Academic literature on the topic 'Screen addiction behaviors'
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Journal articles on the topic "Screen addiction behaviors"
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Blum, Kenneth, David Baron, Lisa Lott, Jessica V. Ponce, David Siwicki, Brent Boyett, Bruce Steinberg, et al. "In Search of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)-Free Controls: The “Holy Grail” in Genetic Addiction Risk Testing." Current Psychopharmacology 9, no. 1 (April 25, 2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211556008666191111103152.
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Background: The search for an accurate, gene-based test to identify heritable risk factors for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) was conducted based on hundreds of published studies about the role of dopamine in addictive behaviors, including risk for drug dependence and compulsive/impulsive behavior disorders. The term RDS was first coined by Blum’s group in 1995 to identify a group of behaviors with a common neurobiological mechanism associated with a polymorphic allelic propensity for hypodopaminergia. Objectives: To outline the process used to select risk alleles of reward genes for the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test. Consequently, to address the limitations caused by inconsistent results that occur in many case-control behavioral association studies. These limitations are perhaps due to the failure of investigators to adequately screen controls for drug and alcohol use disorder, and any of the many RDS behaviors, including nicotine dependence, obesity, pathological gambling, and internet gaming addiction. Method: Review of the literature related to the function of risk alleles of reward genes associated with hypodopaminergia relevant case-control association studies for the selection of alleles to be measured by the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test. Result: The prevalence of the DRD2 A1 allele in unscreened controls (33.3%), compared to “Super-Controls” [highly screened RDS controls (3.3%) in proband and family] is used to exemplify a possible solution. Conclusion: Unlike One Gene-One Disease (OGOD), RDS is polygenetic, and very complex. In addition, any RDS-related behaviors must be eliminated from the control group in order to obtain the best possible statistical analysis instead of comparing the phenotype with diseaseridden controls.
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Moitra, Panchali, and Jagmeet Madan. "Impact of screen time during COVID-19 on eating habits, physical activity, sleep, and depression symptoms: A cross-sectional study in Indian adolescents." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): e0264951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264951.
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Objective This study attempted to address the limited knowledge regarding the impact of screen time (ST) on lifestyle behaviors in Indian adolescents during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives were to 1) evaluate frequency and duration of using screens, and screen addiction behaviors in 10–15 years old adolescents in Mumbai during the COVID-19 pandemic and 2) examine the association of ST with lifestyle behaviors- eating habits, snacking patterns, physical activity (PA) levels, sleep quality and depression symptoms. Methods An online survey was completed between January and March 2021. Eating habits, snacking patterns, time spent in different screen-based activities, and screen addiction behaviors were reported. The PA levels, sleep quality, and depression symptoms were evaluated using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children/Adolescents (PAQ C/A), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the impact of ST on lifestyle behaviors. Results Adolescents (n = 1298, Mage 13.2(1.1), 53.3% boys) reported the mean weekday and weekend ST as 442.3 (201.5) minutes/d and 379.9 (178.2) minutes/d respectively. Overall, 33.4% spent > 6hours/d for studying or doing homework, 65.4% used social networking sites for at least 2–3 hours/d, and 70.7% agreed that ST had taken up the majority of their leisure time. Only 12% engaged in moderate to vigorous PA (PAQ C/A scores <2). More than half (52.5%) reported PSQI >5 indicating poor sleep quality and 8.6% scored ≥ 3 on PHQ-2 to suggest a risk of depression. A higher ST was associated with lower PA and increased sleep problems and a greater screen addiction was inversely associated with the eating habit, PA, and sleep-related variables. Conclusion The study draws attention to a high prevalence of excess ST and its impact on eating habits, PA levels, and sleep quality in Indian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Targeted health promotion interventions that encourage judicious use of screens for education and entertainment and emphasize the adverse health effects of excess ST are required.
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Schulz van Endert, Tim. "Addictive use of digital devices in young children: Associations with delay discounting, self-control and academic performance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 22, 2021): e0253058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253058.
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The use of smartphones, tablets and laptops/PCs has become ingrained in adults’ and increasingly in children’s lives, which has sparked a debate about the risk of addiction to digital devices. Previous research has linked specific use of digital devices (e.g. online gaming, smartphone screen time) with impulsive behavior in the context of intertemporal choice among adolescents and adults. However, not much is known about children’s addictive behavior towards digital devices and its relationship to personality factors and academic performance. This study investigated the associations between addictive use of digital devices, self-reported usage duration, delay discounting, self-control and academic success in children aged 10 to 13. Addictive use of digital devices was positively related to delay discounting, but self-control confounded the relationship between the two variables. Furthermore, self-control and self-reported usage duration but not the degree of addictive use predicted the most recent grade average. These findings indicate that children’s problematic behavior towards digital devices compares to other maladaptive behaviors (e.g. substance abuse, pathological gambling) in terms of impulsive choice and point towards the key role self-control seems to play in lowering a potential risk of digital addiction.
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Khoo, Shuna Shiann, and Hwajin Yang. "Smartphone Addiction and Checking Behaviors Predict Aggression: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 13020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413020.
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Despite the potential risks of excessive smartphone use for maladaptive outcomes, the link between smartphone use and aggression remains less understood. Furthermore, prior findings are inconclusive due to a narrow focus on limited aspects of smartphone use (e.g., screen time) and reliance on self-reported assessments of smartphone use. Therefore, using objective measures of smartphone use, we sought to examine the associations between several key indices of smartphone use—screen time, checking behaviors, and addictive tendency—and multifaceted aggression (i.e., confrontation, anger, and hostility). In a cross-sectional study, we administered a series of questionnaires assessing aggressive tendencies (i.e., The Aggression Questionnaire) and various aspects of smartphone use (N = 253, Mage = 21.8 years, female = 73.2%). Using structural equation modeling, we found that smartphone checking and addictive smartphone use predicted only hostility. In contrast, both objective and subjective measures of screen time did not predict any facets of aggression. These results highlight differing impacts of various indices of smartphone use on aggression and imply that excessive checking and addictive smartphone use are problematic smartphone-use behaviors that require more targeted interventions with respect to hostility.
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Al Mukhaini, Ameena M., Fakhriya A. Al Houqani, and Rahma M. Al Kindi. "Internet Addiction and Depression Among Postgraduate Residents." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 21, no. 3 (August 29, 2021): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.4.2021.008.
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Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of social media usage and Internet addiction among Oman Medical Specialty Board (OMSB) residents and to determine associations between Internet addiction and sociodemographic characteristics and symptoms of depression. Methods: This cross-sectional study took place between January and March 2017. All 499 residents enrolled in OMSB training programmes during the 2016–2017 academic year were targeted. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to collect information concerning sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Internet Addiction Test were used to screen for depression and Internet addiction, respectively. Results: A total of 399 residents participated in the study (response rate: 80%). Overall, 115 residents (28.8%) had varying degrees of depression and 149 (37.3%) were addicted to the Internet; moreover, among those addicted, 54 (36.2%) had depression. While no significant associations were observed between Internet addiction and sociodemographic characteristics, the association between Internet addiction and depression was statistically significant (P = 0.004). Conclusion: Internet addiction was clearly detected among OMSB residents, with a significant association observed between Internet addiction and depression. Although a causal link between these two variables cannot be established as depression is multifactorial in origin, the disadvantages and harmful effects of excessive Internet and social media usage need to be addressed. Further research on the consequences of Internet addiction and its effect on quality of life and academic achievement is recommended.
Keywords: Internet; Social Media; Social Networking; Addictive Behaviors; Depression; Medical Students; Oman.
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Sulla, Francesco, Michela Camia, Maristella Scorza, Sara Giovagnoli, Roberto Padovani, and Erika Benassi. "The Moderator Effect of Subthreshold Autistic Traits on the Relationship between Quality of Life and Internet Addiction." Healthcare 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020186.
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People with sub-threshold autistic traits (SATs) are more prone to develop addictive behaviors such the ones linked to Internet abuse. The restrictions for anti-COVID-19 distancing measures encourage social isolation and, consequently, increase screen time, which may lead to Internet addiction (IA). However, a better quality of life (QoL) may have function as a protective factor against the development of IA. This study wanted to investigate the relation between SATs, QoL, and the overuse of the Internet in a group of 141 university students in the North of Italy. Participants completed a battery of tests. Results suggest that QoL is a predictive factor of IA and that the relationship between QoL and IA is significantly moderated by SATs. This could mean that SATs might represent a risk factor for IA, even when people have a better quality of life. Differences between female and male students are discussed, as well as possible implications for practice.
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Chen, Kevin H., John L. Oliffe, and Mary T. Kelly. "Internet Gaming Disorder: An Emergent Health Issue for Men." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318766950.
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Internet gaming is a legitimate leisure activity worldwide; however, there are emerging concerns that vast numbers of gamers are becoming addicted. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) classified Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) as a condition warranting more clinical research ahead of formalizing it as a mental disorder. Proposed as a behavioral addiction, IGD shares many similarities in both physical and psychosocial manifestations with substance use disorder, including cerebral changes on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Among the gaming population, compared to females, adolescent and adult males demonstrate far more addictive internet gaming use in terms of screen hours, craving, and negative impacts on health, which have, in isolated incidents, also caused death. The current article draws findings from a scoping review of literature related to IGD as a means to raising awareness about an emergent men’s health issue. Included are three themes: (a) unveiling the nature, impacts and symptoms of IGD; (b) conceptualizing IGD through neuroscience; and (c) treatment approaches to IGD. Afforded by these themes is an overview and synthesis of the existing literature regarding IGD as a means of providing direction for much needed research on gaming addiction and orientating primary care providers (PCPs) to the specificities of IGD in men’s health. The findings are applied to a discussion of the connections between IGD and masculinity and the importance of recognizing how behaviors such as social isolation and game immersion can be maladaptive coping strategies for males.
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Schluter, Magdalen G., David C. Hodgins, Barna Konkolÿ Thege, and T. Cameron Wild. "Predictive utility of the brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addictions for identifying self-attributed problems." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00064.
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AbstractBackground and aimsThe Brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addictions (SSBAs) was developed to assess a common addiction construct across four substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine), and six behaviors (gambling, shopping, videogaming, eating, sexual activity, and working) using a lay epidemiology perspective. This paper extends our previous work by examining the predictive utility of the SSBA to identify self-attributed addiction problems.MethodParticipants (N = 6,000) were recruited in Canada using quota sampling methods. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROCs) analyses were conducted, and thresholds established for each target behavior's subscale to predict self-attributed problems with these substances and behaviors. For each substance and behavior, regression models compared overall classification accuracy and model fit when lay epidemiologic indicators assessed using the SSBA were compared with validated screening measures to predict selfattributed problems.ResultsROC analyses indicted moderate to high diagnostic accuracy (Area under the curves (AUCs) 0.73–0.94) across SSBA subscales. Thresholds for identifying self-attributed problems were 3 for six of the subscales (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, shopping, and gaming), and 2 for the remaining four behaviors (gambling, eating, sexual activity, and working). Compared to other instruments assessing addiction problems, models using the SSBA provided equivalent or better model fit, and overall had higher classification accuracy in the prediction of self-attributed problems.Discussion and conclusionsThe SSBA is a viable screening tool for problematic engagement across ten potentially addictive behaviors. Where longer screening tools are not appropriate, the SSBA may be used to identify individuals who would benefit from further assessment.
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Park, Jennifer J., Daniel L. King, Laura Wilkinson-Meyers, and Simone N. Rodda. "Content and Effectiveness of Web-Based Treatments for Online Behavioral Addictions: Systematic Review." JMIR Mental Health 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): e36662. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/36662.
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Background Very few people seek in-person treatment for online behavioral addictions including gaming and gambling or problems associated with shopping, pornography use, or social media use. Web-based treatments have the potential to address low rates of help seeking due to their convenience, accessibility, and capacity to address barriers to health care access (eg, shame, stigma, cost, and access to expert care). However, web-based treatments for online behavioral addictions have not been systematically evaluated. Objective This review aimed to systematically describe the content of web-based treatments for online behavioral addictions and describe their therapeutic effectiveness on symptom severity and consumption behavior. Methods A database search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar was conducted in June 2022. Studies were eligible if the study design was a randomized controlled trial or a pre-post study with at least 1 web-based intervention arm for an online behavioral addiction and if the study included the use of a validated measure of problem severity, frequency, or duration of online behavior. Data on change techniques were collected to analyze intervention content, using the Gambling Intervention System of CharacTerization. Quality assessment was conducted using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool. Results The review included 12 studies with 15 intervention arms, comprising 7 randomized controlled trials and 5 pre-post studies. The primary focus of interventions was gaming (n=4), followed by internet use inclusive of screen time and smartphone use (n=3), gambling (n=3), and pornography (n=2). A range of different technologies were used to deliver content, including websites (n=6), email (n=2), computer software (n=2), social media messaging (n=1), smartphone app (n=1), virtual reality (n=1), and videoconferencing (n=1). Interventions contained 15 different change techniques with an average of 4 per study. The techniques most frequently administered (>30% of intervention arms) were cognitive restructuring, relapse prevention, motivational enhancement, goal setting, and social support. Assessment of study quality indicated that 7 studies met the criteria for moderate or strong global ratings, but only 8 out of 12 studies evaluated change immediately following the treatment. Across included studies, two-thirds of participants completed after-treatment evaluation, and one-quarter completed follow-up evaluation. After-intervention evaluation indicated reduced severity (5/9, 56%), frequency (2/3, 67%), and duration (3/7, 43%). Follow-up evaluation indicated that 3 pre-post studies for gaming, gambling, and internet use demonstrated reduced severity, frequency, and duration of consumption. At 3-month evaluation, just 1 pre-post study indicated significant change to mental health symptoms. Conclusions Web-based treatments for online behavioral addictions use an array of mechanisms to deliver cognitive and behavioral change techniques. Web-based treatments demonstrate promise for short-term reduction in symptoms, duration, or frequency of online addictive behaviors. However, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of web-based treatments over the longer term due to the absence of controlled trials.
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Rolland, Benjamin, Frédéric Haesebaert, Elodie Zante, Amine Benyamina, Julie Haesebaert, and Nicolas Franck. "Global Changes and Factors of Increase in Caloric/Salty Food Intake, Screen Use, and Substance Use During the Early COVID-19 Containment Phase in the General Population in France: Survey Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): e19630. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19630.
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Background The international outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led many countries to enforce drastic containment measures. It has been suggested that this abrupt lockdown of populations will foster addiction-related habits such as caloric/salty food intake, screen use, and substance use. Objective Our aim was to assess the global changes and factors of increase in addiction-related habits during the early COVID-19 containment phase in France. Methods A web-based survey was provided from day 8 to day 13 of the containment and was completed by 11,391 participants. The questions explored sociodemographic features, psychiatric/addiction history, material conditions of lockdown, general stress, mental well-being, and reported changes in several addiction-related behaviors. Global changes were described and factors of increase were explored using population-weighted and adjusted logistic regression models, providing adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and their 95% confidence intervals. Results Overall, the respondents reported more increases in addiction-related habits than decreases, specifically 28.4% (caloric/salty food intake), 64.6% (screen use), 35.6% (tobacco use), 24.8% (alcohol use), and 31.2% (cannabis use). Reduced well-being scores and increased stress scores were general factors of increase in addiction-related habits (P<.001 for all habits). Factors of increase in caloric/salty food intake (n=10,771) were female gender (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.48-1.77), age less than 29 years (P<.001), having a partner (aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06-1.35), being locked down in a more confined space (per 1 square meter/person decrease: aOR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03), being locked down alone (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.11-1.49), and reporting current (aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.62-2.31) or past (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09-1.47) psychiatric treatment. Factors of increase in screen use (n=11,267) were female gender (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.21-1.43), age less than 29 years (P<.001), having no partner (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.06-1.32), being employed (P<.001), intermediate/high education level (P<.001), being locked down with no access to an outdoor space (aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05-1.29), being locked down alone (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.32), living in an urban environment (P<.01), and not working (P<.001). Factors of increase in tobacco use (n=2787) were female gender (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11-1.55), having no partner (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.06-1.59), intermediate/low education level (P<.01), and still working in the workplace (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.17-1.86). Factors of increase in alcohol use (n=7108) were age 30-49 years (P<.05), a high level of education (P<.001), and current psychiatric treatment (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.10-1.88). The only significant factor of increase in cannabis use (n=620) was intermediate/low level of education (P<.001). Conclusions The early phase of COVID-19 containment in France led to widespread increases in addiction-related habits in the general population. Reduced well-being and increased stress were universal factors of increase. More specific factors were associated with increases in each of the explored habits.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Screen addiction behaviors"
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Stapleton, Jerod L., Joel J. Hillhouse, Rob Turrisi, Katie Baker, Sharon L. Manne, and Elliot J. Coups. "The Behavioral Addiction Indoor Tanning Screener (BAITS): An Evaluation of a Brief Measure of Behavioral Addictive Symptoms." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/57.
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Diehl, K., T. Görig, E. W. Breitbart, R. Greinert, Joel J. Hillhouse, J. L. Stapleton, and S. Schneider. "First Evaluation of the Behavioral Addiction Indoor Tanning Screener (baits) in a Nationwide Representative Sample." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15888.
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Background: Evidence suggests that indoor tanning may have addictive properties. However, many instruments for measuring indoor tanning addiction show poor validity and reliability. Recently, a new instrument, the Behavioral Addiction Indoor Tanning Screener (BAITS), has been developed.
Objectives: To test the validity and reliability of the BAITS by using a multimethod approach.
Methods: We used data from the first wave of the National Cancer Aid Monitoring on Sunbed Use, which included a cognitive pretest (August 2015) and a Germany‐wide representative survey (October to December 2015). In the cognitive pretest 10 users of tanning beds were interviewed and 3000 individuals aged 14–45 years were included in the representative survey. Potential symptoms of indoor tanning addiction were measured using the BAITS, a brief screening survey with seven items (answer categories: yes vs. no). Criterion validity was assessed by comparing the results of BAITS with usage parameters. Additionally, we tested internal consistency and construct validity.
Results: A total of 19·7% of current and 1·8% of former indoor tanning users were screened positive for symptoms of a potential indoor tanning addiction. We found significant associations between usage parameters and the BAITS (criterion validity). Internal consistency (reliability) was good (Kuder–Richardson‐20, 0·854). The BAITS was shown to be a homogeneous construct (construct validity).
Conclusions: Compared with other short instruments measuring symptoms of a potential indoor tanning addiction, the BAITS seems to be a valid and reliable tool. With its short length and the binary items the BAITS is easy to use in large surveys.
Books on the topic "Screen addiction behaviors"
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Horan Fisher, Jacqueline, Sara Becker, Molly Bobek, and Aaron Hogue. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.29.
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Significant developmental changes in adolescence typically lead to increased risky behavior, including substance use. Survey data indicated that adolescent alcohol and drug use has declined in recent years, with the exception of marijuana use, which has remained consistent, and e-cigarette use, which is on the rise. This chapter provides a summary of prevalence rates, trends, and maladaptive consequences of adolescent substance use. Etiological models of adolescent substance use are discussed, including dual-process and biopsychosocial models. Current literature on evidence-based screening, comprehensive assessment, and treatment is also reviewed. Despite the recent advances made regarding our ability to screen, assess, diagnose, and treat adolescent substance use, a significant treatment gap persists, which has significant individual and public health impacts. This chapter therefore concludes with a call for research that aims to increase patient awareness of effective treatment via strategies such as technology-delivered assessment and intervention and usage of direct-to-consumer marketing.
Book chapters on the topic "Screen addiction behaviors"
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Gupta, Meena, and Dinesh Bhatia. "Neurofeedback." In Early Detection of Neurological Disorders Using Machine Learning Systems, 13–25. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8567-1.ch002.
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Neurofeedback (NF) is a type of brain wave training based on operant learning. NF has been employed in research and clinical settings for the investigation and treatment of a growing number of psychological illnesses. This technique involves detection of electroencephalographic (EEG) information from the surface of the scalp of a subject by separating its frequency decomposition into its component waveform (alpha, beta, theta, gamma, and delta) and making these components visible usually as polygraphic traces on a computer screen. Neurofeedback is being considered as a promising new method for restoring brain function in a large number of mental disorder cases. NF takes into account behavioral, cognitive, and subjective aspects as well as the brain activity of the concerned individual. About 25 years ago, NF was employed for clinical and research purposes in psychological illness. These psychological illnesses include attention deficit disorder, addiction to drug, depression, stress, and eating disorders.
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Brown, Candy Gunther. "Science." In Debating Yoga and Mindfulness in Public Schools, 257–69. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648484.003.0013.
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Chapter 12 contextualizes scientific claims about health benefits and considers evidence of adverse effects. The chapter argues that scientific support for school-based yoga, mindfulness, and meditation is weaker than often claimed and falls short of demonstrating that programs are secular, safe, or superior to alternatives. Low-quality studies report health benefits, using uncontrolled, pre-post designs, or nonactive controls, with small sample sizes, and high risk of bias, including expectation bias, researcher allegiance, publication bias, and citation bias; higher quality studies show less efficacy. Scientific evidence is not equivalent to evidence of secularity; research studies report that meditation in religious contexts, as well as prayer and Bible reading, can benefit health and activate specific brain regions. Some participants report challenging experiences with meditative practices, including anxiety, depression, physical pain, reexperiencing of traumatic memories, anger, and suicidality. Meditative practices may be contraindicated for participants with a history of trauma, PTSD, addiction, psychosis, anxiety, depression, or suicidality. Research shows that alternatives, such as aerobic exercise, math, music, nutritious food, or different behavioral therapies, can produce comparable benefits, including training the brain through neuroplasticity. Yet marketers rarely disclose risks of adverse effects, screen for contraindications, or provide information about alternatives.
Conference papers on the topic "Screen addiction behaviors"
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Taguba, Korina Kaye, Matthew Keough, Adrian Bravo, and Jeffrey Wardell. "Assessment of Impaired Control Over Cannabis Consumption: Psychometric Properties of the Impaired Control Scale-Cannabis (ICS-C)." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.07.
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Background: Impaired control over substance use is a construct that is central to addiction and appears to play an early role in the development of addictive behaviors. The Impaired Control Scale (ICS) was developed to measure impaired control over alcohol, which has been associated with problem drinking and alcohol-related problems in young adults. However, there is relatively less research regarding impaired control over cannabis, and currently there is a lack of a comprehensive and valid scale that specifically measures this construct. This study addresses this gap in the literature by introducing the Impaired Control Scale-Cannabis (ICS-C), an adaptation of the ICS designed to measure impaired control over cannabis. We conducted a preliminary examination of the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the ICS-C. Methods: An online survey was administered to introductory psychology students (N=362; 63% women; 66% White, mean age=19.91) at two Canadian Universities who reported using cannabis at least once in the past month (average frequency = 9.34 days; SD = 9.60). All participants completed the ICS and ICS-C along with measures of cannabis use and problems, including the Impaired Control subscale of the Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire (MACQ-IC). A subset of participants completed additional measures of impulsivity and self-regulation. Results: An exploratory factor analysis (EFA, with an oblique rotation) of the 25 items of the ICS-C yielded 3 factors, one of which was comprised solely of reverse keyed items (despite reverse coding items prior to the EFA). These items were trimmed from the measure and the EFA was rerun. Two factors emerged: Attempted Control (i.e., frequency of attempts to control cannabis use) and a factor comprised of items assessing both Failed Control (i.e., unsuccessful attempts in limiting cannabis use) and Perceived Control (i.e., beliefs about the ability to control cannabis use in the future). Given that the Failed and Perceived Control items unexpectedly loaded on the same factor, suggesting high redundancy in the concepts of Failed and Perceived control, the items assessing Perceived Control were dropped from subsequent analyses. The final solution consisted of two factors, Attempted Control (alpha=0.96) and Failed control (alpha=0.88). High correlations between the MACQ-IC and ICS-C Attempted Control (r=0.42, p<.001) and Failed Control (r=0.67, p<.001) scales provided evidence for convergent validity. Weaker correlations between ICS (alcohol version) and ICS-C Attempted Control (r=0.36, p<.001) and Failed Control (r=0.34, p<.001) scales supported discriminant validity. Concurrent validity was demonstrated based on the moderate and statistically significant correlations of the ICS-C Failed Control subscale and frequency of cannabis use (r=0.47, p<.001) and grams of cannabis used (r=0.44, p<.001). Additional evidence for concurrent and discriminant validity were also found in the patterns of correlations between the ICS-C subscales and measures of impulsivity and self-regulation. Conclusions: ICS-C is a promising tool that can be used to assess impaired control over cannabis in young adults. Future research should confirm the factor structure of the ICS-C and examine its utility to screen for impaired control in the context of prevention and early intervention for cannabis-related problems.