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1
Liu, Qi, Lunlong Zhong, and Jing Zhao. "Design of GNSS Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Platform under Ionospheric Scintillation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012035.
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Abstract How to evaluate the impact of ionospheric scintillation on the availability of RAIM technology is a key problem to be solved in the field of global satellite navigation system (GNSS) security applications. Based on the relationship between ionospheric scintillation and satellite navigation signal parameters, a scheme of RAIM technology monitoring platform for satellite navigation receiver under ionospheric scintillation is proposed. Firstly, the phase screen model is used to simulate the GNSS satellite navigation signal affected by ionospheric scintillation. Then, the key module of GNSS receiver autonomous integrity monitoring platform under ionospheric scintillation is designed. Simulation results show that the designed platform can effectively simulate satellite navigation signals under ionospheric scintillation and test the effectiveness of various RAIM technology.
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Liu, Qi, Lunlong Zhong, and Jing Zhao. "Design of GNSS Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Platform under Ionospheric Scintillation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012035.
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Abstract How to evaluate the impact of ionospheric scintillation on the availability of RAIM technology is a key problem to be solved in the field of global satellite navigation system (GNSS) security applications. Based on the relationship between ionospheric scintillation and satellite navigation signal parameters, a scheme of RAIM technology monitoring platform for satellite navigation receiver under ionospheric scintillation is proposed. Firstly, the phase screen model is used to simulate the GNSS satellite navigation signal affected by ionospheric scintillation. Then, the key module of GNSS receiver autonomous integrity monitoring platform under ionospheric scintillation is designed. Simulation results show that the designed platform can effectively simulate satellite navigation signals under ionospheric scintillation and test the effectiveness of various RAIM technology.
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Sivavaraprasad, G., D. Venkata Ratnam, and Yuichi Otsuka. "Multicomponent Analysis of Ionospheric Scintillation Effects Using the Synchrosqueezing Technique for Monitoring and Mitigating their Impact on GNSS Signals." Journal of Navigation 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2018): 669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463318000929.
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Ionospheric scintillation effects degrade satellite-based radio communication/navigation links and influence the performance of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). An adaptive wavelet-based decomposition technique, Synchrosqueezing Transform (SST), with a Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) algorithm has been implemented for time-frequency representation of GNSS multi-component signals and mitigation of scintillation effects. Synthetic In-phase (I) and Quadra-phase (Q) samples were collected from the Cornell Scintillation Model (CSM) and the CSM amplitude scintillation signal was processed with SST-DFA for the detection of noisy scintillation components and mitigation of ionospheric scintillation effects. Also, performance of the SST-DFA algorithm was tested for real-time GNSS ionospheric scintillation data collected from a GNSS Software Navigation Receiver (GSNRx) located at a low-latitude station in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The de-noising performance of the SST-DFA algorithm was further evaluated and compared with a low-pass Butterworth filter during different ionospheric scintillation time periods. The experimental results clearly demonstrated that the proposed method is reliable for mitigation of ionospheric scintillation noise both in time and frequency scales.
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Prikryl, P., P. T. Jayachandran, S. C. Mushini, and R. Chadwick. "Climatology of GPS phase scintillation and HF radar backscatter for the high-latitude ionosphere under solar minimum conditions." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 2 (February 22, 2011): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-377-2011.
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Abstract. Maps of GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes have been constructed after the first two years of operation of the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) during the 2008–2009 solar minimum. CHAIN consists of ten dual-frequency receivers, configured to measure amplitude and phase scintillation from L1 GPS signals and ionospheric total electron content (TEC) from L1 and L2 GPS signals. Those ionospheric data have been mapped as a function of magnetic local time and geomagnetic latitude assuming ionospheric pierce points (IPPs) at 350 km. The mean TEC depletions are identified with the statistical high-latitude and mid-latitude troughs. Phase scintillation occurs predominantly in the nightside auroral oval and the ionospheric footprint of the cusp. The strongest phase scintillation is associated with auroral arc brightening and substorms or with perturbed cusp ionosphere. Auroral phase scintillation tends to be intermittent, localized and of short duration, while the dayside scintillation observed for individual satellites can stay continuously above a given threshold for several minutes and such scintillation patches persist over a large area of the cusp/cleft region sampled by different satellites for several hours. The seasonal variation of the phase scintillation occurrence also differs between the nightside auroral oval and the cusp. The auroral phase scintillation shows an expected semiannual oscillation with equinoctial maxima known to be associated with aurorae, while the cusp scintillation is dominated by an annual cycle maximizing in autumn-winter. These differences point to different irregularity production mechanisms: energetic electron precipitation into dynamic auroral arcs versus cusp ionospheric convection dynamics. Observations suggest anisotropy of scintillation-causing irregularities with stronger L-shell alignment of irregularities in the cusp while a significant component of field-aligned irregularities is found in the nightside auroral oval. Scintillation-causing irregularities can coexist with small-scale field-aligned irregularities resulting in HF radar backscatter. The statistical cusp and auroral oval are characterized by the occurrence of HF radar ionospheric backscatter and mean ground magnetic perturbations due to ionospheric currents.
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Zhu, Wendan, Lunlong Zhong, and Yupeng Li. "Performance Analysis of Satellite Navigation Positioning Service under Ionospheric Scintillation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012036.
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Abstract Satellite navigation signals may be affected by ionospheric anomalies such as ionospheric scintillation and ionospheric storms. These anomalies will lead to fluctuations and delays of signals, and thus affecting the performance of satellite navigation service. How to evaluate the performance of satellite navigation service under the influence of ionospheric anomaly is one of the key issues to ensure the safety of satellite navigation aviation service. To solve this problem, the simulation of satellite navigation signals under scintillation and the performance evaluation of positioning service are studied in this paper. Firstly, the scintillation sequence is simulated based on Cornell model. Then, the influence of scintillation on satellite signal parameters is modeled and a generation approach of intermediate frequency satellite navigation signals under scintillation is proposed. Finally, the performance indicators of normal signal and scintillating signal are quantitatively analyzed by solving the navigation parameters and evaluating the performance indicators of the receiver. Simulation results show that the ionospheric scintillation affects the satellite navigation service performance, with reference to the standard specification requirements. Performance of satellite navigation positioning service is severely affected even only one satellite signal is affected by a common moderate scintillation level.
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Zhu, Wendan, Lunlong Zhong, and Yupeng Li. "Performance Analysis of Satellite Navigation Positioning Service under Ionospheric Scintillation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012036.
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Abstract Satellite navigation signals may be affected by ionospheric anomalies such as ionospheric scintillation and ionospheric storms. These anomalies will lead to fluctuations and delays of signals, and thus affecting the performance of satellite navigation service. How to evaluate the performance of satellite navigation service under the influence of ionospheric anomaly is one of the key issues to ensure the safety of satellite navigation aviation service. To solve this problem, the simulation of satellite navigation signals under scintillation and the performance evaluation of positioning service are studied in this paper. Firstly, the scintillation sequence is simulated based on Cornell model. Then, the influence of scintillation on satellite signal parameters is modeled and a generation approach of intermediate frequency satellite navigation signals under scintillation is proposed. Finally, the performance indicators of normal signal and scintillating signal are quantitatively analyzed by solving the navigation parameters and evaluating the performance indicators of the receiver. Simulation results show that the ionospheric scintillation affects the satellite navigation service performance, with reference to the standard specification requirements. Performance of satellite navigation positioning service is severely affected even only one satellite signal is affected by a common moderate scintillation level.
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Spogli, L., L. Alfonsi, G. De Franceschi, V. Romano, M. H. O. Aquino, and A. Dodson. "Climatology of GPS ionospheric scintillations over high and mid-latitude European regions." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 3429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3429-2009.
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Abstract. We analyze data of ionospheric scintillation in the geographic latitudinal range 44°–88° N during the period of October, November and December 2003 as a first step to develop a "scintillation climatology" over Northern Europe. The behavior of the scintillation occurrence as a function of the magnetic local time and of the corrected magnetic latitude is investigated to characterize the external conditions leading to scintillation scenarios. The results shown herein, obtained merging observations from four GISTM (GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitor), highlight also the possibility to investigate the dynamics of irregularities causing scintillation by combining the information coming from a wide range of latitudes. Our findings associate the occurrences of the ionospheric irregularities with the expected position of the auroral oval and ionospheric troughs and show similarities with the distribution in magnetic local time of the polar cap patches. The results show also the effect of ionospheric disturbances on the phase and the amplitude of the GPS signals, evidencing the different contributions of the auroral and the cusp/cap ionosphere.
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Huang, Zhi, Hong Yuan, and Qi Yao Zuo. "Extracting Ionosphere Scintillations Index Based on Single Frequency GPS Software Receiver." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 1136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.1136.
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Scintillations are caused by ionospheric plasma-density irregularities and can lead to signal power fading, loss of lock of the carrier tracking loop in the GPS receiver. The traditional method of monitoring and mitigating scintillation is to transform commercial GPS receiver with modified hardware and embedded software. To better facilitate advance development GPS receiver under different condition, GPS software scintillation receiver is designed in this paper. The hardware scheme of high-speed GPS signal acquisition system is first discussed and implemented with FPGA and DSP architecture. Then, we describe receiver software processing algorithm, particularly the portion involving the scintillation signal acquisition and tracking, ionospheric scintillation index extracting and scintillation monitoring. The performance of software receiver is demonstrated under scintillation conditions. Relevant results show that software-receiver based approach can avoid weak signal loss and extract effectively ionospheric scintillation parameter compared with the traditional extracting method. Software receiver is suitable and reliable for the ionospheric scintillations monitoring, and can provide theoretical foundations and experimental preparations for future scintillation studies implemented with Chinese indigenous BeiDou-Ⅱ navigation and poisoning system.
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Aquino, Marcio, Terry Moore, Alan Dodson, Sam Waugh, Jock Souter, and Fabiano S. Rodrigues. "Implications of Ionospheric Scintillation for GNSS Users in Northern Europe." Journal of Navigation 58, no. 2 (April 18, 2005): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463305003218.
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Extensive ionospheric scintillation and Total Electron Content (TEC) data were collected by the Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy (IESSG) in Northern Europe during years of great impact of the solar maximum on GNSS users (2001–2003). The ionospheric TEC is responsible for range errors due to its time delay effect on transionospheric signals. Electron density irregularities in the ionosphere, occurring frequently during these years, are responsible for (phase and amplitude) fluctuations on GNSS signals, known as ionospheric scintillation. Since June 2001 four GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitor receivers (the NovAtel/AJ Systems GSV4004) have been deployed at stations in the UK and Norway, forming a Northern European network, covering geographic latitudes from 53° to 70° N approximately. These receivers compute and record GPS phase and amplitude scintillation parameters, as well as TEC and TEC variations. The project involved setting up the network and developing automated archiving and data analysis strategies, aiming to study the impact of scintillation on DGPS and EGNOS users, and on different GPS receiver technologies. In order to characterise scintillation and TEC variations over Northern Europe, as well as investigate correlation with geomagnetic activity, long-term statistical analyses were also produced. This paper summarises our findings, providing an overview of the potential implications of ionospheric scintillation for the GNSS user in Northern Europe.
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Prikryl, P., P. T. Jayachandran, R. Chadwick, and T. D. Kelly. "Climatology of GPS phase scintillation at northern high latitudes for the period from 2008 to 2013." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 5 (May 13, 2015): 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-531-2015.
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Abstract. Global positioning system scintillation and total electron content (TEC) data have been collected by ten specialized GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitors (GISTMs) of the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN). The phase scintillation index σΦ is obtained from the phase of the L1 signal sampled at 50 Hz. Maps of phase scintillation occurrence as a function of the altitude-adjusted corrected geomagnetic (AACGM) latitude and magnetic local time (MLT) are computed for the period from 2008 to 2013. Enhanced phase scintillation is collocated with regions that are known as ionospheric signatures of the coupling between the solar wind and magnetosphere. The phase scintillation mainly occurs on the dayside in the cusp where ionospheric irregularities convect at high speed, in the nightside auroral oval where energetic particle precipitation causes field-aligned irregularities with steep electron density gradients and in the polar cap where electron density patches that are formed from a tongue of ionization. Dependences of scintillation occurrence on season, solar and geomagnetic activity, and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation are investigated. The auroral phase scintillation shows semiannual variation with equinoctial maxima known to be associated with auroras, while in the cusp and polar cap the scintillation occurrence is highest in the autumn and winter months and lowest in summer. With rising solar and geomagnetic activity from the solar minimum to solar maximum, yearly maps of mean phase scintillation occurrence show gradual increase and expansion of enhanced scintillation regions both poleward and equatorward from the statistical auroral oval. The dependence of scintillation occurrence on the IMF orientation is dominated by increased scintillation in the cusp, expanded auroral oval and at subauroral latitudes for strongly southward IMF. In the polar cap, the IMF BY polarity controls dawn–dusk asymmetries in scintillation occurrence collocated with a tongue of ionization for southward IMF and with sun-aligned arcs for northward IMF. In investigating the shape of scintillation-causing irregularities, the distributions of scintillation occurrence as a function of "off-meridian" and "off-shell" angles that are computed for the receiver–satellite ray at the ionospheric pierce point are found to suggest predominantly field-aligned irregularities in the auroral oval and L-shell-aligned irregularities in the cusp.
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Wernik, A. W., J. A. Secan, and E. J. Fremouw. "Ionospheric irregularities and scintillation." Advances in Space Research 31, no. 4 (January 2003): 971–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(02)00795-0.
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Milan, S. E., S. Basu, T. K. Yeoman, and R. E. Sheehan. "A comparison of satellite scintillation measurements with HF radar backscatter characteristics." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 11 (December 21, 2005): 3451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-3451-2005.
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Abstract. We examine the correspondence between high latitude ionospheric scintillation measurements made at 250MHz with the occurrence of 10MHz HF coherent radar backscatter, on 13 and 14 December 2002. We demonstrate that when the ionospheric intersection point of the scintillation measurements is co-located with significant HF radar backscatter, the observed scintillation, quantified by the S4 index, is elevated. Conversely, when the radar indicates that backscatter is observed away from the intersection point due to movements of the auroral zone, the observed scintillation is low. This suggests that scintillation is highly location-dependent, being enhanced in the auroral zone and being lower at sub-auroral latitudes. The coexistence of scintillation and HF radar backscatter, produced by ionospheric density perturbations with scale sizes of 100s of metres and ~15 m, respectively, suggests that a broad spectrum of density fluctuations is found in the auroral zone.
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Ekawati, Sri, Sefria Anggarani, and Dessi Marlia. "PERBANDINGAN KARAKTERISTIK AKTIVITAS SINTILASI IONOSFER DI ATAS MANADO, PONTIANAK DAN BANDUNG DARI DATA PENERIMA GPS (CHARACTERISTICS COMPARISON OF IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION ACTIVITIES OVER MANADO, PONTIANAK AND BANDUNG BASED ON GPS RECEIVER DATA)." Jurnal Sains Dirgantara 14, no. 2 (July 21, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.jsd.2016.v14.a2330.
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Ionospheric scintillation activity on certain region need to be known its characteristics since its occurrence can degrade satellite signal quality of global satellite navigation system (GNSS) and also satellite communication that works at L-band frequency. The occurrence of ionospheric scintillation varies with location. Therefore, this paper aimed to determine comparative charasteristics of ionospheric scintillation activity over Manado, Pontianak and Bandung from amplitude scintillation index S4 data derived from GPS receiver. The data obtained from the GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitor (GISTM) at Manado station (1.48o N; 124.85oE geomagnetic latitude 7.7oS), at Pontianak station (0.03o S;109.33oE geomagnetic latitude 9.7oS) and at Bandung (-6.90oS;107.6oE geomagnetic latitude 16.54oS) on July 2014 to June 2015. The data were classified into three categores : quiet, moderate and strong based on s4 index. Then we calculated percentage occurrence of scintillation monthly from each observation stastions and mapping of S4 index over Manado, Pontianak and Bandung. The results show that the presentage of strong scintillation (S4>0.5) above Manado is always lower than the other stastions. Strong scintillation was detected at one stations may not also detected at other stations. For very strong scintillastion event, the occurrence of strong scintillation could be detected by all observation stastions but vary in duration. Duration of strong scintillation over Bandung was the longest (up to 4 hours) compared to Pontianak (less than 2 hours) and Manado (less than 1 hour). Based on map of distribution scintillastion occurrence, strong scintillation occurs more intensively over Bandung than over Pontianak and Manado.
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Cheng, Na, Shuli Song, and Wei Li. "Multi-Scale Ionospheric Anomalies Monitoring and Spatio-Temporal Analysis during Intense Storm." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020215.
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The ionosphere is a significant component of the geospace environment. Storm-induced ionospheric anomalies severely affect the performance of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) and human space activities, e.g., the Earth observation, deep space exploration, and space weather monitoring and prediction. In this study, we present and discuss the multi-scale ionospheric anomalies monitoring over China using the GNSS observations from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) during the 2015 St. Patrick’s Day storm. Total Electron Content (TEC), Ionospheric Electron Density (IED), and the ionospheric disturbance index are used to monitor the storm-induced ionospheric anomalies. This study finally reveals the occurrence of the large-scale ionospheric storms and small-scale ionospheric scintillation during the storm. The results show that this magnetic storm was accompanied by a positive phase and a negative phase ionospheric storm. At the beginning of the main phase of the magnetic storm, both TEC and IED were significantly enhanced. There was long-duration depletion in the topside ionospheric TEC during the recovery phase of the storm. This study also reveals the response and variations in regional ionosphere scintillation. The Rate of the TEC Index (ROTI) was exploited to investigate the ionospheric scintillation and compared with the temporal dynamics of vertical TEC. The analysis of the ROTI proved these storm-induced TEC depletions, which suppressed the occurrence of the ionospheric scintillation. To improve the spatial resolution for ionospheric anomalies monitoring, the regional Three-Dimensional (3D) ionospheric model is reconstructed by the Computerized Ionospheric Tomography (CIT) technique. The spatial-temporal dynamics of ionospheric anomalies during the severe geomagnetic storm was reflected in detail. The IED varied with latitude and altitude dramatically; the maximum IED decreased, and the area where IEDs were maximum moved southward.
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Prikryl, P., R. Ghoddousi-Fard, B. S. R. Kunduri, E. G. Thomas, A. J. Coster, P. T. Jayachandran, E. Spanswick, and D. W. Danskin. "GPS phase scintillation and proxy index at high latitudes during a moderate geomagnetic storm." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 5 (May 6, 2013): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-805-2013.
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Abstract. The amplitude and phase scintillation indices are customarily obtained by specialised GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitors (GISTMs) from L1 signal recorded at the rate of 50 Hz. The scintillation indices S4 and σΦ are stored in real time from an array of high-rate scintillation receivers of the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN). Ionospheric phase scintillation was observed at high latitudes during a moderate geomagnetic storm (Dst = −61 nT) that was caused by a moderate solar wind plasma stream compounded with the impact of two coronal mass ejections. The most intense phase scintillation (σΦ ~ 1 rad) occurred in the cusp and the polar cap where it was co-located with a strong ionospheric convection, an extended tongue of ionisation and dense polar cap patches that were observed with ionosondes and HF radars. At sub-auroral latitudes, a sub-auroral polarisation stream that was observed by mid-latitude radars was associated with weak scintillation (defined arbitrarily as σΦ < 0.5 rad). In the auroral zone, moderate scintillation coincided with auroral breakups observed by an all-sky imager, a riometer and a magnetometer in Yellowknife. To overcome the limited geographic coverage by GISTMs other GNSS data sampled at 1 Hz can be used to obtain scintillation proxy indices. In this study, a phase scintillation proxy index (delta phase rate, DPR) is obtained from 1-Hz data from CHAIN and other GPS receivers. The 50-Hz and 1-Hz phase scintillation indices are correlated. The percentage occurrences of σΦ > 0.1 rad and DPR > 2 mm s−1, both mapped as a function of magnetic latitude and magnetic local time, are very similar.
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Hajkowicz, L. A., and H. Minakoshi. "Mid-latitude ionospheric scintillation anomaly in the Far East." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2003): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-577-2003.
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Abstract. A long-term (over 3 years) study has been undertaken to obtain a comprehensive evaluation of VHF ionospheric scintillation morphology in East Asia (at Kokobunji in Japan), using amplitude records from Transit satellites. It is now evident that summer day and night scintillation enhancement in this mid-latitude region is a long-term evidence of a well-known Asian ionospheric disturbance anomaly. The scintillation activity is particularly strong during summer nights (21:00–24:00 LT) and on occasion, all satellite passes recorded on consecutive days are associated with pronounced scintillation activity. A second sub-maximum is observed in the summer pre-noon period (09:00–12:00 LT). The scintillation regions extend latitudinally for a distance of 400–600 km in the F-region and 100–200 km in the E-region, mostly equatorwards of Kokobunji. For comparison similar scintillation data obtained for one year at the same longitudinal sector but in southern mid-latitudes (Brisbane in Australia) were compared with the simultaneous northern scintillation data. The scintillation activity at Brisbane was much less pronounced in the southern summer but was of the same low level during other seasons as that for Kokobunji. This consistent scintillation anomaly, as yet, has not been included in the global scintillation models, which are essential for radio-satellite communications.Key words. Ionosphere (mid-latitude ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities)
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Gao, Yaping, Guo Chen, Xi Chen, Liangliang Ma, Tong Luo, and Dongdong Xue. "An Optima Combination Method of Three-Frequency Real-Time Cycle Slip Detection for Non-Normal Ionospheric Variation Data." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (April 14, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3964417.
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Linear combinations of triple-frequency help improve the performance of cycle slip detection for high-precision positioning using a single receiver; however, the position can be easily misjudged under ionospheric scintillation conditions or low sampling rates. We propose a method, which is developed specially for the datasets under ionospheric scintillation conditions or low sampling rates, to detect the triple-frequency cycle slips in real-time based on optimal linear combination coefficients and ionospheric range delay. Detection formulas are derived from the triple-frequency geometry-free code-phase combination, and ionospheric range delay is estimated by the wide lane combination. In addition, the principle used to select an optimal linear phase combination coefficient is derived, and the optimal linear coefficient suitable under high ionospheric activity conditions is provided. Finally, the data collected from self-build stations JYPS and NQ01 are used to test the performance of the method. The results demonstrate that the improved method can be used to detect all combinations of cycle slips in real-time, even under conditions of ionospheric scintillation or a sampling period exceeding 10 s.
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Lin, Mengying, Xuefen Zhu, Teng Hua, Xinhua Tang, Gangyi Tu, and Xiyuan Chen. "Detection of Ionospheric Scintillation Based on XGBoost Model Improved by SMOTE-ENN Technique." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 2577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132577.
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Ionospheric scintillation frequently occurs in equatorial, auroral and polar regions, posing a threat to the performance of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Thus, the detection of ionospheric scintillation is of great significance in regard to improving GNSS performance, especially when severe ionospheric scintillation occurs. Normal algorithms exhibit insensitivity in strong scintillation detection in that the natural phenomenon of strong scintillation appears only occasionally, and such samples account for a small proportion of the data in datasets relative to those for weak/moderate scintillation events. Aiming at improving the detection accuracy, we proposed a strategy combining an improved eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm by using the synthetic minority, oversampling technique and edited nearest neighbor (SMOTE-ENN) resampling technique for detecting events imbalanced with respect to weak, medium and strong ionospheric scintillation. It outperformed the decision tree and random forest by 12% when using imbalanced training and validation data, for tree depths ranging from 1 to 30. For different degrees of imbalance in the training datasets, the testing accuracy of the improved XGBoost was about 4% to 5% higher than that of the decision tree and random forest. Meanwhile, the testing results for the improved method showed significant increases in evaluation indicators, while the recall value for strong scintillation events was relatively stable, above 90%, and the corresponding F1 scores were over 92%. When testing on datasets with different degrees of imbalance, there was a distinct increase of about 10% to 20% in the recall value and 6% to 11% in the F1 score for strong scintillation events, with the testing accuracy ranging from 90.42% to 96.04%.
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Nguyen, Viet Khoi, Adria Rovira-Garcia, José Miguel Juan, Jaume Sanz, Guillermo González-Casado, The Vinh La, and Tung Hai Ta. "Measuring phase scintillation at different frequencies with conventional GNSS receivers operating at 1 Hz." Journal of Geodesy 93, no. 10 (October 2019): 1985–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-019-01297-z.
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Abstract Ionospheric scintillation causes rapid fluctuations of measurements from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), thus threatening space-based communication and geolocation services. The phenomenon is most intense in equatorial regions, around the equinoxes and in maximum solar cycle conditions. Currently, ionospheric scintillation monitoring receivers (ISMRs) measure scintillation with high-pass filter algorithms involving high sampling rates, e.g. 50 Hz, and highly stable clocks, e.g. an ultra-low-noise Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillator. The present paper evolves phase scintillation indices implemented in conventional geodetic receivers with sampling rates of 1 Hz and rapidly fluctuating clocks. The method is capable to mitigate ISMR artefacts that contaminate the readings of the state-of-the-art phase scintillation index. Our results agree in more than 99.9% within ± 0.05 rad (2 mm) of the ISMRs, with a data set of 8 days which include periods of moderate and strong scintillation. The discrepancies are clearly identified, being associated with data gaps and to cycle-slips in the carrier-phase tracking of ISMR that occur simultaneously with ionospheric scintillation. The technique opens the door to use huge databases available from the International GNSS Service and other centres for scintillation studies. This involves GNSS measurements from hundreds of worldwide-distributed geodetic receivers over more than one Solar Cycle. This overcomes the current limitations of scintillation studies using ISMRs, as only a few tens of ISMRs are available and their data are provided just for short periods of time.
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Chandra, H., G. D. Vyas, H. S. S. Sinha, R. N. Misra, and S. Prakash. "Ionospheric scintillation observations from SHAR." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 54, no. 2 (February 1992): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(92)90124-4.
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Butcher, N. "Daily ionospheric forecasting service (DIFS) III." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 12 (December 23, 2005): 3591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-3591-2005.
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Abstract. The daily variability of the ionosphere can greatly affect HF or SATCOM communications. HF skywave operators plan frequency schedules months in advance, however, they also require daily knowledge of the ionospheric conditions in order to modify assignments. SATCOM operators also require daily information about the levels of scintillation, which are variations in phase, amplitude, polarisation and angle of arrival that can cause severe degradation of the received signal. Using a number of ionosonde measurements and geomagnetic and solar values, a Daily Ionospheric Forecasting Service (DIFS) has been developed, which provides HF and SATCOM operators with daily forecasts of predicted ionospheric conditions. The system uses in-house algorithms and an externally developed Global Ionospheric Scintillation Model (GISM) to generate HF and SATCOM forecasts. HF forecasts consist of a past summary and a forecast section, primarily displaying observed values and predicted categories for the Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF), as well as an Ionospheric Correction factor (ICF) that can be fed into the ionospheric propagation prediction tool, WinHF. SATCOM forecasts give predictions of global scintillation levels, for the polar, mid and equatorial latitude regions. Thorough analysis was carried out on DIFS and the results conclude that the service gives good accuracy, with user feedback also confirming this, as well.
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Sreeharsha, Pasumarthi Babu, and Venkata Ratnam Devanaboyina. "Fuzzy Logic-based Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm for GNSS Receivers." Defence Science Journal 68, no. 6 (October 31, 2018): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.68.12313.
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<p class="p1">Designing robust carrier tracking algorithms that are operable in strident environmental conditions for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receivers is the discern task. Major contribution in weakening the GNSS signals are ionospheric scintillations. The effect of scintillation can be known by amplitude scintillation index <em>S</em>4 and phase scintillation index sf parameters. The proposed fuzzy logic based adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) method helps in modelling the signal amplitude and phase dynamically by Auto-Regressive Exogenous (ARX) analysis using Sugeno fuzzy logic inference system. The algorithm gave good performance evaluation for synthetic Cornell scintillation monitor (CSM) data and real-time strong scintillated PRN 12 L1 C/A data on October 24<span class="s1"><sup>th</sup></span>, 2012 around 21:30 h, Brazil local time collected by GNSS software navigation receiver (GSNR’x). Fuzzy logic algorithm is implemented for selecting the ARX orders based on estimated amplitude and phase ionospheric scintillation observations. Fuzzy based AEKF algorithm has the capability to mitigate ionospheric scintillations under both geomagnetic quiet and disturbed conditions.</p>
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Ahmed, Wu, Marlia, Ednofri, and Zhao. "Mitigation of Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on GNSS Signals with VMD-MFDFA." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 2867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232867.
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Severe scintillations degrade the satellite signal intensity below the fade margin of satellite receivers thereby resulting in failure of communication, positioning, and navigational services. The performance of satellite receivers is obviously restricted by ionospheric scintillation effects, which may lead to signal degradation primarily due to the refraction, reflection, and scattering of radio signals. Thus, there is a need to develop an ionospheric scintillation detection and mitigation technique for robust satellite signal receivers. Hence, variational mode decomposition (VMD) is proposed. VMD addresses the problem of ionospheric scintillation effects on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals by extracting the noise from the radio signals in combination with multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA). MFDFA helps as a criterion designed to detect and distinguish the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) into noisy (scintillated) and noise-free (non-scintillated) IMF signal components using the MFDFA threshold. The results of the proposed method are promising, reliable, and have the potential to mitigate ionospheric scintillation effects on both the synthetic (simulated) and real GNSS data obtained from Manado station (latitude 1.34° S and longitude 124.82° E), Indonesia. From the results, the effectiveness of VMD-MFDFA over complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition with MFDFA (CEEMD-MFDFA) is an indication of better performance.
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Sousasantos, Jonas, Alison de Oliveira Moraes, José H. A. Sobral, Marcio T. A. H. Muella, Eurico R. de Paula, and Rafael S. Paolini. "Climatology of the scintillation onset over southern Brazil." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-565-2018.
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Abstract. This work presents an analysis of the climatology of the onset time of ionospheric scintillations at low latitude over the southern Brazilian territory near the peak of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). Data from L1 frequency GPS receiver located in Cachoeira Paulista (22.4∘ S, 45.0∘ W; dip latitude 16.9∘ S), from September 1998 to November 2014, covering a period between solar cycles 23 and 24, were used in the present analysis of the scintillation onset time. The results show that the start time of the ionospheric scintillation follows a pattern, starting about 40 min earlier, in the months of November and December, when compared to January and February. The analyses presented here show that such temporal behavior seems to be associated with the ionospheric prereversal vertical drift (PRVD) magnitude and time. The influence of solar activity in the percentage of GPS links affected is also addressed together with the respective ionospheric prereversal vertical drift behavior. Based on this climatological study a set of empirical equations is proposed to be used for a GNSS alert about the scintillation prediction. The identification of this kind of pattern may support GNSS applications for aviation and oil extraction maritime stations positioning. Keywords. Ionosphere (ionospheric irregularities; modeling and forecasting) – radio science (space and satellite communication)
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Marques, Haroldo Antonio, Heloísa Alves Silva Marques, Marcio Aquino, Sreeja Vadakke Veettil, and João Francisco Galera Monico. "Accuracy assessment of Precise Point Positioning with multi-constellation GNSS data under ionospheric scintillation effects." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 8 (2018): A15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2017043.
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GPS and GLONASS are currently the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) with full operational capacity. The integration of GPS, GLONASS and future GNSS constellations can provide better accuracy and more reliability in geodetic positioning, in particular for kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP), where the satellite geometry is considered a limiting factor to achieve centimeter accuracy. The satellite geometry can change suddenly in kinematic positioning in urban areas or under conditions of strong atmospheric effects such as for instance ionospheric scintillation that may degrade satellite signal quality, causing cycle slips and even loss of lock. Scintillation is caused by small scale irregularities in the ionosphere and is characterized by rapid changes in amplitude and phase of the signal, which are more severe in equatorial and high latitudes geomagnetic regions. In this work, geodetic positioning through the PPP method was evaluated with integrated GPS and GLONASS data collected in the equatorial region under varied scintillation conditions. The GNSS data were processed in kinematic PPP mode and the analyses show accuracy improvements of up to 60% under conditions of strong scintillation when using multi-constellation data instead of GPS data alone. The concepts and analyses related to the ionospheric scintillation effects, the mathematical model involved in PPP with GPS and GLONASS data integration as well as accuracy assessment with data collected under ionospheric scintillation effects are presented.
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Molina, Carlos, Badr-Eddine Boudriki Semlali, Hyuk Park, and Adriano Camps. "A Preliminary Study on Ionospheric Scintillation Anomalies Detected Using GNSS-R Data from NASA CYGNSS Mission as Possible Earthquake Precursors." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112555.
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Ionospheric perturbations affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves. These perturbations, besides being a problem for space communications, satellite navigation, and Earth observation techniques, could also be used as another Earth observation tool. Several recent studies showed correlations with earthquakes with ionospheric anomalies, but almost all of them use ground stations to measure the Total Electron Content (TEC) variations, and, in particular, the ones occurring after an earthquake. Here, a preliminary study is presented on how the ionospheric scintillation measured with GNSS-R instruments over oceanic regions shows a small, but detectable correlation with the occurrence of earthquakes, which in some cases occurs before the earthquakes. This study uses GNSS-R data from NASA CYGNSS Mission to measure the ionospheric amplitude scintillation (S4) for 6 months from March 2019 to August 2019, applying a statistical analysis based on confusion matrixes, and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves to correlate S4 anomalous variations to earthquakes. A small positive correlation is found between the ionospheric scintillation and the earthquakes during the six previous days. However, the study has some weakness because (a) a small number (∼45) of large (M > 6) earthquakes over oceanic regions are studied, (b) the region studied is close to the geomagnetic equator, where ionospheric scintillations are usual, and (c) the overall correlation is small.
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Ouassou, Mohammed, Oddgeir Kristiansen, Jon G. O. Gjevestad, Knut Stanley Jacobsen, and Yngvild L. Andalsvik. "Estimation of Scintillation Indices: A Novel Approach Based on Local Kernel Regression Methods." International Journal of Navigation and Observation 2016 (August 7, 2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3582176.
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We present a comparative study of computational methods for estimation of ionospheric scintillation indices. First, we review the conventional approaches based on Fourier transformation and low-pass/high-pass frequency filtration. Next, we introduce a novel method based on nonparametric local regression with bias Corrected Akaike Information Criteria (AICC). All methods are then applied to data from the Norwegian Regional Ionospheric Scintillation Network (NRISN), which is shown to be dominated by phase scintillation and not amplitude scintillation. We find that all methods provide highly correlated results, demonstrating the validity of the new approach to this problem. All methods are shown to be very sensitive to filter characteristics and the averaging interval. Finally, we find that the new method is more robust to discontinuous phase observations than conventional methods.
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Prikryl, P., L. Spogli, P. T. Jayachandran, J. Kinrade, C. N. Mitchell, B. Ning, G. Li, et al. "Interhemispheric comparison of GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes during the magnetic-cloud-induced geomagnetic storm of 5–7 April 2010." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 12 (December 21, 2011): 2287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-2287-2011.
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Abstract. Arrays of GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitors (GISTMs) are used in a comparative scintillation study focusing on quasi-conjugate pairs of GPS receivers in the Arctic and Antarctic. Intense GPS phase scintillation and rapid variations in ionospheric total electron content (TEC) that can result in cycle slips were observed at high latitudes with dual-frequency GPS receivers during the first significant geomagnetic storm of solar cycle 24 on 5–7 April 2010. The impact of a bipolar magnetic cloud of north-south (NS) type embedded in high speed solar wind from a coronal hole caused a geomagnetic storm with maximum 3-hourly Kp = 8- and hourly ring current Dst = −73 nT. The interhemispheric comparison of phase scintillation reveals similarities but also asymmetries of the ionospheric response in the northern and southern auroral zones, cusps and polar caps. In the nightside auroral oval and in the cusp/cleft sectors the phase scintillation was observed in both hemispheres at about the same times and was correlated with geomagnetic activity. The scintillation level was very similar in approximately conjugate locations in Qiqiktarjuaq (75.4° N; 23.4° E CGM lat. and lon.) and South Pole (74.1° S; 18.9° E), in Longyearbyen (75.3° N; 111.2° E) and Zhongshan (74.7° S; 96.7° E), while it was significantly higher in Cambridge Bay (77.0° N; 310.1° E) than at Mario Zucchelli (80.0° S; 307.7° E). In the polar cap, when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was strongly northward, the ionization due to energetic particle precipitation was a likely cause of scintillation that was stronger at Concordia (88.8° S; 54.4° E) in the dark ionosphere than in the sunlit ionosphere over Eureka (88.1° N; 333.4° E), due to a difference in ionospheric conductivity. When the IMF tilted southward, weak or no significant scintillation was detected in the northern polar cap, while in the southern polar cap rapidly varying TEC and strong phase scintillation persisted for many hours. This interhemispheric asymmetry is explained by the difference in the location of solar terminator relative to the cusps in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Solar terminator was in the immediate proximity of the cusp in the Southern Hemisphere where sunlit ionospheric plasma was readily convected into the central polar cap and a long series of patches was observed. In contrast, solar terminator was far poleward of the northern cusp thus reducing the entry of sunlit plasma and formation of dense patches. This is consistent with the observed and modeled seasonal variation in occurrence of polar cap patches. The GPS scintillation and TEC data analysis is supported by data from ground-based networks of magnetometers, riometers, ionosondes, HF radars and all-sky imagers, as well as particle flux measurements by DMSP satellites.
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Jia, Guodong, Weihua Luo, Xiao Yu, Zhengping Zhu, and Shanshan Chang. "Determining the Day-to-Day Occurrence of Low-Latitude Scintillation in Equinoxes at Sanya during High Solar Activities (2012–2013)." Atmosphere 14, no. 8 (August 2, 2023): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081242.
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Plasma irregularity in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere, which leads to ionospheric scintillation, can threaten the operation of radio-based communication and navigation systems. A method for forecasting scintillation activity is still pending. In this study, we examined the performance of ionospheric parameters, including the critical frequency (foF2), peak height of the F2-layer (hmF2), scale height (Hm) and virtual height (h’F), around local sunset from ground-based ionosonde observations, and also the characteristics of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations in equinoctial months (March–April and September–October) during high solar activities (2012–2013) at a low-latitude station at Sanya (18.3° N, 109.6° E; dip lat.: 12.8° N), China. Furthermore, the simplified linear growth rate of Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability inferred from ionosonde measurements and EIA strength derived from GRACE observations were used to estimate the day-to-day occurrence of post-sunset scintillation. The results indicate that it is not adequate to determine whether scintillation in a low-latitude region would occur or not based on one ionospheric parameter around sunset. The simplified growth rate of R–T instability can be a good indicator for the day-to-day occurrence of scintillation, especially in combination with variations in EIA strength. An index including the growth rate and EIA variations for the prediction of the post-sunset occurrence of irregularity and scintillation is proposed; the overall prediction accuracy could be about 90%. Our results may provide useful information for the development of a forecasting model of the day-to-day variability of irregularities and scintillation in equatorial and low-latitude regions.
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Priyadarshi, S. "A Review of Ionospheric Scintillation Models." Surveys in Geophysics 36, no. 2 (January 28, 2015): 295–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-015-9319-1.
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Hocutt, A. M. "Predicting ionospheric scintillation for satellite communications." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 4, no. 4 (April 1989): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/62.24889.
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Spoelstra, T. A. TH, and Yang Yi-pei. "Ionospheric scintillation observations with radio interferometry." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 57, no. 1 (January 1995): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(93)e0018-5.
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Oladipo, O. A., J. O. Adeniyi, P. H. Doherty, S. M. Radicella, I. A. Adimula, and A. O. Olawepo. "Ionospheric Scintillation Activity Over Ilorin, Nigeria." Space Weather 16, no. 2 (February 2018): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017sw001728.
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Oliveira, Kelias, Alison de Oliveira Moraes, Emanoel Costa, Marcio Tadeu de Assis Honorato Muella, Eurico Rodrigues de Paula, and Waldecir Perrella. "Validation of theα-μModel of the Power Spectral Density of GPS Ionospheric Amplitude Scintillation." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/573615.
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Theα-μmodel has become widely used in statistical analyses of radio channels, due to the flexibility provided by its two degrees of freedom. Among several applications, it has been used in the characterization of low-latitude amplitude scintillation, which frequently occurs during the nighttime of particular seasons of high solar flux years, affecting radio signals that propagate through the ionosphere. Depending on temporal and spatial distributions, ionospheric scintillation may cause availability and precision problems to users of global navigation satellite systems. The present work initially stresses the importance of the flexibility provided byα-μmodel in comparison with the limitations of a single-parameter distribution for the representation of first-order statistics of amplitude scintillation. Next, it focuses on the statistical evaluation of the power spectral density of ionospheric amplitude scintillation. The formulation based on theα-μmodel is developed and validated using experimental data obtained in São José dos Campos (23.1°S; 45.8°W; dip latitude 17.3°S), Brazil, located near the southern crest of the ionospheric equatorial ionization anomaly. These data were collected between December 2001 and January 2002, a period of high solar flux conditions. The results show that the proposed model fits power spectral densities estimated from field data quite well.
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Wu, Dong L. "Ionospheric S4 Scintillations from GNSS Radio Occultation (RO) at Slant Path." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152373.
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Ionospheric scintillation can significantly degrade the performance and the usability of space-based communication and navigation signals. Characterization and prediction of ionospheric scintillation can be made from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) technique using the measurement from a deep slant path where the RO tangent height (ht) is far below the ionospheric sources. In this study, the L–band S4 from the RO measurements at ht = 30 km is used to infer the amplitude scintillation on the ground. The analysis of global RO data at ht = 30 km shows that sporadic–E (Es), equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs), and equatorial spread–F (ESF) produce most of the significant S4 enhancements, although the polar S4 is generally weak. The enhanced S4 is a strong function of local time and magnetic dip angle. The Es–induced daytime S4 tends to have a negative correlation with the solar cycle at low latitudes but a positive correlation at high latitudes. The nighttime S4 is dominated by a strong semiannual variation at low latitudes.
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Luo, Xiaomin, Yidong Lou, Shengfeng Gu, and Weiwei Song. "A Strategy to Mitigate the Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on BDS Precise Point Positioning: Cycle-Slip Threshold Model." Remote Sensing 11, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11212551.
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Because of the special design of BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) constellation, the effects of ionospheric scintillation on operational BDS generally are more serious than on the global positioning system (GPS). As BDS is currently providing global services, it is increasingly important to seek strategies to mitigate the scintillation effects on BDS navigation and positioning services. In this study, an improved cycle-slip threshold model is proposed to decrease the high false-alarm rate of cycle-slips under scintillation conditions, thus avoiding the frequent unnecessary ambiguity resets in BDS precise point positioning (PPP) solution. We use one-year (from 23 March 2015 to 23 March 2016) BDS dataset from Hong Kong Sha Tin (HKST) station (22.4°N, 114.2°E; geomagnetic latitude: 15.4°N) to model the cycle-slip threshold and try to make it suitable for three types of BDS satellites and multiple scintillation levels. The availability of our mitigation strategy is validated by using three months (from 1 September 2015 to 30 November 2015) BDS dataset collected at 10 global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations in Hong Kong. Positioning results demonstrate that our mitigated BDS PPP can prevent the sudden fluctuations of positioning errors induced by the ionospheric scintillation. Statistical results of BDS PPP experiments show that the mitigated solution can maintain an accuracy of about 0.08 m and 0.10 m in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. Compared with standard BDS PPP, the accuracy of mitigated PPP can be improved by approximately 24.1%, 38.2%, and 47.9% in the east, north, and up directions, respectively. Our study demonstrates that considering different scintillation levels to establish appropriate cycle-slip threshold model in PPP processing can efficiently mitigate the ionospheric scintillation effects on BDS PPP.
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Kuai, Jiawei, Kang Wang, Jiahao Zhong, Xin Wan, Fuqing Huang, Hao Sun, Jiawen Chen, Xingyan Song, and Hao Han. "Analysis of the Ionospheric Irregularities and Phase Scintillation at Low and Middle Latitudes Based on Swarm Observations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 4780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194780.
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This study presents a statistical analysis of the ionospheric irregularities and topside ionospheric scintillation at low and middle latitudes by using in situ electron density and upward-looking total electron content data measured by the Swarm constellation during 2014–2021. The main purpose of this study is to determine whether the phase scintillation could present similar seasonal, longitudinal, latitudinal, local time, and solar activity features as the in situ ionospheric irregularities do at low and middle latitudes, and how the irregularities affect the phase scintillation. The results are summarized as follows: (1) At low latitudes, the occurrence rate of equatorial plasma irregularities (EPIs) at the equinoxes and December solstice peaks before midnight, but during the June solstice, the EPIs mainly occur after midnight. The occurrence rate of EPIs has a positive correlation with solar activity. The distribution of topside scintillation occurrence is relatively consistent with EPIs, but during the June solstice, the scintillation occurrence rate remains at a very low level. (2) The midlatitude irregularities mainly occur after midnight, and their occurrence rate is negatively correlated with solar activity. Midlatitude irregularities mainly occur during the solstices, concentrated over the Pacific region during the June solstice and over the Pacific American sector during the December solstice. Especially, the distribution of midlatitude irregularities has hemispheric asymmetry, with a higher occurrence rate in the winter hemisphere. However, the occurrence of midlatitude scintillation is comparable in both hemispheres during the June solstice, and it concentrates in the southern hemisphere during the December solstice. (3) The EPIs concentrate more at the altitudes of Swarm A, while the midlatitude irregularities mainly occur at the altitudes of Swarm B.
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Abadi, P., S. Saito, and W. Srigutomo. "Low-latitude scintillation occurrences around the equatorial anomaly crest over Indonesia." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 1 (January 16, 2014): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-7-2014.
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Abstract. We investigated low-latitude ionospheric scintillation in Indonesia using two GPS receivers installed at Bandung (107.6° E, 6.9° S; magnetic latitude 17.5° S) and Pontianak (109.3° E, 0.02° S; magnetic latitude 8.9° S). This study aimed to characterise climatological and directional ionospheric scintillation occurrences, which are useful not only for the physics of ionospheric irregularities but also for practical use in GNSS (global navigation satellite system)-based navigation. We used the deployed instrument's amplitude scintillation (S4 index) data from 2009, 2010, and 2011; the yearly SSN (sunspot-smoothed numbers) were 3.1, 16.5, and 55.9, respectively. In summary, (1) scintillation occurrences in the post-sunset period (18:00–01:00 LT) during equinox months (plasma bubble season) at the two sites can be ascribed to the plasma bubble; (2) using directional analyses of the two sites, we found that the distribution of scintillation occurrences is generally concentrated between the two sites, indicating the average location of the EIA (equatorial ionisation anomaly) crest; (3) scintillation occurrence enhancements for the two sites in field-aligned directions are herein reported for the first time by ground-based observation in a low-latitude region; (4) distribution of scintillation occurrences at Pontianak are concentrated in the southern sky, especially in the southwest direction, which is very likely associated with the plasma bubble tilted westward with increasing latitude; and (5) scintillation occurrence in the post-midnight period in the non-plasma-bubble season is the most intriguing variable occurring between the two sites (i.e. post-midnight scintillations are observed more at Bandung than Pontianak). Most of the post-midnight scintillations observed at Bandung are concentrated in the northern sky, with low elevation angles. This might be due to the amplitude of irregularities in certain directions, which may be effectively enhanced by background density enhancement by the EIA and because satellite–receiver paths are longer in the EIA crest region and in a field-aligned direction.
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Lin, Mengying, Yimei Luo, Xuefen Zhu, Gangyi Tu, and Zhengpeng Lu. "Optimal GPS Acquisition Algorithm in Severe Ionospheric Scintillation Scene." Electronics 12, no. 6 (March 12, 2023): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061343.
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) plays an important role in navigation and positioning services. When GPS signals propagate through a complex space environment, they are susceptible to interference of ionospheric scintillation. As one of the biggest interference sources on GPS navigation and positioning, ionospheric scintillation will lead to signal intensity decline and carrier phase fluctuation, making signal acquisition of the GPS receiver challenging. Thus, an acquisition algorithm based on differential coherent integration combining accumulation correlation and bit sign transition estimation is proposed. The coherent accumulation is applied to reduce computational loads and contribution by the Gaussian white noise in the signal. Moreover, the differential coherence integration is utilized to eliminate data blocks with bit transition, prolonging the coherence integration time and improving the data utilization rate. Experimental results show that under severe ionospheric scintillation condition, weak GPS signals can be acquired successfully after improving the acquisition algorithm, with the acquisition probability reaching 50% when the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) drops to −34 dB. Comparing to the differential coherence integration, the complexity of the calculation reduces to only 21.75% effectively after the improvement. The execution time is less than half of the differential coherence integral.
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Spogli, Luca, Mirko Piersanti, Claudio Cesaroni, Massimo Materassi, Antonio Cicone, Lucilla Alfonsi, Vincenzo Romano, and Rodolfo Gerardo Ezquer. "Role of the external drivers in the occurrence of low-latitude ionospheric scintillation revealed by multi-scale analysis." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 9 (2019): A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019032.
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We analyze the amplitude scintillation on L-band signals over San Miguel de Tucumán (Argentina), focusing on the multi-scale variability and speculating on the possible relationship between forcing factors from the geospace and the ionospheric response. The site is nominally located below the expected position of the southern crest of the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA). For this scope, we concentrate on the period 1–31 March 2011, during which one minor and one moderate storm characterize the first half of the month, while generally quiet conditions of the geospace stand for the second half. By leveraging on the Adaptive Local Iterative Filtering (ALIF) signal decomposition technique, we investigate the multi-scale properties of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) amplitude scintillation and helio-geophysical parameters, looking for possible cause-effect mechanisms relating the former to the latter. Namely, we identify resonant modes in the Akasofu (ε) parameter as likely related to the frequency components in the time evolution found for the amplitude scintillation index, hence modulating the scintillation itself.
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Praveena, Kaitha, Prof Perumalla Naveen Kumar, and Prof D. Krishna Reddy. "Analysis of Ionospheric Scintillations Measurement on NavIC Signals." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b3950.1212222.
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Ionospheric scintillation is a rapid change in amplitude and phase of an electromagnetic signal in the ionospheric environment. Amplitude scintillations indicated by S4 index and phase scintillations by. Low latitude regions are prone to ionosphere scintillation. Since India is a low latitude region, ionospheric scintillations must be analysed. Indian NavIC or IRNSS planned and implemented by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). In this paper S4 index is investigated for NavIC L5 (1.17645 GHz) and S1 (2.492028 GHz) signals (1B,1C,1D,1E,1F,1G). For the analysis Guntur station (Lat:16.44N, Lon:80.62E) and Hyderabad station (Lat:17°24’28.10″N, Lon: 78°31′4.22″E) IGS receiver data is considered. The S4 index is calculated using carrier to noise ratio of IRNSS L5 and S band signals. From the results it is observed that S4 index is more for L5 band signals compared to S band signals, as ionospheric scintillations are frequency dependent. Guntur station S4 average value is low for all (L5 and S) band satellite signals compared to Hyderabad station satellite signals. Over Indian region, it shows latitude-dependent scintillations.
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Prikryl, P., R. Ghoddousi-Fard, E. G. Thomas, J. M. Ruohoniemi, S. G. Shepherd, P. T. Jayachandran, D. W. Danskin, et al. "GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes during geomagnetic storms of 7–17 March 2012 – Part 1: The North American sector." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 6 (June 2, 2015): 637–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-637-2015.
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Abstract. The interval of geomagnetic storms of 7–17 March 2012 was selected at the Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES) II Workshop for group study of space weather effects during the ascending phase of solar cycle 24 (Tsurutani et al., 2014). The high-latitude ionospheric response to a series of storms is studied using arrays of GPS receivers, HF radars, ionosondes, riometers, magnetometers, and auroral imagers focusing on GPS phase scintillation. Four geomagnetic storms showed varied responses to solar wind conditions characterized by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind dynamic pressure. As a function of magnetic latitude and magnetic local time, regions of enhanced scintillation are identified in the context of coupling processes between the solar wind and the magnetosphere–ionosphere system. Large southward IMF and high solar wind dynamic pressure resulted in the strongest scintillation in the nightside auroral oval. Scintillation occurrence was correlated with ground magnetic field perturbations and riometer absorption enhancements, and collocated with mapped auroral emission. During periods of southward IMF, scintillation was also collocated with ionospheric convection in the expanded dawn and dusk cells, with the antisunward convection in the polar cap and with a tongue of ionization fractured into patches. In contrast, large northward IMF combined with a strong solar wind dynamic pressure pulse was followed by scintillation caused by transpolar arcs in the polar cap.
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Zhao, Hai-Sheng, Zheng-Wen Xu, Zhao-Hui Xu, Kun Xue, Yan-Shuai Zheng, Shou-Zhi Xie, Jie Feng, and Jian Wu. "Ionospheric scintillation suppression based on chemical release." Acta Physica Sinica 68, no. 10 (2019): 109401. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.68.20182281.
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Steenburgh, R. A., C. G. Smithtro, and K. M. Groves. "Ionospheric scintillation effects on single frequency GPS." Space Weather 6, no. 4 (April 2008): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007sw000340.
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Patel, K., Ashutosh K. Singh, P. Subrahmanyam, and A. K. Singh. "Modeling of ionospheric scintillation at low-latitude." Advances in Space Research 47, no. 3 (February 2011): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.09.017.
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Romano, Vincenzo, Luca Spogli, Marcio Aquino, Alan Dodson, Craig Hancock, and Biagio Forte. "GNSS station characterisation for ionospheric scintillation applications." Advances in Space Research 52, no. 7 (October 2013): 1237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.06.028.
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Sojka, Jan J. "Ionospheric Induced Scintillation: A Space Weather Enigma." Space Weather 11, no. 4 (April 2013): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/swe.20041.
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Prikryl, P., R. Ghoddousi-Fard, L. Spogli, C. N. Mitchell, G. Li, B. Ning, P. J. Cilliers, et al. "GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes during geomagnetic storms of 7–17 March 2012 – Part 2: Interhemispheric comparison." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 6 (June 2, 2015): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-657-2015.
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Abstract. During the ascending phase of solar cycle 24, a series of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in the period 7–17 March 2012 caused geomagnetic storms that strongly affected high-latitude ionosphere in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. GPS phase scintillation was observed at northern and southern high latitudes by arrays of GPS ionospheric scintillation and TEC monitors (GISTMs) and geodetic-quality GPS receivers sampling at 1 Hz. Mapped as a function of magnetic latitude and magnetic local time (MLT), the scintillation was observed in the ionospheric cusp, the tongue of ionization fragmented into patches, sun-aligned arcs in the polar cap, and nightside auroral oval and subauroral latitudes. Complementing a companion paper (Prikryl et al., 2015a) that focuses on the high-latitude ionospheric response to variable solar wind in the North American sector, interhemispheric comparison reveals commonalities as well as differences and asymmetries between the northern and southern high latitudes, as a consequence of the coupling between the solar wind and magnetosphere. The interhemispheric asymmetries are caused by the dawn–dusk component of the interplanetary magnetic field controlling the MLT of the cusp entry of the storm-enhanced density plasma into the polar cap and the orientation relative to the noon–midnight meridian of the tongue of ionization.
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Chen, Zhuo, Yang Liu, Kai Guo, and Jinling Wang. "Study of the Ionospheric Scintillation Radio Propagation Characteristics with Cosmic Observations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030578.
Full textAbstract:
The ionosphere has important influences on trans-ionosphere radio propagation. When signals pass through ionospheric irregularities, their amplitude and phase are often attenuated and distorted. In this work, the statistical features of scintillation observed by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites are investigated with Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) data in solar cycle 24. The amplitude scintillation propagation channel is fitted by the Nakagami-m, α-μ and κ-μ models. The performance is evaluated in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), kurtosis and information entropy. The results reveal that the α-μ model achieves the best performance in all considered scintillation intensities, while the Nakagami-m model achieves better performance under severe scintillation in the GNSS-LEO propagation channels.
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Savas, Caner, and Fabio Dovis. "The Impact of Different Kernel Functions on the Performance of Scintillation Detection Based on Support Vector Machines." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 5219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235219.
Full textAbstract:
Scintillation caused by the electron density irregularities in the ionospheric plasma leads to rapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals. Ionospheric scintillation severely degrades the performance of the GNSS receiver in the signal acquisition, tracking, and positioning. By utilizing the GNSS signals, detecting and monitoring the scintillation effects to decrease the effect of the disturbing signals have gained importance, and machine learning-based algorithms have been started to be applied for the detection. In this paper, the performance of Support Vector Machines (SVM) for scintillation detection is discussed. The effect of the different kernel functions, namely, linear, Gaussian, and polynomial, on the performance of the SVM algorithm is analyzed. Performance is statistically assessed in terms of probabilities of detection and false alarm of the scintillation event. Real GNSS signals that are affected by significant phase and amplitude scintillation effect, collected at the South African Antarctic research base SANAE IV and Hanoi, Vietnam have been used in this study. This paper questions how to select a suitable kernel function by analyzing the data preparation, cross-validation, and experimental test stages of the SVM-based process for scintillation detection. It has been observed that the overall accuracy of fine Gaussian SVM outperforms the linear, which has the lowest complexity and running time. Moreover, the third-order polynomial kernel provides improved performance compared to linear, coarse, and medium Gaussian kernel SVMs, but it comes with a cost of increased complexity and running time.