Academic literature on the topic 'Scion interaction'

In viticulture, grafting is used to propagate Phylloxera-susceptible European grapevines, thereby using resistant American rootstocks. Although scion–rootstock reciprocal signaling is essential for the formation of a proper vascular union and for coordinated growth, our knowledge of graft partner interactions is very limited. In order to elucidate the scale and the content of scion–rootstock metabolic interactions, we profiled the metabolome of eleven graft combination in leaves, stems, and phloem exudate from both above and below the graft union 5–6 months after grafting. We compared the metabolome of scions vs. rootstocks of homografts vs. heterografts and investigated the reciprocal effect of the rootstock on the scion metabolome. This approach revealed that (1) grafting has a minor impact on the metabolome of grafted grapevines when tissues and genotypes were compared, (2) heterografting affects rootstocks more than scions, (3) the presence of a heterologous grafting partner increases defense-related compounds in both scion and rootstocks in shorter and longer distances from the graft, and (4) leaves were revealed as the best tissue to search for grafting-related metabolic markers. These results will provide a valuable metabolomics resource for scion–rootstock interaction studies and will facilitate future efforts on the identification of metabolic markers for important agronomic traits in grafted grapevines.

Gurusamy, V., Warkentin, T. D. and Vandenberg, A. 2012. Grafting pea, faba bean, and lentil to improve pulse crop breeding. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 31–38. In vivo grafting experiments were conducted to determine their potential for improving pulse crop breeding techniques for pea, faba bean and lentil. Four scion×five rootstock genotype combinations were used for pea. Survival of grafted pea scions was not affected by genotype of scions or rootstocks, even for wild subspecies. Some scion-rootstock combinations resulted in reduced flowering time for scions. Total seed production of rootstock regrowth plus grafted scion was greater than for ungrafted controls or rooted cuttings. For faba bean, four scion×four rootstock combinations showed scion-rootstock interaction affected percent survival and flowering time of grafted scions. In vivo grafting of lentil scions to faba bean rootstocks is reported for the first time. Two lentil genotypes were grafted onto four faba bean rootstocks. The effects of lentil scion and faba bean rootstock genotype were significant for percent survival, but not for seed production. Percent scion survival was 85% for pea, 56% for faba bean, and 55% for lentil scions on faba bean rootstocks. In vivo grafting techniques can help to maximize the size of F2 populations for breeding and genetic studies. Intergeneric in vivo grafting of lentil onto faba bean rootstock could be useful for interspecific hybridization studies for lentil.

AbstractGrafting of fresh cuttings using drought-susceptible and low-yielding clones as scions on drought-tolerant clones as rootstocks offers the possibility of raising composite plants with improved productivity and drought tolerance. Hence, the study was aimed to widen the choice of compatible composites and to delineate the underlying factors responsible for productivity and drought tolerance in grafted plants. One year-old composite plants of TRF-1, TRF-2 and UPASI-28 cleft-grafted on the rootstocks of UPASI-2, UPASI-9, ATK-1 and TRI-2025 were field planted along with their respective controls and evaluated. The results indicated that productivity and drought tolerance of scion clones varied significantly with the rootstocks used. Significant increases in yield and yield components were noted in the following graft combinations compared with their corresponding self-rooted scion clones: TRF-1 grafted on UPASI-9 and ATK-1, TRF-2 grafted on all four rootstocks, and UPASI-28 grafted on UPASI-9, TRI-2025 and UPASI-2. The findings clearly emphasize the scion–rootstock interaction as the critical determinant of productivity in grafted plants compared with vigour, drought tolerance and yield potential of scion and rootstock clones. Further, high-yielding capacity of grafts over the ungrafted scions and rootstocks was largely dependent on the yield potential of the scion clone and the degree of scion–rootstock compatibility. Higher field survival and enhanced yield observed during the drought period in the compatible grafts demonstrated their better drought tolerance compared with their respective self-rooted scions.

Tree size, cumulative yield, yield efficiency and anchorage of 6 micropropagated (MP) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were determined in 1991 after 5 years of production, as compared with trees on seedling (sdlg) or M 7a roots. Trees were planted in 1984, with crops harvested from 1987 through 1991. Trees were generally smallest (trunk cross-sectional area) on M 7a and were largest with 4 cultivars (`Delicious', `Jonathan', `Rome', `Spartan') when micropropagated. `Golden Delicious' (GD) was largest on sdlg. Cumulative yield was affected by a scion × rootstock interaction, with few trends in scion or rootstock effects. Mean cumulative yield was 84 kg tree-1, 71 and 58 for M 7a, MP and sdlg, respectively. Yield efficiency was also affected by a scion × rootstock interaction. In 1991, mean yield efficiency was 0.5 kg cm-2 for sdlg and MP trees, but was 1.05 for M 7a. Efficiency on M 7a was superior to other rootstocks with all scions except `GD', while sdlg and MP trees were statistically similar with all scions. All trees leaned in response to prevailing westerly winds, with trees on sdlg tending to be more upright than MP or M 7a trees.

Most tree fruits are commercially grown on different root systems, hence called composite plants. The section provides the root system as the rootstock, and the atop ground portion is called the scion. The combination is selected based on different traits of scion varieties, rootstock, and prevailing edaphic situations. The dated back plant propagation technique of joining two plants (grafting/budding) that directly communicates new physiological traits to the desirable scion variety from the rootstock remains unclear. In spite of this, this propagation technique continues widely applied in the multiplication of several fruit plant species. In a grafted plant, rootstocks impacted the scion variety’s growth, yield and quality attributes, physiology, nutrient accumulation as well as biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in many ways. Modern research in plant science for next-generation sequencing providing new vital information about the molecular interactions in composite plants multiplied using grafting. Now it was confirmed that genetic exchange is occurring between rootstock and scion variety through grafting joints. In this aspect, we discuss the process and the molecular mechanism of rootstock scion interactions. This review finally explains the dynamics of rootstock–scion interactions as well as their effect on physiology in terms of production, environmental stresses, and fruit quality. The morphological, physiochemical, and molecular mechanisms have been reviewed to develop an integrated understanding of this unknowable process that questions existing genetic paradigms. The present review summarizes the reported molecular mechanism between scion and rootstock and the impact of rootstocks on the production biology of scion varieties of economically important fruit crops and identifies numerous key points to consider when conducting rootstock scion interaction experiments. Rootstocks may offer a non-transgenic approach to rapidly respond to the changing environment and expand agricultural production of perennial fruit crops where grafting is possible in order to meet the global demand for fruit, food, and demands of the future.

To explore the quality rootstocks which impart better quality fruits in mango varieties, we studied the interactive effect of the scion and rootstock using five mango varieties (Mallika, Amrapali, Dashehari, Pusa Arunima, and Pusa Surya) grafted on three rootstocks (Olour, Kurukkan, and K-5). A total of 25 physico-chemical parameters were studied in the five grafted varieties viz., fruit weight, yield efficiency, fruit per plant, pulp percent, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, physiological loss in weight (PLW), peel thickness, respiration rate, etc., and were found to be altered through scion–rootstock interaction. Among the five mango varieties, Olour rootstock proved best to improve the fruit quality and shelf life using the grafting approach. Physico-chemical-traits-based clustering was unable to precisely group scion varieties according to their grafting rootstock. A total of 35 shelf-life specific markers were designed from ripening genes, such as expansin, polygalactouranase, ethylene insensitive, ethylene sensitive, etc. Of these specific primers, 24 showed polymorphism among the studied genotypes. The gene diversity (GD), allele per locus (An), polymorphism information content (PIC), and major allele frequency (MAF) observed were 0.43, 2.00, 0.34, and 0.63, respectively. Cluster analysis clearly showed that scion grafted on Kurukkan and Olour rootstock, and scion varieties grafted on K-5 rootstock grouped together have more similarity. A total of eight simple sequence repeats loci (SSRs) markers were associated with eight physiological traits. Strong association of SSR loci NMSLC-12 and NMSLC-14 with yield efficiency and fruit weight were observed with a phenotypic variance of 85% and 70%, respectively.

Differences in performance of grafting seedling were estimated from effect of using the root-stock and scion clones. This research aimed to study the differences of performance of some root-stock and scion clones on grafting seedling. The study used split plot design. First factor was root-stock consisted of ICS 60, Sca 6, Sca 12 and KW 165 and the second factor were 12 scions clones consisted of ICCRI 01, ICCRI 04, ICCRI 05, DR 2, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KW 516, KW 514, KW 617, KW 570, KEE 2, and KW 604. There were three replication in each treatment and each replication consisted of 15 samples. Viability, lingkage diameter, ratio of root-stock and scion, hight of shoot, number of leaves and shoot were observed. The study showed that differences of root-stock just affected viability, lingkage diameter, and high of shoot. Scion clones factor affected to all of the characters. Their interaction caused the differences of all characters except of the number of shoot. Root-stock Sca 6 showed the lowest viability and number of the shoot, however root-stock KW 165 and ICS 60 showed the best performance to all parameters. The cluster analysis was done based on growth parameters and viability on lingkage distance of 15. There were three clusters; cluster 1 (KW 570), cluster 2 (ICCRI 04, ICCRI 05, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KW 514, KW 165) and cluster 3 (ICCRI 01, DR 2, KW 516, KW 617, KW 604). Correlation analysis showed that main factor which affected the high viability root-stock diameter and diameter ratio of root-stock and scion were used.

Reducing budwood number is an efficient effort to overcome problemsrelated with limited scion materials. The objective of this research was to studythe effect of scion budwood number in some clones on the performance of graftedcocoa seedlings. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Research Station,Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, Indonesia at an elevationof 48 m above sea level. Layout for this study used factorial with 2 factors inrandomized complete block design, with four replications for every treatment.The first factor was clone type, namely MCC 02 and Sulawesi 1; whereas the secondfactor was number of grafted scion budwood, namely one, two, and three graftedbudwoods. There was no interaction between clone and number of scion budwoodfor variables of shoot length, stem girth, content of total chlorophyll, chlorophylla, and chlorophyll b. Meanwhile, there was interaction for stomatal conductanceand stomatal diffusion resistance. Clone significantly affected photosynthesisand stomatal diffusion resistance, while number of scion budwood affected significantlythe shoot length. Photosynthesis activity of MCC 02 was higher comparedto Sulawesi 1. In average, stomatal diffusion resistance of Sulawesi 1 was higherthan MCC 02. The shoot length of one grafted budwood was higher than thetwo or three grafted budwood.

More than 80% of vineyards around the world use grafted plants: a scion of Vitis vinifera grafted onto a rootstock of single or interspecific hybrids of American Vitis species, resistant or partially resistant to Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856)). The genetic variability of grapevine rootstocks plays a fundamental role in their adaptation to the environment (Serra et al., 2013). In the climate change scenario, predicting an increase of aridity in the near future (Dai, 2013), the more frequent and severe drought events may represent the major constrain for the future of viticulture (IPCC, 2018; Schultz, 2000). Therefore, the selection of new rootstocks able to cope with unfavourable environmental condition is a key asset, as well as a strategy to improve crop yield/vegetative growth balance on scion behaviour (Corso and Bonghi, 2014). So far, the influence of rootstock on scion physiological performance during water stress has always aroused great interest. On the contrary, the scion impact on rootstock response is still less debated. Therefore, the effect of grafting on rootstock behaviour have been investigated. Phenotypical and large-scale whole transcriptome analyses on two genotypes, a drought-susceptible (101-14) and a drought-tolerant (1103 P), own-rooted and grafted with Cabernet Sauvignon, subjected to a gradual water shortage in semi-controlled environmental conditions have been performed. The ungrafted condition affected photosynthesis and transpiration, meaning the decisive role of scion in modulation of gas exchanges and in general in plant adaptation. Molecular evidence highlighted that the scion delays the stimulus perception and rootstock reactivity to drought. Since 1985, the DiSAA research group operating at the University of Milan is carrying on a rootstock crossbreeding program which has led to the release of four genotypes: M1, M2, M3 and M4. They show from moderate to high tolerance to drought (M4 > M1 = M3 > M2). In order to characterize their performance during water stress, their physiological (gas exchanges and stem water potential) and transcriptome response (genes involved in ABA-synthesis and ABA-mediated responses to drought) under well-watered and water stress conditions were examined. The behaviour of M-rootstocks (M1, M2 and M3) was compared with that of other commercial genotypes largely used in viticulture, either tolerant (140 Ru, 41 B, 110 R, 1103 P), less tolerant (SO 4, K 5BB) and susceptible (420 A and Schwarzman). Discriminant analysis (DA) showed that when water availability starts to decrease, rootstocks firstly perceives the stress activating a transcriptome response, consequently physiological changes have been observed. It also demonstrated that the three M-rootstocks were clearly discriminated: M4 was grouped with the most tolerant genotypes while M3 with the less tolerant or susceptible ones from a physiological standpoint, confirming their different attitude to tolerate water stress. M4 has proven to be a promising rootstock due to its ability to adapt to drought conditions. Considering the constant great demand for vine planting materials, the obtainment of genetically homogeneous populations (i.e. clones) from elite individuals through micropropagation represents a rapid alternative to conventional multiplication. For this reason, an efficient high-throughput protocol for M4 in vitro propagation was set up. Its attitude to shooting, root development and callus proliferation was compared to that of other rootstocks largely used in viticulture (K5BB, 1103P, 101-14 and 3309C). Moreover, pro-embryogenic and embryogenic callus from bud explants were also produced, representing a cellular material manipulable with the genetic engineering techniques. In water scarcity condition, among the mechanisms activated by M4, the great ability to scavenge ROS, related to the increased accumulation of stilbenes and flavonoids, may be such as to give it tolerance to the stress. In particular, the higher levels of trans-resveratrol were correlated with the up-regulation of some stilbene synthase genes, mainly VvSTS16, VvSTS18, VvSTS27 and VvSTS29. The over expression of these genes was linked to a structural variation in their promoter region. To confirm that VvSTSs genes may be considered putative factors of M4 better adaptation to water stress, a genome editing protocol based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, aimed at knock-out the genes, was performed. For testing the gRNAs functionality, a transient assay on in vitro micropropagated plantlets of M4 and 101-14 was performed. The positive results obtained by this experiment will lead to the transformation of somatic embryos and regeneration of whole-edited plants using the vectors developed.

The Ph.D. research work was aimed at investigating the rootstock influence on grape quality, in conditions of optimal irrigation or water deficit, using an integrated molecular and biochemical approach

The history of cutting deeply into the vascular tissues of one growing, strong, host plant and then inserting a part of another plant in such a way that they join together is called grafting (originally from the Greek, “graphion” referring to the sharpened end of piece to be inserted, the scion). The original cut into the host plant, the rootstock, is made into the vascular cambium of the plant (i.e., that part of the plant stem that contains the meristem, which is the plant tissue made up of undifferentiated cells where growth can take place). The piece to be grafted, the scion, is also cut to its vascular tissue. The vascular joining is called inosculation, and the process can be traced back to the early cultivation of fruit trees. Healthy, fruit- bearing crops from the stock of the scion rather than that of the rootstock are known to result. That is, the meristem adapts. The vascular cambium itself consists of cells that are already partially specialized (e.g., the “xylem” for the woody tissue that carries water and some water soluble mineral nutrients and the “phloem” for carrying carbohydrates and other similar nutrients). The plan is that the undifferentiated cells, as well as those partially differentiated, will accommodate the scion to the rootstock, and the phloem from the root-stock will learn to feed the growing scion graft. Should the graft “take,” the matured scion will, with the advent of photosynthesis (vide infra), return the favor to the rootstock. Both will profit. One story of the grafting process and the interaction between plants and the insects that feed on the plants as applied to the wine industry has been told often. A family of plant par¬asitic insects which are native to North America, the Phylloxeridae (Genus: Daktulosphaira; Species: vitifolia, Fitch, 1855, commonly called “phylloxera”) were involved. Grapevines in North America had built resistance to some members of the Phylloxeridae family and had, apparently, been able to match genetic changes in the insect with their own changes over the years.

This chapter is a narrative account of the process involved to initiate a program of research to explore how instructional designers around the world use design to make a social difference locally and globally. The central research question was, “Are there social and political purposes for design that are culturally based?” A growing body of research is concerned with the design of culturally appropriate learning resources and environments, but the focus of this research is the instructional designer as the agent of the design. Colloquially put, if, as has been suggested, we tend to design for ourselves, we should understand the sociocultural influences on us and how they inform our practices. We should also develop respect for, and learn from, how various global cultures address similar design problems differently. The authors report the results of a preliminary investigation held with instructional designers from ten countries to examine culturally situated values and practices of instructional design, describe the research protocol developed to expand the investigation internationally, and share emerging issues for instructional design research with international colleagues. In this chapter, the authors link their earlier work on instructional designer agency with the growing research base on instructional design for multicultural and/or international learners. This research takes the shape of user-centred design and visual design; international curriculum development, particularly in online or distance learning; and emphasis on culturally appropriate interactions. We have suggested that instructional designers’ identity, including their values and beliefs about the purpose of design, are pivotal to the design problems they choose to work on, the contexts in which they choose to practice, and with whom. Our interest in the culture of design, then, is less process-based (how to do it) than interrogative (why we do it the way we do). And that has led us to ask, “Is there one culture of instructional design, or are there many, and how are these cultures embodied in instructional designers’ practice?” The idea of design culture is well established. Most notably, investigations of professional culture have attracted significant attention (Boling, 2006; Hill, J., et. al., 2005; Snelbecker, 1999). These investigations have concentrated on how different professions, such as architecture, drama, engineering and fine art approach design differently, with the goal of informing the practice of design in instructional design (ID). The decision-making processes of design professionals have also been illuminated by scholars like Donald Schon (1983) who described knowing-in-action and suggested the link between experience, (sociocultural) context, and intuition with design made visible through reflective practice.