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Hua, Z. H., S. Qian, H. Cai, D. P. Chen, D. J. Du, R. R. Fan, J. F. Han, et al. "R&D of glass scintillator for nuclear radiation detection." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): C12003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/c12003.
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Abstract In 2021, the Institute of High Energy Physics proposed a design of glass scintillator coupled with SiPM as a new solution for the next generation calorimeter, to explore the application of glass scintillators in high energy physics and nuclear radiation detection. The Large Area Glass Scintillator Collaboration Group was established to research and develop a glass scintillator with high density, high light yields and fast decay time. Through continuous optimization, the glasses have excellent scintillation performance with a light yield of 1000 ph/MeV and a density of 6 g/cm3. Moreover, the neutron response of the glasses was investigated, and different high-energy particles can be distinguished by signal amplitude. In addition, the radiation resistance of different glasses was tested under proton beam. All the glasses appeared opaque and produced a high radioactive background, because Gd element interacts with proton to produce radionuclides with high activity and long half-life.
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Yanagida, Takayuki, Daisuke Nakauchi, Takumi Kato, and Noriaki Kawaguchi. "(Invited) Photoluminescence and Scintillation Properties of Heavy Single Crystal Scintillators for X- and Gamma-Ray Detection." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 51 (November 22, 2024): 3548. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02513548mtgabs.
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Scintillators are one of the luminescent materials, and have a function to convert a quantum of ionizing radiation to thousands of low energy photons immediately via interactions between the material and ionizing radiation [1,2]. Generally, scintillators are combined with photodetectors, and when the scintillation photons are emitted from the scintillator, photodetectors convert them to electrical signals. When the target ionizing radiation is high energy photons such as X- and gamma-rays, heavy materials are preferable for scintillators since the detection efficiency against high energy photons depends on density and effective atomic number. Up to now, many types of materials have been examined for scintillators, such as single crystals, glasses, and opaque and transparent ceramics [2]. Among them, bulk single crystalline scintillators have been applied for scintillation detectors owing to a superior optical quality including high transmittance and luminescence efficiency. In the conference, some recent results of development of heavy scintillators mainly containing Lu, Hf, Ta and Tl are introduced. These materials were synthesized by some single crystal growth techniques such as the floating zone and bridgman method. After the synthesis, they were examined on optical (photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra and decay curve) and scintillation (scintillation emission spectrum, decay curve, afterglow and pulse height) properties. In Lu-based crystals, rare earth doped Lu2O3 crystals are introduced, and especially, Tb- and Eu-doped ones show a high scintillation light yield. In Hf-based ones, some results of rare earth doped AEHfO3 (AE = alkali earth) crystals are presented, and Ce-doped (Mg,Ca)HfO3 shows a high scintillation light yield [3]. Among Ta-based crystals, Mg4(Nb,Ta)2O9 crystals have a high light yield due to charge transfer luminescence of Ta/Nb and O [4]. In Tl-based crystalline compounds, TlMgCl3 shows a high light yield and energy resolution [5]. In the conference, these results will be introduced. References [1] T. Yanagida, Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Phys. Biol. Sci., 94(2) 75 (2018). [2] T. Yanagida, T. Kato, D. Nakauchi, N. Kawaguchi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 62 010508 (2023). [3] H. Fukushima, D. Nakauchi, T. Kato, N. Kawaguchi, T. Yanagida, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 62 010506 (2023). [4] T. Hayashi , K. Ichiba, D. Nakauchi, K. Watanabe, T. Kato, N. Kawaguchi, T. Yanagida, J. Lumin., 255 119614 (2023). [5] Y. Fujimoto, M. Koshimizu, T. Yanagida, G. Okada, K. Saeki, K. Asai, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 55 090301 (2016).
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Takebuchi, Yuma, Keitaro Tezuka, Takumi Kato, Daisuke Nakauchi, Noriaki Kawaguchi, and Takayuki Yanagida. "Αlpha-Ray Detection Properties of Spinel Single Crystals." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 51 (November 22, 2024): 3598. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02513598mtgabs.
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A scintillator is one of the phosphors for radiation detection. Typical application fields of scintillators are medical, security, and environmental dosimetry. In nuclear facilities, there are high doses of α-ray, and monitoring of α-ray is necessary. Up to now, Ag-doped ZnS is used for α-ray detection. Although Ag-doped ZnS has high light yield, the detection efficiency is limited because the material form is opaque polycrystal. Therefore, a novel scintillator with high transparency is required for α-ray detection. Spinel materials are one of the candidates for radiation detection because of their high radiation resistant. According to the previous study, scintillation properties of MgGa2O4 and ZnGa2O4 have been studied under γ-ray irradiation. On the other hand, these materials seem to be suitable for α-ray detection rather than γ-ray detection because of the low effective atomic number. In addition, other spinel materials also worth studying. In this study, we synthesized MgAl2O4, MgGa2O4, ZnAl2O4, and ZnGa2O4 single crystals and evaluated the optical and scintillation properties. The starting powders were MgO, ZnO, Al2O3, Ga2O3. The powders were mixed into homogeneously and shaped into cylindrical rods by packing into balloon and applying hydrostatic pressure. Then, the rods were sintered 1400°C for 8 h in air to obtain ceramics precursor. Single crystalline samples were synthesized by the floating zone method using the ceramics precursor. For measurements, the synthesized crystals were processed to approximately 5 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness by cut and polishing. The transparent and single-phase of the MgAl2O4, MgGa2O4, ZnAl2O4, and ZnGa2O4 single crystals were successfully obtained by the floating zone method. According to the total transmission spectra, the total transmittances of the crystals were 70−80% in visible region. In the X-ray-induced scintillation spectra, MgAl2O4, MgGa2O4, ZnAl2O4, and ZnGa2O4 single crystals showed a luminescence peak around 380, 400, 300, and 350 nm, respectively. The luminescence origin of each crystal was considered to be due to oxygen vacancies of the host materials. Figure 1 shows the pulse height spectra of the spinel crystals under 241Am α-ray irradiation. The spectra of a commercial Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO, 8000 ph/MeV) single crystal under 137Cs γ-ray irradiation is also shown as a reference. As shown in Figure 1, all the crystals showed a clear full energy peak. From the comparison with the peak position of BGO, the light yields of the MgAl2O4, MgGa2O4, ZnAl2O4, and ZnGa2O4 single crystals were 200, 4300, 700, 5700 ph/5.5MeV-α, respectively. The details will be discussed in the conference. Figure 1
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LURYI, SERGE, and ARSEN SUBASHIEV. "LÉVY FLIGHT OF HOLES IN InP SEMICONDUCTOR SCINTILLATOR." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 21, no. 01 (March 2012): 1250001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156412500012.
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High radiative efficiency in moderately doped n- InP results in the transport of holes dominated by photon-assisted hopping, when radiative hole recombination at one spot produces a photon, whose interband absorption generates another hole, possibly far away. Due to "heavy tails" in the hop probability, this is a random walk with divergent diffusivity (process known as the Lévy flight). Our key evidence is derived from the ratio of transmitted and reflected luminescence spectra, measured in samples of different thicknesses. These experiments prove the non-exponential decay of the hole concentration from the initial photo-excitation spot. The power-law decay, characteristic of Lévy flights, is steep enough at short distances (steeper than an exponent) to fit the data for thin samples and slow enough at large distances to account for thick samples. The high radiative efficiency makes possible a semiconductor scintillator with efficient photon collection. It is rather unusual that the material is "opaque" at wavelengths of its own scintillation. Nevertheless, after repeated recycling most photons find their way to one of two photodiodes integrated on both sides of the semiconductor slab. We present an analytical model of photon collection in two-sided slab, which shows that the heavy tails of Lévy-flight transport lead to a high charge collection efficiency and hence high energy resolution. Finally, we discuss a possibility to increase the slab thickness while still quantifying the deposited energy and the interaction position within the slab. The idea is to use a layered semiconductor with photon-assisted collection of holes in narrow-bandgap layers spaced by distances far exceeding diffusion length. Holes collected in these radiative layers emit longwave radiation, to which the entire structure is transparent. Nearly-ideal calculated characteristics of a mm-thick layered scintillator can be scaled up to several centimeters.
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Cartwright, L. E., J. Lambert, D. R. McKenzie, and N. Suchowerska. "The angular dependence and effective point of measurement of a cylindrical scintillation dosimeter with and without a radio-opaque marker for brachytherapy." Physics in Medicine and Biology 54, no. 7 (March 17, 2009): 2217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/54/7/024.
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Otake, Shota, Takumi Kato, Daisuke Nakauchi, Noriaki Kawaguchi, and Takayuki Yanagida. "Development of Europium-Doped Barium Fluorochloride Translucent Ceramic Scintillators." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 51 (November 22, 2024): 3592. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02513592mtgabs.
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In solid-state ionizing radiation detectors, there are two main types of approaches: direct conversion and indirect conversion. The former generally uses semiconductor detectors (e.g., Si photodiodes) that convert radiation directly into electronic signals. The latter, on the other hand, uses phosphors and converts radiation into low-energy photons, which are then detected with a photodetector. Such phosphors are divided into scintillators and storage phosphors. Scintillators emit photons when electrons and holes generated by ionizing radiation recombine at emission centers. These are widely used in security, medical imaging, and basic physics. In storage phosphors, electrons and holes generated by ionizing radiation are temporarily captured in the trapping levels. When the storage phosphors are externally stimulated, these captured electrons and holes are re-excited and recombine at emission centers. Storage phosphors are used as personal dosimeters and imaging plates. In general, the requirements for scintillators are high light yield (LY), short decay time constants, large effective atomic number (Z eff), low afterglow levels, and chemical stability. The search for scintillators has a long history, but no material has been developed that fulfills all the required properties. Therefore, various scintillators with different chemical compositions have been developed, and scintillators have been selected and used for different measurement applications. Single crystals have been the most commonly used scintillator material form because of their high light transfer efficiency at emission wavelengths. However, these are problematic because of the long time and high cost required for their preparation. To solve the problems that single crystals have, translucent ceramics have attracted attention in recent years. Ceramics are synthesized by solid-phase reactions, which generally take a shorter time and cost less than single crystals grown by melt growth techniques. In this context, our group has successfully developed translucent ceramic scintillators with high luminescence efficiency. We reported that Y3Al5O12:Ce [1] and Lu3Al5O12:Ce [2] translucent ceramics showed higher LYs than single crystals of the same composition. Since translucent ceramics have only recently begun to be developed, only a few materials have been fabricated. In this study, we developed BaFCl:Eu in translucent ceramic form. Ba-based complex anions have been actively studied as scintillators and dosimetric materials because of their high luminescence intensity and high Z eff (~50). In particular, BaFCl:Eu is known to have an emission wavelength suitable for general photodetectors (~380 nm), a relatively fast decay time constant (~5 μs), and chemical stability [3]. These properties are suitable for scintillators to detect X- and γ-rays. BaFCl:Eu has been fabricated in opaque ceramics and studied in detail with dosimetric properties, but there are still no reports of BaFCl:Eu translucent ceramics. In this study, BaFCl translucent ceramics doped with 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% Eu were synthesized by the spark plasma sintering method. The optical and scintillation properties of the fabricated samples were investigated, and their potential as scintillators was examined. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra and X-ray-induced scintillation spectra of the BaFCl:Eu translucent ceramics were measured, both of which were dominated by an emission peak at 390 nm. According to the report [3], this emission peak was suggested to originate from the 5d–4f transition of Eu2+. Pulse height spectra were measured to determine a scintillation light yield, which was 15,000 ph/MeV at a maximum. This value is about twice that of commercially used Gd2SiO5:Ce (8,000 ph/MeV, [4]). We will present a detailed attribution of the luminescence in BaFCl:Eu translucent ceramics and the concentration dependence of the samples. <reference> [1] T. Yanagida et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 52, 1836 (2005). [2] T. Yanagida et al., Radiat. Meas., 46, 1503 (2011). [3] M. Ignatovych et al., Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 84, 185 (1999). [4] I. G. Valais et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 54, 11 (2007).
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Buck, C., B. Gramlich, and S. Schoppmann. "Novel opaque scintillator for neutrino detection." Journal of Instrumentation 14, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): P11007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/11/p11007.
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Tafoya, L., V. Geppert-Kleinrath, E. Smith, K. McClellan, K. Pestovich, C. Richards, and B. Wiggins. "Proton damage in (Y,Lu,Gd)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce mixed garnet scintillators." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 103306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101866.
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Scintillators are vital components for nuclear instrumentation and its applications, including plasma diagnostics and imaging. As yields in controlled fusion experiments increase, the radiation tolerance of scintillator candidates for use in instrumentation is of particular importance. High radiation exposure can damage scintillating materials and alter the optical properties. The effects of radiation damage in Ce-doped mixed garnet ceramics over the compositional range (Y,Gd,Lu)3(Al,Ga)5O12 are investigated using optical techniques. The samples were exposed to 200 keV protons to an accumulated fluence of 1016 protons per square centimeter, then characterized using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). DRS with visible light can assess the radiation tolerance of opaque poly-crystalline samples, which can be easily sintered from powders and thus offer distinct advantages in characterization compared to single crystals. Qualitative trends in induced absorption are presented as a function of composition, and the ideal cerium dopant concentration for Y2LuAl5O12 is determined to be 0.60–0.75 mol. %.
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Yamamoto, Seiichi, Kei Kamada, Masao Yoshino, Akira Yoshikawa, Naoki Sunaguchi, and Jun Kataoka. "Development of a capillary plate based fiber-structured ZnS(Ag) scintillator." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): T08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/t08005.
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Abstract Silver-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS(Ag)) is an opaque powder scintillator that is mainly used for detection or imaging of charged particles such as alpha particles. Since ZnS(Ag) is not transparent, the thickness of ZnS(Ag) was limited to ∼10 μm. If a thicker ZnS(Ag) scintillator could be developed, it would be useful for studies such as high-energy particle ion detection as well as beta particle or gamma photon detection. We developed a ZnS(Ag) fiber-structured scintillator using a capillary plate in which ZnS(Ag) powder was encapsulated in the capillaries. The thickness of the capillary plate was 400 μm, and the light produced in ZnS(Ag) escaped from the capillaries, spread through the transparent lead glass area, and reached the opposite side of the plate; consequently, the opaque character and absorption of light could be avoided. The amount of light emitted from the capillary plate based fiber-structured ZnS(Ag) was almost the same as that of a commercially available ZnS (Ag) film, but the detection efficiency was about 1/5 (∼ 20%). The amount of light emitted from beta particles and gamma photons per MeV was less than 1% of that from alpha particles. The spatial resolution of the developed capillary plate based fiber-structured ZnS(Ag) scintillator for 5.5 MeV alpha particles was ∼200 μm FWHM. Imaging of the slits and light spots from alpha particles could be achieved with the developed scintillator combined with an electron-multiplied charge-coupled device (EM-CCD) camera. The developed capillary plate based fiber-structured ZnS(Ag) will be useful for detecting high-energy particle ions.
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Tsubota, Youichi, Kenji Kobayashi, Tatsuya Ishii, Misaki Hirato, Satoshi Shioya, and Takahiro Nakagawa. "Development of α-ray visualization survey meter in high gamma and neutron background environment." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 200, no. 16-18 (November 2024): 1676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncae169.
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Abstract A survey meter was developed to reliably detect and visualize surface contamination of suits and objects by α-nuclides in high γ/n-rays background radiation environment. The survey meter features a semi-opaque ZnS:Ag scintillator mounted directly onto a multi-anode photomultiplier tube (MA-PMT) and amplification circuits, ensuring output gain equalization for all channels. α-ray events induce localized light emission in thin-film scintillators. By directly mounting the scintillator, diffusion of light before reaching the MA-PMT is suppressed, concentrating it in just a few channels, thereby facilitating discrimination from background radiation. This design also enables clear visualization of the shape of surface contamination. The prototyped survey meter is capable of responding up to 2.1 × 107 cpm, with no γ-ray response even in high-radiation environments exceeding 1 Sv/h. In actual environments with high background radiation, contamination of ~1/100th of the surface contamination density limit of 4 Bq/cm2 could be reliably detected.
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Braddock, Isabel H. B., Maya Al Sid Cheikh, Joydip Ghosh, Roma E. Mulholland, Joseph G. O’Neill, Vlad Stolojan, Carol Crean, Stephen J. Sweeney, and Paul J. Sellin. "Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocomposite Scintillators." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132141.
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While there is great demand for effective, affordable radiation detectors in various applications, many commonly used scintillators have major drawbacks. Conventional inorganic scintillators have a fixed emission wavelength and require expensive, high-temperature synthesis; plastic scintillators, while fast, inexpensive, and robust, have low atomic numbers, limiting their X-ray stopping power. Formamidinium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals show promise as scintillators due to their high X-ray attenuation coefficient and bright luminescence. Here, we used a room-temperature, solution-growth method to produce mixed-halide FAPbX3 (X = Cl, Br) nanocrystals with emission wavelengths that can be varied between 403 and 531 nm via adjustments to the halide ratio. The substitution of bromine for increasing amounts of chlorine resulted in violet emission with faster lifetimes, while larger proportions of bromine resulted in green emission with increased luminescence intensity. By loading FAPbBr3 nanocrystals into a PVT-based plastic scintillator matrix, we produced 1 mm-thick nanocomposite scintillators, which have brighter luminescence than the PVT-based plastic scintillator alone. While nanocomposites such as these are often opaque due to optical scattering from aggregates of the nanoparticles, we used a surface modification technique to improve transmission through the composites. A composite of FAPbBr3 nanocrystals encapsulated in inert PMMA produced even stronger luminescence, with intensity 3.8× greater than a comparative FAPbBr3/plastic scintillator composite. However, the luminescence decay time of the FAPbBr3/PMMA composite was more than 3× slower than that of the FAPbBr3/plastic scintillator composite. We also demonstrate the potential of these lead halide perovskite nanocomposite scintillators for low-cost X-ray imaging applications.
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Abdiel Ramírez Reyes, Gerardo Herrera Corral, Elsa Ordoñez Casanova, Héctor Alejandro Trejo Mandujano, and Uzziel Caldiño Herrera. "Development and Validation of an X-ray Imaging Detector for Digital Radiography at Low Resolution." Journal of Nuclear Physics, Material Sciences, Radiation and Applications 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jnp.2020.72023.
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Digital X-ray detectors are required in different sciences and applications, however many high quality devices are expensive although high-resolution images are not always required. We present an easy way to build a detector capable of forming X-ray digital images and video with a very large area (18×18 cm2). The detector is formed by three main components: scintillator, optics lenses and CCD sensor. Basically, the device converts the X-rays into visible light which is then collected by the CCD sensor. The scintillator is Gadox type, from Carestream®, 18×18 cm2, regular type, lambda 547 nm. The optics lenses are generic, with manual focus and widely visual field. The CCD sensor has a size of 1/3″, 752 × 582 pixels, monochrome, 20 FPS, 12 bits ADC and pixel size of 3.8 μm. With the built detector and an X-ray source, we formed an X-ray imaging detection system to generate digital radiographs of biological or inert objects-examples are given-, as well as real-time X-ray video. Additionally, the spatial resolution limit was measured in terms of Modulation Transfer Function by the method of opaque edge from a lead sheet with a result of 1.1 Lp/mm. Finally using a filter, the focal spot of the X-ray source is measured, resulting in a diameter of 0.9 mm (FWHM).
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Tremsin, Anton S., Małgorzata G. Makowska, Didier Perrodin, Tetiana Shalapska, Ivan V. Khodyuk, Pavel Trtik, Pierre Boillat, et al. "In situdiagnostics of the crystal-growth process through neutron imaging: application to scintillators." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 3 (April 12, 2016): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716004350.
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Neutrons are known to be unique probes in situations where other types of radiation fail to penetrate samples and their surrounding structures. In this paper it is demonstrated how thermal and cold neutron radiography can provide time-resolved imaging of materials while they are being processed (e.g.while growing single crystals). The processing equipment, in this case furnaces, and the scintillator materials are opaque to conventional X-ray interrogation techniques. The distribution of the europium activator within a BaBrCl:Eu scintillator (0.1 and 0.5% nominal doping concentrations per mole) is studiedin situduring the melting and solidification processes with a temporal resolution of 5–7 s. The strong tendency of the Eu dopant to segregate during the solidification process is observed in repeated cycles, with Eu forming clusters on multiple length scales (only for clusters larger than ∼50 µm, as limited by the resolution of the present experiments). It is also demonstrated that the dopant concentration can be quantified even for very low concentration levels (∼0.1%) in 10 mm thick samples. The interface between the solid and liquid phases can also be imaged, provided there is a sufficient change in concentration of one of the elements with a sufficient neutron attenuation cross section. Tomographic imaging of the BaBrCl:0.1%Eu sample reveals a strong correlation between crystal fractures and Eu-deficient clusters. The results of these experiments demonstrate the unique capabilities of neutron imaging forin situdiagnostics and the optimization of crystal-growth procedures.
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Tu, Degui, Dazhao Wang, Xunpiao Liu, Shichao Lv, Bin Tang, Zhijia Sun, and Shifeng Zhou. "Glass‐ZnS:Ag scintillating composite for radiation detection." Journal of the American Ceramic Society, April 20, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.19844.
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AbstractNeutrons are widely used in national defense, security, and medical health fields. It is critical to realize neutron detection with high efficiency. The most popular neutron detection scintillators such as lithium glass and 6LiF/ZnS:Ag screen exhibit insurmountable limitations: the former usually has relatively rather low light yield and latter is opaque. In this research, we report the successful construction of the novel full inorganic composite scintillators by low temperature co‐firing technology. The composite scintillator is derived from the ZnS:Ag and borate glass matrix, and it shows better transparency compared with the standard 6LiF/ZnS:Ag screen. It exhibits excellent scintillation properties with the X‐ray induced emission intensity of these composite scintillators reaching approximately 2.46 times of the standard Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) crystal. The light output under thermal neutron excitation can reach 75 000 photons/neutron. In addition, it presents excellent neutron detection performance with natural abundance of 10B isotope. Our research findings can serve as a valuable reference for the advancement of robust neutron detection materials, particularly in the domain of ZnS:Ag‐based full inorganic scintillator for neutron detection.
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Cabrera, A., A. Abusleme, J. dos Anjos, T. J. C. Bezerra, M. Bongrand, C. Bourgeois, D. Breton, et al. "Neutrino physics with an opaque detector." Communications Physics 4, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42005-021-00763-5.
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AbstractIn 1956 Reines & Cowan discovered the neutrino using a liquid scintillator detector. The neutrinos interacted with the scintillator, producing light that propagated across transparent volumes to surrounding photo-sensors. This approach has remained one of the most widespread and successful neutrino detection technologies used since. This article introduces a concept that breaks with the conventional paradigm of transparency by confining and collecting light near its creation point with an opaque scintillator and a dense array of optical fibres. This technique, called LiquidO, can provide high-resolution imaging to enable efficient identification of individual particles event-by-event. A natural affinity for adding dopants at high concentrations is provided by the use of an opaque medium. With these and other capabilities, the potential of our detector concept to unlock opportunities in neutrino physics is presented here, alongside the results of the first experimental validation.
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Apilluelo, J., L. Asquith, E. F. Bannister, J. L. Beney, X. de La Bernardie, T. J. C. Bezerra, M. Bongrand, et al. "Characterization of a radiation detector based on opaque water-based liquid scintillator." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, November 2024, 170075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2024.170075.
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Polupan, Ya I., I. V. Lazarev, E. V. Martynenko, S. S. Minenko, O. A. Tarasenko, and V. A. Тarasov. "PECULIARITIES OF THE FORMATION OF SCINCILLATION RESPONSE IN ORGANIC MATERIALS WITH STOCHASTIC CHARACTER OF LIGHT PROPAGATION." Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, June 2023, 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46813/2023-145-038.
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The paper examines the possibility of using an organic polycrystal as the “opaque” scintillator. Polycrystals are produced by pressing crystalline grains. When light propagates through a polycrystal, it is repeatedly reflected and refracted at the boundaries of the grains. This makes its propagation difficult. We studied the light output and optical transmittance of stilbene and p-terphenyl polycrystals with different fractions of crystalline grain: from 0.06…0.1 to 2.0…2.5 mm (the samples 20 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height) was conducted. Modelling of light propagation in polycrystalline samples of stilbene and p-terphenyl was carried out and the values of the light collection coefficients were calculated. It was found that in order to obtain the polycrystalline samples with sufficiently high light output and high efficiency of detection of local sites of interaction of ionizing radiations, grains in the range of 0.4…0.8 mm should be used.