Relevant bibliographies by topics / Scouring

Academic literature on the topic 'Scouring'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Scouring"

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He, Na, Liuqing Yang, Linjuan Xu, and Wanjie Zhao. "Experimental Study on the Scouring Rate of Cohesive Soil in the Lower Yellow River." Coatings 12, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030418.

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The different soil anti scourability in the lower reaches of the Yellow River leads to different scouring and retreating speeds, which has a great influence on river regime evolution. Through the incipient motion scouring test of cemented cohesive soil in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the physical phenomena of the incipient motion of cohesive soil were expounded, the scouring rate of cohesive soil was calculated, and the relationship between the scouring rate and its influencing factors was established. The results show that when the moisture content of cohesive soil is 43%~61%, the scouring rate is about 0.001~0.03 kg/(m2·s). The scouring rate of cohesive soil with the same particle size varies with the flow shear stress under different deposition duration conditions. Under the same flow rate, the scouring rate of cohesive soil increases with the increase of water content, showing an exponential relationship of increment. Under the same shear stress condition, the scouring rate decreases with the increase of dry density, while the exponential relationship between dry density and scouring rate is not clear when the shear stress is small. With the increase of shear stress, there is an obvious exponential relationship between dry density and scouring rate. Finally, the relationship between the scouring rate and relative residual shear stress was established, and the scouring rate formula suitable for cohesive extremely fine sediment was fitted. The formula can better estimate the scouring rate of the riverbank composed of very fine cohesive sediment and provide support for predicting the scouring and retreating rate of riverbanks in natural rivers.
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Czaplicki, Zdzisław, Edyta Matyjas-Zgondek, and Stanisław Strzelecki. "Scouring of Sheep Wool Using an Acoustic Ultrasound Wave." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 29, no. 6(150) (December 31, 2021): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2721.

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The paper describes a method of scouring sheep wool using ultrasound.The inspiration to start work on the use of ultrasound in the process of scouring sheep wool was positive results that had already been achieved for alpaca wool. Due to the fact that sheep wool has many more impurites than alpaca wool, the scouring process is divided into two stages. The first involves the removal of faeces from the wool, which may be up to about 35% of the impurities of sheep wool, while the second stage involves the scouring cycle, wherein the remaining impurities are removed. The ultrasonic scouring process uses domestic merino wool heavily clad, particularly, by faeces. In this study, detergent solutions, alkali soap and sodium carbonate were used. The scouring of wool was carried out with a special apparatus equipped with an ultrasonic generator, at a frequency of 40 kHz. To determine the optimal conditions for scouring sheep wool that could affect the amount of impurities removed, the following parameters were examined: the effect of the scouring time, the concentration of detergents, and the scouring bath ratio. The study resulted in achieving optimal scouring parameters that ensured a satisfactory level of the removal of wool impurities.
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Schofield, J. "Standard Scouring Systems." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 37, no. 12 (October 22, 2008): 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1921.tb01108.x.

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Anab-Atulomah, Chidiebere, and Ejikeme Nwachukwu. "Bio-Scouring of Cotton using Protease and Pectinase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Market Waste." Path of Science 7, no. 7 (July 31, 2021): 3001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.72-3.

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The bio-scouring of cotton using protease and pectinase produced from Bacillus subtilis was investigated. Protease and pectinase were produced from Bacillus subtilis in a liquid medium using the submerged fermentation technique. Both enzymes were purified, and their scouring potential was tested on raw cotton fabrics. Pectinase was more effective than protease under optimised conditions. The optimum scouring temperature for both enzymes was between 40 °C and 50 °C, with pectinase bio-scoured fabric showing 15.5% weight loss while protease bio-scoured fabric had 14.3% weight loss. The optimum pH for pectinase scouring was pH 9 with 14.8% weight loss in the fabric, while the optimum pH for protease scoured fabric was pH 7 with 12.3% weight loss in fabric. After 120 minutes of bio-scouring, maximum weight loss was recorded for both pectinase and protease treated fabrics. The application of protease and pectinase for cotton fabric scouring revealed that they could be used as bio-scouring agents to treat textile materials.
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Ghaderi, Amir, Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Mohammadamin Torabi, John Abraham, and Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla. "Experimental investigation on effective scouring parameters downstream from stepped spillways." Water Supply 20, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): 1988–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.113.

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Abstract Experimental tests were carried out to investigate the effective scouring parameters downstream from stepped spillways with different flow rates and step sizes. The results indicated that the flow regime plays an important role in scour-hole dimensions such that the minimum scouring depth happens in the nappe flow regime. Moreover, step size and tailwater depth are essential parameters for maximum scouring depth. Increasing tailwater depth from 6.31 cm to 8.54 cm and then to 11.82 cm decreases the scouring depth by 18.56% and 11.42%, respectively. These alterations also decrease the scouring length by 31.43% and 16.55%, respectively. By increasing the flow rate, the particle Froude number will increase, and the increased momentum of the flow promotes scouring. In addition, the results show that scouring at the sidewalls is higher than in the middle of the cross-section. Finally, an empirical formula with root mean square error = 0.107 and R2 = 0.974 is proposed to predict the maximum scouring depth downstream from the stepped spillways. Comparisons were made between the proposed formula and experimental results. This comparison demonstrated that the formula can predict souring depth to within 3.86% and 9.31% relative and maximum errors, respectively.
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Paramadita, Tifarah Dayansabila, Nadia Azarine, Aburizal Azhar, and Didit Puji Riyanto. "Local Scouring Visualization of Bed Channel Surface in Hydraulic Structure Using Surfer." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 24, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v24i2.36499.

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Abstract. Water flowing in the river causes a scouring event that occurs at the bed channel. The existence of scouring will increase along with changes in the geometry of the river and obstacles such as the weir which are followed by local scouring around the weir. Local scouring often occurs downstream end of weir sill which weakens its construction. Scouring measurement was conducted to monitor the pattern of scouring that occurs. By using Surfer software, the scouring visualization through the Data Grid and 3D Surface can be seen. In this research, scour monitoring in the laboratory using open channels (flume) and MDO weir with fine aggregate material as the basis of the channel. The retrieval of scouring data was performed after installing fine aggregate and three times variations of flow discharge, then the data were processed using Surfer. The first flow used water level +3.50 with the material carried at 3.77%. The second flow used water level +4.50 with the material carried at 11.16%. The third flow used water level +5.70 with the material carried at 25.46%. So with the continuous method, the total material carried at 36.27% is equivalent to 12575.77 cm3.
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Zhang, Zhuoli, Wei Gao, Ping Li, Jie Liu, Yuanqin Xu, Xia Wei, and Anlong Li. "Influencing Factors of Submarine Scouring and Siltation Changes in Offshore Area of Shandong Peninsula." Water 15, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030435.

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This study constructs a digital elevation model of the coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula using GIS-based interpolation methods to investigate the 15-year characteristics of seabed scouring and siltation. It utilizes depth data of the Shandong Peninsula’s offshore area between 2004 and 2006 and 2017 and 2019. The results indicated that the Shandong Peninsula’s coastal-water seabed is characterized by integral siltation and local point scouring. In addition, the northwest Shandong Peninsula is dominated by siltation, mainly distributed between 2 and 5 m isobaths, with the largest siltation area located in Laizhou Bay. The net volume of siltation is 2.13 × 108 m3, the siltation rate is 0.152 × 108 m3.a−1, and the scouring is concentrated in the estuary and the west coast of Laizhou Bay. Scouring and siltation balance generally characterize the seabed in the northern coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula, and the degree of scouring and siltation is weak. The siltation occurs primarily near the land area, while scouring occurs as the sea deepens. In the northeast of the Shandong Peninsula, the degree of scouring and siltation is extreme, and their distribution range is small, whereas in the south, siltation is distributed in large bays and straight coastal offshore waters, and its degree is relatively weak. At the southernmost end of the study area, the scouring and siltation in Jiaozhou Bay are spatially distributed and balanced. In reality, the key factors affecting the distribution of coastal-seabed scouring and siltation are materials transported by river sediment, coastal scouring, and human activities.
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Chang, Cheng-Kai, Jau-Yau Lu, Shi-Yan Lu, Kuo-Ting Hsiao, and Dong-Sin Shih. "Using a PIV Measurement System to Study the Occurrence of Bursting in the Flow Over a Movable Scour Hole Downstream of a Groundsill." Water 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051396.

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Generally, hydraulic structures are installed along with rivers in Taiwan to prevent erosion. The groundsill is one of the most common structures to protect the underlying riverbed. However, the occurrence of bursting during the process of scouring can intensify the disturbance of sediment in the bed, sometimes even causing hydraulic structures to collapse. This paper aimed to study the mechanisms of bursting, the effects of bursting, and the scouring exceedance probability of sediment movement. To study this topic, a particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the hydraulic characteristics of a scour hole under different flow conditions. The results showed that, firstly, the bursting and the sediment entrainment rate increased with time at the beginning. Secondly, when bursting occurred at the beginning stage of scouring, the averaged velocity of main flow was reduced by about 30% and the thickness of the riverbed was deepened by about 20%. Moreover, when scouring time was 15 min, at the location of maximum scouring depth, all the experimental groups carried the proximity values of the scouring exceedance probability that stuck to a range from 35% to 53% at the bursting stage. Therefore, the scouring exceedance probability of the bursting of the maximum scouring depth can be further applied to designs and to protect the foundation of hydraulic structures.
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Liu, Yan, Yong Zhou, Wen Lv, Haidong Huang, Guozhong Zhang, Ming Tu, and Lin Huang. "Design and Experiment of Hydraulic Scouring System of Wide-Width Lotus Root Digging Machine." Agriculture 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2021): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111110.

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In response to the problems of small working width and low operating efficiency of existing hydraulic scouring lotus root harvesters, a wide-width hydraulic scouring system was designed based on a wide-width self-propelled lotus root harvester. The main parameters of the key components were determined through theoretical analysis of the water flow energy of the hydraulic scouring system pipelines. An experimental study was also carried out on the main factors affecting the working performance of this hydraulic scouring system. Through hydrodynamic simulation tests, the effect of nozzle type and constriction section structure on the turbulence intensity at the nozzle outlet and the pressure loss per unit mass of fluid between the nozzle inlet and outlet sections were compared and analysed. The test yielded conical-cylindrical nozzle geometry parameters for nozzle inlet diameter of 40 mm, shrinkage angle of 30°, nozzle outlet straight section length of 20 mm, nozzle outlet diameter of 16 mm, the nozzle had better flushing performance. Single-factor tests were carried out with nozzle outlet pressure, scouring angle and nozzle height from the mud surface as influencing factors. Based on the optimum effective scour depth, a three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken central combination design test was completed. The primary and secondary factors affecting the effective scouring depth were obtained in the following order: nozzle height from the mud surface, nozzle outlet pressure, and scouring angle. Finally, the performance test of the hydraulic scouring system was completed. Results showed that when the nozzle outlet pressure of 0.30 MPa, the scouring angle of 60° and the nozzle height from the mud surface of 0 mm, the effective scouring depth was 395 mm, the lotus root floating rate was 90% and the damage rate was 5%, which meet the requirements of lotus root harvesting operations.
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Kadono, Takuma, Shinichiro Okazaki, Yoshihiro Kabeyama, and Toshinori Matsui. "Effect of Angle between Pier and Center of River Flow on Local Scouring around the Bridge Pier." Water 12, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 3192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113192.

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In recent years, heavy rainfall disasters have caused frequent damage to bridge piers due to scouring and have resulted in the fall of bridges in many areas in Japan. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of local scouring around the downstream of the piers on the local scouring around the center of the river flowing at an angle to the piers. It was found that when the center of the river flows at an angle to the piers, the scouring area becomes wider from the upstream to the downstream of the piers because of the longer inhibition width of the piers positioned perpendicular to the water flow. The downstream scouring depth tends to be smaller than the upstream scouring depth. In addition, the time to the onset of tilting deformation of the piers increases with the inhibition width of the piers positioned perpendicular to the flowing water.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Scouring"

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Caunce, James Frederick Physical Environmental &amp Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Mathematical modelling of wool scouring." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38650.

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Wool scouring is the first stage of wool processing, where unwanted contaminants are removed from freshly shorn wool. In most scouring machines wool is fed as a continuous mat through a series of water-filled scour and rinse bowls which are periodically drained. The purpose of this project is to mathematically model the scour bowl with the aim of improving efficiency. In this thesis four novel models of contaminant concentration within a scour bowl are developed. These are used to investigate the relationships between the operating parameters of the machine and the concentration of contamination within the scour bowl. The models use the advection-diffusion equation to simulate the settling and mixing of contamination. In the first model considered here, the scour bowl is simulated numerically using finite difference methods. Previous models of the scouring process only considered the average steady-state concentration of contamination within the entire scour bowl. This is the first wool scouring model to look at the bowl in two dimensions and to give time dependent results, hence allowing the effect of different drainage patterns to be studied. The second model looks at the important region at the top of the bowl - where the wool and water mix. The governing equations are solved analytically by averaging the concentration vertically assuming the wool layer is thin. Asymptotic analysis on this model reveals some of the fundamental behaviour of the system. The third model considers the same region by solving the governing equations through separation of variables. A fourth, fully two-dimensional, time dependent model was developed and solved using a finite element method. A model of the swelling of grease on the wool fibres is also considered since some grease can only be removed from the fibre once swollen. The swelling is modelled as a Stefan problem, a nonlinear diffusion equation with two moving boundaries, in cylindrical coordinates. Both approximate, analytical and a numerical solutions are found.
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Lu, Xue Fen. "Wool scouring and sludge incineration." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368210.

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au, C. Bath@murdoch edu, and Caroline Jacobson. "Scouring and Dag in Sheep in Western Australia." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070831.155237.

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Diarrhoea (“scouring”) in sheep increases the risk of faecal soiling of the breech (“dag”) that in turn causes significant production losses for sheep producers and increases susceptibility of sheep to breech blowfly strike. The common causes of scouring in sheep of post-weaning age in Western Australia have not been well described. In a written questionnaire sent to sheep producers in the south west of Western Australia, about half of the respondents reported lamb, hogget and ewe flocks with moderate or severe dag. Flocks with moderate or severe dag were reported more commonly in the winter and spring months in all age groups. Young sheep and mated ewes were most susceptible to moderate or severe dag. The utilisation of professional worm control advice and parasite management tools did not reduce the risk of moderate/severe dag. A study conducted at an abattoir showed that large strongyle worm egg counts (WEC) were frequently identified in lamb lines but were much less common in adult lines. The relationship between WEC and scouring was not clear, suggesting that factors other than large strongyle infections were important, particularly in adult sheep. The low WEC and seasonal scouring pattern observed in adult sheep was consistent with the larval hypersensitivity scouring syndrome and/or factors related to green pasture as potential common causes of scouring in adult sheep. This observation was consistent with detailed investigations of flocks with “low WEC scouring” that found larval hypersensitivity scouring syndrome or factors associated with green pasture were the most likely causes of scouring in eight of the nine flocks examined. Large immature worm burdens were common and the scouring sheep had more fourth stage larvae than normal sheep. Treatment with a fully effective drench and an ivermectin controlled-release rumen capsule did not result in a reduction of faecal moisture content between three and seven weeks after treatment. The effects of dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharides were studied using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a model. The CMC model was used to demonstrate that significant interactions between diet and strongyle larvae determined both faecal consistency and strongyle establishment. Sheep fed CMC had softer, looser and wetter faeces, but the factors that determined faecal consistency were complex. Establishment of T. colubriformis was significantly greater in sheep fed CMC suggesting that the environment within the gut may affect establishment of T. colubriformis in the small intestine. The findings suggested that dietary factors may interact with strongyle larvae to determine both worm establishment and severity of scouring. The results of the studies described in this thesis suggested that factors related to immature strongyle larvae, diet and the immune response interact to determine the severity of the scouring observed in sheep of post-weaning age in the south west of Western Australia.
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Savage, Matthew John. "Integrated Treatment Processes For Primary Wool Scouring Effluent." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1125.

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The increasing cost of effluent treatment in the wool scouring industry is rapidly becoming a determining factor in the viability of existing scouring operations and new installations alike. This thesis details the development of an integrated effluent treatment process capable of treating the worst polluted effluent from a wool scour "heavy flow-down", to the point where it can either be economically discharged to local trade waste sewer, or directly discharged to river or ocean outfall with minimal environmental impact. The existing proprietary chemical flocculation process, Sirolan CF™, was improved by the addition of a bio-flocculation stage and turbidity monitoring and control, and the product from this process fed to an aerobic biological treatment system based upon the traditional activated sludge process. The biological treatment process was found to remove up to 98% of the BOD5 loading from the pre-treated liquor with a hydraulic residence time of at least 50 hours being required in the aerobic digestion vessels. A residual biorefractory COD of approximately 3,600mg/L was identified which could not be removed by biological treatment. When operating continuously, the biological process was observed to metabolically neutralise the pH 3.0 - 4.5 feed from the chemical flocculation system to pH > 7.0 without the need for supplemental addition of neutralising agents such as sodium hydroxide. This in itself provides a significant economic incentive for implementation of the process. Kinetic analysis of the biological process carried out under controlled laboratory conditions using a Bioflo 3000 continuous fermentor showed that the bio-chemical process followed substrate inhibition kinetics. An appropriate kinetic model was identified to represent the behaviour of the substrate degradation system, and modified by inclusion of a pseudo toxic concentration to account for the effect of pH inhibition upon the biological growth rate. The process was verified both at pilot plant scale and at demonstration plant scale at an operational wool scour. The demonstration plant was of sufficient size to handle the full heavy effluent flow-down from a small wool scour. At the time of publishing three full-scale effluent treatment systems based on this research had been sold to both domestic and international clients of ADM Group Ltd. who funded the research.
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Ibrahim, A. A. "Scour around pipeline under marine environments." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371255.

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Wong, Wai Yin. "The suitability of a rotating fluidised bed (RFB) for incineration and gasification." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370081.

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Kerpicci, Kara Sibel. "Reliability-based Analysis Of Time-dependent Scouring At Bridge Abutments." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610334/index.pdf.

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Deterministic scour prediction equations for bridge abutments do not involve uncertainties coming from scouring parameters and they only consider effects of hydraulic parameters. However, in order to safely design bridge abutments, treatment of these uncertainties and evaluation of possible risks are required. Two artificial neural network (ANN) models are constructed to describe scouring phenomenon using the parameters of two different equations. The equation to be used in the reliability analysis is then determined according to ANN modeling results. To conduct reliability analysis, Monte Carlo simulation technique is used in which different distributions and coefficients of variations are used for random variables to examine their effects on reliability. It is observed that probability distributions of governing variables have no impact on reliability. However, coefficients of variations of these variables influence reliability.
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Tregnaghi, Matteo. "Local scouring at bed sills under steady and unsteady conditions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425036.

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Designers are often required to produce safe and economic structures in rivers with erodible beds, which may frequently induce scouring phenomena as they interfere with the natural stream. In CHAPTER 1, an extensive literature is illustrated on scouring by jets at high and low head structures, and predictive formulae are discussed that estimate the equilibrium scour depth of the scour hole, which are most obtained empirically from field and laboratory data. It is also discussed that different stages occur during local scour development. These stages basically include an initial rapid phase of severe scouring, followed by a stabilization phase approaching equilibrium conditions after a long time. CHAPTER 2 describes the theoretical basis to deal with long-term local scouring at bed sills under clear-water and steady-flow conditions. In gravel bed rivers, bed sills are used to limit bed degradation. Local scouring takes place downstream of each sill in addition to the general erosion pattern, and scour hole dimensions increase with the distance between sills. While overall aggradation can be estimated by using 1D morphological models, local scouring requires a more empirical approach. In fact most scouring phenomena are induced by turbulent jets that diffuse within the scour hole, by resulting in extremely complex flow fields. Many approaches are fully empirical, being based on curve fitting of experimental data that link scour depth to hydraulic quantities and sediment properties. In the most recent attempts, a semi-empirical approach has been followed, based on the identification of appropriate dimensionless groups using dimensional analysis before employing best-fitting procedures. The theoretical derivations proposed, which are based on the assumptions of the Buckingham's ­?-theorem, are discussed by showing some further insights on the nature and role of the dimensionless parameters that ensued form dimensional analysis. CHAPTER 3 presents the results of experimental tests carried out by the author in 2003 about the pattern of local scouring generated at the toe of bed sills. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of upstream sediment supply on the scour depth and shape. The experiments simulated conditions of a steady upstream sediment supply which had the same grain size composition as the sediment deposit placed on the bed of the flume. The geometric characteristics of three scour holes developed under conditions of steady-flow discharge and steady upstream sediment supply were measured during 48 different tests. It is shown that the imposed sediment transport does not require the introduction of new dimensionless parameters into existing scour depth and length prediction formulae. The effects of sediment feed are shown to be incorporated in the existing dimensionless parameters. The new data set is used to re-calibrate existing scour depth formula. The influence of jet erosion on scour geometry is also discussed. Most research efforts have focused on predicting scour depth, which may affect the structure at the free overfall, as opposed to volumetric scour dimensions and sediment yield contribution due to local scour, which may affect downstream morphology and water quality as well as the structure but are much more difficult to measure in an actively eroding plunge pool. In CHAPTER 4, shape and volume of equilibrium local scour holes at bed sills in high-gradient streams are investigated by analyzing steady-flow scour profiles at the equilibrium stage. Geometric properties of the scour profile are analytically discussed and verified on the basis of new data from experimental tests described in CHAPTER 3 and data from literature. A model is presented to organize data analysis into a conceptual frame, which is based on the formal relationships for scour depth and length ensued from dimensional analysis, and on the assumption that scours exhibit definite geometric properties. Results show evidence of a universal geometric affinity of the scour. Geometric similarity is also found to occur, but only in a limited range of physical conditions. Prediction formulae are proposed which link the eroded volume to the geometric, hydraulic and sediment properties. Evidence on the scaling nature of the scour hole shapes have important implications on the prediction of the eroded volume. In turn, a correct evaluation of the eroded volume is necessary for the optimization of the design of the inter-sill distance. The temporal development of clear-water local scour depth at bed sills in uniform gravel beds is considered in CHAPTER 5. A new experimental program has been carried out by the author, which started at the end of 2006 and was concluded in March 2007 at the Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of The University of Auckland (NZ). Experiments are presented on the development of scour holes under unsteady hydraulic conditions, with the triangular-shaped hydrographs tested being of different durations and different rates of flow variation. Preliminary observations are discussed on the behavior of scour development, which is compared with the scour evolution for the steady-state case. Based on the experimental results and a theoretical framework, a method is given for the definition and prediction of the scouring process under unsteady flows in terms of a dimensionless temporal parameter. A "flash flood" is defined as an event for which the scour doesn't attain its potential magnitude, i.e. the equilibrium value for the peak hydrograph flow rate. It is shown that this flood nature is dependent on both the characteristics of the flood event itself and the characteristics of the stream. A quantitative measure of what constitutes a flash flood is given in terms of the identified temporal parameter, which represents one of the main goal of this study.
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Rapakgadi, Jim. "Detection of contaminants in wool bales using nuclear techniques." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/993.

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To improve the quality and the marketability of wool and mohair, it is important to encourage, ensure and preferable certify that the baled fibre is free of contaminants. Anything other than the fibre that is within the bale can be classified as contaminants; this may be in the form of metal and wooden objects, plastic materials, paints, and vegetable matter such as grass and seed. The internationally accepted method for detecting and classifying these contaminants are highly labour intensive and costly. The ultimate goal of the present research is to develop a non-invasive and nondestructive technique that can be used to detect contaminants, particularly plastic (polymer) materials within wool and mohair bales. Such a technique can be implemented in the wool industry and also could be applied to other fibres, such as cotton. The immediate objective of this study was to evaluate the capability and the limitation of X-rays as a technique to detect such contaminants. It was found that X-rays were suitable for detecting foreign objects, or contaminants, such as metals, but not for detecting plastic materials, such as polypropylene and polyethylene.
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Lim, S. Y. "Scour and particle diffusion caused by water jets." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356261.

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Books on the topic "Scouring"

1

Environmental Studies Research Funds (Canada). Dynamics of iceberg grounding and scouring. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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Woodworth-Lynas, C. M. T. Inventory of upslope and downslope iceberg scouring. St. John's, Nfdl: Centre for Cold Ocean Resources Engineering (C-CORE), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1986.

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Workshop, on Ice Scouring (1982 Montebello Québec). Workshop on Ice Scouring 15-19 February 1982. [Ottawa, Ont.?]: National Research Council of Canada, 1985.

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Wu, Felix. Scouring genomes and evolutionary trees for the origins of sex-biased germline mutation. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2022.

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Jamieson, R. G. The effect of different scouring and rinsing treatments on the colour of scoured wool. Christchurch: WRONZ, 1985.

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Warner, J. J. The recovery of dirt from wool-scouring effluent by treatment in a decanter centrifuge. Belmont,Victoria: CSIRO, 1985.

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Jamieson, R. G. The effect of different scouring and rinsing treatments on the colour of scoured wool. Christchurch: Wronz, 1986.

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Varghese, J. Influence of scouring and dyeing on strength, abrasion of durable, press cotton: Final technical report. Bombay: Bombay Textile Research Association, 1987.

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Spies, Peter. Anaerobe Behandlung fetthaltigen Abwassers am Beispiel einer Wollwäscherei. Hannover: Institut für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und Abfalltechnik der Universität Hannover, 1986.

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Alexander, A. G. A coil basket from Ebey Slough: Scouring floodwaters deliver an Indian artifact from beneath Ebey Slough. Ebey Island, Washington]: [A.G. Alexander?], 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Scouring"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Scouring." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 648. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10345.

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Liu, Zhenhui. "Iceberg Scouring." In Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering, 1–8. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6963-5_120-1.

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Liu, Zhenhui. "Iceberg Scouring." In Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering, 789–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6946-8_120.

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Ellis, J. "Scouring, enzymes and softeners." In Chemistry of the Textiles Industry, 249–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0595-8_8.

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Hartzell, M. Michelle, and You-Lo Hsieh. "Pectin-Degrading Enzymes for Scouring Cotton." In ACS Symposium Series, 212–27. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0687.ch018.

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Shanahan, Kevin J. "Modeling Scouring Behavior: A Structural Equation Approach." In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11845-1_21.

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Mamgain, P., and P. K. Basudhar &. T. Gangadharaiah. "Scouring around deep foundations at river crossing." In Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 611–16. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203743362-111.

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Pratama, R. P., R. Irawan, and E. Kurniawati. "Bridge scouring inspection and mitigation in Indonesia." In Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability, 2035–42. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003322641-252.

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Sreeja, P., and Supradeep Singh. "Comparative Study of Scouring Around Bridge Piers." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 261–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9805-0_22.

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Alemi, Mahdi, João Pedro Pêgo, and Rodrigo Maia. "Numerical Modeling of Bridge Piers Scouring Flow Patterns." In Computational and Experimental Simulations in Engineering, 229–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27053-7_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Scouring"

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Walski, Thomas, Bryce Edwards, Emil Helfer, and Brian E. Whitman. "Scouring Stress for Large Solids." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)422.

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Shah, Aman, Mohit Pant, and Sunil Karamchandani. "Unsupervised Maneuvering Robot for Scouring Application." In 2019 IEEE 5th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2ct45611.2019.9033819.

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Hwang, Jeongwoo, Ja-Hoon Lee, and Yong-Sik Cho. "Numerical Prediction of Scouring Depth Around Foundations of Offshore Structures." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41474.

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The pile foundations of offshore structures are vulnerable to local ground loss by scouring. The vortex flow affected by the flow conditions, ground conditions, and the shape of the pile is the main cause of scouring. The decrease of an embedded depth of foundation pile by scouring may lead to an excessive displacement of the structure and a decrease of the bearing power, leading to a collapse of the offshore structure. In this work, a three-dimensional commercial code named STAR-CCM+ has been employed to predict the final depth of the scouring-hole around the foundation of offshore structures. Assuming the bed as a fluid having a high level of dynamic viscosity and density, the prediction has been accomplished by using the multi-phase flow model. The model solves the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, and standard k-ε turbulence model to estimate the depth of the scouring-hole. To guarantee the reliability of the model, the results of the numerical model have been compared with available laboratory measurements. A reasonable agreement has been observed.
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Hongyan, Ding, Zhao Xing, Zhang Puyang, and Le Conghuan. "Study on Effects of the Scouring on Horizontal Bearing Capacity of the Composite Bucket Foundation." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77370.

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Composite bucket foundation is a new kind of wide-shallow foundation for offshore wind turbines, and can be made on land, transported and installed by one step. Compared with other deep pile foundations, the erosion caused by waves and currents is more obvious and this would cause more risks for the overall safety of the wind turbine. In order to know more about it, a 3D FEM composite bucket foundation - soil model is established using Abaqus in this paper. In this study, the lateral bearing capacity of composite bucket foundation in different situation is analyzed by FEM and the results of FEM have been compared with that of physical model test. And through anther model test, the size parameters of scouring pit are obtained. Then the emergence and development of scouring pits are simulated by continuously excavating soil. The horizontal bearing capacity of a practical project is calculated considering the influence of scouring on the CBF by the displacement loading mode. The calculation results show that the horizontal bearing capacity of the bucket foundation is significantly reduced after scouring, and the influence of scour depth is more significant than the scouring extent.
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GONZÁLEZ VERDUGO, JOSÉ ALFREDO, BENJAMÍN GUTIÉRREZ TORRES, and MARÍA JOSELINA ESPINOZA AYALA. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SCOURING DOWNSTREAM OF WEIRS." In 38th IAHR World Congress. The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1541.

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RAHMAN, M. MUNSUR, M. ANISUL HAQUE, and M. SAFIQUL ISLAM. "FLOW AND SCOURING AROUND PIERS AND ABUTMENTS." In Proceedings of the 13th IAHRߝ;APD Congress. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776969_0049.

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Ben Meftah, Mouldi, Diana De Padova, Francesca De Serio, and Michele Mossa. "Scouring Processes for Extreme Hydrological Events: Review." In Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress From Snow to Sea. Spain: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/iahr-39wc252171192022749.

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Islam, G. M. Tarekul, M. R. Kabir, and Ainun Nishat. "Scouring around Nose-Tip of Channel Bifurcation." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)279.

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Yanmaz, A. Melih, and Tugsan Celebi. "Evaluation of Scouring Reliability at Bridge Abutments." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40737(2004)260.

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Cheng, M. H., J. J. Liao, Y. W. Pan, G. W. Li, M. W. Huang, W. H. Lo, and S. T. Hsu. "Soft-Rock Scouring Processes Downstream of Weirs." In International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41147(392)71.

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Reports on the topic "Scouring"

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Lewis, C. F. M., and D. R. Parrott. Iceberg Scouring Rate Studies, Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122493.

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Todd, B. J., N. T. McKinnon, C. F. M. Lewis, and L. H. Thorleifson. Linear features on lakefloor sediments: evidence for ice scouring in Lake Winnipeg. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/213875.

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Kerr, D. E. Reconnaissance surficial geology, Brichta Lake, Nunavut, NTS 76-P. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329670.

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Preliminary surficial geology studies, based on air photo interpretation and limited legacy field data in the Brichta Lake map area, provide an understanding of the distribution and nature of surficial materials, and regional glacial history. The terrain is characterized by extensive glacial and meltwater scouring that has affected bedrock outcrops, and eroded hummocky and streamlined till, till blankets, and till veneers in the southwest regions. Streamlined bedrock and till landforms indicate ice flow towards the northwest and north-northwest during the last glaciation. Subglacial meltwater corridors and broader erosional zones, trending north-northwest, consisting of eskers, washed till veneer, ridged till, and scoured bedrock, result from late-phase ablation of the ice sheet during deglaciation. Glaciomarine and postglacial marine sediments extend discontinuously inland from the Queen Maud Gulf to 200 m a.s.l. elevation, notably up Tingmeak and Ellice rivers and their tributaries. In some eastern parts of the map area below 160 m a.s.l. elevation, thick marine deposits form plains that blanket broad shallow valleys.
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Kwun, H. L51694 Investigation of Techniques for Bulk Stress Measurement on Exposed Pipelines-Phases I and II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010318.

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Differential movement of a buried pipeline resulting from terrain instabilities such as subsidence, fault slippage, frost heave, ice scouring, soil movement, and landslide can create localized areas of high stress in a pipeline. These areas may be susceptible to mechanical failure and therefore may compromise the structural integrity of the line. Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods that can detect high-stress regions and measure the magnitude of the stress in the pipeline are needed to determine if or when remedial action must be taken to prevent stress-related damage. The areas of high stress can compromise the integrity of the pipeline, despite the fact that the highly stressed areas may not be readily detectable. �This report describes two phases of development for a nonintrusive technique to quantify the local, throughwall average axial stress in an exposed pipe. The technique selected for evaluation and development is a low-frequency, electromagnetic technique, called multiparameter magnetic measurement (MPMM). MPMM is a combination of existing magnetic techniques including magnetic hysteresis measurement, nonlinear harmonic analysis, and multiparameter correlation. The work included both a proof-of-principle demonstration of the technique using samples of grade X-42, X-46, and X-52 pipe (Phase I), and further determination of practical applicability of the MPMM technique (Phase II). Phase II focused on evaluating the variability of magnetic response to stress among five samples of grade X-42 pipe.
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Walshire, Lucas, Joseph Dunbar, and Benjamin Breland. Stability analysis of Old River Low Sill Structure. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45349.

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An updated stability analysis was performed on the Old River Low Sill Structure due to a change in the operating conditions from historic river sedimentation. Sedimentation of the Mississippi River channel since the 1973 spring flood has caused higher river stages at lower discharges. Numerical methods used included nonlinear analysis of pile group stability, seepage analyses, and limit equilibrium methods. The structure’s foundation was compromised during the 1973 flood, and emergency repairs were conducted to prevent scouring and undermining of the foundation by the flood scour. Rehabilitation included the reconstruction of a failed wing wall on the left abutment, rock and riprap fill in the forebay channel, and emergency grouting to fill the scour hole beneath the structure. An operating restriction was emplaced to limit the differential head across the structure due to flood damage. Taking these conditions into account, results from an updated analysis showed that full headwater uplift caused increased tension in the piles, while the increased body load caused increased compressive loads in the piles. Review of piezometric monitoring and the seepage analyses showed that full headwater uplift is unlikely, indicating the foundation grouting adequately sealed the scour hole beneath the structure. Analysis results exhibited lower magnitude compression and tension loads in the piles with design load cases compared to previous analyses. Recommendations from these analyses indicate that increased monitoring and additional investigation may support increasing the differential head limitation.
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Perkins, Dustin. Invasive exotic plant monitoring at Dinosaur National Monument: Results of the 2019 field season on the Green River, and the third completed monitoring rotation. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284627.

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Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are a significant threat to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, and controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. We also calculated a patch management index (PMI) to quantify the extent and density of invasive patches into a single value that helps identify the scale of the problem. Park managers can use this tool to help prioritize IEP treatment. At Dinosaur National Monument, the NCPN monitors IEPs in the Green and Yampa river corridors. This report summarizes data from monitoring on the Green River in 2019, and monitoring on the Yampa River in 2017, to represent the completion of the third monitoring rotation of the entire river corridor (2002–2005, 2010–2011, 2017–2019). During surveys conducted from June 26 to July 2, 2019, NCPN staff detected 12 priority IEP species and two non-priority species in a 84.6-hectare (209-acre) area along 74.4 kilometers of the Green River above (“upper”) and below (“low-er”) its confluence with the Yampa. A total of 2,535 IEP patches were detected. Of those patches, 24.2% and 15.6% were smaller than 40 m2 on the upper and lower Green River reaches, respectively. The patch management index (PMI) was low or very low for 95.7% of patches on the upper Green River and 90.9% of patches on the lower Green River. Tamarisk (Tamarix sp.), broad-leaf pepperwort (Lepidium latifolium), and yellow sweetclover (Meli-lotus officinalis) were the most widespread species. For the first time, NCPN monitoring detected teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) on the upper Green River. Yellow sweetclover has increased on all three river reaches during the survey years. Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) was found at considerably lower levels than yellow sweetclover but has also increased on all three river reaches. Leafy spurge is increasing on the lower Green River and Yampa River. Cheatgrass was not monitored in the first rotation, but increased substantially in cover and percent frequency on all three river sections from 2010–2011 to 2017–2019. This increase may be due to a lack of recent high-flow scouring events. The highly regulated upper Green River generally has the highest number of IEPs, while the lower Green River has a moderate amount of IEPs. The largely unregulated flows of the Yampa River continue to result in a lower number of patches per kilometer, lower percent cover, and lower percent frequency than the upper or lower Green River. Network staff will return to the monument in 2022 to begin the fourth monitoring rotation.
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Hodul, M., H. P. White, and A. Knudby. A report on water quality monitoring in Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, subsequent to the Mount Polley tailings dam spill, using optical satellite imagery. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330556.

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In the early morning on the 4th of August 2014, a tailings dam near Quesnel, BC burst, spilling approximately 25 million m3 of runoff containing heavy metal elements into nearby Quesnel Lake (Byrne et al. 2018). The runoff slurry, which included lead, arsenic, selenium, and vanadium spilled through Hazeltine Creek, scouring its banks and picking up till and forest cover on the way, and ultimately ended up in Quesnel Lake, whose water level rose by 1.5 m as a result. While the introduction of heavy metals into Quesnel Lake was of environmental concern, the additional till and forest cover scoured from the banks of Hazeltine Creek added to the lake has also been of concern to salmon spawning grounds. Immediate repercussions of the spill involved the damage of sensitive environments along the banks and on the lake bed, the closing of the seasonal salmon fishery in the lake, and a change in the microbial composition of the lake bed (Hatam et al. 2019). In addition, there appears to be a seasonal resuspension of the tailings sediment due to thermal cycling of the water and surface winds (Hamilton et al. 2020). While the water quality of Quesnel Lake continues to be monitored for the tailings sediments, primarily by members at the Quesnel River Research Centre, the sample-and-test methods of water quality testing used, while highly accurate, are expensive to undertake, and not spatially exhaustive. The use of remote sensing techniques, though not as accurate as lab testing, allows for the relatively fast creation of expansive water quality maps using sensors mounted on boats, planes, and satellites (Ritchie et al. 2003). The most common method for the remote sensing of surface water quality is through the use of a physics-based semianalytical model which simulates light passing through a water column with a given set of Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs), developed by Lee et al. (1998) and commonly referred to as a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). The RTM forward-models a wide range of water-leaving spectral signatures based on IOPs determined by a mix of water constituents, including natural materials and pollutants. Remote sensing imagery is then used to invert the model by finding the modelled water spectrum which most closely resembles that seen in the imagery (Brando et al 2009). This project set out to develop an RTM water quality model to monitor the water quality in Quesnel Lake, allowing for the entire surface of the lake to be mapped at once, in an effort to easily determine the timing and extent of resuspension events, as well as potentially investigate greening events reported by locals. The project intended to use a combination of multispectral imagery (Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2), as well as hyperspectral imagery (DESIS), combined with field calibration/validation of the resulting models. The project began in the Autumn before the COVID pandemic, with plans to undertake a comprehensive fieldwork campaign to gather model calibration data in the summer of 2020. Since a province-wide travel shutdown and social distancing procedures made it difficult to carry out water quality surveying in a small boat, an insufficient amount of fieldwork was conducted to suit the needs of the project. Thus, the project has been put on hold, and the primary researcher has moved to a different project. This document stands as a report on all of the work conducted up to April 2021, intended largely as an instructional document for researchers who may wish to continue the work once fieldwork may freely and safely resume. This research was undertaken at the University of Ottawa, with supporting funding provided by the Earth Observations for Cumulative Effects (EO4CE) Program Work Package 10b: Site Monitoring and Remediation, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, through the Natural Resources Canada Research Affiliate Program (RAP).
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