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Journal articles on the topic 'Scorpionate complexes'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Harb, Carmen, Pavel Kravtsov, Mohommad Choudhuri, Eric R. Sirianni, Glenn P. A. Yap, A. B. P. Lever, and Robert J. Crutchley. "Phenylcyanamidoruthenium Scorpionate Complexes." Inorganic Chemistry 52, no. 3 (January 22, 2013): 1621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic302535h.

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2

Andrade, Marta A., and Luísa M. D. R. S. Martins. "Novel Chemotherapeutic Agents - The Contribution of Scorpionates." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 41 (January 8, 2020): 7452–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180914104237.

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: The development of safe and effective chemotherapeutic agents is one of the uppermost priorities and challenges of medicinal chemistry and new transition metal complexes are being continuously designed and tested as anticancer agents. Scorpionate ligands have played a great role in coordination chemistry, since their discovery by Trofimenko in the late 1960s, with significant contributions in the fields of catalysis and bioinorganic chemistry. Scorpionate metal complexes have also shown interesting anticancer properties, and herein, the most recent (last decade) and relevant scorpionate complexes reported for application in medicinal chemistry as chemotherapeutic agents are reviewed. The current progress on the anticancer properties of transition metal complexes bearing homo- or hetero- scorpionate ligands, derived from bis- or tris-(pyrazol-1-yl)-borate or -methane moieties is highlighted.

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3

Martini, Petra, Micol Pasquali, Alessandra Boschi, Licia Uccelli, Melchiore Giganti, and Adriano Duatti. "Technetium Complexes and Radiopharmaceuticals with Scorpionate Ligands." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082039.

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Scorpionate ligands have played a crucial role in the development of technetium chemistry and, recently, they have also fueled important advancements in the discovery of novel diagnostic imaging agents based on the γ-emitting radionuclide technetium-99m. The purpose of this short review is to provide an illustration of the most general and relevant results in this field, however without being concerned with the details of the analytical features of the various compounds. Thus, emphasis will be given to the description of the general features of technetium complexes with scorpionate ligands including coordination modes, structural properties and an elementary bonding description. Similarly, the most relevant examples of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals derived from scorpionate ligands and their potential interest for nuclear imaging will be summarized.

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4

Da Costa, Rosenildo Correa, Benjamin W. Rawe, Nikolaos Tsoureas, Mairi F. Haddow, Hazel A. Sparkes, Graham J. Tizzard, Simon J. Coles, and Gareth R. Owen. "Preparation and reactivity of rhodium and iridium complexes containing a methylborohydride based unit supported by two 7-azaindolyl heterocycles." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 32 (2018): 11047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt02311e.

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5

Tăbăcaru, Aurel, Rais Ahmad Khan, Giulio Lupidi, and Claudio Pettinari. "Synthesis, Characterization and Assessment of the Antioxidant Activity of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) Complexes Derived from Scorpionate Ligands." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 5298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225298.

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Seeking to enrich the yet less explored field of scorpionate complexes bearing antioxidant properties, we, here, report on the synthesis, characterization and assessment of the antioxidant activity of new complexes derived from three scorpionate ligands. The interaction between the scorpionate ligands thallium(I) hydrotris(5-methyl-indazolyl)borate (TlTp4Bo,5Me), thallium(I) hydrotris(4,5-dihydro-2H-benzo[g]indazolyl)borate (TlTpa) and potassium hydrotris(3-tert-butyl- pyrazolyl)borate (KTptBu), and metal(II) chlorides, in dichloromethane at room temperature, produced a new family of complexes having the stoichiometric formula [M(Tp4Bo,5Me)2] (M = Cu, 1; Zn, 4; Cd, 7), [M(Tpa)2] (M = Cu, 2; Zn, 5; Cd, 8), [Cu(HpztBu)3Cl2] (3), [Zn(TptBu)Cl] (6) and [Cd(BptBu)(HpztBu)Cl] (9). The obtained metal complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis, highlighting the total and partial hydrolysis of the scorpionate ligand TptBu during the synthesis of the Cu(II) complex 3 and the Cd(II) complex 9, respectively. An assessment of the antioxidant activity of the obtained metal complexes was performed through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic assays against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl- hydrazyl (DPPH·), 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+·), hydroxyl (HO·), nitric oxide (NO·), superoxide (O2−) and peroxide (OOH·) radicals. In particular, the complex [Cu(Tpa)2]⋅0.5H2O (2) exhibited significant antioxidant activity, as good and specific activity against superoxide (O2−·), (IC50 values equal to 5.6 ± 0.2 μM) and might be identified as auspicious SOD-mimics (SOD = superoxide dismutase).

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6

Albertin, Gabriele, Stefano Antoniutti, Marco Bortoluzzi, Jesús Castro, and Lidia Marzaro. "Diazoalkane complexes of ruthenium with tris(pyrazolyl)borate and bis(pyrazolyl)acetate ligands." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 35 (2015): 15470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt02113h.

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7

Olyshevets, Iryna, Vladimir Ovchynnikov, Nataliia Kariaka, Viktoriya Dyakonenko, Svitlana Shishkina, Tatiana Sliva, Małgorzata Ostrowska, Aleksandra Jedyńczuk, Elżbieta Gumienna-Kontecka, and Vladimir Amirkhanov. "Lanthanide complexes based on a new bis-chelating carbacylamidophosphate (CAPh) scorpionate-like ligand." RSC Advances 10, no. 42 (2020): 24808–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra04714g.

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8

Matveeva, Anna G., Anna V. Vologzhanina, Evgenii I. Goryunov, Rinat R. Aysin, Margarita P. Pasechnik, Sergey V. Matveev, Ivan A. Godovikov, Alfiya M. Safiulina, and Valery K. Brel. "Extraction and coordination studies of a carbonyl–phosphine oxide scorpionate ligand with uranyl and lanthanide(iii) nitrates: structural, spectroscopic and DFT characterization of the complexes." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 12 (2016): 5162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt04963f.

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9

Silva, Telma F. S., Bruno G. M. Rocha, M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, Luísa M. D. R. S. Martins, and Armando J. L. Pombeiro. "V(iv), Fe(ii), Ni(ii) and Cu(ii) complexes bearing 2,2,2-tris(pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl methanesulfonate: application as catalysts for the cyclooctane oxidation." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 1 (2016): 528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj01865j.

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10

Sirianni, Eric R., Daniel C. Cummins, Glenn P. A. Yap, and Klaus H. Theopold. "FcTp(R) (R=iPr ortBu): third-generation ferrocenyl scorpionates." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 72, no. 11 (October 5, 2016): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205322961601202x.

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Scorpionate (or trispyrazolylborate) ligands have seen much structural variation due to the relative ease of modifying their electronic and steric effects. Second-generation scorpionates were created by increasing the bulk in the 3-position of the pyrazole (pz) ring. A new class of third-generation scorpionates was obtained by modifying the remaining boron substituent. A series of thallium(I) and cobalt(II) complexes of the ferrocenyltris(3-R-pyrazolyl)borate ligand [FcTpR;R= isopropyl (iPr) ortert-butyl (tBu)] have been synthesized in order to expand the range of redox-active third-generation scorpionates. These are [ferrocenyltris(3-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]thallium(I), [FeTl(C5H5)(C26H37BN6)], [ferrocenyltris(3-isopropylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]thallium(I), [FeTl(C5H5)(C23H31BN6)], chlorido[ferrocenyltris(3-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]cobalt(II), [CoFe(C5H5)(C26H37BN6)Cl], [ferrocenyltris(3-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]iodidocobalt(II) benzene disolvate, [CoFe(C5H5)(C26H37BN6)I]·2C6H6, and [ferrocenyltris(3-isopropylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]iodidocobalt(II), [CoFe(C5H5)(C23H31BN6)I]. The structures demonstrate that the metal coordination site can easily be modified by using bulkier substituents at the pz 3-position.

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11

Suter, Riccardo, Mona Wagner, Lorenzo Querci, Riccardo Conti, Zoltán Benkő, and Hansjörg Grützmacher. "1,3,4-Azadiphospholides as building blocks for scorpionate and bidentate ligands in multinuclear complexes." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 24 (2020): 8201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01864c.

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12

Sobrino, Sonia, Marta Navarro, Juan Fernández-Baeza, Luis F. Sánchez-Barba, Agustín Lara-Sánchez, Andrés Garcés, José A. Castro-Osma, and Ana M. Rodríguez. "Efficient Production of Poly(Cyclohexene Carbonate) via ROCOP of Cyclohexene Oxide and CO2 Mediated by NNO-Scorpionate Zinc Complexes." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092148.

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New mono- and dinuclear chiral alkoxide/thioalkoxide NNO-scorpinate zinc complexes were easily synthesized in very high yields, and characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-ray diffraction analysis unambiguously confirmed the different nuclearity of the new complexes as well as the variety of coordination modes of the scorpionate ligands. Scorpionate zinc complexes 2, 4 and 6 were assessed as catalysts for polycarbonate production from epoxide and carbon dioxide with no need for a co-catalyst or activator under mild conditions. Interestingly, at 70 °C, 10 bar of CO2 pressure and 1 mol % of loading, the dinuclear thioaryloxide [Zn(bpzaepe)2{Zn(SAr)2}] (4) behaves as an efficient and selective one-component initiator for the synthesis of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) via ring-opening copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2, affording polycarbonate materials with narrow dispersity values.

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13

Naktode, Kishor, Th Dhileep N. Reddy, Hari Pada Nayek, Bhabani S. Mallik, and Tarun K. Panda. "Heavier group 2 metal complexes with a flexible scorpionate ligand based on 2-mercaptopyridine." RSC Advances 5, no. 63 (2015): 51413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04696c.

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Synthetic and structural details of flexible scorpionate ligand based on 2-mercaptopyridine (Bmp) supported heavier alkaline earth metal complexes with metal–sulfur bonds (metal = Sr, Ba) have been presented.

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14

Fischer, Nina, Gazi Turkoglu, and Nicolai Burzlaff. "Scorpionate Complexes Suitable for Enzyme Inhibitor Studies." Current Bioactive Compounds 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340709789816438.

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15

Gómez-Sal, P., A. Sánchez-Méndez, E. de Jesús, and J. C. Flores. "Structural study of dendronized palladium scorpionate complexes." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 63, a1 (August 22, 2007): s168—s169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767307096201.

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16

Martins, Luísa M. D. R. S. "C-scorpionate complexes: Ever young catalytic tools." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 396 (October 2019): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.009.

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17

Young, Charles G. "Scorpionate Complexes as Models for Molybdenum Enzymes." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2016, no. 15-16 (March 29, 2016): 2357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201501387.

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18

Artem'ev, Alexander V., Alexey V. Kashevskii, Artem S. Bogomyakov, Alexander Yu Safronov, Anastasiya O. Sutyrina, Anton A. Telezhkin, and Irina V. Sterkhova. "Variable coordination of tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine and its oxide toward M(hfac)2: a metal-specifiable switching between the formation of mono- and bis-scorpionate complexes." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 18 (2017): 5965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt00339k.

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19

Batten, Stuart R., Martin B. Duriska, Paul Jensen, and Jinzhen Lu. "Synthesis and Complexes of the New Scorpionate Ligand Tris[3-(4-benzonitrile)-pyrazol-1-yl]borate." Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, no. 1 (2007): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06329.

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A new scorpionate ligand, hydro-tris[3-(4-benzonitrile)-pyrazol-1-yl]borate (Tp4bz), was synthesized and the crystal structures of its potassium salt and its MnII, CoII, NiII, and CdII complexes were determined.

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20

Wang, Denan, James R. Gardinier, and Sergey V. Lindeman. "Iron(ii) tetrafluoroborate complexes of new tetradentate C-scorpionates as catalysts for the oxidative cleavage of trans-stilbene with H2O2." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 38 (2019): 14478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt02829c.

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21

Goura, Joydeb, James McQuade, Daisuke Shimoyama, Roger A. Lalancette, John B. Sheridan, and Frieder Jäkle. "Electrophilic and nucleophilic displacement reactions at the bridgehead borons of tris(pyridyl)borate scorpionate complexes." Chemical Communications 58, no. 7 (2022): 977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc06181j.

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A ruthenium tris(pyridyl)borate complex is subjected to electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions at the bridgehead borons. These transformations allow for facile tuning of the properties and open up new pathways to functional scorpionate complexes.

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22

Sobrino, Sonia, Marta Navarro, Juan Fernández-Baeza, Luis F. Sánchez-Barba, Andrés Garcés, Agustín Lara-Sánchez, and José A. Castro-Osma. "Efficient CO2 fixation into cyclic carbonates catalyzed by NNO-scorpionate zinc complexes." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 28 (2019): 10733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01844a.

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Chiral bifunctional and bicomponent NNO-scorpionate zinc-based catalysts have been developed for the fixation of CO₂ into cyclic carbonates with broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance under mild and solvent-free conditions.

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23

Heyer, Alexander J., Philip J. Shivokevich, Shelby L. Hooe, Kevin D. Welch, W. Dean Harman, and Charles W. Machan. "Reversible modulation of the redox characteristics of acid-sensitive molybdenum and tungsten scorpionate complexes." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 18 (2018): 6323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt00598b.

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The large-scale synthesis of the scorpionate ligand Ttz (hydrotris(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)borate) is reported, as well as syntheses of Group VI complexes K[M(L)(CO)₃] and M(L)(NO)(CO)₂, (M = Mo or W).

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24

Ehweiner, Madeleine A., Carina Vidovič, Ferdinand Belaj, and Nadia C. Mösch-Zanetti. "Bioinspired Tungsten Complexes Employing a Thioether Scorpionate Ligand." Inorganic Chemistry 58, no. 12 (May 29, 2019): 8179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00973.

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25

Rajasekharan-Nair, Rajeev, Dean Moore, Alan R. Kennedy, John Reglinski, and Mark D. Spicer. "The Stability of Mercaptobenzothiazole Based Soft Scorpionate Complexes." Inorganic Chemistry 53, no. 19 (September 10, 2014): 10276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic5013236.

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26

Ribeiro, Ana P. C., Peter Goodrich, and Luísa M. D. R. S. Martins. "Efficient and Reusable Iron Catalyst to Convert CO2 into Valuable Cyclic Carbonates." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041089.

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The production of cyclic carbonates from CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides, using the C-scorpionate iron(II) complex [FeCl2{κ3-HC(pz)3}] (pz = 1H-pyrazol-1-yl) as a catalyst, is achieved in excellent yields (up to 98%) in a tailor-made ionic liquid (IL) medium under mild conditions (80 °C; 1–8 bar). A favorable synergistic catalytic effect was found in the [FeCl2{κ3-HC(pz)3}]/IL system. Notably, in addition to exhibiting remarkable activity, the catalyst is stable during ten consecutive cycles, the first decrease (11%) on the cyclic carbonate yield being observed during the 11th cycle. The use of C-scorpionate complexes in ionic liquids to afford cyclic carbonates is presented herein for the first time.

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27

Bussey, Katherine A., Annie R. Cavalier, Jennifer R. Connell, Margaret E. Mraz, Kayode D. Oshin, Tomislav Pintauer, Danielle L. Gray, and Sean Parkin. "Crystal structure of orthorhombic {bis[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl](3,5,5,5-tetrachloropentyl)amine-κ3N,N′,N′′}chloridocopper(II) perchlorate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 7 (June 27, 2015): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015011792.

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In the title compound, [CuCl(C17H19Cl4N3)]ClO4, the CuIIion adopts a distorted square-planar geometry defined by one chloride ligand and the three nitrogen atoms from the bis[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl](3,5,5,5-tetrachloropentyl)amine ligand. The perchlorate counter-ion is disordered over three sets of sites with refined occupancies 0.0634 (17), 0.221 (16) and 0.145 (7). In addition, the hetero-scorpionate arm of the bis[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl](3,5,5,5-tetrachloropentyl)amine ligand is disordered over two sets of sites with refined occupancies 0.839 (2) and 0.161 (2). In the crystal, weak Cu...Cl interactions between symmetry-related molecules create a dimerization with a chloride occupying the apical position of the square-pyramidal geometry typical of many copper(II) chloride hetero-scorpionate complexes.

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28

Owen, Gareth R., P. Hugh Gould, Alexandra Moore, Gavin Dyson, Mairi F. Haddow, and Alex Hamilton. "Copper and silver complexes bearing flexible hybrid scorpionate ligandmpBm." Dalton Trans. 42, no. 31 (2013): 11074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3dt51286j.

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29

Sánchez-Méndez, Alberto, Juan C. Flores, and Pilar Gómez-Sal. "Nickel scorpionate complexes containing poly(aryl ether) dendritic substituents." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 819 (September 2016): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.07.004.

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30

Giorgetti, Marco, Maura Pellei, Giancarlo Gioia Lobbia, and Carlo Santini. "XAFS studies on copper(I) complexes containing scorpionate ligands." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 190 (November 1, 2009): 012146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/190/1/012146.

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31

Naglav, Dominik, Briac Tobey, Christoph Wölper, Dieter Bläser, Georg Jansen, and Stephan Schulz. "On the Stability of Trimeric Beryllium Hydroxide Scorpionate Complexes." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2016, no. 15-16 (February 22, 2016): 2424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201501433.

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32

Martins, Luísa M. D. R. S., and Armando J. L. Pombeiro. "Water-Soluble C-Scorpionate Complexes - Catalytic and Biological Applications." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2016, no. 15-16 (March 31, 2016): 2236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201600053.

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33

Schwalbe, Matthias, Prokopis C. Andrikopoulos, David R. Armstrong, John Reglinski, and Mark D. Spicer. "Structural and Theoretical Insights into Metal–Scorpionate Ligand Complexes." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2007, no. 10 (April 2007): 1351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200601175.

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34

Kühling, Marcel, Robert McDonald, Phil Liebing, Liane Hilfert, Michael J. Ferguson, Josef Takats, and Frank T. Edelmann. "Stabilization of molecular lanthanide polysulfides by bulky scorpionate ligands." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 25 (2016): 10118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt01439a.

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The first well-defined lanthanide polysulfide complexes containing S₄²⁻ and S₅²⁻ ligands have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

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35

Abernethy, Robyn J., Mark R. St J. Foreman, Anthony F. Hill, Matthew K. Smith, and Anthony C. Willis. "Relative hemilabilities of H2B(az)2 (az = pyrazolyl, dimethylpyrazolyl, methimazolyl) chelates in the complexes [M(η-C3H5)(CO)2{H2B(az)2}] (M = Mo, W)." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 3 (2020): 781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt03744f.

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The question of B–H–Mo hemilability in a range of dihydrobis(azolyl)borate scorpionate ligands is discussed with reference to η³-allyl complexes [Mo(η³-C₃H₅)(CO)₂{H₂B(az)₂}] [az = pyrazolyl (pz), dimethylpyrazolyl (pz*), mercaptoimidazolyl (mt)].

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36

Demyanov, Yan V., Evgeniy H. Sadykov, Marianna I. Rakhmanova, Alexander S. Novikov, Irina Yu Bagryanskaya, and Alexander V. Artem’ev. "Tris(2-Pyridyl)Arsine as a New Platform for Design of Luminescent Cu(I) and Ag(I) Complexes." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 6059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186059.

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The coordination behavior of tris(2-pyridyl)arsine (Py3As) has been studied for the first time on the example of the reactions with CuI, CuBr and AgClO4. When treated with CuI in CH2Cl2 medium, Py3As unexpectedly affords the scorpionate complex [Cu(Py3As)I]∙CH2Cl2 only, while this reaction in MeCN selectively leads to the dimer [Cu2(Py3As)2I2]. At the same time, the interaction of CuBr with Py3As exclusively gives the dimer [Cu2(Py3As)2Br2]. It is interesting to note that the scorpionate [Cu(Py3As)I]∙CH2Cl2, upon fuming with a MeCN vapor (r.t., 1 h), undergoes quantitative dimerization into the dimer [Cu2(Py3As)2I2]. The reaction of Py3As with AgClO4 produces complex [Ag@Ag4(Py3As)4](CIO4)5 featuring a Ag-centered Ag4 tetrahedral kernel. At ambient temperature, the obtained Cu(I) complexes exhibit an unusually short-lived photoluminescence, which can be tentatively assigned to the thermally activated delayed fluorescence of (M + X) LCT type (M = Cu, L = Py3As; X = halogen). For the title Ag(I) complexes, QTAIM calculations reveal the pronounced argentophilic interactions for all short Ag∙∙∙Ag contacts (3.209–3.313 Å).

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37

Garner, Mark, Mario-Alexander Lehmann, John Reglinski, and Mark D. Spicer. "Soft (S3-Donor) Scorpionate Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbonyls." Organometallics 20, no. 24 (November 2001): 5233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om010559n.

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38

Spagna, R., C. Santini, M. Pellei, G. Gioia Lobbia, M. Pallotta, S. Alidori, and M. Camalli. "Scorpionate complexes with the main group elements Ca, Ba, Sr." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (August 23, 2005): c298—c299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305087271.

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39

Dodds, Christopher A., Mark Garner, John Reglinski, and Mark D. Spicer. "Coinage Metal Complexes of a Boron-Substituted Soft Scorpionate Ligand." Inorganic Chemistry 45, no. 6 (March 2006): 2733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic052032z.

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40

Serrano, Angel L., Miguel A. Casado, José A. López, and Cristina Tejel. "Rhodium and Iridium Complexes with a New Scorpionate Phosphane Ligand." Inorganic Chemistry 52, no. 13 (June 13, 2013): 7593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic400684s.

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41

Huang, Ling, Kevin J. Seward, B. Patrick Sullivan, Wayne E. Jones, John J. Mecholsky, and Walter J. Dressick. "Luminescent α-diimine complexes of ruthenium(II) containing scorpionate ligands." Inorganica Chimica Acta 310, no. 2 (December 2000): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(00)00301-7.

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42

Otero, Antonio, Juan Fernández-Baeza, Antonio Antiñolo, Juan Tejeda, Agustín Lara-Sánchez, Luis F. Sánchez-Barba, Isabel López-Solera, and Ana M. Rodríguez. "Lithium, Titanium, and Zirconium Complexes with Novel Amidinate Scorpionate Ligands." Inorganic Chemistry 46, no. 5 (March 2007): 1760–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic062093c.

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43

Tüchler, Michael, Stefan Holler, Sarah Rendl, Natascha Stock, Ferdinand Belaj, and Nadia C. Mösch-Zanetti. "Zinc Scorpionate Complexes with a Hybrid (Thiopyridazinyl)(thiomethimidazolyl)borate Ligand." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2016, no. 15-16 (April 13, 2016): 2609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201501366.

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44

Rajesekharan-Nair, Rajeev, Samuel T. Lutta, Alan R. Kennedy, John Reglinski, and Mark D. Spicer. "Soft scorpionate coordination at alkali metals." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 70, no. 5 (April 8, 2014): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229614005737.

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Reported here are the single-crystal X-ray structure analyses of bis-μ-methanol-κ4 O:O-bis{[hydrotris(3-phenyl-2-sulfanylidene-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3-imidazol-1-yl)borato-κ3 H,S,S′](methanol-κO)sodium(I)}, [Na2(C27H22BN6S3)2(CH4O)4] (NaTmPh), bis-μ-methanol-κ4 O:O-bis{[hydrotris(3-isopropyl-2-sulfanylidene-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3-imidazol-1-yl)borato-κ3 H,S,S′](methanol-κO)sodium(I)}–diethyl ether–methanol (1/0.3333/0.0833), [Na2(C18H28BN6S3)2(CH4O)4]·0.3333C4H10O·0.0833CH3OH (NaTmiPr), and a novel anhydrous form of sodium hydrotris(methylthioimidazolyl)borate, poly[[μ-hydrotris(3-methyl-2-sulfanylidene-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3-imidazol-1-yl)borato]sodium(I)], [Na(C12H16BN6S3)] ([NaTmMe] n ). NaTmiPr and NaTmPh have similar dimeric molecular structures with κ3 H,S,S′-bonding, but they differ in that NaTmPh is crystallographically centrosymmetric (Z′ = 0.5) while NaTmiPr contains one crystallographically centrosymmetric dimer and one dimer positioned on a general position (Z′ = 1.5). [NaTmMe] n is a one-dimensional coordination polymer that extends along the a direction and which contains a hitherto unseen side-on η2-C=S-to-Na bond type. An overview of the structural preferences of alkali metal soft scorpionate complexes is presented. This analysis suggests that these thione-based ligands will continue to be a rich source of interesting alkali metal motifs worthy of isolation and characterization.

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Gardinier, James R., Alex R. Treleven, Kristin J. Meise, and Sergey V. Lindeman. "Accessing spin-crossover behaviour in iron(ii) complexes of N-confused scorpionate ligands." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 32 (2016): 12639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt01898j.

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46

Fujisawa, Kiyoshi, Masaya Shimizu, and Robert K. Szilagyi. "Comparison of thallium(I) complexes with mesityl-substituted tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborate ligands, [Tl{HB(3-Ms-5-Mepz)3}] and [Tl{HB(3-Ms-5-Mepz)2(3-Me-5-Mspz)}]." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 72, no. 11 (October 5, 2016): 786–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229615023797.

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Tris(pyrazolyl)borate (scorpionate) ligands can be considered as the most prolific ligands in contemporary coordination chemistry due to the availability of various steric and electronic substituents at the pyrazolyl rings that allow fine-tuning of the open-coordination site for metal centres. The thallium(I) complexes of anionic tridentate-chelating scorpionate ligands, namely [tris(3-mesityl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)hydroborato]thallium(I) monohydrate, [Tl(C39H46BN6)]·H2O, (I), and [bis(3-mesityl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)(5-mesityl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)hydroborato]thallium(I), [Tl(C39H46BN6)], (II), show a {TlIN3} coordination, with average TlI—N bond lengths of 2.53 and 2.55 Å in (I) and (II), respectively. The overall TlIcoordination geometry is distorted trigonal pyramidal, with the average N—TlI—N angle being approximately 73° for both. The dihedral angle between the planes of the pyrazolyl and benzene rings of the mesityl group is 82° in (I), while the corresponding angles in (II) are in the range 64–104°. The structural differences between the two ligands are expected to contribute to the different reactivities of the transition metal coordination complexes towards activation of small molecules such as dioxygen and ethylene.

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47

Tüchler, Michael, Melanie Ramböck, Simon Glanzer, Klaus Zangger, Ferdinand Belaj, and Nadia Mösch-Zanetti. "Mono- and Hexanuclear Zinc Halide Complexes with Soft Thiopyridazine Based Scorpionate Ligands." Inorganics 7, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020024.

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Scorpionate ligands with three soft sulfur donor sites have become very important in coordination chemistry. Despite its ability to form highly electrophilic species, electron-deficient thiopyridazines have rarely been used, whereas the chemistry of electron-rich thioheterocycles has been explored rather intensively. Here, the unusual chemical behavior of a thiopyridazine (6-tert-butylpyridazine-3-thione, HtBuPn) based scorpionate ligand towards zinc is reported. Thus, the reaction of zinc halides with tris(6-tert-butyl-3-thiopyridazinyl)borate Na[TntBu] leads to the formation of discrete torus-shaped hexameric zinc complexes [TntBuZnX]6 (X = Br, I) with uncommonly long zinc halide bonds. In contrast, reaction of the sterically more demanding ligand K[TnMe,tBu] leads to decomposition, forming Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2X2 (X = Br, I). The latter can be prepared independently by reaction of the respective zinc halides and two equiv of HPnMe,tBu. The bromide compound was used as precursor which further reacts with K[TnMe,tBu] forming the mononuclear complex [TnMe,tBu]ZnBr(HPnMe,tBu). The molecular structures of all compounds were elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Characterization in solution was performed by means of 1H, 13C and DOSY NMR spectroscopy which revealed the hexameric constitution of [TntBuZnBr]6 to be predominant. In contrast, [TnMe,tBu]ZnBr(HPnMe,tBu) was found to be dynamic in solution.

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48

Navarro, Marta, Andrés Garcés, Luis F. Sánchez-Barba, Felipe de la Cruz-Martínez, Juan Fernández-Baeza, and Agustín Lara-Sánchez. "Efficient Bulky Organo-Zinc Scorpionates for the Stereoselective Production of Poly(rac-lactide)s." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142356.

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The direct reaction of the highly sterically demanding acetamidinate-based NNN′-scorpionate protioligand Hphbptamd [Hphbptamd = N,N′-di-p-tolylbis(3,5-di-tertbutylpyrazole-1-yl)acetamidine] with one equiv. of ZnMe2 proceeds in high yield to the mononuclear alkyl zinc complex [ZnMe(κ3-phbptamd)] (1). Alternatively, the treatment of the corresponding lithium precursor [Li(phbptamd)(THF)] with ZnCl2 yielded the halide complex [ZnCl(κ3-phbptamd)] (2). The X-ray crystal structure of 1 confirmed unambiguously a mononuclear entity in these complexes, with the zinc centre arranged with a pseudotetrahedral environment and the scorpionate ligand in a κ3-coordination mode. Interestingly, the inexpensive, low-toxic and easily prepared complexes 1 and 2 resulted in highly efficient catalysts for the ring-opening polymerisation of lactides, a sustainable bio-resourced process industrially demanded. Thus, complex 1 behaved as a single-component robust initiator for the living and immortal ROP of rac-lactide under very mild conditions after a few hours, reaching a TOF value up to 5520 h−1 under bulk conditions. Preliminary kinetic studies revealed apparent zero-order dependence on monomer concentration in the absence of a cocatalyst. The PLA materials produced exhibited narrow dispersity values, good agreement between the experimental Mn values and monomer/benzyl alcohol ratios, as well as enhanced levels of heteroselectivity, reaching Ps values up to 0.74.

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Dias, H. V. Rasika, Simone Alidori, Giancarlo Gioia Lobbia, Grazia Papini, Maura Pellei, and Carlo Santini. "Small Scorpionate Ligands: Silver(I)-Organophosphane Complexes of 5-CF3-Substituted Scorpionate Ligand Combining a B−H···Ag Coordination Motif." Inorganic Chemistry 46, no. 23 (November 2007): 9708–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic701041k.

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50

Stevens, Matthew P., Emily Spray, Iñigo J. Vitorica-Yrezabal, Kuldip Singh, Vanessa M. Timmermann, Lia Sotorrios, and Fabrizio Ortu. "Structural Investigation of Magnesium Complexes Supported by a Thiopyridyl Scorpionate Ligand." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 4564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144564.

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Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of heteroleptic magnesium complexes stabilized with the scorpionate ligand tris(2-pyridylthio)methanide (Tptm). The compounds of the general formula [Mg(Tptm)(X)] (1-X; X = Cl, Br, I) were obtained via protonolysis reaction between the proligand and selected Grignard reagents. Attempts to isolate the potassium derivative K(Tptm) lead to decomposition of Tptm and formation of the alkene (C5H4N-S)2C=C(C5H4N-S)2, and this degradation was also modelled using DFT methods. Compound 1-I was treated with K(CH2Ph), affording the degradation product [Mg(Bptm)2] (2; Bptm = {CH(S-C5NH3)2}−). We analyzed and quantified the steric properties of the Tptm ligand using the structural information of the compounds obtained in this study paired with buried volume calculations, also adding the structural data of HTptm and its CF3-substituted congener (HTptmCF3). These studies highlight the highly flexible nature of this ligand scaffold and its ability to stabilize various coordination motifs and geometries, which is a highly desirable feature in the design of novel organometallic reagents and catalysts.

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