficacy of treatments and build on current findings to develop more rigorous research with appropriate sample sizes to support evidence-based practice. Originality/value This study presents a synthesis of how occupational therapy interventions have been used to treat people experiencing addiction issues. Findings indicate occupational therapy appears to fit well within addiction treatment and assert that occupational therapy is most supportive when interventions go beyond the teaching of skills alone to prioritise occupational engagement and client centred practice.
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Szafran, Daria, Tatiana Görig, Sabine Vollstädt-Klein, Nadja Grundinger, Ute Mons, Valerie Lohner, Sven Schneider, and Marike Andreas. "Addictive Potential of e-Cigarettes as Reported in e-Cigarette Online Forums: Netnographic Analysis of Subjective Experiences." Journal of Medical Internet Research 25 (January 6, 2023): e41669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/41669.
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Background While e-cigarettes usually contain nicotine, their addictive potential is not yet fully understood. We hypothesized that if e-cigarettes are addictive, users will experience typical symptoms of addiction. Objective The aim of our study was to investigate whether and how e-cigarette users report signs of addiction. Methods We identified 3 large German-language e-cigarette online forums via a systematic Google search. Based on a netnographic approach, we used deductive content analysis to investigate relevant posts in these forums. Netnography has the advantage of limiting the social desirability bias that prevails in face-to-face research, such as focus groups. The data were coded according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria for tobacco use disorder, adapted for e-cigarettes. The DSM-5 criteria were used to portray a broad spectrum of possible experiences of addiction. Results Overall, 5337 threads in 3 forums were screened, and 451 threads containing relevant information were included in the analysis. Users reported experiences consistent with the DSM-5 criteria, such as craving e-cigarettes, excessive time spent vaping, and health issues related to e-cigarette use. However, our analysis also showed that users reported the absence of typical tobacco use disorder criteria, such as successful attempts to reduce the nicotine dosage. For most themes, reports of their absence were more frequent than of their presence. The absence of perceived addiction was mostly reported in contrast to prior tobacco smoking. Conclusions This is the first study to use a netnographic approach to explore unfiltered self-reports of experiences of e-cigarette addiction by users in online forums. As hypothesized, some but not all users reported subjective experiences that corresponded to the criteria of tobacco use disorder as defined by the DSM-5. Nevertheless, subjective reports also indicated that many e-cigarette users felt in control of their behavior, especially in contrast to their prior use of tobacco cigarettes. The finding that some e-cigarette users subjectively experience addiction highlights the need for effective cessation programs to support users who experience their e-cigarette use as burdensome. This research can guide the refinement of instruments to assess e-cigarette addiction and guide cessation programs. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s40359-021-00682-8
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Cherry, Andrew L., and Mary E. Dillon. "The AC-OK Cooccurring Screen: Reliability, Convergent Validity, Sensitivity, and Specificity." Journal of Addiction 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/573906.
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The principal barriers to universal screening for the cooccurring disorders of mental illness and substance abuse are training, time, cost, and a reliable and valid screen. Although many of the barriers to universal screening still remain intact, the lack of a cooccurring screen that is effective and can be administered in a cost efficient way is no longer an obstacle. This study examined the reliability, factor structure, and convergent validity of the 15-item AC-OK Cooccurring Screen. A total of 2,968 AC-OK Cooccurring Screens administrated to individuals who called or went to one of the nine participating mental health and substance abuse treatment facilities were administrated and analyzed. Principal axis factor (PAF) analysis was used in the confirmatory factor analysis to identify the common variance among the items in the scales while excluding unique variance. Cronbach's Alpha was used to establish internal consistency (reliability) of each subscale. Finally, the findings from the AC-OK Cooccurring Screen were compared to individual scores on two standardized reference measures, the addiction severity index and the Client assessment record (a measure of mental health status) to determine sensitivity and specificity. This analysis of the AC-OK Cooccurring Screen found the subscales to have excellent reliability, very good convergent validity, excellent sensitivity, and sufficient specificity to be highly useful in screening for cooccurring disorders in behavioral health settings. In this study, the AC-OK Cooccurring Screen had a Cronbach's Alpha of .92 on the substance abuse subscale and a Cronbach's Alpha of .80 on the mental health subscale.
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Testa, R., P. Grandinetti, M. Pascucci, A. Bruschi, P. Parente, G. Pozzi, and L. Janiri. "Attachment styles and severity of pathological gambling: Preliminary evaluations." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.456.
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IntroductionThe addictive behaviors can be seen as attachment disorders. To our knowledge, the literature on the relationship between pathological gambling (PG) and attachment styles is still poorly represented. However, in addicted patients, the identification of secure or insecure attachment styles seems to have serious implications for the therapeutic alliance and the treatment.ObjectivesTo examine the clinical role of attachment styles in the PG patients.AimsTo study the relationships between the different attachment styles and PG and the severity of PG.MaterialsWe recruited 33 patients with GP according to DSM-IV-TR criteria; all patients were abstinent from addictive behaviors at least since one month, the experiences in close relationships (ECR) was administered to investigate attachment styles, the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) to investigate the severity of gambling.ResultsThe subjects showed the following attachment styles (Table 1). Ambivalent attachment style correlates with high scores to the SOGS (P < 0.001), and with a shorter period of abstinence from PG (P = 0.022). Patients with ambivalent attachment style have increased severity of PG at SOGS, correlating with higher raw score on the anxiety factor of ECR and lower raw score on avoidance factor (for both P = 0.036).ConclusionsPatients showed ambivalent attachment, and anxiety factor correlates with a greater severity of PG. Attachment style could be a severity index of PG. Our findings need to be replicated in larger groups, also widening the target of other addictions both chemical and behavioral.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Atroszko, Paweł A., Bartosz Atroszko, and Edyta Charzyńska. "Subpopulations of Addictive Behaviors in Different Sample Types and Their Relationships with Gender, Personality, and Well-Being: Latent Profile vs. Latent Class Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 8590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168590.
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Background: Relatively strong theoretical assumptions and previous studies concerning co-occurring addictive behaviors suggest a subpopulation representing general proclivity to behavioral addictions (BAs), and there are gender-specific subpopulations. This study aimed to compare latent profile analysis (LPA) and latent class analysis (LCA) as the methods of investigating different clusters of BAs in the general student population and among students positively screened for at least one BA. Participants and procedure: Analyses of six BAs (study, shopping, gaming, Facebook, pornography, and food) and their potential antecedents (personality) and consequences (well-being) were conducted on a full sample of Polish undergraduate students (N = 1182) and a subsample (n = 327) of students including individuals fulfilling cutoff for at least one BA. Results: LPA on the subsample mostly replicated the previous four profiles found in the full sample. However, LCA on a full sample did not replicate previous findings using LPA and showed only two classes: those with relatively high probabilities on all BAs and low probabilities. LCA on the subsample conflated profiles identified with LPA and classes found with LCA in the full sample. Conclusions: LCA on dichotomized scores (screened positively vs. negatively) were less effective in identifying clear patterns of interrelationships between BAs based on relatively strong theoretical assumptions and found in previous research. BAs can be investigated on the whole spectrum of behavior, and person-centered analyses might be more useful when they are based on continuous scores. This paper provides more detailed analyses of the four basic clusters of BAs, prevalence, and co-occurrence of particular BAs within and between them, their gender and personality risk factors, relationships to well-being, and their interrelationships as emerging from the results of this and previous studies.
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André, Frida, Anders Håkansson, Björn Axel Johansson, and Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson. "The prevalence of gaming and gambling in a child and adolescent psychiatry unit." Journal of Public Health Research 11, no. 2 (April 2022): 227990362211041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22799036221104160.
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Background: Gaming and gambling are frequently reported from child and adolescent psychiatry and school health care. Swedish epidemiological data show that 1.3% of the population meet the criteria for gambling disorder. Risk factors are male gender, young age, single status and being born outside Sweden. Both problem gaming and gambling are associated with compulsion, psychiatric and physical symptoms, impaired cognitive development and school performance. Based on the limited knowledge and the need for more research into these behaviours among young individuals, the present study aimed to look at the prevalence of gaming and gambling in patients at the child and adolescent psychiatry department (CAP) in Skåne, a region in the south of Sweden. Design and methods: The overall aim is to explore gaming and gambling in a child and youth population. Children aged 8–18 years ( N = 144) from CAP in Skåne were assessed with two self-screening instruments: GASA (Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents) and NODS-CLiP (NORC Diagnostic Screen for Gambling Problems). Information were collected regarding type of care, housing situation and diagnosis. Results: Thirty-three percent of the study participants showed problem/addictive gaming. Fifty-two percent of the males in the study showed problem/addictive gaming. Forty-four percent of the subjects with ADHD showed problem/addictive gaming. Eleven percent of the study participants showed problem gambling. Conclusions: The present study reports hitherto unreported figures of problem gaming and gambling. Our results show the importance of screening children and adolescents for these conditions when admitting subjects to CAP in/outpatient care.
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Skokov, Roman, and Tatiana Dugina. "Screen Time: Society Costs vs Revenues of Transnational Corporations." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 4 (February 2022): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2021.4.1.
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The article presents the periodization of the theory of behavioral design and the theory of time. The direction of the modern stage of development of behavioral design is digital technologies of persuasion, the tools of which are used to influence the behavior of users of social networks, video hosting and other digital goods. Social media accounts for half of the screen time. The business model of multinational technology corporations in the use of screen time is to advertise, collect and sell user data, which can also be accompanied by the formation of a shadow market. Digital persuasion technologies are addictive and provide an increase in the time users spend on social networks. When assessing the use of unproductive screen time, the lost value of time must be taken into account. Social losses of unproductive use of digital goods are significant and tend to grow in a pandemic, turning into revenue for companies. In the absence of public and state regulation of the use of digital technologies of persuasion in digital goods and their uncontrolled use, children and youth are the most vulnerable category. Within the framework of the evolutionary development of synergetics, the source of which is disequilibrium, instability, irreversibility and nonlinearity of time, it is necessary to pay attention to the mechanism of self-organization of users.
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Chuprova, N., T. Merkulova, M. Solovieva, A. Nikolishin, A. Trusova, S. Grechany, V. Soldatkin, et al. "Childhood violence experience interacts with BDNF Val158Met polymorphism and modify internet addiction risk." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.351.
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Introduction Internet-addiction (IA) is one of the most common non-chemical (or behavioral) addictions with genetic impact and substantial effects of psychological and personality characteristics, taking into account the childhood traumatic experience. Gene-environment interactions (GxE) may substantially impact on the risk of Internet-addiction (IA). Objectives Aim: to test the associations between the functional polymorphism rs6265 (Val66Met) in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, affecting BDNF function, and childhood traumatic experience and their GxE interactions with IA risk. Methods In total 456 participants were screened with Chinese Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) to cut a cohort on two groups: IA (CIAS total score ≥ 65, n=100) and controls (CIAS total score less 64, n=356). The Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) was used to assess childhood traumatic experience using its main domains: parents (P), family (F), abuse (A) and violence (V). BDNF Val158Met polymorphism was detected by RT-PCR. Results Logistic regression revealed associations of P scores with increased IA risk only after adjustment for sex and age (p=0.01, OR=1.166, 95%CI[1.038-1.309]) and V scores with decreased IA risk (p=0.000, OR=0.799, 95%CI [0,233;0,744] only before adjustment. No associations of F and A with IA risk were found. BDNF Val158Met per se was not associated with IA risk, but significant effect of interaction V score*BDNF rs6265 CC on IA risk in “protective” manner was revealed (р=0.039, OR=0.873, 95%CI[0.768-0.993]) in a model adjusted for sex and age. Conclusions Childhood violence experience interacts with BDNF Val158Met polymorphism and CC (ValVal) genotype may be possibly protective factor decreasing the internet addiction risk Disclosure This work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research: RFBR grant # 18-29-22079
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Jarrar, Yosra, Ayodeji Awobamise, Gabriel E. Nweke, and Khaled Tamim. "Motivations for Social Media Use as Mediators in the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Social Media Addiction." Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 12, no. 4 (October 26, 2022): e202243. http://dx.doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/12580.
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In the midst of an ever-changing world that we inhabit today, many facets that were once viewed as ‘intruding’, ‘alien’, or utter anomalies, have turned into integral linchpins of our day-to-day lives, and without them, the modern dynamics of human essence are portrayed as incompetent. Amongst those pivotal factors are the emergence of the Internet, social media platforms, and the inevitable ascendancy of the virtual world. That is, the perception of what is deemed incongruent is primarily dependent on how well one seems to utilize social media, as it is the cutting edge of the contemporary means of social evolution. Indeed, the conception of social engagement has become completely novel nowadays from what it was in the past, and despite the fact that communication has been altered to fit ‘electronic screens’, it has facilitated the mechanisms of communication in a way that is simply undeniable. Howbeit, on the other hand, this cacophony of interactive tools has created one of the virtual world’s most obstreperous dogmas, that is, social media addiction. The rapid changes in external methods of communication have contributed to the stripping of our innate roots of ordeal human communication and thus completely remolded our behaviors in a whirlwind of what seemed like a revolutionary momentum. That is, socialization and the formation of both individual identity and communal solidarity are essentially centered around our online practices, where the dependencies of such shift in communication transmit further into the entirety of our beings and seep into our subconsciousness. Thus, among the notions of social media’s intermingling with human intellect, is the deployment of emotional intelligence (EI) in dealing with social media addiction. Formulating the crux to this research, this paper seeks to shed light on the role of EI in either dampening or arousing the desires of obsessive social media use, especially since there is a major dearth of studies that observe the crucialness of EI management in controlling addictive behaviors on various social media platforms. Through the use of a quantitative research approach, this study examined the role of several motivations for social media use, namely, entertainment, communication, self-expression, and relationship maintenance, in moderating the relationship between EI and social media addiction. This was achieved by distributing questionnaires to 400 participants aged between 18 and 25 in the Kampala Region of Uganda, using a random sampling method. Findings elucidated that EI is negatively correlated to social media addiction, implying that a higher level of EI translates to a lower desire for social media addiction and vice versa, while all four motivations for social media use were significantly correlated with social media addiction. Furthermore, results conveyed that entertainment and relationship management are amongst the top stimulating mediators for the relationship between EI and social media addiction. However, this also implies that if individuals have low levels of EI, it does not necessarily guarantee that they will most likely adopt pathological social media behaviors, simply because the motivations for using such online platforms critically vary from one individual to the other, while also simultaneously keeping an analytical eye on the role of freewill in promulgating this dilemma in possible future research.
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Jacob, T., K. J. Sher, K. K. Bucholz, W. T. True, E. J. Sirevaag, J. Rohrbaugh, E. Nelson, et al. "An Integrative Approach for Studying the Etiology of Alcoholism and Other Addictions." Twin Research 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.2.103.
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AbstractStudies of alcoholism etiology often focus on genetic or psy-chosocial approaches, but not both. Greater understanding of the etiology of alcohol, tobacco and other addictions will come from integration of these research traditions. A research approach is outlined to test three models for the etiology of addictions — behavioral undercontrol, pharmacologic vulnerability, negative affect regulation — addressing key questions including (i) mediators of genetic effects, (ii) genotype-environment correlation effects, (iii) genotype x environment interaction effects, (iv) the developmental unfolding of genetic and environmental effects, (v) subtyping including identification of distinct trajectories of substance involvement, (vi) identification of individual genes that contribute to risk, and (vii) the consequences of excessive use. By using coordinated research designs, including prospective assessment of adolescent twins and their siblings and parents; of adult substance dependent and control twins and their MZ and DZ cotwins, the spouses of these pairs, and their adolescent offspring; and of regular families; by selecting for gene-mapping approaches sibships screened for extreme concordance or discordance on quantitative indices of substance use; and by using experimental (drug challenge) as well as survey approaches, a number of key questions concerning addiction etiology can be addressed. We discuss complementary strengths and weaknesses of different sampling strategies, as well as methods to implement such an integrated approach illustrated for the study of alcoholism etiology. A coordinated program of twin and family studies will allow a comprehensive dissection of the interplay of genetic and environmental risk-factors in the etiology of alcoholism and other addictions.
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Mucci, F., D. Marazziti, S. Baroni, and A. Piccinni. "Impulsivity and pathological gambling: An Italian study." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S392—S393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.445.
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IntroductionPathological gambling (PG) is a behavioral addictive disorder characterized by persistent and problematic gambling behaviors, in presence of impairment of self-regulation and impulsivity. Impulsivity is widely supported by literature in developing and maintaining addictive behaviors and PG.Aim(s)The aim of this study is to compare PG to impulsivity in a group of Italian outpatients, in order to further explore their appealing relation and to sensitize local public institutions about this problem that is of growing concern amongst our population.MethodsFifty outpatients were recruited at the psychiatric outpatient ward of the University of Pisa. All of them had a diagnosis of PG, assessed throughout the structured clinical interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). The sample was compared with a similar group of healthy control subjects. South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) scale and Barrat Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) questionnaires were used to assess respectively the severity of PG and impulsivity traits of personality.ResultsPG patients reported significantly higher total score in BIS-11 than control subjects. In particular, the “motor impulsivity” and “cognitive complexity” scores were significantly higher in PG patients, as well as “motor” and “non-planning” impulsivity subscale scores. A positive and significant correlation was found between BIS-11 and SOGS total scores.ConclusionsThese results corroborate the existence of the widely described association between impulsivity and PG. Also they support the notion that impulsivity may represent a core element of PG and, perhaps, to a typical personality trait, that may be particularly related to the development of addictive and impulsive behaviors.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Volchegorskaya, Evgenia Yu, Marina V. Zhukova, Ksenia I. Shishkina, and Elena V. Frolova. "Risks of digital addiction in primary school children." Perspectives of Science and Education 58, no. 4 (September 1, 2022): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32744/pse.2022.4.21.
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Introduction. The noticeable growth of e-learning, the widespread penetration of various digital devices into the daily lives of children in some cases can provoke the formation of dependent behavior, which necessitates research aimed at early identification of risk factors for digital addiction in younger schoolchildren. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the use of digital devices by children of primary school age. Methodology. 103 4th grade students took part in the study. To identify the structure of digital addiction of younger schoolchildren, the "Digital Addiction Scale" was used by N.S. Hawi et al., which allows children to identify the degree of addiction according to 9 criteria, such as fascination with a digital device; the amount of "screen" time; frustration when unable to use a smartphone; problems arising from digital addiction; conflicts with parents and their deception; isolation from family, hobbies, studies; the desire to constantly return to the smartphone; improved mood when using it. The results of the study. The results show that 11.7% of primary school students can be classified as dependent on digital devices. The most pronounced indicators in children are those associated with mood changes due to the inability to use a digital device (average score 8.1); isolation from family, narrowing of the circle of interests (average score 7.0). At the same time, younger schoolchildren rarely come into open conflict with their parents (an average score of 3.5) and resort to deceiving adults about the amount of time and what they do on their digital devices (an average score of 3.0). A weak difference in digital dependence between boys and girls was revealed. The relationship between the degree of digital dependence and individual parameters of divergent thinking of the child is also shown (rs = - 0.45; p <0.01). Conclusion. The results of the study show that already at primary school age, the risk of digital addiction is quite high. The results show that the problematic behavior of children in relation to digital devices indicates a significant role in reducing some parameters of divergent thinking.
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Chia, Michael Yong Hwa, John Komar, Terence Buan Kiong Chua, and Lee Yong Tay. "Associations between Parent Attitudes and on- and off-Screen Behaviours of Preschool Children in Singapore." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 11508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811508.
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The research aims were to examine the relationships between parent and child digital media use and to describe the characteristics of the top and bottom quartiles of child digital media use in meeting the 24 h integrated guidelines for sleep, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour. Parent-reported on- and off-screen habits and quality of life of children were collected from 1481 parents of preschool children aged 2–5 years in 2019. Significant relationships were detected between parent and child digital media use (weekday, r = 0.274; weekend, r = 0.421, p < 0.05) with no sex difference in daily child digital media use (p > 0.05). Age of first exposure to fixed screens, daily digital media use, and physical play durations were significantly different between heavy (child-TQ) and light (child-BQ) child users of digital media (p < 0.05). Parental perceived importance of child digital media use and parental awareness and practice of guidelines for child digital media use differed significantly between parents of child-TQs and parents of child-BQs (p < 0.05). The number of 24 h movement guidelines met between child-TQs and child-BQs differed (p < 0.05). Parents voiced serious concerns for child digital media use, including addiction (75–76%), poor eyesight (73%), access to inappropriate content (73–74%), a lack of parent–child interaction (65%), poor sleep (49–55%), and a lack of physical activity (55–59%), but these findings did not translate to parental enforcement of the guidelines. Parent education on how to get the best digital media use outcomes for preschool children is recommended.
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Wang, Dandan, Hannah M. Stoveken, Stefano Zucca, Maria Dao, Cesare Orlandi, Chenghui Song, Ikuo Masuho, et al. "Genetic behavioral screen identifies an orphan anti-opioid system." Science 365, no. 6459 (August 15, 2019): 1267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2078.
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Opioids target the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) to produce unrivaled pain management, but their addictive properties can lead to severe abuse. We developed a whole-animal behavioral platform for unbiased discovery of genes influencing opioid responsiveness. Using forward genetics in Caenorhabditis elegans, we identified a conserved orphan receptor, GPR139, with anti-opioid activity. GPR139 is coexpressed with MOR in opioid-sensitive brain circuits, binds to MOR, and inhibits signaling to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding proteins (G proteins). Deletion of GPR139 in mice enhanced opioid-induced inhibition of neuronal firing to modulate morphine-induced analgesia, reward, and withdrawal. Thus, GPR139 could be a useful target for increasing opioid safety. These results also demonstrate the potential of C. elegans as a scalable platform for genetic discovery of G protein–coupled receptor signaling principles.
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Collier, Crystal. "The Neuroscience of High-Risk Behavior: Implications for Prevention & Treatment in Youth." Journal of Recovery Science 1, no. 2 (September 22, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31886/jors.12.2018.33.
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The average age of first use of alcohol for teen boys is 11 and 13 for teen girls. The average age of first exposure to pornography is 9. More teens are suffering from depression than any other time in our history due to too much screen time. Cyberbullying peaks in the 6th grade. What is happening in our culture and to our children’s neurodevelopment as a result of it? Engaging in high-risk behavior as a teen increases the chance of struggling with addiction as an adult by up to 90% due neurodevelopmental exposure and priming of the mesolimbic reward system. The Neuroscience of High-Risk Behavior elucidates how substances and other risky behavior, such as technology overuse, affect healthy neurodevelopment and how these effects impair adult functioning as well as implications for prevention and treatment. Practical, every-day parenting solutions and clinical techniques will be discussed.
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Cao, Fenglin, Linyan Su, TieQiao Liu, and Xueping Gao. "The relationship between impulsivity and Internet addiction in a sample of Chinese adolescents." European Psychiatry 22, no. 7 (August 31, 2007): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.05.004.
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AbstractObjectivePrevious studies regarding internet addiction have investigated associated psychological variables such as shyness, loneliness, self-consciousness, anxiety, depression and interpersonal relations. Few studies about the relationship between internet Addiction and impulsivity have been done. This study aimed to assess whether internet addiction is related to impulsivity among Chinese adolescents.MethodThis study was performed in two stages. We screened for the presence of internet Addiction among 2620 high school students(age ranging from 12 years to 18 years) from four high schools of Changsha City using Diagnostic Questionnaire for internet Addiction (YDQ). According to the modified YDQ criteria by Beard, 64 students were diagnosed as internet addiction. Excluding current psychiatric comorbidity, 50 students who were diagnosed as internet Addiction (mean age, 14.8 ± 1.4 years) and 50 normal students in internet usage(mean age, 14.5 ± 1.8 years) were included in a case control study. The two groups were assessed using Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11 (BIS-11) and behavioral measure of impulsivity (GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm).ResultsSixty-four students met the modified YDQ criteria by Beard, of whom 14 students suffered from comorbid psychiatric disorders, especially comorbid ADHD. The internet Addiction group had significantly higher scores on the BIS-11 subscales of Attentional key, Motor key, and Total scores than the control group (P < 0.05). The internet Addiction group scored higher than the control group on the failure to inhibit responses of GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between YDQ scores and BIS-11subscales and the number of failure to inhibit responses of GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm.ConclusionThis study suggests that adolescents with internet addiction exhibit more impulsivity than controls and have various comorbid psychiatric disorders, which could be associated with the psychopathology of internet addiction.
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Ishaq, Ghulam, Saba Ghayas, and Adnan Adil. "Development and Validation of News Addiction Scale." Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 36, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.1.01.
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The current study was undertaken in order to construct a psychometrically sound measure of news addiction for Pakistani people. The research comprised of three studies. The first study dealt with the development of News Addiction Scale (NAS) for Pakistani people. The items of the scale were empirically determined for content validation and an exploratory factor analysis was undertaken on a purposive sample of 247 individuals (men = 183, women = 64; with a mean age of 40.1 years, SD = 15.2 years). Thirty items were subjected to Principal Axis Factoring and the resulting scree plot and Eigenvalues evidenced a single factor solution with 19 items, which accounted for 53.96% of the variance. In the second study, a confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on a sample of 240 participants and the results revealed an excellent model fit to the data, which validated the unidimensional structure of the scale. Study III of the present research was conducted on a purposive sample of 100 individuals and it provided a convincing evidence of convergent validity of the scale as significant positive correlation was observed between news addiction and behavioral activation and concurrent validity as individuals with more duration of exposure had significantly higher mean score on the NAS. Across the two studies, the Cronbach alpha of the scale remained ≥ .90. These pieces of evidence suggested that NAS would be a promising indigenous measure of news addiction.
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Kadri, Rozeeda, Rohayah Husain, and Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar. "Impact of Spiritual Meditation on Drug Addiction Recovery and Wellbeing: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 4, no. 4 (May 6, 2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v4i4.208.
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It is well recognized throughout the history that religiosity, spirituality and the meditation practice have significant effects to the physical and mental health. Hence, this paper interested to evaluate the effectiveness of spiritual meditation on drug addiction recovery and its effects on psychological and mental health aspects. Three main databases in medicinal and psychology field were screened to identify the eligible studies which are PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus by using Boolean expression. Fourteen papers were included in this review. Standardized mean differences were calculated based on the intergroup mean difference and standard deviation followed by Cochran’s Q and I2 determination for heterogeneity analysis. The mean differences were statistically pooled in the meta-analysis and presented as a forest plot. The risk of bias was high for each study and assessed using the Jadad scale. The meta-analysis showed significant differences in across studies for addiction related outcome (I2=27%, 95% CI: -1.703, -0.454), anxiety (I2=0%, 95% CI: -0.874, -0.634) and stress (I2=100%, 95% CI: -0.874, -0.634). In general, spiritual meditation may promote the addiction recovery as well as improve the psychological and mental health outcomes by reducing the depression, anxiety and stress symptoms. In conclusion, randomized control trial on spiritual meditation gave positive impact on the addiction behavior as well as mental health and clarifies its reliability on addiction therapy problems.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 04 No. 04 October’20 Page : 237-250
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Paschke, Kerstin, Maria Isabella Austermann, Kathrin Simon-Kutscher, and Rainer Thomasius. "Adolescent gaming and social media usage before and during the COVID-19 pandemic." SUCHT 67, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000694.
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Abstract. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about a potential increase of addictive behaviors. Adolescents are considered particularly vulnerable to a problematic usage of digital applications. For the first systematic investigation of screen time and problematic usage patterns over the course of the pandemic, a pre-pandemic survey on adolescent social media (SM) and gaming use was extended to a longitudinal study. Here we present the results of the first two measurements points (pre-pandemic/under lockdown). Methods: A representative sample of 1,221 adolescents (10–17 years) participated in an online survey in 09/2019, 824 of them in 04/2020. Prevalence rates were measured at baseline with standardized scales covering ICD-11 criteria for problematic usage patterns. These were statistically compared and related to pre- and under-lockdown screen time. Results: Pre-pandemic prevalence rates for pathological SM/gaming were about 3 % each, for at-risk usage 8–10 % including more boys than girls. Usage frequencies and screen times significantly increased under the lockdown. The predictive value of usage patterns for screen time decreased from before to during the lockdown. Changes in screen time could not be predicted by the usage pattern. Discussion: The stability of the observed rates and effects should be further examined over the course of the pandemic. This will lead to relevant implications for prevention measures and the allocation of intervention resources.
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Adamu, Abdalla Uba. "Transcultural Connections." African and Asian Studies 16, no. 1-2 (March 16, 2017): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341373.
Full textAbstract:
The virtual addiction of Muslim Hausa youth to Indian films has a long history, which stretched to the first Indian films screen in northern Nigerian cinemas in the 1960s. The cultural convergence between what the Hausa see as representations of Indian cultural behavior – in terms of social mores, dressing, social interaction – all served to create what they perceive as a convergence between Indian ‘culure’ and Muslim Hausa culture. This paper traces the evolutionary attachment of the Hausa to Indian films and culture. In particular, it traces the various ways through Hausa youth use various devices to adopt, or adapt Indian popoular culture to suit their own re-worked creative pursuits. As a study of transnational fandom, it provides vital insight into how cultural spaces are collapsed, despite spatial and religious spaces.