Journal articles: 'Scrap Melting'

1

Li, Jianghua, and Nikolas Provatas. "Kinetics of Scrap Melting in Liquid Steel: Multipiece Scrap Melting." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 39, no. 2 (March 20, 2008): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-007-9102-x.

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Kruskopf, Ari, and Lauri Holappa. "Scrap melting model for steel converter founded on interfacial solid/liquid phenomena." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 2 (December 5, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017091.

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The primary goal in steel converter operation is the removal of carbon from the hot metal. This is achieved by blowing oxygen into the melt. The oxidation of carbon produces a lot of heat. To avoid too high temperatures in the melt cold scrap (recycled steel) is charged into the converter. The melting rate is affected by heat and carbon mass transfer. A process model for steel converter is in development. This model is divided into several modules, which are fluid dynamics, heat- and mass-transfer, scrap melting and chemical reactions. This article focuses on the development of the scrap melting module. A numerical model for calculating temperature and carbon concentration in the melt is presented. The melt model is connected with the solid scrap model via solid/liquid interface. The interface model can take into account solidification of iron melt, melting of solidified layer, a situation without such phase changes, and scrap melting. The aim is to predict the melting rate of the scrap including the properties of the hot metal. The model is tested by calculating the melting rates for different scrap thicknesses. All of the stages in the interface model were taking place in the test calculations.

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Sigarev, E., Y. Lobanov, S. Semiryagin, and A. Pohvalitiy. "MODELING THE MELTING OF SCRAP METAL OF DIFFERENT DENSITY IN A BOF SMELTING." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 2, no. 37 (April 23, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.37.2020.1.

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The results of mathematical modeling process of melting scrap metal in the bath of an oxygen converter are presented. The influence relative amount of scrap metal in the charge of oxygen-converter smelting and its density on dynamics bath temperature during melting, slag oxidation and liquid metal yield was studied. It is shown that due to change in the shape of scrap metal during its melting, the classical approach to determining the reactive surface area of the latter needs to be clarified.Mathematical descriptions of scrap metal melting in converter smelting by linear dependence and using fourth degree polynomials, which take into account the influence of initial and current carbon concentration in the bath, are offered. The influence of density and fraction of scrap metal, which is a part of metal charge, on duration of its melting in bath of oxygen converter, content iron oxides in slag, temperature mode process and yield liquid metal is investigated. It is shown that increasing mass of scrap metal in the metal charge to 40%, in the absence of its preheating, significantly changes the appearance both the oxidation curves of carbon and the dynamics of the bath temperature in the initial period melting.The latter may be due to the preservation active surface area of scrap metal as its mass changes. Additional heat consumption for melting an increased amount preheated («cold») scrap metal leads to a decrease in the temperature of the liquid bath, which confirms the feasibility using the technology melting with preheating an increased amount of scrap.It is shown that from the point of view ensuring the rational course of converter smelting it is expedient to use equal shares heavy and lightweight scrap metal, regardless of the share latter in the metal charge. In the case using, under the considered conditions, «cold» scrap metal, the maximization yield of liquid metal is provided at the amount scrap up to 22% of the total mass metal charge.

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Makarov, A. N., M. K. Galicheva, and A. V. Kuznetsov. "Changing the Arc Efficiency during Melting of a Charge in Arc Steel Melting Furnaces." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.441.

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The article presents the results stemming from the calculation of the arc efficiency of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets. Furnaces that use metallized pellets are characterized by less arc efficiency and a higher electric energy consumption than similar pellet furnaces. The calculation results are confirmed by experimental investigations of energy balances of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets.

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Wu, Liushun, Kunlong Liu, Haiqing Mei, Guangda Bao, Yun Zhou, and Haichuan Wang. "Thermodynamics Analysis and Pilot Study of Reusing Medium and High Alloy Steel Scrap Using Induction Melting and Electroslag Remelting Process." Metals 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12060944.

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The annual cumulative quantity of high and medium alloy steel scrap has exceeded 10 million tons. Using the traditional smelting process involving electric arc refining in a smelting furnace for these scraps causes high percentages of alloy losses, which decreases the value of the alloy steel scrap and poses environmental threats. Existing studies have rarely focused on separate smelting of the scrap and oxidation behaviors of the alloying elements. Therefore, this study proposes an induction melting and electroslag remelting scheme to process the scrap. Based on this scheme, the effects of the temperature, oxygen content, and element contents on the recovery percentages of the alloying elements were investigated using pilot experiment and thermodynamic analysis. The experimental results showed that the alloying elements (tungsten, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium) exhibited recovery percentages of 97.36%, 94.62%, 97.63%, 95.09%, and 89.49%, respectively; furthermore, the impurity content did not increase during smelting. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that an increase in carbon content improved the oxidation resistance of the alloying elements except for nickel, whereas the increases in the contents of oxygen and alloying elements increase their oxidation. Steam partial pressure and air suction dramatically increase the concentrations of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. This scheme is an alternative for smelting medium and high alloy steel scrap, and the thermodynamic analysis provides a theoretical understanding of the oxidation behaviors of the alloying elements in the steel scrap and the control of impurity.

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Kukartsev, Viktor A., Vladislav V. Kukartsev, and Vadim S. Tynchenko. "Cast Iron and Steel Smelting in Induction Crucible Furnaces of Industrial Frequency." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.530.

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A brief analysis of the cast iron and steel smelting in induction furnaces of industrial and medium frequency has been carried out. The analysis of the used metal scrap for the smelting of synthetic iron in induction melting furnaces with a padded lining of a lining mixture, based on quartzite, is carried out. The requirements for temperature melting modes, which are regulated by this type of melting furnaces developers, are reflected. The advantages and disadvantages of using induction crucible furnaces of industrial and medium frequency are considered. The features of smelting synthetic pig iron in Russia are noted, the main of which are the following: the absence of cast iron scrap, which makes it necessary to use a metal scrap from a single steel scrap, and use temperature melting conditions above 1450 ° C; use a lining based on quartzite, as the cheapest, but sharply reducing its resistance to the operation of the furnace at such melting temperatures (from 300-350 to 200-250 smelts). The actuality of the possibility of steel smelting in induction crucible furnaces of industrial frequency with the use of acid lining, based on the Pervouralsk quartzite, is substantiated. It is explained by the fact that existing foundries are equipped mainly with induction melting furnaces of industrial frequency, and the use of induction melting furnaces of medium frequency requires considerable material costs.

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Wang, Tao, Kanghua Pei, Jian Zhao, Zhao Li, Huan Wang, Rongwang Yang, and Chao Chen. "Cold Model Study on Melting of Ice Made by KCl Solution in Gas-Water Two-Phase Plume Area." E3S Web of Conferences 290 (2021): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129001023.

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With the increasing of scrap usage in steelmaking processes, the melting of scrap becomes a very important phenomenon that limits the productivity and tap-to-tap time. Ice-water systems have been widely used to study the melting of scrap and alloys. In this study, the melting rate of saturated KCl solution ice spheres in gas-water two-phase plume zone are studied as a function of height of location, gas flowrate, and melt temperature. The results show that the shape of the ice sphere gradually changes firstly from spherical to elliptical, and finally becomes an irregular state. 1) The decreasing of the distance between the ice sphere and the bottom plugs, 2) the increasing of the gas flowrate, 3) the slightly increasing of bath temperature will all benefits the melting rate of ice spheres.

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Kovar, Ladislav, Pavel Novak, and Tomas Hapla. "Lance Design for Scrap Melting Aggregates." Tehnički glasnik 15, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20200224122509.

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Metallurgical aggregates, which are used for metal waste melting, are equipped with lances for blowing gaseous media. These gaseous media allow especially scrap melting and intense homogenization of the resulting melt. In connection with this, the blowing systems are developed both for blowing of gaseous media itself on the bath surface or into the melt and for blowing of the gas mixture with powdered substances. When designing the blowing systems and the individual lance tips and nozzles, it is necessary to respect certain criteria, the derivation of which is based on long-term experience and acquired knowledge in this field. The submitted paper summarizes the design recommendations, including the determination of the selected design characteristics of the nozzles for blowing gaseous media on the bath surface in the metallurgical aggregate. These design characteristics help designers and engineers to design systems that meet the high demands on quality, efficiency and operational reliability.

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9

Telyakov, A. N., T. A. Aleksandrova, and M. A. Neezhko. "Melting Features of Electronic Scrap Concentrates." Metallurgist 58, no. 9-10 (January 2015): 743–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-015-9988-5.

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10

Penz, Florian, Johannes Schenk, Rainer Ammer, Gerald Klösch, and Krzysztof Pastucha. "Evaluation of the Influences of Scrap Melting and Dissolution during Dynamic Linz–Donawitz (LD) Converter Modelling." Processes 7, no. 4 (March 31, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040186.

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The Linz–Donawitz (LD) converter is still the dominant process for converting hot metal into crude steel with the help of technically pure oxygen. Beside hot metal, scrap is the most important charging material which acts as an additional iron source and coolant. Because of the irrevocable importance of the process, there is continued interest in a dynamic simulation of the LD process, especially regarding the savings of material and process costs with optimized process times. Based on a thermodynamic and kinetic Matlab® coded model, the influences of several scrap parameters on its melting and dissolution behavior were determined, with a special focus on establishing the importance of specific factors on the crude steel composition and bath temperature after a defined blowing period to increase the accuracy of the process model. The calculations reported clearly indicate that the dynamic converter model reacts very sensitively to the chemical composition of the scrap as well as the charged scrap mass and size. Those results reflect the importance of experiments for validation on the diffusive scrap melting model in further research work. Based on that, reliable conclusions could be drawn to improve the theoretical and practical description of the dissolution and melting behavior of scrap in dynamic converter modelling.

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Krupennikov, S. A., and Yu P. Filimonov. "Melting of steel scrap in hot metal." Steel in Translation 37, no. 3 (March 2007): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207030102.

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12

Wu, Yongke, and Marcel Lacroix. "Numerical Study of Melting of Scrap Metal." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 24, no. 4 (December 1993): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407789308902632.

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13

Li, Jianghua, Nikolas Provatas, and Geoff Brooks. "Kinetics of scrap melting in liquid steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 36, no. 2 (April 2005): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-005-0031-2.

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14

Kristoffersen, Lill June, Anne Kvithyld, Arne Nordmark, Anders U. Johansson, Jan Anders Sæter, and Thorvald Abel Engh. "Study of Metal Quality and Melt Yield from Remelts of (i) Turnings AA3005 and (ii) Coil AA3003." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.1083.

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It is important for aluminum producers to predict metal quality and melt yield when scrap is remelted. Therefore, these parameters are studied in individual remelt experiments with (i) Turnings AA3005 and (ii) Coil AA3003 as scrap, as a function of percent added scrap up to 33 %. To ensure same melting conditions the scrap is melted in crucibles inside a Morgan resistance furnace, measuring temperature and hydrogen. Bifilm index is used as a measure of metal quality. The results indicate that the addition of scrap (up to 33 %) does not alter metal quality. Melt yield is however affected, with a metal recovery of around 90 % for the different types of scrap.

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15

Gao, Ming, Jin-Tao Gao, and Yan-Ling Zhang. "Evaluation of Mass Transfer Coefficient during Scrap Melting." Metals 11, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091368.

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Mass transfer is a critical scrap melting step. Herein, mass transfer coefficients (k) during scrap melting were calculated using laboratory-scale experiments. Correlation analysis and the entropy weight method were used to determine the effect of variables on k. The evaluation model under natural and forced convection was established. It was consistent with the experimental results. Under forced convection, at 1573 and 1673 K, when the rotation speed was increased from 141 to 423 r/min, k increased from 7.50 × 10−5 to 1.54 × 10−4 m/s and from 8.42 × 10−5 to 1.72 × 10−4 m/s, respectively. Furthermore, as the bath temperature was increased from 1573 to 1723 K, the k value of a stationary specimen increased from 3.14 × 10−5 to 5.31 × 10−5 m/s, respectively. Correlation analysis and the entropy weight method indicated that the effects of variables on k decreased as follows: molten pool stirring rate > bath temperature > scrap type. Moreover, the explicit functional relationships between k and the factors affecting k under natural and forced convection conditions were established, and the results were consistent with the experimental data. Our results can be used to determine the quantitative relationships between k and the factors affecting k.

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16

Koltygin, A. V., V. E. Bazhenov, A. I. Bazlov, T. A. Bazlova, and V. D. Belov. "EFFECT OF SCRAP USING IN CHARGE ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ZhS6U NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOY. PART 1. MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS AND PHASE COMPOSITION OF ZhS6U ALLOY PREPARED WITH SCRAP." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 5 (June 19, 2019): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-5-360-365.

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Expensive nickel superalloys are used for manufacture of cast blades of gas turbine engine (GTE). However, for the blades only a small amount of alloy was used and the remainder is used for gating system. Therefore, the most proportion of alloy after casting is a scrap, the use of which as raw material for blades production significantly reduces their cost. However, the use of scrap is associated with some risks: the possibility of alloy contamination by nonmetallic inclusions and loss of alloying elements. So, the investigation of a scrap usage effect on the blades properties is very important. In the first part of article the influence of the scrap amount on the microstructure and phase composition of the ZhS6U-VI nickel-base superalloy were examined. The GTE blades samples, fully produced from the scrap of ZhS6U-VI superalloy by investment casting were investigated. The scrap before using was cleaned from contaminations and ceramic mold remains. Samples were cut from blade dowetail and gating system near dowetail. In addition, cylindrical samples that were casted into the copper mold from the virgin alloy ZhS6U-VI without the scrap and from alloys with 50 % and 100 % of scrap were researched. The alloys microstructures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The phase’s identification was carried out using the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and the calculations of phase composition were made by Thermo-Calc software and literature data about phases in nickel-based superalloys. Content of alloying elements (except carbon) was measured by EDS analysis. The studies were carried out on the samples as-casted and annealed for 4 hours at 1210 °C. It is shown that the use of scrap does not fundamentally change the alloy phase composition at both during vacuum induction melting and vacuum arc melting.

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Yuksel, C., O. Tamer, E. Erzi, U. Aybarc, E. Cubuklusu, O. Topcuoglu, M. Cigdem, and D. Dispinar. "Quality Evaluation of Remelted A356 Scraps." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0069.

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AbstractA356 is one of the widely used aluminium casting alloy that has been used in both sand and die casting processes. Large amounts of scrap metal can be generated from the runner systems and feeders. In addition, chips are generated in the machined parts. The surface area with regard to weight of chips is so high that it makes these scraps difficult to melt. Although there are several techniques evolved to remedy this problem, yet the problem lies in the quality of the recycled raw material. Since recycling of these scrap is quite important due to the advantages like energy saving and cost reduction in the final product, in this work, the recycling efficiency and casting quality were investigated. Three types of charges were prepared for casting: %100 primary ingot, %100 scrap aluminium and fifty-fifty scrap aluminium and primary ingot mixture were used. Melt quality was determined by calculating bifilm index by using reduced pressure test. Tensile test samples were produced by casting both from sand and die moulds. Relationship between bifilm index and tensile strength were determined as an indication of correlation of melt quality. It was found that untreated chips decrease the casting quality significantly. Therefore, prior to charging the chips into the furnace for melting, a series of cleaning processes has to be used in order to achieve good quality products.

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UMEZAWA, Kazushige. "Scrap Melting Process-Current Status and Future Prospect." Tetsu-to-Hagane 78, no. 4 (1992): 520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.78.4_520.

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Hudym, V., and V. Kosovska. "Nine electrode arc furnace for scrap metal melting." Bulletin of Lviv National Agrarian University. Agroengineering Research 24, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31734/agroengineering2020.24.095.

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20

Панов, Євген Миколайович, М. Ф. Боженко, С. В. ДАНИЛЕНКО, and В. П. БОЯНІВСЬКИЙ. "OPTIMIZATION OF FURNACES DESIGN FOR MELTING ALUMINIUM SCRAP." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 1 (May 13, 2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2306-1626.1.2017.119465.

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21

Zhang, Yanjun, Peter V. Barr, and T. Ray Meadowcroft. "Continuous scrap melting in a short rotary furnace." Minerals Engineering 21, no. 2 (January 2008): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2007.09.009.

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22

Kruskopf, Ari. "A Model for Scrap Melting in Steel Converter." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 46, no. 3 (March 12, 2015): 1195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0320-3.

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23

Wędrychowicz, Maciej, Andrzej Piotrowicz, Tomasz Skrzekut, Piotr Noga, and Adam Bydalek. "Recovery of Non-Ferrous Metals from PCBs Scrap by Liquation from Lead." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062089.

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This article presents the results of research on the recycling of non-ferrous metals from PCB scrap using melting in metallic lead. The idea of this process is to dissolve (transfer) metals from PCB scrap in lead, and then liquation them by cooling the lead-metals alloy. PCB scrap was crushed and then melted into liquid lead. The lead after process was then poured into the casting mold and its chemical composition was examined. Among the various metals in the PCB scrap, copper and tin in particular are dissolved in lead. The more scrap dissolved in lead, the higher the concentration of copper and tin in the alloy. The highest obtained concentration of copper in lead were about 2.2 wt.%, and for tin about 0.8 wt.%.

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Huang, Bo, Jianhong Liu, Qian Zhang, Kang Liu, Kun Li, and Xinyu Liao. "Identification and Classification of Aluminum Scrap Grades Based on the Resnet18 Model." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 11133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111133.

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In order to reduce the elemental species produced in the recycling and melting of aluminum scrap and to improve the quality of pure aluminum and aluminum alloys, it is necessary to classify the different grades of aluminum scrap before melting. For the problem of classifying different grades of aluminum scrap, most existing studies are conducted using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for identification and classification, which requires a clean and flat metal surface and enormous equipment costs. In this study, we propose a new classification and identification method for different grades of aluminum scrap based on the ResNet18 network model, which improves the identification efficiency and reduces the equipment cost. The objects of this research are three grades of aluminum scrap: 1060, 5052, and 6061. The surface features of the three grades were compared using a machine vision algorithm; three different datasets, using RGB, HSV, and LBP, were built for comparison to find the best training dataset for subsequent datasets, and the hyperparameters of learning rate and batch size were tuned for the ResNet18 model. The results show that there was a differentiation threshold between different grades through the comparison of surface features; the ResNet18 network model trained the three datasets, and the results showed that RGB was the best dataset. With hyperparameter optimization of the ResNet18 model, the accuracy of final classification and recognition could reach 100% and effectively achieve the classification of different grades of aluminum scrap.

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Shinotake, Akihiko, Masaaki Naito, Yasuhiko Omatsu, Kazushi Akagi, Jun Tsubota, Shin Murase, Zen-etsu Kikuchi, and Hiroyuki Suzuki. "Scrap-melting Operation by Shaft Furnace using all Blast Furnace Coke and Steel Scrap." Tetsu-to-Hagane 99, no. 3 (2013): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.99.185.

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Singhal, Lokesh Kumar, and Sudipta Patra. "Energy Conservation Potential in Stainless Steel Making by use of Molten Pig Iron and Liquid Ferro-Chrome." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.124.

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Stainless steel is mostly manufactured by Electric Arc Furnace Argon Oxygen Decarburization route utilising 100% solid charge of steel scrap/DRI/stainless steel scrap and ferroalloys.The process consumes around 415/450 KWH of power per ton of stainless steel.In the state of Odisha, we are endowed with both iron and chromite ores,which offer opportunity for use of molten pig iron and liquid ferrochrome for energy efficient stainless steel making for a plant located there. This paper analyses potential for energy conservation in EAF for three different grades of stainless steel belonging to AISI 200,300,400 series. In this concept, melting is performed in two different furnaces,one EBT type and the other Spout type.In EBT furnace only high ferrous melt with liquid pig iron and DRI/Scrap are charged and dephosphorized. In the spout furnace high carbon ferrochrome which has a tendancy to solidify rapidly due to its high melting point of nearly 1575°C is diluted with scrap which brings down its melting point drastically to enable it to be kept molten.Silicon in the high carbon ferrochrome is gainfully utilised to raise the temperature of molten pool.The diluted ferrochrome is taken in ladle in appropriate portion to which dephosphorised decarburized molten steel is added from EBT furnace for charging into AOD. The material and energy balance have been carried out for the entire charge mix using classical approach of energy calculation. Both variants of DRI and scrap addition to hot metal have been considered for the EBT furnace. Calculations for EBT furnace have been validated using data from an existing carbon steel plant using similar practice of steel making. Calculated values for such energy efficient stainless steel making have been compared with data on existing stainless steel plant using solid charge. Energy usage can be reduced by more than 60% with this approach. Keywords: Electric arc furnace, Stainless steel melting, liquid ferrochrome, energy conservation.

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Kirschen, Marcus, Thomas Hay, and Thomas Echterhof. "Process Improvements for Direct Reduced Iron Melting in the Electric Arc Furnace with Emphasis on Slag Operation." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020402.

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Steelmaking based on direct reduced iron (DRI, and its compacted derivative hot briquetted iron, HBI) is an anticipated important global alternative to current steel production based on FeOx reduction in blast furnaces due to its lower specific CO2 emission. The majority of DRI is melted and refined in the electric arc furnace with different process conditions compared to the melting of steel scrap due to its raw material composition being rather different. We provide data and analysis of slag composition of DRI charges vs. steel scrap charges for 16 industrial electric arc furnaces (EAFs). Suggestions for optimized slag operation and resulting process improvements of DRI melting in the EAF are given. A dynamic mass and energy model of the DRI melting in the EAF is introduced to illustrate the implications of the adapted slag operation on the EAF process with DRI charges.

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SUGIURA, Saburo, and Noboru DEMUKAI. "Melting of direct reduced iron in a non-electric power scrap melting furnace." Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan 28, no. 12 (1988): 1014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.28.1014.

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Zhang, Y. J., P. V. Barr, and T. R. Meadowcroft. "Scrap melting in continuous process rotary melting furnace Part 2 – Development of model." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 35, no. 8 (November 2008): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328107x255023.

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Deng, Nanyang, Xiaobin Zhou, Moer Zhou, and Shiheng Peng. "Numerical Simulation of the Melting Behavior of Steel Scrap in Hot Metal." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050678.

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The current study focuses on the melting behavior of a scrap bar with low carbon content in hot metal which contains high carbon concentration by applying experiments and mathematical modelings. The experiments suggest that higher temperature is favorable for the melting of the bar and the melting rate of the bar is initially high while decreased to a relative stable level after 90 s in the current conditions. It can be found from the mathematical results that the bar temperature is increased near to bath temperature in about 20 s after it was immersed into the bath, and the temperature in the axis of the bar is not distributed evenly during the temperature increase stage. Moreover, the mathematical results shows that a bath circulation flow would be formed in the bath under the effects of temperature and carbon distribution during the melting process. The bath flow near the melting interface would influence the carbon concentration of the molten phase, in turn, affects the melting rate of the bar in the vertical direction. Both the experimental and mathematical results show that the melting rate in the upper part, which is in the upstream of the bath flow, is higher than that of the middle part, followed by the down part of the bar in the downstream of the flow, in which the carbon concentration is much lower than that of the bath. At this period, the main factor that dominate the bar melting is not the temperature but the carbon distribution at the melting interface after the bar temperature is increased to the bath temperature.

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Carlsson, Leo S., Peter B. Samuelsson, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Modeling the Effect of Scrap on the Electrical Energy Consumption of an Electric Arc Furnace." Processes 8, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091044.

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The melting time of scrap is a factor that affects the Electrical Energy (EE) consumption of the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process. The EE consumption itself stands for most of the total energy consumption during the process. Three distinct representations of scrap, based partly on the apparent density and shape of scrap, were created to investigate the effect of scrap on the accuracy of a statistical model predicting the EE consumption of an EAF. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) was used as a tool to investigate the effects by each scrap category on each prediction of a selected model. The scrap representation based on the shape of scrap consistently resulted in the best performing models while all models using any of the scrap representations performed better than the ones without any scrap representation. These results were consistent for all four distinct and separately used cleaning strategies on the data set governing the models. In addition, some of the main scrap categories contributed to the model prediction of EE in accordance with the expectations and experience of the plant engineers. The results provide significant evidence that a well-chosen scrap categorization is important to improve a statistical model predicting the EE and that experience on the specific EAF under study is essential to evaluate the practical usefulness of the model.

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Voraberger, Bernhard, Gerald Wimmer, Uxia Dieguez Salgado, Erich Wimmer, Krzysztof Pastucha, and Alexander Fleischanderl. "Green LD (BOF) Steelmaking—Reduced CO2 Emissions via Increased Scrap Rate." Metals 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030466.

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The basic oxygen furnace (BOF) is the dominating primary steelmaking process. It is an autothermal process where hot metal and scrap are used as charging materials. The decarbonization and transformation of integrated BOF steelmaking will be the most important challenge in the coming years. Steel scrap is a charge material without new CO2 emissions, whose availability is expected to grow significantly and will play a key role in this decarbonization process. Several solutions have been developed by Primetals Technologies to provide additional energy for processing higher scrap rates in integrated BOF steelmaking. Such solutions include simple upgrade packages installed on existing converters such as process models for heat optimization, post-combustion, and scrap preheating lances. For higher scrap rates from 30% to 50%, a combination blowing converter and JET converter is required to provide sufficient mixing during scrap melting and the highest heat transfer from the increased post-combustion. Hybrid EAF–BOF operation and limitations regarding scrap quality also need to be considered for the transformation of steelmaking. Scrap sorting and processing can be a solution to reduce residual levels in crude steel for high scrap rates. Based on reference plant data, the CO2 reduction potential of the presented solution versus the effort and complexity of implementation is compared.

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Elgazzar, Haitham, Shimaa El-Hadad, and Hassan Abdel-Sabour. "Casting and Laser Surface Melting of 316L Stainless Steel from Scrap Resources." Key Engineering Materials 835 (March 2020): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.306.

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316L stainless steel is used in various industrial applications including chemical, biomedical and mechanical industries due to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Recycling of 316L stainless steel scrap without significantly reducing its value has received recently great attention because of the environmental regulations. In the current work, 316L stainless steel scrap was recycled via casting using Skull induction melting technique. The casted products subsequently subjected to laser surface melting process to improve its surface properties to be used for harsh environment. The results showed defect free surfaces with homogeneous microstructures. Nano size grains were also obtained due to rapid solidification process. Such nano size grains are preferred for extending the usage of the 316L stainless steel in new applications.Corresponding author: E-Mail: elgazzar.ha@gmail.com

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SUGIURA, Saburo, Senji FUJITA, and Noboru DEMUKAI. "Development of a new non-electric scrap melting process." Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan 28, no. 4 (1988): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.28.325.

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Sappok, Manfred. "Results of Melting Large Quantities of Radioactive Steel Scrap." Nuclear Technology 86, no. 2 (August 1989): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt89-a34269.

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Xi, Xiaojun, Shufeng Yang, Jingshe Li, Xiaokang Chen, and Maolin Ye. "Thermal simulation experiments on scrap melting in liquid steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 47, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2018.1540522.

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Zhou, B., Y. Yang, M. A. Reuter, and U. M. J. Boin. "Modelling of aluminium scrap melting in a rotary furnace." Minerals Engineering 19, no. 3 (March 2006): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.07.017.

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Peterson, Ray D. "Issues in the melting and reclamation of aluminum scrap." JOM 47, no. 2 (February 1995): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03221402.

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Rane, Kedarnath, and Prashant P. Date. "Recycling Potential for Finely Divided Ferrous Metallic Scrap Using Powder Technology." Recycling 3, no. 4 (December 18, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling3040059.

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Enormous amount of scrap is generated on the shopfloor during manufacturing. Energy needed to melt increasing quantities of scrap will be ever increasing, and so will be the loss of metal during melting. Hence, conversion of scrap directly into marketable products by solid state processing methods is economical due to a lower energy requirement and a greater yield compared to the melting route. This makes the process more environmentally friendly. However, not all materials can be recycled in a solid state, with equal ease. One therefore needs to quantitatively assess the recyclability of a given kind of scrap. In the present work, a procedure to assess the recyclability of finely divided ferrous metallic scrap generated on the shopfloor is demonstrated. Recyclability includes material and the process used for recycling. For instance, a given material might be more recyclable using one process compared to the other. In the present study, the potential of powder technology (powder metallurgy (PM) and metal injection molding (MIM) based processes are compared for solid-state conversion of scrap directly into usable products. Grinding sludge collected in the shopfloor was pulverized and used as raw material. Properties of sintered parts were found to be significantly better due to in-situ reduction and densification during sintering. A quantitative measure of recyclability, namely, the Recyclability Index (RI) was defined to compare the manufacturability of different products. Recycled ferrous parts manufactured by PM route are found to have a greater RI (superior recyclability) than those manufactured by the MIM route. Complex reduction and sintering mechanisms in MIM parts, particularly, the kinetics of diffusion and volumetric shrinkage, limit suitability of MIM for recycling. In contrast, few industrial parts were developed and manufactured by conventional PM based approach to demonstrate the suitability of this novel recycling process especially for manufacture of porous parts.

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Zhang, Y. J., P. V. Barr, and T. R. Meadowcroft. "Scrap melting in continuous process rotary melting furnace Part 1 – Bench scale furnace trials." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 35, no. 8 (November 2008): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328107x255014.

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Paraskevas, Dimos, Kim Vanmeensel, Jef Vleugels, Wim Dewulf, and Joost R. Duflou. "Solid State Recycling of Aluminium Sheet Scrap by Means of Spark Plasma Sintering." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.493.

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Various solid state or ‘meltless’ recycling techniques have recently been developed for light metal scrap in form of chips. Main objective of all approaches is to bypass the need for remelting in order to reduce the overall required energy, and to avoid the material losses that occur during this step. Within this paper, the use of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is proposed as a novel solid state recycling/welding technique for sheet metal scrap. Aluminium 5182 alloy scrap, derived from sheet metal, was successfully consolidated into a fully dense billet via SPS. The use of pulsed electric current heating, in temperatures well below the alloy melting point, combined with mechanical pressure, enchased the densification process resulting into a void-less material. The recycled SPS sample was fully densified and microstructural investigation has been performed in order to confirm effective oxide film breakage. The results illustrate the effectiveness of SPS in aluminium scrap consolidation, also in form of sheet scrap, providing additional means in solid state recycling. The involved mechanisms that contribute to oxide film fracture and scrap consolidation in SPS are being discussed.Keywords: Aluminium, recycling, spark plasma sintering (SPS)

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Kukartsev, Viktor A., Vladislav V. Kukartsev, and Vadim S. Tynchenko. "The Peculiarities of Smelting of Wear-Resistant Cast Iron IChH28N2 in the Induction Crucible Furnace IChT10." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.397.

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Wear-resistant cast iron smelting is produced in electric arc furnaces, due to the use of steel scrap in metal charge, ferrochrome and refund if there is one. Scrap of cast iron with the necessary chemical composition is not present because the proportion of manufacturing parts from wear-resistant cast iron is very small. Thus, there is no opportunity to form castings of wear-resistant cast iron using foundries equipped only with induction crucible furnaces of industrial frequency (IChT), since the furnace is designed for melting temperatures not above 1500 °C. In addition, the lining of induction furnaces of industrial frequency is made of quartzite, which provides the necessary durability when operating at temperatures not above 1500 °C. The ability to manufacture blanks from wear-resistant cast iron gives an additional opportunity to expand the range of orders and prevent a reduction in production in factories equipped only with the smelting furnaces of the IChT. The article describes the peculiarities of smelting cast iron IChH28N2 in the furnace IChT10 with acid lining. The technology of conducting melting on pure charge materials without use of cast iron scrap and return is briefly described.

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Chuprinov, Evhen, Vitalij Lyalyuk, Hanna Andrushchenko, Daria Kassim, and Natalia Rad’ko. "Development of Supplements Prevention System in Oxygen Converter Process in Order to Increase the Economic Efficiency of Steel Melting." SHS Web of Conferences 100 (2021): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110006001.

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The article analyzes the work of the oxygen-converter shop of PJSC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih». It is shown that almost half of the total number of blowing supplements (~ 44%) is carried out by temperature. In order to improve the conditions of steel smelting and reduce resource costs, calculations were performed and new technological solutions were found in steel smelting to reduce the number of additives. The study of real smelters demonstrated the need for corrective operations in the smelting of steel using scrap metal of different types. Scrap smelts have a clear relationship between the amount of scrap in the charge and the temperature of the melt in the first dump. The addition of «goat» scrap to the charge has a number of uncontrolled effects on the process due to significant fluctuations in the chemical composition of this type of metal charge. An economic analysis with introducing the developed control mechanism over the course of steel smelting into the software system for conditions PSJC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih» was performed.

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Penz, Florian, Johannes Schenk, Rainer Ammer, Gerald Klösch, and Krzysztof Pastucha. "Dissolution of Scrap in Hot Metal under Linz–Donawitz (LD) Steelmaking Conditions." Metals 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8121078.

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One of the main charging materials of the Linz–Donawitz oxygen steelmaking process (LD) is scrap. Scrap acts as a coolant for the exothermic reactions inside the LD vessel and as an iron source in addition to hot metal. The optimization of the LD process is focused, amongst other factors, on thermodynamic and kinetic modelling. The results of simulations have to be validated in close to reality laboratory-scale experiments. A study was made on the dissolution behavior of common steel scrap in carbon-saturated hot metal which is charged into LD converters. In order to examine the effect of several parameters on diffusive scrap melting, the difference between stagnant and dynamic dissolution as well as the influence of the hot metal temperature were investigated. Using a literature-based equation the mass transfer coefficient of carbon between the solid scrap and the liquid hot metal was evaluated. The ranges of values of the ablation rate and the mass transfer coefficient for the appropriate systems are pointed out, resulting in a significant dependence of the investigated parameters.

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Garabito, J. A., H. Granados, V. H. López, A. R. Kennedy, and J. E. Bedolla. "Vacuum Foaming of Aluminum Scrap." MRS Proceedings 1481 (2012): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1635.

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ABSTRACTIn this study, scrap from the automotive industry was used to produce aluminium foams under vacuum. Chips of an aluminium alloy LM26 were melted and 1wt. % of Mg was added for creating a viscous casting with uniform distribution of oxides. An ingot was obtained of this alloy after casting and solidification. Trials for foaming this alloy were performed by re-melting pieces under vacuum at different temperatures. A window in the vacuum chamber allowed observation of the foaming and collapse of the porous structures was observed during cooling. Characterization of the aluminum foams revealed different levels of expansion, porous structures and degrees of drainage. The best foams were obtained at 680 °C with a density of 0.78 g/cm3. This technique appears to be a feasible low cost route for producing Al foams based on scrap material.

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Selvaraj, J., Chandra C. Jawahar, Khushal A. Bhatija, and Saalai Thenagan. "Preheating Metal Scrap in Foundries Using Solar Thermal Energy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.760.

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The present scenario of energy conservation has witnessed many innovative and eco-friendly techniques and one such area where there is a necessity to conserve energy is foundries. Foundries also pollute the atmosphere with greenhouse gases contributing to 296143037.6 metric tons annually. The proposed technique in this paper aims at reducing the energy utilized in melting the scrap material at foundries by solar thermal energy. In the methodology proposed, solar energy is concentrated onto the scrap placed on a receiving platform using a parabolic trough and heats it up so that the heated scrap takes lesser energy to melt. The experiments resulted in preheating temperature of 100 °C when placed on a receiving platform and 110°C when copper shots are used to conduct heat from receiver to the scrap. This translates to energy conservation of 6%. This eco-friendly technique when adopted can result in substantial savings in consumption and environmental protection.

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Kwon, Eui-Hyuk, Sung-Hwan Jang, Jeong-Whan Han, Byung-Su Kim, Jin-Ki Jeong, and Jae-Chun Lee. "Melting of PCB scrap for the Extraction of Metallic Components." Korean Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2005.15.1.031.

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Brabie,, Liviu C., and Masahiro Kawakami,. "Kinetics of Steel Scrap Melting in Molten Fe-C Bath." High Temperature Materials and Processes 19, no. 3-4 (March 2000): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp.2000.19.3-4.241.

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Min, Byung Youn, Pyung Seob Song, Wang Kyu Choi, Chong Hun Jung, Won Zin Oh, and Yong Kang. "Melting Decontamination of Radioactive Scrap Metal by Graphite Arc Melter." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 41, no. 7 (2008): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.07we083.

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Wędrychowicz, Mateusz, Łukasz Wzorek, Tomasz Tokarski, Piotr Noga, and Jakub Wiewióra. "Recycling without Melting: An Alternative Approach to Aluminum Scrap Recovery." Key Engineering Materials 682 (February 2016): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.682.284.

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Method of scrap recovery by hot extrusion in a contrast to traditional aluminum recycling process distinguishes itself with a low energy consumption and high recovery efficiency. Additionally, this type of recycling allows to recover materials even from highly fragmented forms of metal like chips, foils or filings by omitting melting procedure. In the present study results of 413.0 aluminum chips plastic consolidation will be presented. Chips after machining process were used as a charge material for the entire recycling process. In order to determined the best emulsion elimination method, three separate processes such as centrifugation, annealing and pressing were carried out. In result dry, wet and cleaned chips in a form of cylindrical billets were hot extruded into longitudinal square cross-section profiles. Mechanical properties were examined by uniaxial tensile tests while microstructure observations were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy. It has been showed that emulsion elimination by annealing gives the best results while at the same time all extruded materials revealed no significant differences in mechanical properties.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Scrap Melting'

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