Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Scientific novel'

Taking Charlotte Brontë’s and Elizabeth Gaskell’s insistences that they were “not scientific” as a starting point, this thesis argues that to the contrary, discoveries in the science of astronomy informed the fiction of female writers. Tracing unexplored relations between the female author, astronomical discovery, and the Victorian novel, I am Not Scientific offers an original understanding of how the female author took inspiration from astronomical knowledge, while simultaneously used the novel to critique a masculine scientific culture. It argues that women writers, specifically Brontë, Gaskell, and George Eliot, were engaging with new conceptions of the universe arising out of the discipline of astronomy, which manifests in formal innovations in the novel as well as the re-writing of the female subject, desire in domestic spaces, and the marriage plot. The science of astronomy shaped and influenced the form and content of novels as diverse as Shirley, Villette, Cranford, Ruth, North and South, and The Mill on the Floss. In interrogating these connections, this argument fills a critical gap at the intersection of literature and astronomy studies that has, to date, largely neglected novels written by women. Scholarship on astronomy and literature tends to privilege both fictional works written by men and the poetic form – not the novel. This research considers the reasons why the science of astronomy, which the geologist Charles Lyell (1797-1875) said “gave the most violent shock to the prejudices and long-received opinions of men,” would be appealed to in fiction that investigates the status of women in society, education, and in the sciences.

Questa tesi si propone di rintracciare l’influenza dello scrittore britannico H. G. Wells sulla nascita e sviluppo dei comics di supereroi all’interno del contesto angloamericano. Per prima cosa, il lavoro esamina come i primi scientific romance di Wells – The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), The War of the Worlds (1898), e When the Sleeper Wakes (1899) – prendano le mosse dall’episteme scientifica e dalla tradizione del romance tardovittoriano per esplorare la dimensione utopica-distopica del superomismo. Quindi, la tesi analizza la penetrazione degli elementi wellsiani all’interno della cultura popolare americana di primo Novecento. Prendo in esame The Overman (1907) di Upton Sinclair, Gladiator (1930) di Philip Wylie, e “The Reign of the Super-Man” (1933) di Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster come testi di transizione che riformulano idee e motivi dello scrittore britannico per un pubblico americano, aprendo nel contempo la strada per la creazione di Superman (1938) e Batman (1939). L’obiettivo è quello di dimostrare come l’influenza diretta e indiretta di Wells sulla nascita dei fumetti di supereroi abbia contributo a determinare una duplice ambivalenza nei confronti della modernità tecnologica e dell’utopismo. Infine, la tesi analizza le modalità in cui i graphic novel di Alan Moore, composti negli anni ottanta del secolo scorso, abbiano attinto da queste ambiguità strutturali e dagli antecedenti wellsiani per negoziare la tensione tra utopismo e anti-utopismo. Sostengo che Miracleman (1982-89), V for Vendetta (1982-89) e Watchmen (1986-87) esplorino le antinomie di utopia e distopia nell’atto di decostruire gli statuti ideologici del genere supereroistico. Come revisioni postmoderne dell’archetipo popolare, questi graphic novel mettono quindi in scena il conflitto tra la modernità intrinseca del supereroe e la fine delle metanarrazioni. Il quadro metodologico per questa indagine è offerto dagli studi letterari, dai Cultural Studies e dagli studi sul fumetto. In particolare, la multidisciplinarietà e l’approccio materialista degli Studi culturali permettono di incorporare strumenti metodologici da discipline come la teoria letteraria, gli studi sull’utopia, la storiografia, la critica culturalista e la semiotica.
This thesis aims at tracing the influence of British writer H.G. Wells (1866-1946) on the birth and development of Anglo-American superhero comics. First, it considers the way in which Wells’s early scientific romances – The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), The War of the Worlds (1898), and When the Sleeper Wakes (1899) – stemmed from the late-Victorian scientific episteme and romantic tradition to explore the utopian and dystopian possibilities of superhumanity. Then, it sets out to analyze the percolation of Wellsian motifs through early-twentieth century American popular culture. I take into account Upton Sinclair’s The Overman (1907), Philip Wylie’s Gladiator (1930), and Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster’s “The Reign of the Super-Man” (1933) as transitional works that on the one hand reformulated Wells’s ideas and tropes for an American audience, and on the other hand paved the way for the creation of Superman (1938) and Batman (1939). The aim is to demonstrate that Wells’s direct and indirect influence on the inception of superhero comic books contributed to produce a twofold ambivalence about technological modernity and utopianism. Finally, this work scrutinizes the way in which Alan Moore’s 1980s graphic novels drew both on these structural ambiguities and their Wellsian predecessors to negotiate the tension between utopianism and anti-utopianism. I argue that Miracleman (1982-89), V for Vendetta (1982-89) and Watchmen (1986-87) explore the antinomies of utopia and dystopia as they deconstruct the ideological assumptions of the superhero genre. As postmodern revisions of the archetype, these graphic novels problematize superheroes’s modernity vis-à-vis the end of metanarratives. A combination of literary studies, cultural studies and studies on comics/graphic novels provide the methodological framework for this work. In particular, I rely on cultural studies’ multi-disciplinary approach and materialist mode of inquiry to incorporate analytical tools from literary theory, utopian studies, historiography, cultural criticism, and semiotics.

Le trafic routier devenant de plus en plus dense, la sécurité active des véhicules doit être sans cesse améliorée. Ceci nécessite notamment une amélioration de la dynamique des véhicules. La majeure partie des efforts transmis par la chaussée au véhicule passant par les pneumatiques, une connaissance précise de l’interface pneu-sol est primordiale. Ceci passe notamment par le développement de modèles de pneumatiques et leur identification, à partir de mesures spécifiques, lors des phases de conception et de mise au point d’un véhicule. Le projet de thèse a pour objectif principal de contribuer à une meilleure détermination du point de fonctionnement dynamique de l’ensemble pneumatique/roue. Plus précisément, il s’agit d’améliorer la détermination de l’angle de dérive du pneumatique, dont la précision est encore aujourd’hui insuffisante pour une analyse des performances des pneumatiques à partir d’essais sur piste. Cette détermination est réalisée simultanément à la détermination des autres grandeurs nécessaires à l’étude de l’interface roue-sol : glissement longitudinal du pneumatique, angle de carrossage de la roue et torseur des efforts roue-sol. Ce projet s’est appuyé sur la collaboration entre la Direction de la Recherche de Renault et le laboratoire MIPS de l’Université de Haute-Alsace. Des études préliminaires menées par Renault et par le MIPS sur ce sujet ont servi de support à ce projet.Une étude menée en début de thèse a permis de rédiger un cahier des charges exhaustif, en termes de performances de mesure de l’angle de dérive du pneumatique, permettant d’étudier avec suffisamment de précision la dynamique du véhicule, en se basant sur indicateurs de performance. Afin de répondre au cahier des charges, une solution de mesure novatrice de l’angle de dérive du pneu a été conçue et développée au cours de la thèse. Celle-ci se base sur l’intégration de mesures inertielles et GPS au niveau du plan de jante, à l’aide d’un filtre de Kalman étendu (EKF). Par la suite, un capteur de mesure (INS/GPS) dédié a été conçu, développé et enfin intégré à un véhicule d’essais. Les performances de mesure du nouveau capteur INS/GPS ont été validées vis-à-vis du cahier des charges, en suivant une procédure de caractérisation mise au point spécifiquement durant la thèse. L’angle de dérive pneu est ainsi mesuré avec une précision de 0,1° (à 3o) sur une plage de 360°, tout en étant insensible à la texture et à la granularité de la chaussée ; contrairement aux solutions industrielles existantes. Lorsque ce moyen de mesure novateur est couplé à d’autres mesures standard de la dynamique du véhicule, le mouvement complet du plan de jante est alors déterminé également avec la précision requise. Ceci en ajoutant uniquement un capteur au niveau du plan de jante, ce qui permet de limiter l’inertie ajoutée à la roue, en comparaison aux moyens de mesures existants.Pour valider le nouveau moyen de mesure développé et montrer tout son intérêt, une méthodologie d’identification d’un modèle de pneumatique (Magic Formula 5.2) a été proposée et validée expérimentalement. Un algorithme d’optimisation Simplex a été développé afin de pouvoir identifier un modèle de pneu, aussi bien à partir de mesures (sur piste ou sur banc de test) qu’à partir de données de simulation. Ainsi, les paramètres du modèle de pneumatique peuvent être optimisés durant la phase de conception d’un véhicule, afin de répondre à des indicateurs de performance du véhicule bien définis. Aujourd’hui, les mesures précises du capteur INS/GPS, conjuguées à l’algorithme d’optimisation développé, sont notamment utilisées pour identifier des modèles de pneu à partir de mesure sur piste, et pour définir les paramètres du modèle de pneu nécessaires, en phase de conception de véhicule. […]
The road traffic becomes more and more dense so that the active safety of road vehicles must continuously improved. This especially requires the improvement of the vehicle dynamics. The major part of the forces applied by the road to the vehicle are issued of the tyres. So, an accurate knowledge of the tyre-road interaction is primordial. This especially requires the development of the modelling and the identification of tyre models in the phases of design and tuning of a vehicle. The main goal of the thesis project is the contribution to a better determination of the dynamic functioning point of the system tyre/wheel. More accurately, is aims at improving the tyre slip angle determination accuracy, which is still insufficient for the analysis of tyre performance from vehicle-on-track tests. This determination is performed simultaneously to the determination of the other variables required in study of the tyre-road interface: longitudinal slip ratio, camber angle, tyre forces and moments. This project has been made in collaboration with the Research Department of Renault and the MIPS laboratory of the University of Haute-Alsace. Preliminary studies carried out by Renault and MIPS on this topic have served as a support to this project. A study carried out at the beginning of the thesis has helped to the determination of exhaustive requirements, in terms of tyre slip angle measurement performance, allowing the study of the vehicle dynamics with a sufficient accuracy, using performance indicators. A novel tyre slip angle measurement means has been developed in the thesis, in order to fit these requirements. It is based on the combination of inertial and GPS data near the wheel rim edge plane, using a extended Kalman filter (EKF). A dedicated measurement sensor (INS/GPS) has then be designed, developed and embedded in a test vehicle. The measurement performance of the novel INS/GPS has been validated according to the requirements, following a characterization procedure which has been specifically designed in the thesis. The tyre slip angle is then measured with an accuracy of 0.1° (at 3σ) in a range of 360°, with a insensitivity to the texture and the granularity of the road, contrary to the existing industrial solutions. When this novel measurement means is coupled with other standard measurements in vehicle dynamics, the whole motion of the wheel rim is then also determined with the required accuracy. This is made possible by mounting only one sensor at the level of the wheel rim edge plan, which helps to limit the inertia added to the wheel, in comparison with the existing measuring systems.A strategy of identification of a tyre model (Magic Formula 5.2) has been proposed and validated experimentally, in order to validate the novel measurement means developed. A Simplex optimization algorithm has been developed for the identification of a tyre model, from measurements (on a track or on a test rig) and/or simulation data. So, the tyre model parameters can be optimized in the phase of vehicle design, in order to fit well know vehicle performance indicators. The accurate INS/GPS measurements, combined with the optimization algorithm, are now especially used for the identification of tyre models from vehicle-on-track measurements and for the determination of the tyre model parameters required in the design phase. The novel INS/GPS is also considered as a reference for the tyre slip angle measurement, whatever the road grip (dry, wet, snow covered, ice covered ...). A number of research collaborations, especially with a worldwide tyre manufacturer, are been launched following the thesis results, especially for the study of the correlation between the physical tyre properties and the vehicle dynamics

Blind's autonomous cosmopolitanism is in four distinct layers. The first layer is her unusual everyday family background in the transition from Jewish tradition to the life of European revolutionaries in the 1840s and exile in Britain. The second layer is Blind's mental and moral development under Friederike's care and educational guidance according to the German concept of Bildung. The third layer comes from Mazzini's challenge for Blind to critically evaluate her German cultural heritage and the moral danger in the well-intended German concept of self-cultivation. Blind derives the fourth layer of her autonomous cosmopolitanism from Darwin's theory of evolution and Buckle's argument for a scientific approach to history. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection postulates sexual autonomy of the individual organism as a pre-condition for evolution by natural selection. Buckle's argument for a scientific approach to the study of history extends this concept by observing that the variety of geographical conditions around the globe gives rise to a diversity of cultures. The concept of social evolution is then anchored in the nature of interdependence between the individual and her society as it changes over time. Overall, my argument is that Blind's contribution to Victorian cosmopolitanism is to write about controversial subjects and to transcend ideological polarizations. She does this by transferring socio-political topics from the public domain into the intimacy of making "an immediate sensuous contact" with the individual reader. Her aim is to touch her reader's heart and to trust in her reader's ability and social will to care rather than to teach her about the individual poet's particular ideas of what should be done to solve problems.

Nessa pesquisa apresentamos uma proposta didática pautada no uso da literatura no ensino de ciências a partir do uso de um gênero literário específico, o romance policial juvenil, no ensino da Investigação Científica. A obra utilizada como modelo é O caso da borboleta Atíria de Lúcia Machado de Almeida, que possui um enredo pautado em mistério e investigação policial e faz parte da Série Vaga Lume da editora Ática. As obras literárias que compõe a Série estão presentes nas salas de aula e bibliotecas escolares, desde a década de setenta e fazem parte do repertório de leitura de muitos alunos atualmente. Além disso, elas estão repletas de conteúdos que permeiam várias áreas do conhecimento. Um dos procedimentos utilizados de análise da obra foi o uso da semiótica de Greimas (1976) que procura estabelecer as relações sintáxicas no interior de um texto, podendo auxiliar em um trabalho de interpretação mais profunda. Também realizamos a análise do discurso tendo como aporte teórico Maingueneau (2006), que estabelece parâmetros que nos permitem avaliar as principais características e as condições de êxito para os gêneros do discurso, estudando o processo de produção da obra, tendo como base o contexto sociocultural, evidenciando elementos a serem considerados no processo de ensino-aprendizagem relacionados à estrutura da obra e ao contexto sociocultural em que ela está inserida. Com essas análises, notamos que a obra tem como foco a busca do conhecimento por meio da investigação, possibilitando a elaboração de propostas didáticas para o ensino da Investigação Científica. Sendo assim, elaboramos propostas didáticas com o uso da obra para a abordagem da investigação científica no ensino de ciências voltadas para nível do Ensino Fundamental II. Essas propostas foram aplicadas em uma escola da cidade de São Paulo com o objetivo de reformular e aprimorar as propostas, possibilitando seu uso em diversos contextos escolares de forma interdisciplinar.
In this research we propose a guided didactic use of literature in science education from the use of a specific literary genre, the crime novel, in Scientific Research\'s teaching. The book O caso da borboleta Atíria was used as a model, written by Lucia Machado de Almeida, in which story is based in mystery and police investigation and is part of the publisher Ática, in Vaga Lume collection. The Literary that make up this collection are present in classrooms and school libraries since the seventies and are part of the repertoire of many students currently reading. Moreover, they are filled with content that permeate many areas of knowledge. One of the procedures used for analysis of the work was the use of semiotics of Greimas (1976) who seeks to establish syntactic relations within a text, and may help in a deeper interpretation work. We also conducted the analysis of discourse based in Maingueneau\'s theory (2006), which sets parameters that allow us to assess the main characteristics and the conditions of success for speech genres, studying the production process of the work, based on the social and culture contexts, showing elements to be considered in the process of teaching and learning related to the structure of the work and to the context in which it is embedded. With those analyses, we note that the work has a focus on to the search for knowledge through research, allowing the preparation of didactic proposals for the Scientific Research teaching. Thus, we elaborate didactic proposals using the book to approach scientific research in science teaching aimed at the elementary school. These proposals have been implemented in a school in the city of São Paulo in order to reshape and refine the proposals, enabling its use in different school contexts in an interdisciplinary way.

J.-H. Rosny aîné (1856-1940) est l’auteur d’une importante somme littéraire, composée de romans, de nouvelles, d’articles publiés dans la presse et dans des journaux scientifiques. L’histoire littéraire retient sa participation à la contestation du naturalisme zolien, son implication au sein de l’Académie Goncourt dont il fut membre fondateur et Président, la maturité qu’il apporte au récit préhistorique grâce à son roman-phare La Guerre du feu, et d’innombrables textes qui contribuent aujourd’hui à le situer comme l’un des précurseurs, en France, de la science-fiction. L’intérêt d’un tel auteur ne tient pas tant à ce qu’il annonce, mais se situe plutôt dans la modernité littéraire qu’il théorise et met en pratique, au moment où, en France, l’art romanesque est en crise et le récit scientifique ne parvient pas à dépasser le modèle des Voyages Extraordinaires de Jules Verne. Cet ouvrage analyse en particulier les liens que cet auteur protéiforme entretient avec les sciences qui exercent chez lui une « passion poétique » et dont il se revendique comme étant le réformateur. S’il a pu produire différents essais de philosophie scientifique et présenter certaines de ses réflexions à l’Académie des Sciences, c’est par le biais du roman qu’il invente à la fois une science et une littérature modernes
J.-H. Rosny aîné (1856-1940) is the author of a large literary work, including novels, short stories, articles published in the press and in scientific journals. Literary history remembers his involvement in the dispute against Émile Zola's naturalism, his role in the Goncourt Academy, of which he was a founding member and President, the maturity he brought to prehistoric narratives through his seminal novel La Guerre du feu and numerous texts that now position him as one of the pioneers of science fiction in France. The interest of that author lies not so much in what he foreshadowed but rather in the literary modernity he both theorized and practiced at a time when the art of the novel was in crisis in France, and scientific storytelling struggled to move beyond the model set by Jules Verne's Voyages Extraordinaires. This work particularly analyzes the multifaceted connections that this versatile author maintained with the sciences, which held a “poetic passion” for him and to which he declared himself a reformer. While he produced various essays on scientific philosophy and presented some of his reflections to the Academy of Sciences, it’s through the medium of the novel that he invents both modern science and literature

This thesis contributes to the scientometrics literature by providing empirical evidence on a number of aspects in academia focusing on the most prominent scholars. It comprises eight individual studies examining topics on recognition, research performance, impact, biases and collaboration patterns in academia.

Les Lumières allemandes voient l’émergence d’une réflexion anthropologique spécifique qui envisage l’homme dans sa totalité, en dépassant les dualismes entre l’âme et le corps, l’esprit et la sensibilité, la nature et la culture. Le présent travail se propose d’analyser dans cette perspective "Les Années de Voyage de Wilhelm Meister ou les Renonçants" de Johann Wolfgang Goethe, ultime roman de l’auteur qui se situe au début du XIXe siècle en Allemagne. Nous démontrons que ce roman témoigne d’une unité de sens sous-jacente à la multitude apparente au premier regard. En focalisant notre recherche sur l’analyse du chemin initiatique, nous pouvons dépasser les significations communément admises. Nous pouvons montrer que tout un nouvel univers pour la compréhension de cette œuvre hermétique de vieillesse, élaborée en même temps que Faust II, de 1825 à 1829, s’ouvre alors. Goethe observe et dépeint les difficultés existentielles de son époque et propose une solution pour l’individu, celle de tendre vers une indépendance ontologique intérieure face aux incertitudes du monde extérieur. Son projet éducatif consiste à faire l’union entre la quintessence de la philosophie hermétique, tradition millénaire (die alte Wahrheit), inhérente à un accès à la maîtrise initiatique et les besoins de l’époque moderne : la capacité au dépassement de soi, acquise par une individuation réussie et l’unité en soi-même, peut être mise au service du bien commun
The German Enlightenment witnessed the emergence of a particular kind of anthropological reflection considering man in its totality, going beyond the dualisms of soul and body, spirit and sensitivity, nature and culture. This work sets out to analyze Johann Wolfgang Goethe’s ultimate novel taking place in early nineteenth century Germany — Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years, or the Renunciants — through that perspective. It demonstrates how a sense of unity underlies the apparent multiplicity of this novel. Focusing my research on the study of the initiatory journey allowed me to transcend commonly accepted interpretations. Indeed, the reader is provided with a new context of understanding for this hermetic novel written in old age, in the same period as Faust II, from 1825 to 1829. Goethe observes and depicts the existential difficulties of his era and offers the following solution to the individual: one should strive towards an inner ontological independence in order to face the uncertainties of the external world. His educational project consists in uniting the quintessence of hermetic philosophy, a millenary tradition (“die alte Wahrheit”) inherent in initiatory masterhood, and the needs of the modern era. Goethe thus reveals how the ability to surpass oneself thanks to a successful individuation and a sense of unity within oneself can be put at the service of the common interest

In Sweden, Bachelard is mostly known for his works about poetry and literature, but he was also very productive in philosophy of science. Having studied engineering and taught physical sciences, his main writings in this field concern contemporary physics. He developed the idea of “epistemological rupture”, closely linked to the concept of “epistemological obstacle”. Those notions show science in its historicity and are linked to the idea of progress: a progress that strives not only towards a better approximation of reality, but that can also be seen as a progress of the scientific mind itself. Epistemological ruptures take place when epistemological obstacles are defeated. It is when an epistemological obstacle is met that the ways of thinking that prevents progress become visible; it needs to become an obstacle before we can get rid of it, which causes not only a more precise knowledge, but also a restructuration of the scientific mind. This way, epistemological rupture do not only refer to a historical process, but also to a psychological one. In The formation of the scientific mind, Bachelard shows, through examples taken from history of science, the path that each “scientific mind” has to travel. He analyses science with the aim of finding in its history a history of thought and of its progress: therefore, in The formation of the scientific mind, he gives the same status to the errors of the high school students, as to the ways of thinking that have impeded or slowed down sciences’ developments. By stressing the importance of history, Bachelard insists on the psychological aspects of the constitution of science: as much as it is absurd to try to understand an answer without knowing the question it replies to, it is not possible to cut knowledge from its context of emergence, or to understand an object of study without referring to the subject that constituted it. Thus, Bachelard emphasises the importance of the subject in science, but without making of science something subjective, or without falling into psychologism. The reference to the scientists’ subjectivity is not, for Bachelard, a way of questioning the validity of the scientific discourse; on the contrary, it is by describing science in terms of the scientist’s mind and psychology that Bachelard will find the grounds for science’s objectivity and its success. Bachelard shows science as a practice, as a training of the mind, as an effort involving a lot more than mere rationality, thereby destroying the myth of a universal reason as an underlying principle in the construction of science.
En Suède, Bachelard est surtout connu pour ses travaux sur la poésie et la littérature, mais il a été tout aussi productif en épistémologie. Ayant étudié et enseigné les sciences physiques, ses principaux écrits dans ce domaine concernent la physique contemporaine. Il a développé le concept de « rupture épistémologique », lié à celui d’ « obstacle épistémologique ». La notion d’obstacle épistémologique montre la science dans son historicité ; elle est liée à l’idée de progrès : un progrès qui recherche non seulement une meilleure approximation de la réalité, mais qui peut aussi être compris comme un progrès de l’esprit scientifique lui-même. Ce progrès est accompli lors de ruptures épistémologiques, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’un obstacle épistémologique est vaincu : c’est à ce moment que ce qui empêche la pensée d’avancer devient visible, ce qui cause non seulement une connaissance plus précise, mais aussi une restructuration de l’esprit scientifique.       De cette manière, le concept de rupture épistémologique ne réfère pas seulement à un processus historique, mais aussi à un processus psychologique. Dans La formation de l’esprit scientifique, Bachelard donne des exemples pris de l’histoire des sciences et montre, à travers elles, le cheminement que chaque « esprit scientifique » doit accomplir. Il analyse la science avec le but  de trouver dans son histoire, une histoire de la pensée et de ses progrès : c’est pour cela que Bachelard, dans son livre La formation de l’esprit scientifique, compare le développement des sciences au niveau historique avec l’apprentissage des sciences au niveau individuel, et fait souvent référence aux erreurs des lycéens autant qu’aux bévues historiques. Ainsi, Bachelard met en lumière l’aspect construit des sciences : pour autant qu’il soit absurde d’essayer de comprendre une réponse sans connaître la question à laquelle celle-ci répond, il est impossible de couper la connaissance de son contexte d’émergence, ou d’essayer de comprendre un objet d’étude sans référer au sujet qui l’a constitué. Il ne s’agit pas pour autant faire de la science quelque chose de subjectif ou de tomber dans le psychologisme. La référence à l’esprit du savant ou à l’intersubjectivité scientifique n’est pas, pour Bachelard, un moyen de questionner la validité du discours scientifique ; au contraire, c’est en décrivant la science grâce à la psychologie du savant que Bachelard montre la science comme une pratique, comme un entrainement de l’esprit, comme un effort impliquant bien plus que la simple rationalité, détruisant de ce fait le mythe d’une raison universelle comme principe sous-jacent de la construction des sciences.

Il lavoro di tesi in oggetto è nato principalmente da un mio interesse personale sia nei confronti del tema, la medicina tradizionale cinese e la divulgazione medica, che nei confronti di una modalità particolare di traduzione che è di fatto la sottotitolazione. Il mio interesse per la sottotitolazione è nato già da tempo ed è stato oggetto di un mio precedente lavoro di tesi, per cui ho scelto anche in occasione di questo lavoro finale a conclusione del percorso di laurea magistrale, di seguire la stessa direzione. L’elaborato si articola in più parti legate da unico tema dominante, il testo divulgativo medico-scientifico, attraverso l’analisi di due audiovisivi tratti dalla serie di documentari ispirati al Huang Di Nei Jing intitolati “La teoria dei metodi diagnostici del Huang Di Nei Jing” e “I misteri dei cinque visceri” e un manuale divulgativo “I nove tipi di costituzione”. L’obbiettivo finale è quello di riuscire ad analizzare i tratti peculiari del testo divulgativo e vedere come e se le tipologie di testi in esame riescono a presentare dei temi e dei contenuti così ricchi a un pubblico di massa in modo comprensibile e accessibile. Lo studio è stato molto interessante perché è riuscito a mettere in luce delle analogie tra i tre prototesti in lingua cinese ma anche delle differenze, legate a vari motivi tra cui anche e spesso quelli di natura editoriale o la diversa tipologia di lettore modello o ancora la loro finalità ultima ( far conoscere aspetti della medicina tradizionale, formare ed educare sul tema ecc…). Inoltre è importante tener conto del fatto che la traduzione in lingua italiana ha dovuto sottostare ad alcune limitazioni imposte dalla tipologia testuale stessa, come nel caso del numero di caratteri per la sottotitolazione o a consuetudini editoriali specifiche del testo divulgativo medico in lingua italiana. L’elaborato presenta due capitoli introduttivi sulla storia della divulgazione in Cina e in Italia e sul rapporto tra paziente e medico che ha una forte influenza sul piano linguistico (lingua settoriale, tecnicismi collaterali), e inoltre è stato dedicato un breve capitolo introduttivo al Huang Di Nei Jing essendo l’argomento centrale dei testi cinesi. A seguire vi è il corpo della tesi costituito dai testi in lingua cinese a confronto con la traduzione in italiano dove emergono le principali scelte traduttive che verranno spiegate dettagliatamente all’interno del commmento traduttologico. Quest’ultimo è diviso in due parti a seconda delle tipologie testuali analizzate, ed è introdotto da un capitolo sull’analisi delle caratteristiche del testo divulgativo sia a livello sintattico che semantico e lessicale. Infine, è opportuno dire che varie fonti, dizionari e testi paralleli mi hanno offerto un grande contributo durante il mio lavoro; in particolare l’opera di Unschuld e la traduzione di Ilza Veith del Huang Di Nei Jing e i testi paralleli in generale sono stati in questo caso specifico molto utili insieme al supporto di dizionari quali il Ricci e il Classfied dictionary of Traditional Chinese medicine.

The utterances and narrative acts by scientists, lawyers, judges, and other courtroom actors may constitute a "telling" of one or several interdisciplinary stories (between scientific facts and legal norms). Under the law of evidence, the judge scrutinizes the form and content of novel scientific opinion. The value-laden communications by scientists may bolster the apparent validity and reliability of their opinions. Scientists normatively (and politically) engage the judge and jury in construction of interdisciplinary stories. Under the poethical method, the judge would consider the purported objectivity of scientific opinion, where the scientist narrates in a third-person, omniscient voice, as well as authorial responsibility (the "ethics") over "telling" an interdisciplinary story (the "poetics"), in light of the situated audience of judge and jury. Each judge and juror has a similar responsibility over listening to interdisciplinary stories, in light of the situated scientist. The judge would apply admissibility criteria under a poethics of telling and listening to interdisciplinary stories. The judge assesses the "probative value" and "prejudice" to jurors' fact-finding based not only on what scientists say, but also how they say it. Beyond or within the Mohan criteria of relevancy and necessity, the judge would consider accessibility to the norms and practices which generate novel scientific opinion. In doing so, the judge screens the form and content of interdisciplinary stories, in light of stories about telling these stories. The poethical method re-frames the concept of relevancy (and thus prima facie admissibility) and the hypothetical question, encouraging judges to think beyond the rationalist separation of logic from values, fact from law. Admissibility decisions, however, always materialize under the norms and politics of judges. An inquiry into "Law and Literature" draws upon a "story jurisprudence", illustrating a plurality of ways to make sense of admissibility criteria and interdisciplinary stories.

This dissertation explores how museums generated debates about the relationship between scientific knowledge and literary aesthetics in nineteenth-century America. Henry David Thoreau, William Wells Brown, Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, and Edith Wharton were among the authors who reckoned with museums’ principles of inclusion and valuation, systems of classification and organization, and use of preserved objects to generate new knowledge. While literary scholars have tended to write about museum exhibits in relation to art and mass culture, this dissertation instead analyzes how scientific museums—and their implications for literature—contributed to popular constructions of scientific and technological change. Drawing on canonical literary texts, museum guidebooks, images, and the popular press, I show that museums shaped an emergent self-consciousness about the relationship between literary and scientific knowledge during an increasingly empirical, information-driven age. To capture the diversity of literary and popular representations of museums during the nineteenth century, each chapter of this dissertation is structured around a single museum. Chapter One shows how Brown and Nathaniel Hawthorne draw analogies between museum collecting, preservation, and literary authorship in their accounts of visits to the British Museum. Moving from history to innovation and from a British to an American national institution, Chapter Two examines how Ralph Waldo Emerson’s writings on originality and Whitman’s Civil War writings define the literary and political stakes of technological novelty in relation to the U.S. Patent Office gallery’s collection of patent models. Chapter Three shows how specimen collecting on behalf of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University informed discussions of empirical methods and shifting belief systems in Thoreau’s Walden and William James’s pragmatism. And Chapter Four takes up accounts of the dinosaurs at the American Museum of Natural History in Mark Twain’s short fiction and Wharton’s The Age of Innocence, both of which invoke the process of assembling fragmentary fossils to emphasize scientific fallibility and uncertainty. Taken together, these case studies demonstrate how writers used museums to contemplate the challenge of preserving knowledge and accounting for new discoveries during an era marked by technological change, proliferating information, and shifting paradigms for understanding the world.
2023-12-01T00:00:00Z

Eco Scientific Zone is an area that exhibits an economically, Scientifically and sustainably prosperous habitat for living. In our present world, everything that is around us is an technical invention of some brilliant minds. This web of technical jargon has affected not only our lives but our environment too. By rapidly increasing industries and indiscriminate cutting of trees we already crossed our limits to get back human friendly environment. We are creating new technologies everyday, without considering its impact on our nature. To rectify this problem, I have proposed a Novel technique to establish Eco Scientific Zone via IOT based Hybrid Intelligent Transportation and Communication System. The proposed method has a multidimensional aspects, where each dimension solves the plethora of problems that we face in our present world. With the help of an Hybrid Intelligent Transport and Communication System architecture with IOT devices, we can not only transfer data for long distances but can link various IOT devices that can perform multiple tasks at a single time.