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1
Wihardyanto, Dimas, and Sudaryono Sudaryono. "ARSITEKTUR KOLONIAL BELANDA DI INDONESIA DALAM KONTEKS SEJARAH FILSAFAT DAN FILSAFAT ILMU." LANGKAU BETANG: JURNAL ARSITEKTUR 7, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/lantang.v7i1.35500.
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Arsitektur merupakan salah satu produk budaya hasil pemikiran manusia yang mampu menggambarkan secara komprehensif bagaimana hubungan dirinya dengan konteks sosial maupun seting lingkungan yang ada. Tidak terkecuali arsitektur kolonial Belanda di Indonesia. Kolonialisasi di Indonesia terutama yang dilakukan oleh Belanda merupakan salah satu babak sejarah penting di Indonesia karena mampu merubah cara berfikir arsitektur di Hindia Belanda semakin modern mendekati yang terjadi di Barat. Pengaruh modernisme dalam arsitektur tersebut tentunya tidak dapat dilepaskan dari perkembangan cara berfikir masyarakat barat yang bertitik tolak dari cara memandang alam dan manusia melalui pendekatan kategorisasi dan analogi. Setelah melalui kurun waktu yang cukup panjang arsitektur kolonial Belanda di Indonesia akhirnya tidak dapat memaksakan penggunaan arsitektur barat secara penuh. Konteks sosial budaya serta seting lingkungan dan iklim yang berbeda akhirnya mampu mengajak para arsitek untuk mengedepankan cara berfikir yang bertitik tolak pada alam melalui pendekatan analogi alih-alih menonjolkan arsitektur barat sebagai simbol manusia modern melalui pendekatan kategorisasi. Kemunculan arsitektur Indis adalah salah satu buktinya. Selanjutnya melalui metode kajian literatur terhadap sejarah perkembangan filsafat barat, metodologi penelitian arsitektur, dan teori-teori mengenai arsitektur kolonial Belanda di Indonesia peneliti mencoba merunut dan merumuskan bagaimana Posisi keilmuan arsitektur kolonial Belanda di Indonesia dalam konteks sejarah filsafat dan filsafat ilmu. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwasanya perkembangan arsitektur kolonial di Indonesia berawal dari cara berfikir dualisme dengan mengambil alam sebagai tidak tolak, kemudian beralih menjadi cara berfikir monisme dengan revolusi industri sebagai latar belakang, dan kemudian kembali ke cara berfikir dualisme dengan menempatkan alam sebagai titik tolak pada abad ke 20.DUTCH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE IN INDONESIA IN THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Architecture is one of the cultural products of human thought that can to comprehensively describe how its relationship with the social context and the existing environmental settings. Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia is no exception. Colonialism in Indonesia, especially those carried out by the Dutch, is one of the important historical phases in Indonesia because it can change the way of thinking architecture in the Dutch East Indies increasingly modern that is happening in the West. The influence of modernism in architecture indeed cannot be separated from the development of western society's way of thinking, which starts from the way of looking at nature and humans through a categorization and analogy approach. After a long period of time, Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia finally could not force the full use of western architecture. The socio-cultural context and the different environmental and climatic settings were finally able to invite the architects to put forward the way of thinking that starts with nature through an analogy approach instead of highlighting western architecture as a symbol of modern humans through the categorization approach. The emergence of Indis architecture is one of the proofs. Furthermore, through the method of studying literature on the history of the development of western philosophy, architectural research methodology, and theories about Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia researchers try to trace and formulate the scientific position of Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia in the context of the history of philosophy and philosophy of science. The results obtained from this study are that the development of colonial architecture in Indonesia started from the way of thinking of dualism by taking nature as not rejecting, then turning into monism with the industrial revolution as a background, and then returning to the way of thinking of dualism by placing nature as a point starting in the 20th century.
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Kleeberg, Bernhard. "God-Nature Progressing: Natural Theology in German Monism." Science in Context 20, no. 3 (August 14, 2007): 537–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026988970700141x.
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ArgumentDuring the 1860s Ernst Haeckel, German zoologist and one of the foremost popularizers of Darwinism, proposed a natural philosophy called “Monism.” Based on developmental thinking, natural selection, and sound natural laws, the scientific Weltanschauung of Monism was to supersede Christian religion in all its accounts of nature. Haeckel's new scientific religion, this essay argues, fused the religious joys of reveling in the beauty of “mother nature” with the assurance of progress based on scientific certainty. Even though Haeckel and his followers polemicized against dualistic and teleological interpretations of nature, and despite their fierce struggle against the Christian churches, Monism cannot conceal its roots. All central arguments of natural theology reappear – albeit sometimes in causal or reductionist phrasing. Haeckel's aesthetics of nature in particular shows his indebtedness to the concept of a divine economy of nature. His Monism is an evolutionary and pantheistic natural theology.
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GASMAN, D. "Haeckel's scientific monism as theory of history." Theory in Biosciences 121, no. 3 (2002): 260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1431-7613-00061.
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Gasman, Daniel. "Haeckel’s scientific monism as theory of history." Theory in Biosciences 121, no. 3 (November 2002): 260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12064-002-0014-7.
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Sidorin, Vladimir V. "Alexander Bogdanov at the Institute of the Scientific Philosophy: from the Decline of the Philosophy to the Scientific Monism." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 10 (2021): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-10-91-99.
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The author considers the activity of Alexander A. Bogdanov as a full member of the Institute of Scientific Philosophy, established in 1921. Special attention is paid to the line of radical denial of the actual meaning of philosophy, what was characteristic for Bogdanov’s works of those years. This topic was manifested in the article “From Religious Monism to Scientific One”, which was read at the Institute in February 1923 as Bogdanov’s scientific report. Presenting the development of human knowledge as a change of historical forms of monism based on the evolution of labor practice and the inherent desire to coordinate cognitive activity, Bogdanov proclaimed the advent of the era of scientific monism and presented his own “universal organization science” as a means of the future real unity of collective experience. The political campaign against Bogdanov conducted throughout the 1920s also affected his activities at the Institute of Scientific Philosophy: the thinker was removed from the staff, and the possibilities of his philosophical work had been narrowing more and more every year. However, despite the pressure Bogdanov continued to work at the Institute, taking part, in particular, in the heated discussions around Spinoza and Bergson’s philosophies, which marked the beginning of a new round of polemics among “mechanists” and “dialectics”. The most important research interests of Bogdanov in the last years of his life were also philosophical problems of biology, the foundations of natural science knowledge, the methodological basis of the theory of relativity. Thus, the scientific activity of A.A. Bogdanov as a full member of the Institute reflected almost all the philosophical topics and problems that were significant for him at that time
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Batista Neto, Alberto Leopoldo. "O Conceito de Consequência Lógica e os Problemas do Pluralismo e do Anti-Excepcionalismo." Analytica - Revista de Filosofia 25, no. 1 (May 23, 2023): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35920/1414-3004.2021v25n1p125-139.
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ResumoApresentam-se alguns conceitos fundamentais e posições representativas referentes a três debates correntesna filosofia da lógica, a saber aquele acerca da natureza da relação de consequência, o que versasobre o problema do pluralismo lógico (e sua alternativa fundamental, o monismo) e o que gira em tornoda chamada proposta anti-excepcionalista, que nega o caráter excepcional da lógica e a põe numa relaçãode continuidade essencial com as demais ciências, de modo a evidenciar pontos de conexão entre as trêsdiscussões mencionadas. Levanta-se, por fim, a questão da plausibilidade da posição, presentementeminoritária, de um anti-excepcionalismo pluralista, vinculando-a, por sua vez, à aceitação de algumavariedade de pluralismo científico.Palavras-chave: consequência lógica; pluralismo lógico; anti-excepcionalismo lógico.AbstractSome fundamental concepts are presented, along with the theses relative to three current debates in thephilosophy of logic, namely the one concerning the nature of the relation of logical consequence, the oneover the problem of logical pluralism (and its fundemental alternative, monism), and the one around theso-called anti-exceptionalist proposal, which denies logic’s exceptional character and puts it in a relationof essential continuity with the remaining sciences, so as to highlight the points of connection betweenthe three aforementioned discussions. The question is raised, finally, of the plausibility of the position,presently of small currency, of a pluralist anti-exceptionalism, which is associated, in its turn, to the acceptanceof some variety of scientific pluralism.
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Kalinin, Igor. "Is Kant's Revolution in Philosophy a Copernican Turn?" Studies in Transcendental Philosophy 3, no. 1-2 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s271326680018985-3.
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There is a widespread misunderstanding in Kant scholarship, partly due to Kant himself, as to his comparison of transcendental philosophy with Copernican revolution in its standard sense as a shift of scientific paradigms. However, there is a reason to think, that this analogy is not correct: what corresponds to it in his system of transcendental philosophy, makes a necessary and basic, but nevertheless a detail of all system, and that which can truly characterize a detail, will be incorrect in relation to the whole. The fundamental in modern Kant scholarship Allison's book«Kant’s TranscendentalIdealism» is chosen as an example of such incorrect characteristic. In my paper I prove, that acceptance of analogy of transcendental philosophy with Copernican revolution leads us to erroneous representation of the former as a kind of anthropocentrism in its phenomenalistic or subjective-idealistic form. Instead of understanding Kant’s revolution as a replacement of one kind of monismby another to what its comparison with Copernican revolution forces, I propose to understand it as a replacement of different kinds of monism, coexisted in Kant’s days in the form of «war of schools», by dualism.
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Mukunda, Bista. "BUDDHIST CONCEPT OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES IN THE MODERN TIMES." BUDDHIST STUDIES 1, no. 8 (2024): 146–54. https://doi.org/10.30792/2949-5768-2024-8-146-154.
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Consciousness has been at the center of debates and discussions from the ancient time. In India, for example, there were several schools of thoughts professing different ideas on consciousness and its nature. It ranged from an extreme form of material monism to the extreme form of idealism, mental monism. Somehow the debate in the modern time too continues, about the status and the nature of consciousness; whether it has an independent existence, independent to the matter, or whether it is still an extension of matter. Since the beginning of consciousness studies in the 21st century, and particularly since the evolution of quantum physics, the gnawing question of consciousness, its existence, nature, and role has re-emerged fresh among intellectuals, philosophers, and scientists. Here, I will present the Buddhist view of consciousness and how modern studies on consciousness can benefit from the immense knowledge accumulated on consciousness since 2500 years ago by Buddhists.
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Bach, Clemens. "Die Kunst als Modellierungsinstanz des Körpers." Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Pädagogik 98, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890581-09703030.
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Abstract Art as Formation of the Body. Pedagogical and Aesthetic Concepts Between Monism, Tectology and Biotechnology at the Beginning of the 20th Century The article focuses on various scientific reflections at the beginning of the 20th century, which converged in László Moholy-Nagy’s pedagogical theory of art to form the idea of modelling the body through art. Aspects of monism, tectology and biotechnology formed a concept that can be understood as the pedagogical influence of art on the body and consciousness with the help of its specifically indirect mode of action.
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Storm, Jason Ānanda Josephson. "Monism and the Religion of Science." Nova Religio 25, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 12–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2021.25.2.12.
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Monism was not just a philosophical outlook, but also an early twentieth-century new religious movement. Founded by the internationally renowned evolutionary theorist Ernst Haeckel, it was supposed to be a “Religion of Science” that repudiated matter-mind dualism in favor of reverence for a divinized Mother Nature. This article traces the genesis of the German Monist League and how it was transplanted to the United States by the publisher, Paul Carus. Although readers of this journal are likely to know about new religions that embrace “pseudoscience,” the surprise is that Monism had followers with significant scientific renown including multiple Nobel Prize-winning scientists, famous philosophers of science, and even a celebrated sociologist. Scholars of secularism or science and religion will want to know about how Haeckel and his followers constructed a hybrid Scientific Faith or Secular Church that this article demonstrates went on to provide the foundation for professionalizing American philosophy.
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Emden, Markus. "Reintroducing “the” Scientific Method to Introduce Scientific Inquiry in Schools?" Science & Education 30, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 1037–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00235-w.
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AbstractThere are some crucial critiques on scientific inquiry and “the” Scientific Method in current science education. Recent research literature is replete with arguments against inquiry’s legitimacy to be included in science classes, and it has even been abandoned from the Next Generation Science Standards. Critics of scientific inquiry in schools blame it to be a caricature of authentic inquiry suffering from five shortcomings: (1) knowledge becomes desocialized from its generative contexts, (2) scientific inquiry in schools suggests methodological monism favoring (3) a primacy of experimentation, (4) which portrays scientific inquiry as a knowledge automaton (5) raising an illusion of determination with regard to the generation of knowledge. This article argues for a reorientation of scientific inquiry in schools tentatively embracing “the” Scientific Method anew since critics appear not to sufficiently consider that scientific inquiry operates differently in schools from science. It will be shown that most critiques can be defused when untangling such an illegitimate mix-up of science proper with school science. It will be argued that current (and recent) descriptions of how science generates knowledge lack authoritative validity and should be fundamentally revisited. “The” Scientific Method will be shown to be a valid idealization that can serve as a frame of reference for introductory science classes. Still, it is understood that science education needs to extend beyond “the” Scientific Method if it is to prepare for science-related careers.
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Viana, Wellistony Carvalho. "Técnica e Inteligência Artificial: O debate entre J. Searle e D. Dennett/Technique and Artificial intelligence: the debate between J. Searle and D. Dennett." Pensando - Revista de Filosofia 4, no. 7 (September 28, 2013): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/pensando.v4i7.1326.
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O debate entre J. Searle e D. Dennett acerca da possibilidade técnica de uma Inteligência artificial gira em torno de uma única questão: estados mentais expressam algo intrínseco, privado e subjetivo, experimentado em primeira-pessoa ou não passam de entidades obscurantistas, frutos da ignorância e, em princípio, reduzíveis à objetividade científica da neurociência? Searle defende a primeira tese, enquanto Dennett argumenta pela segunda. O texto expõe a posição de Dennett, a crítica de Searle e se direciona para uma nova solução, que defende um monismo integral, no qual mente e cérebro podem ser vistos como duas dimensões de uma mesma realidade. Nesse sentido, o projeto de Inteligência artifical precisará revisar o conceito de “físico” se quiser avançar em suas pretenções, incluindo nele conceitos hoje antagônicos como intencionalidade, liberdade e subjetividade. Abstract: The debate between J. Searle and D. Dennett about the technical possibility of an artificial intelligence revolves around a single issue: mental states express something intrinsic, private and subjective, experienced in first-person or are merely obscurantist entities, results from ignorance and, in principle, reducible to scientific objectivity of neuroscience? Searle argues for the first position, while Dennett argues for the second. The text exposes the position of Dennett, the criticism of Searle and is directed to a new solution, which advocates an integral monism, in which mind and brain can be seen as two dimensions of the same reality. In this sense, the project of artificial intelligence need to review the concept of "physical" if it wants to advance its claims, including today antagonistic concepts such as intentionality, freedom and subjectivity. Keywords: physicalism, technique, artificial intelligence, John Searle, Daniel Dennett.
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Kasavin, Ilya T., and Olga E. Stoliarova. "Scientific Community." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 61, no. 3 (2024): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202461336.
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This article problematizes the state of the contemporary scientific community, which fluctuates between the desire for autonomy and creative freedom, on the one hand, and responsibility to social challenges, on the other. In this context, the social meaning of Paul Feyerabend’s epistemological anarchism is reconstructed, revealing not only critical but also positive significance for contemporary science. Answering the two-sided question, “What kind of society does science need, and what kind of science does society need?”, Feyerabend gives a disappointing diagnosis of both society and science. The political desire for ideological monism and totalitarianism is supported by science, which is sometimes a form of ideology – a militant rationalism that excludes alternative points of view – and in turn parasitizes society. This circle can only be broken in a regime of genuine pluralist democracy, which will lead to a change in the understanding of science and its role in society. The ability to “defamiliarize” (B. Brecht), to take the position of the “other”, to refuse to gain intellectual power – these are the key characteristics of free reason, as Feyerabend understood it. If we try to reconstruct a social group that possesses such a mind, then in the social projection it will include marginal people, dilettantes, scientists whose activities diverge from the disciplinary paradigm and norms of the standard scientific ethos. A precarian is such a subject of science that breaks the monopoly on the truth and contributes to changing the understanding of science. The question is raised about the productivity and effectiveness of the scientific precariat in relation to the concept of science in a free society, as well as to the positioning of this phenomenon in the context of current discussions about expert knowledge, citizen science and pseudoscience.
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Katsur, Ira. "From Monism to Pluralism: Cassirer’s Interpretation of Kant." RUDN Journal of Philosophy 27, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2023-27-3-556-567.
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Kant’s theory of cognition aimed to explain the possibility of scientific knowledge. Aesthetics and life science were not considered by Kant in the context of cognition. By contrast, Cassirer set himself a philosophical task to extend Kant’s theory of cognition to all forms of culture, including pre-scientific knowledge and aesthetics. The present study demonstrates how Cassirer explained the possibility of different objective forms, named symbolic, by employing and transforming Kant’s theory of cognition. For this goal, Cassirer took the following steps: modified the definitions of a priori synthesis (the act of understanding) and pure intuition (the forms of space and time) - main building blocks of Kant’s cognition; indicated the necessary correlation of intuition and synthesis; characterized a priori synthesis and the intuition as notions which include contradicted meanings. Cassirer called this contradiction “twofold oppositions” as characteristic of a priori synthesis. The first argument of the article is that the possibility of various synthetic acts is rooted in the nature of a priori synthesis which carries together two different meanings: the act of uniting elements and the initial unity. One synthetic act forms the world of nature and is connected to scientific space and time, and the other is the product of immediate perceptional space and time, from which the world of myth and aesthetics appears. Thus, Cassirer expanded the scope of “pure” synthesis. The second argument is that Cassirer specified a priori synthesis and pure intuition as a functional concept. The functional concept belongs to the model of concept as-relation that Cassirer has elaborated. It includes moments that are separated and united simultaneously. This definition of concept breaks the rules of consistency. The concept of as-relation justifies the contradictory characteristics of a priori synthesis and pure intuition, which include both the combination of moments in a synthesizing act and the initial unity of intuition.
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Edwards, Jim. "Explanation in Psychology: Functional Support for Anomalous Monism." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 27 (March 1990): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100005038.
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Donald Davidson finds folk-psychological explanations anomalous due to the open-ended and constitutive conception of rationality which they employ, and yet monist because they invoke an ontology of only physical events. An eliminative materialist who thinks that the beliefs and desires of folk-psychology are mere pre-scientific fictions cannot accept these claims, but he could accept anomalous monism construed as an analysis, merely, of the ideological and ontological presumptions of folk-psychology. Of course, eliminative materialism is itself only a guess, a marker for material explanations we do not have, but it is made plausible by, inter alia, whatever difficulties we have in interpreting intentional folk-explanations realistically. And surely anomalous monism does require further explanation if it is to be accepted realistically and not dismissed as an analysis of a folk-idiom which is to be construed instrumentally at best. Some further explanation is needed of how beliefs, desires, etc. can form rational patterns which have ‘no echo in physical theory’ and yet those beliefs, desires etc. be physical events. To this end I propose to graft on to anomalous monism a modest version of functionalism.
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Pomarański, Marcin. "Konstantin Tsiolkovsky’s heroic techno-utopia." Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 56, no. 3 (January 3, 2022): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/sdr.2021.en6.08.
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In this paper, the author attempts to answer the question about the nature of the ideal society presented by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in his utopian novel Beyond the Planet Earth. The specificity of this vision will be discussed by analysing its connections with Tsiolkovsky’s hallmark cosmophilosophical monism, as well as with his naturalistic approach to scientific research. For this purpose, the utopian elements of the vision will be analysed with particular emphasis on the scientific and technological layer. This will allow us to treat the concept as both a technological and a heroic utopia.
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Blaug, Mark. "Comment On D. Wade Hands, “Karl Popper and Economic Methodology: A New Look”." Economics and Philosophy 1, no. 2 (October 1985): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100002510.
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The central argument of this interesting paper is that Popper appears to be inconsistent: on the one hand, he preaches methodological monism-scientific method in the social sciences is identical to scientific method in the natural sciences-and on the other hand he advocates “situational analysis” as the unique method of the social sciences. Situational analysis is nothing but our old neoclassical friend, the rationality principle-individual maximizing behavior subject to constraints-and thus, Popper seems to be saying, neoclassical economics is the only valid kind of social science.
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Bartolucci, Chiara, and Giovanni Pietro Lombardo. "Evolutionary Monism in the Study of Mental Phenomena. The Clinical-Differential Psychopathology of Enrico Morselli, Scientist and Philosopher (1852–1929)." History & Philosophy of Psychology 14, no. 2 (2012): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2012.14.2.11.
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This paper analyses evolutionary monism as developed by Enrico Morselli, an illustrious Italian psychiatrist. This epistemological conception serves as the foundation of his programme to naturalise the human sciences and psychiatry in accordance with the well known perspective of scientific philosophy. For Morselli, “dynamic” monism, conceived in accordance with the principal of continuity between physiological and psychological phenomena, constituted a critical alternative to both technical reductionism and mechanical positivism in the late 1800s. Influenced by evolutionism as well as by neo-Kantian criticism, Morselli, who in his monistic conceptualization defines the “mental” as a set of higher cerebral functions connected to progressive levels of the increasing complexity of living beings, came to be seen as a precursor to emergent materialism. Moving ahead from these schools of thought, Morselli’s clinical-experimental studies on the psychophysiology of “personality” prefigure a differential approach that characterises the origins of psychological science in Italy.
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Pikuła, Łukasz. "Matter and Form of Social Life. The Importance of the Idea of Social Monism in the Philosophy of Law by Rudolf Stammler." Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny, no. 32 (3) (September 30, 2015): 15–23. https://doi.org/10.31743/ppe.15833.
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Article above is modified fragment of one of the subsections of the doctoral dissertation entitled “The idea of the legitimate rights and its importance in mind Rudolf Stammler”, defended at the Catholic University of Lublin John Paul II on 13.04. 2010. The aim of the publication is to present famous in the late nineteenth century, the idea of social monism in the context of scientific creativity outstanding representative of the so-called. Marburger Schule, Professor Rudolf Stammler.
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Burgess, Peter. "Modelling Subjective Consciousness: A Guide for the Perplexed." Journal of Consciousness Studies 29, no. 7 (July 14, 2022): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53765/20512201.29.7.032.
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This paper challenges the conventional methodological tendencies of current monistic treatments of subjective consciousness (SC). I argue that it is highly unlikely that any one position will 'solve' the SC problem, as monism supposes. Instead, I argue for treating theories of SC akin to scientific models, that (like models) theories only apply under certain empirical conditions, where each simply explains a necessary aspect of SC. Hence, a pluralistic, rather than monistic, approach is preferable to the literature as a whole. In lieu of conventional metaphysics, I advocate applying a form of scientific realism to models of SC, scientific perspectivism. As authors must rely on some intuitive and/or experiential description of what is problematic about SC, theories are better treated as models deriving from a plurality of interpretive perspectives.
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Jordan, J. Scott. "“Mind is brain” is trivial and nonscientific in both neurobiology and cognitive science." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 5 (October 1999): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99362191.
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Gold & Stoljar reveal that adherence to the radical neuron doctrine cannot be maintained via appeals to scientific principles. Using arguments from (1) naturalism and materialism, (2) unification, and (3) exemplars, it is shown that the “mind-is-brain” materialism explicit in the trivial version of the neuron doctrine ultimately suffers the same theoretical fate. Cognitive science, if it is to adopt an ontology at all, would be better served by a metaphysically neutral ontology such as double-aspect theory or neutral monism.
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RASKIN (PUC/RS), Henrique. "NATURE AND SPIRIT IN TRIPLE-ASPECT MONISM." Kínesis - Revista de Estudos dos Pós-Graduandos em Filosofia 8, no. 18 (March 14, 2018): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/1984-8900.2016.v8.n18.11.p137.
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Despite having philosophy been modernly addressed to mind rather than to brain (or to metaphysics rather than to physics), the field of neurophilosophy could represent the reoccurrence of the pretension to embrace totality. By overcoming the traditional opposition between undifferentiated monism and mind-brain dualism, Pereira Jr.’s Triple-Aspect Monism (TAM) would be more than just a conciliation or an insertion of dualism into a physicalist regard of biology. In this essay, TAM is, then, correlated to the Hegelian philosophy, in order to identify its elements as a means of reaction to mind-brain dualism, as Hegel opposed to dualism in modern philosophy. There are, thus, mainly four topics discussed in this essay that summarize the correlation between Hegelian dialectics and TAM: (1) The triadic structure of being, nothing and becoming, – also in the form of the universal, the particular and the singular – connected to the three layers of physiological, unconscious/informational and conscious processes; (2) the idea of morality and ethical life as a result from physical interactions, which include intentionality, exchange of information waves and physical-chemical-biological exchanges; (3) the forms of Aristotle incorporated in Hegel’s idea of the Absolute’s movement, which overcomes the modern opposition between nature and spirit as different entities; and (4) Hegel’s considerations of the game of forces, compatible to TAM’s contemporary scientific approach.
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Sushchin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. "Pluralism in the Cognitive Sciences: Theoretical, Methodological or Explanatory?" Философия и культура, no. 10 (October 2022): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2022.10.39050.
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The article considers the opposition of the doctrines of pluralism and monism and their related principles of proliferation and unification in the context of the development of modern cognitive sciences in three important respects for philosophy of science: theoretical, methodological, and explanatory. The article criticizes T. Kuhn’s views of theoretical monism and extends the defense of theoretical pluralism undertaken in author’s previous publications devoted to the conception of theoretical complexes, aimed at the correct description of large groups of theories in the cognitive sciences, such as connectionism, moderate embodied cognition, etc. Pluralism is also defended in methodological dimension. Theoretical pluralism and methodological pluralism are represented as an inevitable consequence of the conception of theoretical complexes and its principle of proliferation calling for the creation/improvement of scientific theories and models which are both compatible and incompatible with respect to a number of basic ontological and methodological assumptions. Theoretical pluralism and methodological pluralism should promote progress with respect to a number of the so-called epistemic qualities, both associated with the approximation of the truth (e.g. predictive success, the ability to give unexpected explanations to known facts, etc.) and not so associated (empirical fit, simplicity according to some interpretations, and the broad scope of the proposed explanations). At the same time the author claims that it is currently not possible to draw a similar conclusion in relation to the explanatory context: if the strategy of explanatory monism or explanatory pluralism will turn out be the preferred strategy for the cognitive sciences should become clear in the course of further research.
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Harris, Kimberly Ann. "The Faithfulness to Fact." Monist 107, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/monist/onad031.
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Abstract W.E.B. Du Bois regarded social reform as a legitimate object for the scientist. This paper argues that he gave a place to nonepistemic values in scientific reasoning and, to counter the effects of scientific racism, he constructed his approach around the belief that scientists must adopt an assumption or scientific hypothesis that African Americans are human. His engagement in scientific research was a way to reform the society in which he lived, which in turn, led him to defend the faithfulness to fact as his conception of scientific objectivity. This essay examines his sophisticated theory of facts, account of the difference between the natural and human sciences, and the unique instantiation of a pragmatist theory of truth.
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Garczarek, Krzysztof. "O biograficznych aluzjach do rzeczywistości w poezji. Wprowadzenie teoretycznoliterackie." Tematy i Konteksty 12, no. 17 (2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/tik.2022.3.
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This article is an introduction to theoretical considerations focused on biographical allusions to reality that find their place in poetry. The author, following the theories of literary fiction rooted in Aristotle’s thought, takes the position that all scientific considerations concerning the actual prototypes of the creation of the represented worlds must start with the rejection of existential monism and assume the existence of ‘possible worlds’. The author proposes to introduce the concept of ‘biographical allusion formulated by applying a lyric strategy’ into literary theory and indicates three basic lyrical strategies of this type: testimony, confession and challenge.
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Buzzoni, Marco. "Carl G. Hempel: Thought Experiments Between Methodological Monism and the Discovery/Justification Dichotomy." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 61, no. 1 (2024): 202–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202461116.
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Hempel’s account of thought experiments has been discussed only by a very few authors and, for the most part, with rather cursory remarks. Its importance, however, is not only historical, but also systematic theoretical, because it involves the distinction between discovery and justification, a main pillar of neopositivistic philosophy of science. Hempel raised the question whether thought experiments constitute a methodological component of scientific research or, on the contrary, are merely a heuristic-psychological device for obtaining and/or transmitting new ideas. While conceding a few exceptions in the natural sciences, he argued that thought experiments always have a heuristic character in the social sciences. There is however a fundamental tension in Hempel’s conception of thought experiments, between the thesis of methodological monism and the neopositivistic dichotomy discovery/justification. On the one hand, on the basis of the unity of scientific method, Hempel admits a difference only in degree between the natural and the human sciences, but on the other hand, he draws a principled distinction between thought experiments of the human sciences (which have only a greater or lesser heuristic value) and those of the natural sciences (which may have also a cognitive-justificatory value). If one assumes the unity of method in the minimal sense in which no scientific knowledge can renounce intersubjective controllability, this tension can be removed either by rejecting the discovery/justification dichotomy or by interpreting it differently. Here, following the second path, two senses of the dichotomy are distinguished, one of which must be accepted, while the other rejected. This removes the internal tension in Hempel’s conception of thought experiments and suggests the thesis that any plausible thought experiment, both in the natural and the human sciences, must already contain some justification, implicit or explicit, of the theoretical hypotheses that they formulate.
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Biryukov, S. V., and A. E. Evstratov. "Legal and (or) welfare state: monism or pluralism?" Law Enforcement Review 8, no. 2 (June 21, 2024): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2024.8(2).25-32.
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The subject. Russian legal literature presents opposing approaches to the issue of the relationship between the legal and social states. The article examines the problems of scientific validity, social conditionality and compatibility of ideas about the legal and social state.The purpose. Classical ideas about the ideal social structure, characteristic of different directions of political and legal thought (rule of law; renunciation of the state (minimal state); unified system of public self-government (socialist state); social state) are aimed to be assessed in terms of a combination of socio-legal monism and pluralism, touches on the ideas of the special concept of legal pluralism.Methodology. A combination of the dialectical method with other methods is used: formal logic, modeling, formal legal and comparative legal, as well as theoretical-sociological and theoretical-cultural analysis.Main results and conclusions. It is possible to consider the model of a social legal state as an ideal way to resolve social contradictions, taking into account the following proposed clarifications to this model: (a) the idea of a welfare state, despite its various interpretations, primarily refers to the solution of socio-economic problems, while a balance of private and public interests is also necessary for intangible issues that cannot be resolved only through the acquisition of property; (b) complete harmony of private and public interests is an unattainable ideal, therefore, in a social legal state new contradictions will continue to arise between the private and public principles, the solution of which can be achieved if the following condition is met: “awareness of every interest of public interest in those areas of life where it necessary, and the development of a compromise of private interests where possible”; (c) the dialectical approach assumes that the model of a social legal state, as its goals are achieved, sooner or later must be revised (added).
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García Bouza, Alba. "Gonzalez, W. J. (2020). Methodological Prospects for Scientific Research: From Pragmatism to Pluralism. Cham: Synthese Library, Springer." SCIO: Revista de Filosofía, no. 22 (July 29, 2022): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46583/scio_2022.22.1095.
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La investigación científica trae consigo múltiples cuestiones, que este libro analiza centrándose en dos grandes corrientes metodológicas: el pragmatismo y el pluralismo. En el primero destacan autores como Nicholas Rescher, que tiene un capítulo en el libro, y en lo segundo hay cada vez más partidarios, muchos de los cuales reconocen el papel de Patrick Suppes en el giro para deslindarse del monismo metodológico, que fue dominante durante un buen número de años.
Mediante la reflexión filosófico-metodológica se profundiza en el libro en los procedimientos de investigación, que es la fase inicial para resolver problemas científicos, y en los métodos, que siguen después, dotados mayor grado de rigor que propician la sistematicidad en la indagación de lo real (sea natural, social o artificial). Por un lado, quien investiga ha de seguir los procesos para estudiar adecuadamente su objeto y poder resolver los problemas que plantea ese estudio; y, por otro lado, la realidad a conocer ha de ser inteligible mediante los recursos epistemológicos, de uso de procesos de investigación y de los materiales adecuados, bien sea para la observación o para la investigación.
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Hossfeld, Uwe, and Georgy S. Levit. "Following Ernst Haeckel: The “Monistic Ethics” of Heinrich Schmidt." Philosophy of the History of Philosophy 3 (2023): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu34.2022.117.
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The article scrutinizes the ethical conception of Heinrich Schmidt (1874–1935), a student of “German Darwin” Ernst Haeckel. Haeckel was not only an eminent champion of Darwinism, but also a philosopher who created a universal evolutionism, or “monism”. Haeckel’s doctrine is founded on the concept of evolution as a universal phenomenon, including everything from inorganic matter to the human beings. He believed in the unity of body and soul, as well as in the unity of spirit and matter. The acceptance of substantial monism as a scientific metamethodology and the basis of a new Weltanschauung was accomplished by Haeckel’s philosophical achievement. Haeckel united matter, energy and psychoma (i. e. world soul) into the trinity of substance, thus covering all the basic physical and mental properties within the framework of one doctrine. All three elements correspond with the certain laws of conservation: the conservation of matter, energy, and psychoma or Empfindung (i. e. perception). To Haeckel, his monistic perspective reconciles the “old” disputes between materialism, energy and panpsychism. Schmidt, Haeckel’s immediate student, tried to further develop Haeckel’s philosophy and proposed an integral monistic doctrine. Schmidt proceeded from Haeckel’s principle of substance, leading to the idea of material evolution towards ever greater perfection and, consequently, the emergence of the human mind and associated with it infinitely self-improving science and culture. Accordingly, the moral (the good) is what leads to the preservation and improvement of existence. The evolution of human society follows the direction of “the good”, understood as harmony, while “evil” is the absence of harmony. He expressed this idea in his main ethical work The Search for Harmony in Monistic Ethics. In his later writings, Schmidt made efforts to adapt monist ethics to the ideology of National-Socialism. The failure of those attempts is a historical and philosophical argument in favor of the concept of the fundamental incompatibility of Haeckeliantype monism and Nazism.
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Massimi, Michela. "Perspectival Ontology: Between Situated Knowledge and Multiculturalism." Monist 105, no. 2 (March 9, 2022): 214–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/monist/onab032.
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Abstract In this paper I give an overview of a perspectival realist ontology. I discuss the role of situated knowledge and multiculturalism in perspectival ontology and offer a working definition of ‘phenomena’ as the minimal unit of such ontological commitment. I clarify how the view (and underlying notion of scientific perspective) differs from Kuhn’s view, and highlight some of its implications for how to think of scientific knowledge as a multicultural and cosmopolitan inquiry.
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McLaren, Niall. "Monist Models of Mind and Biological Psychiatry." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 12, no. 2 (August 2010): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.12.2.122.
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Theories of psychiatry do not exist an intellectual vacuum. They must mesh at many points with other bodies of knowledge. Biological psychiatry tries to prove that mental disorder and brain disorder are one and the same thing. This has no rational basis in any accepted theory of mind. This article examines two other philosophical theories that biological psychiatrists might use as their rationale: Dennett’s functionalism and Searle’s natural biologism. However, these avowedly antidualist theories fail, as they secretly rely on irreducibly dualist notions to complete their explanatory accounts of mind. Biological psychiatry is thus an ideology, not a scientific theory.
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Molaro, Aurelio. "Ludwig Binswanger e la "figura spirituale" di Bleuler." RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no. 1 (April 2022): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2022-001004.
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Alla luce di una sintetica ma mirata analisi di materiale edito e inedito, il presente contributo si propone di indagare il complesso dei rapporti personali, intellettuali e scientifici intercorsi tra Ludwig Binswanger e il suo "venerato maestro e amico" Eugen Bleuler tra il 1907 e il 1939. Binswanger, che iniziò la sua carriera di psichiatra proprio come assistente volontario presso la Clinica psichiatrica universitaria di Zurigo (il "Burghölzli"), pur manifestando una particolare ammirazione per la "figura spirituale" di Bleuler e per alcune sue specifiche innovazioni teoriche in senso clinico-strutturale, non ha tuttavia mancato di sottolineare alcuni elementi di criticità nella sua concezione della natura umana, come il monismo determinista della sua Naturgeschichte der Seele del 1921.
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Mielkov, Iurii A. "The Hierarchy of Values in the Contemporary Science." Review of European Studies 8, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n2p149.
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<p>The author follows the philosophical conception of the contemporary science that presents it as “post-non-classical”—as an emerging paradigm of dialectical comprehension of scientific knowledge that resolves the contradiction between classical monism and non-classical plurality by enabling the approach to considering the reality as unity in plurality. In the light of that conception, scientific values and goals constitute an elaborate hierarchical system, its highest level being presented by the ideal as the embodiment of both the final goal of the whole activity and the fundamental value that defines the goal-setting on lower hierarchy levels. The current crisis of science, as well as crises visible in many other spheres of human activity, could in fact be traced to the crisis of values—particularly, to the latency of the higher levels of values, and especially that of the ideal, that forces lower “means” to serve as quasi-values while profaning the whole enterprise. That is, instead of searching for the truth, scientific community is engaged only in mundane activities like supporting its own institutional existence and providing profit for its members. The proposed solution to the current crisis could be presented in the form of asserting human personality as the autonomous subject of moral judgment and philosophical recognition of the ideal level as the ultimate determinant of scientific activity.</p>
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Primoratz, Igor. "Utilitarianism, Justice and Punishment: Comments on Smart and Flew." Israel Law Review 25, no. 3-4 (1991): 388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700010499.
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Perhaps the greatest attraction of the utilitarian view of punishment presented so forcefully in Smart's paper is its empirical character. This empirical, scientific approach to social and moral problems typical of utilitarianism is made possible by its monistic nature: by its claim to have found in consequences of actions the principle of a uniform interpretation of all the various moral concepts, rules, ideals, a universal moral currency in which all the pros and cons of any moral issue that might arise can be cashed. This moral monism is seen by utilitarians as one of the main advantages of their theory; but it is also a source of some of its most persistent troubles. For whereas some moral notions may lend themselves to utilitarian interpretation, some others seem resistant to it.
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Braidotti, Rosi. "Sul materialismo corporeo contemporaneo." PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA', no. 2 (February 2011): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/psc2010-002009.
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L'articolo esamina lo sviluppo di forme di pensiero materialista specificamente femministe, a partire dalla filosofia dualistica classica di Beauvoir fino alle scuole piů radicali del materialismo corporeo poststrutturalista. L'A. difende la tesi che una nuova forma di "materia- realismo" che si č sviluppata in questi ultimi anni, in combinazione con nuove frontiere della ricerca scientifica in bio-genetica, scienze neuronali e dell'evoluzione e l'ecologia. Questo neo materialismo femminista si orienta verso una politica vitalista e un'ontologia politica monista.
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Popov, Nikolai Andreevich. "Materialism as a worldview position. The second article is about the missing requirement for scientific theories and the ideological vulnerability of the basic ideas of non-classical physics." Философия и культура, no. 4 (April 2024): 12–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2024.4.70027.
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The subject of this study is materialism, understood in the broadest sense of this concept: both as a philosophical doctrine and as a way of life corresponding to a certain worldview position. The aim is to clarify the objective role of this worldview position in various fields of human activity. At the center of the research is the question of the essence of materialistic ideas about the world hiding behind the sensually given reality to man. The study consists of two parts, published in separate articles. The first part is devoted to the origins of the materialistic worldview and the main question of philosophy, and in this, its second part, the question of the philosophical problems of non-classical physics is considered, the root of these problems is revealed, a comparative worldview analysis of the basic concepts of classical and non-classical physics is carried out and the overall result of the research is summarized. The methodology of this research is the principle of materialistic monism, according to which absolutely all phenomena of the human-cognizable world can be based only on something material, "influencing". The general conclusions of this study are as follows: the roots of the materialistic worldview go back to the origins of life, to such a condition of successful vital activity of living beings, which is inherently ideological; this condition, called by the author the Main Question of Life, is the historical forerunner of the Main Question of Philosophy; the worldview position, equivalent to the materialistic solution of the OVF, is inherent in the vital activity of absolutely all living beings; all people in their daily and practical activities are born materialists. In addition, this study clarifies the idea of the essence of materialistic teaching; shows the exclusivity of the materialistic worldview as the only true worldview; provides a refined definition of the concept of matter; proves the need to shift the "center of gravity" of modern materialistic teaching from dialectics to the principle of materialistic monism; formulates the missing requirement for scientific theories to ensure their ideological viability; shows the ideological inconsistency the main ideas of the new, non-classical physics.
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Hemmo, Meir, and Orly Shenker. "Introduction: Levels of Reality." Monist 105, no. 2 (March 9, 2022): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/monist/onab028.
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Abstract We give a general background describing how the notion of levels of reality comes about in contemporary nonreductive approaches to the special sciences, what the notion of levels means in these approaches, its role in our scientific outlook of the world, and why it is important.
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Xutian, Stevenson, Jun Zhang, and Wozniak Louise. "New Exploration and Understanding of Traditional Chinese Medicine." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 37, no. 03 (January 2009): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x09006941.
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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), originating from oriental philosophy and culture, has been developing through a series of special research and experiments with meditation, accumulation of experiences, and a complete comprehension of ancient theories and methods. However, compared with Conventional Western Medicine (CWM), the theory of TCM is complicated and not easily accepted by Westerners. It is important to explore TCM by using modern scientific techniques and theories. Utilizing his frontier experience and up-to-date scientific knowledge, Dr. Qian Xuesen has been trying to incorporate some key principles with the comprehensive understanding of TCM and clarify difficult but important concepts and principles. Some examples are the existence of invisible matter; 'Qi' and 'Qi monism'; the Heart representing the 'whole will' of human beings; the water environment functioning as a fundamental condition of life; the human body being united with nature and universe as one; the spirit and physical body always being considered unified and connected with the five viscera, especially with the Heart; and the Chinese herbal formula working with different principles than CWM drugs. These works are important for understanding the essence of TCM, the promoting of the modernization of TCM theories by means of the latest of achievements in scientific developments, establishing the direction for future medicines with TCM characteristics, uniting Chinese and Western medicines, and exploiting a bright future for the health of mankind.
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Kazmina, M. V., and V. N. Kazmin. "RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE 1970-S – EARLY XXI CENTURY ON THE IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF RUSSIA IN 1971 – 1991." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-2-50-57.
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The article considers the main stages of the historiography of the ideological and political life of Russia in 1971 – 1991, the authors distinguish two stages of the historiography problems: 1971 – late 1980s - the beginning of 1990s; end 1980s - the beginning of 1990s - beginning of XXI century. The first stage is characterized by methodological monism. The main attention of researchers was paid to the problems of propaganda of Marxist-Leninist ideology, ideological and political education of Soviet citizens. The second phase of historiography was methodological revolution when there a critical re-evaluation of the historical way the Soviet State had passed took place. The main focus of historical research during Perestroika was on such problems as: dissidence, protest movement, the activities of informal organizations. The article analyzes the historiography of dissidence and concludes that researchers created a scientific base that can serve as a basis for further study of this topic.
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Konnov, Vladimir. "The Communication Debate: Polemics between A.A. Leontiev and B.F. Lomov in Scientific Publications of the 1970s." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 6 (July 2024): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2024-6-164-174.
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The article is focused on the discussion between A.A. Leontiev and B.F. Lomov on the problem of the psychological theory of communication in the second half of the 1970s. The discussion is considered from the standpoint of intellectual history, which implies the positioning of scientific statements as social acts. The discussion unfolded in three stages each relating to particular publications. The first of these stages includes articles authored by the discussants in the collection “Methodological Problems of Social Psychology” (1975), in which A.A. Leontiev and B.F. Lomov state their main provisions without opposing them. The second stage is represented by B.F. Lomov’s section in the book “Psychological Problems of Social Regulation of Behavior” (1976), in which he highlights the main contradiction between the two positions. The third stage consists of articles by A.A. Leontiev and B.F. Lomov, published in 1979 in the journal “Voprosy Filosofii”, and related archival materials. These articles put forward arguments for and against the use of the category “activity” in the consideration of communication. This argumentation is analyzed in the context of historical circumstances, including the publication by B.F. Lomov of the main theses of the “systems approach”, successful defense of a doctoral dissertation in psychology by A.A. Leontiev (1976), change of leadership at the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University, changes in the editorial policy of “Voprosy Filosofii”. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the acute phase of the discussion was largely a reflection of the clash between Marxist monism, which excludes the plurality of perspectives in science, and pluralism, which is more in line with a wide range of schools and branches of psychological science in the 1970s.
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Reutlinger, Alexander. "Is There A Monist Theory of Causal and Noncausal Explanations? The Counterfactual Theory of Scientific Explanation." Philosophy of Science 83, no. 5 (December 2016): 733–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/687859.
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Maksim B., Polyakov. "Emanation of Law: Prolegomena." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 5 (April 25, 2023): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2023.5.13-29.
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The article deals with the scientific discussion on the stages of the formation of law from principals of law to customs of law and other forms of law. The success of law research of legal relations depends on the methodology and entirely stems from a more precise definition of its subject. The sections of the article justify the approach, which synthesizes the cognition of general scientific categories with analytical calculations of special methods, which are peculiar to different legal schools and types of legal understanding in the context of determining the reliable subject of research of fundamental forms of the dynamics of the emergence and development of law. As a result of the analysis of general scientific and legal arguments, an updated complex approach of the methodological monism of the “dialectics of law” to the definition of the subject area of research as a result of a scientifically based synthesis of a number of legal categories within the framework of an “integrative understanding of law” is proposed. The following conclusions are made about: – the gradation (stage-by-stage) of the formation of the system of forms of law; – regularity in the dynamics of changes in fundamental forms of law during the emanation of law; – the dialectics of the emanation of law, the forms of its flow, the basis of the system of forms of law and the forms of stable certainty of law.
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Wullweber, Joscha. "Monism vs. pluralism, the global financial crisis, and the methodological struggle in the field of International Political Economy." Competition & Change 23, no. 3 (December 5, 2018): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529418813830.
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In recent years, a comprehensive debate has been taking place over the ontological, epistemological and methodological roots underlying the discipline of International Political Economy. A fundamental and sometimes fierce discussion arose over the questions of which research strategies should prevail, which methods should be applied and what kind of knowledge counts as scientific. The debate has tended to reduce the different positions and International Political Economy approaches to American International Political Economy on the one side and British International Political Economy on the other. Framing the perspectives in this way, however, is misleading. This article argues that the issue at the core of the methodological debate is not the American versus the British school, but rather theoretical monism versus theoretical pluralism. Hence, the core of the debate addresses the question whether scientific work in International Political Economy should ultimately subscribe to one methodology or one fundamental principle or whether the field should make use of a wide variety of theories and methods so as to enable scholars to adapt their research strategy depending on the case under study. A short analysis of existing approaches to the global financial crisis shows the importance of the existence of multiple perspectives, concepts and theoretical approaches. The paper concludes that the 2008 financial crisis in particular has shown how dangerous it is to reduce intellectual endeavour to a narrow mindset. Only pluralism conveys the ability to respond in an adequate manner to the old and new challenges of our times.
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Dafermos, M. "Reflection on the Relationship between Cultural-historical Theory and Dialectics." Психологическая наука и образование 20, no. 3 (2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2015200303.
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Challenging dominant positivistic psychology, Vygotsky elaborated cultural-historical theory in order to overcome the crisis in psychology. Spinoza’s monism, Hegelian dialectics and Marx’s materialistic dialectics inspired Vygotsky to develop a dialectical understanding of the development of higher mental functions. Dialectics as a way of thinking focuses on the study of each concrete object in its mutual connections with other objects, in its internal contradictions and in its process of change. Vygotsky criticized the understanding of dialectics as a sum of universal principles which can be applied in a direct way in the field of psychology and highlighted the complex relationships between philosophy and concrete scientific disciplines. Rethinking cultural-historical psychology in the light of dialectics offers a creative insight into crucial theoretical questions of psychology such as the interconnection between theory and practice, objectivist-subjectivist distinction, etc. Dialectical underpinnings of cultural-historical theory have been forgotten in mainstream, North-Atlantic interpretations and applications of Vygotsky’s theory.
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Klus-Stańska, Dorota. "Theory of teaching: good traditions, old traps, new perspectives." Studia z Teorii Wychowania XII, no. 1 (34) (April 4, 2021): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8458.
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The article is an attempt to diagnose the condition of the Polish theory of teaching in a temporal perspective. The starting point is the identification of three main strengths of the interwar theory of teaching: the interdisciplinarity of analyses, theoretical holism, consisting in strong connections between the theory of teaching and more general theories of pedagogy, and openness to the latest trends and theories of the social sciences of the time. These resources are indicated as a potential development inspiration for the discipline, neglected in the post-war years in order to submit to politically propagated theories, especially the pedagogy of Ivan Kairow, which led to a specific stagnation of the Polish theory of teaching, which can be observed today in the form of a theoretical monism, narrowing the subject of research and ignoring scientific theories dynamically developed in the world. At the end of the article, the existing possibilities and island manifestations of counteracting the stagnation and reversing the behavioural tendencies in teaching were indicated.
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Terezis, Christos, and Lydia Petridou. "The metaphysical “monistic” approach of the Platonic Timaeus by the Neo-Platonist Proclus." Journal of Ancient Philosophy 14, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 116–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-9471.v14i1p116-160.
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In this article, we focus on Proclus' commentary on Plato's Timaeus (30a3-6) about how the divine Demiurge intervenes in matter. It is an interesting extract due to the fact that Proclus manages to combine philosophical perspective with theological interpretation and scientific analysis. In the six chapters of the article, we present the theory on dualism established by the representatives of Middle Platonism, we approach the question of the production of the corporeal hypostases, we examine limit and unlimited as productive powers, we explain production in the sense of co-production as well as why matter without qualities is excluded from the entire procedure, and we discuss the principle of the supremacy of the supreme Principle. The most important conclusion drawn according to Proclus, who adopts moderate skepticism, is that, although in his early dialogues Plato tends to dualism, he does this for methodological purposes, for Plato's views are actually connected with ontological monism.
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A.H., Ramazanov. "METHODOLOGICAL (HISTORICAL AND LEGAL) PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR." Law Нerald of Dagestan State Universit 34, no. 2 (2020): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2020-34-2-50-54.
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The article deals with the key problem of methodological search in historical and legal research on the global theme of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic war. A synthesis of proven methods (formational, civilizational) using scientific metaphysics at the level of the theological method is undertaken. The study reflects the transition from monism to pluralism, taking into account both the regularities of the legal development of mankind, and the multi-variant nature of this process. In conclusion, it is concluded that there is no alternative to the new level of methodological search. A new level of methodological search entails the use of a new methodology that allows you to evaluate all the main subjects of the topic as right or wrong, which involves the development of appropriate criteria, depending on the methodological justification. Methodological work on this topic focuses historical and legal research on understanding the essence of legal existence in the context of the ancient Roman greeting of the triumphant memento mori.
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Alliez, Éric. "Structuralism’s Afters: Tracing Transdisciplinarity through Guattari and Latour." Theory, Culture & Society 32, no. 5-6 (July 28, 2015): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276415594237.
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This article analyses Guattari's and Latour's bodies of work as radical developers of a processual and ontological transdisciplinarity. These works impose a definitive break from the history that, in the 1960s, had drawn upon structuralism in order to oppose philosophy with an epistemological revolution from the perspective of a scientific problematization and first transdisciplinary reconfiguration of the sciences de l'homme. It is shown that the second anti-structuralist transdisciplinarity affirms as its raison dêtre “the necessity to return to Pragmatics” (Guattari), to enact the new significance of the transversal constructions liberated by the rhizomatic monism of a hybrid social ontology (Latour). Between Guattari, Latour, and the ecologization they share, a total de-epistemologization and re-ontologization is engaged. It leads to the fall of the 'Ontological Iron Curtain' erected by the philosophical tradition between mind and matter, nature and society. The article concludes by critically addressing the final statements of both Guattari and Latour towards a new aesthetic paradigm and a new diplomacy of institutional forms respectively.
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Popov, Nikolai Andreevich. "Computer science and information vision of the world from the standpoint of the principle of materialistic monism." Философия и культура, no. 2 (February 2022): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2022.2.37482.
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The subject of this study is the problem of the failure of attempts by the scientific community to come to a common understanding of what exactly information can be as something encoded into material structures and moved along with them. At the same time, the following aspects of this problem are considered in detail: what is the immediate cause of the information problem; what are the objective and subjective prerequisites for its appearance; why the unresolved nature of this problem does not interfere with the creation and development of communication systems, control and other "smart" devices; is there any general guideline for finding solutions to such problems, and what is it; what role did the philosophy of information play in turning the problem of information from a private scientific problem into a problem of the ideological level. The main results of the conducted research are as follows: the immediate cause of the information problem has been identified and a comprehensively substantiated solution to this problem has been given; it has been revealed that the incompleteness of the materialistic theory of cognition has become a fertile ground for the appearance of this problem; the circumstances that prevented its completion have been identified; the natural mechanism of control and cognition has been revealed, as a result of which the materialistic theory of cognition has been further developed the source of the ideal in the material world is revealed; it is shown that the mechanistic idea of information coding made the concept of information incompatible with the presence of any objective content; it is revealed what is actually hidden behind the words about information coding and its measurement; the nature of signals and signs is revealed; a kind of bias of the philosophy of information and a general error is revealed all known concepts of information.
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Bartolomucci, Alexandra, Laura Kienzle, Sarah Tadhg Ferrier, Lisa-Monique Edward, Jeffrey Bruce, Kwang-Bo Joung, Stephenie Prokopec, et al. "Abstract B001: ctDNA release kinetics and fragmentation to monitor treatment response and resistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma." Clinical Cancer Research 30, no. 21_Supplement (November 13, 2024): B001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.liqbiop24-b001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This abstract is being presented as a short talk in the scientific program. A full abstract is printed in the Proffered Abstracts section (PR003) of the Conference Program/Proceedings. Citation Format: Alexandra Bartolomucci, Laura Kienzle, Sarah Tadhg Ferrier, Lisa-Monique Edward, Jeffrey Bruce, Kwang-Bo Joung, Stephenie Prokopec, Wotan Zeng, Abirami Sharma, Kyle Dickinson, Nicholas Bertos, Jonathan Cools-Lartigue, Lorenzo Ferri, Trevor J. Pugh, Julia V. Burnier. ctDNA release kinetics and fragmentation to monitor treatment response and resistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Liquid Biopsy: From Discovery to Clinical Implementation; 2024 Nov 13-16; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(21_Suppl):Abstract nr B001.